Chennai

Megacity and capital of Tamil Nadu, India

"Madras" redirects here. For other uses, see Madras (disambiguation).

This article is about the city. For its eponymous district, see Chennai district. For other uses, see Chennai (disambiguation).

Metropolis in Tamil Nadu, India

Chennai

Madras

Metropolis

File:Chennai Central.jpg

File:Parthasarathy Temple during Shri Vaikunda Ekaadasi festival.jpg

File:India Land Tech Park,Ambattur.JPG

File:Ripon Building Chennai.JPG

File:Chennai - bird's-eye view.jpg

Clockwise from top:
Chennai Central, One Indiabulls Park, The Marina, South Chennai skyline, Ripon Building, Parthasarathy Temple

Nickname(s):

Gateway of South India,[1][2][3][4] Detroit of India,[5][6][7][8] Healthcare Capital of India,[9][10][11] Cultural Capital of South India[12]

Interactive Map Outlining Chennai

Chennai is located in Chennai

Chennai

Location in Chennai Metropolitan Area

Show map of Chennai

Chennai is located in Tamil Nadu

Chennai

Location in Tamil Nadu

Show map of Tamil Nadu

Chennai

Location in India

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Chennai is located in Asia

Chennai

Location in Asia

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Chennai

Location in Earth

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Coordinates: 13°04′57.7″N 80°16′14.5″E﻿ / ﻿13.082694°N 80.270694°E﻿ / 13.082694; 80.270694Coordinates: 13°04′57.7″N 80°16′14.5″E﻿ / ﻿13.082694°N 80.270694°E﻿ / 13.082694; 80.270694
Country| File:Flag of India.svg India
State| Tamil Nadu
Region| Coromandel
District| Chennai district[a]
Former name| Madras
Established| 1639
Government

• Type| Municipal Corporation
• Body| Greater Chennai Corporation
• Mayor| R. Priya
Area

[13][14][15]

• Metropolis| 426 km2 (164.5 sq mi)
• Metro

(Chennai metropolitan area)[a]

| 1,189 km2 (459.07 sq mi)
Elevation

| 7 m (29 ft)
Population

(2011)[17][18]

• Metropolis| 7,088,000
• Rank| 6th
• Density| 17,000/km2 (43,000/sq mi)
• Metro

[19]

| 8,653,521
8,917,749 (Extended UA)[16]
• Metro rank

| 4th
Demonym(s)| Chennaiite
Chennaikaran (male), Chennaikari (female)
Languages

• Official| Tamil
Time zone| UTC+05:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)|

600xxx

Area code| +91-44
Vehicle registration| TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85
Metro GDP| $78.6–86 billion[20]
Website| Chennai Corporation

1. ^ a b The Chennai Metropolitan Area also includes portions of Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Tiruvallur districts adjoining the Chennai District.

Chennai (/ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ (Audio file "Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg" not found), Tamil: [ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯]), formerly known as Madras[A] (the official name until 1996), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The state's largest city in area and population as well, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, and is the most prominent cultural, economic and educational centre of South India.

According to the 2011 Indian census, Chennai is the sixth-most populous city in the country and forms the fourth-most populous urban agglomeration. The Greater Chennai Corporation is the civic body responsible for the city; it is the oldest city corporation of India, established in 1688—the second oldest in the world after London. The city of Chennai is coterminous with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area,[note 1] the 36th-largest urban area in the world by population[22] and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India.

The traditional and de facto gateway of South India,[1][2][3][4] Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015[23] and was ranked the 36th-most visited city in the world for the year 2019.[24] The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India.[25] Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists.[26] As such, it is termed "India's health capital".[27][28] An established port of trade of British India since the 1600s, Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy,[20] and had the third-largest expatriate population in India, at 35,000 in 2009, 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016.[29][30] Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015.[31]

Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index,[32] and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey.[33][34] In 2015 Chennai was named the "hottest" city (city worth visiting and worth living in for long term) by the BBC, citing the mixture of both modern and traditional values.[35] National Geographic mentioned Chennai as the only South Asian city to feature in its 2015 "Top 10 food cities" list.[36] Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet.[37] In October 2017, Chennai was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list for its rich musical tradition.[38] More than one-third of India's automobile industry is based in the city. Home to the Tamil film industry, Chennai is also known as a major film production centre. It is one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission.[39]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Environment
* 3.1 Geography
* 3.2 Geology
* 3.3 Flora and fauna
* 3.4 Environment conservation
* 3.5 Climate
* 3.5.1 NE monsoon
* 3.6 Land usage
* 4 Administration
* 4.1 Law and order
* 4.2 Politics
* 4.3 Utility services
* 5 Architecture
* 6 Demographics
* 6.1 Population
* 6.2 Languages
* 6.3 Religion and ethnicity
* 6.4 Housing
* 7 Arts and culture
* 7.1 Museums and art galleries
* 7.2 Music and performing arts
* 8 Cityscape
* 9 Economy
* 9.1 Banking and finance
* 10 Infrastructure
* 10.1 Communication
* 10.2 Power
* 10.3 Health care
* 10.4 Waste management
* 11 Tourism and hospitality
* 11.1 Entertainment
* 11.2 Recreation
* 11.3 Shopping
* 12 Transport
* 12.1 Air
* 12.2 Rail
* 12.3 Metro rail
* 12.4 Road
* 12.5 Sea
* 13 Media
* 14 Education
* 15 Sports and recreation
* 15.1 City based teams
* 16 International relations
* 16.1 Foreign missions
* 16.2 Twin towns – Sister cities
* 17 See also
* 18 Notes
* 19 References
* 20 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

See also: Names of Chennai in different languages

The name Chennai is of Telugu language origin.[40][41][42] It was derived from the name of a Telugu ruler, Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu, father of Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, a Nayak ruler who served as a general under Venkata III of the Vijayanagara Empire from whom the British acquired the town in 1639.[43][44] The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated August 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company, even before[45] the Chennakesava Perumal Temple was built in 1646,[46] while some scholars argue to the contrary.[47]

The name Madras is also of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.[48] A Vijayanagara-era inscription dated to the year 1367 that mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, was discovered in 2015 and it was theorised that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram.[49] According to some sources, Madras is derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St George.[50] However, it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.[51] British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, which was the name of a Telugu community, Mudiraj, who were the native inhabitants of the city.[52][53]

There are also suggestions that it may have originated from the Portuguese phrase Mãe de Deus or Madre de Dios, which means "mother of God", due to Portuguese influence on the port city, specifically referring to a Church of St. Mary.[54]

In August 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai. At that time many Indian cities underwent a change of name.[55][56] However, the name Madras continues in occasional use for the city,[57] as well as for places named after the city such as University of Madras, IIT Madras, Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, Madras Christian College.

## History[edit | edit source]

See also: History of Chennai and Timeline of Chennai history

File:Clive House.jpg

Clive House at Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement in India during 1609

File:Diogo Lopes de Sequeira.jpg

Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, Viceroy of Portuguese India, established the first European settlement in Chennai with the construction of the port of São Tomé de Meliapor in 1522.

File:Surrender of The City of Madras 1746.jpg

Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach

File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg

An 18th-century portrait depicting Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India and the foundation stone of Chennai

File:Church stmt.jpg

St.Thomas Mount, Chennai

Stone age implements have been found near Pallavaram in Chennai. According to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.[58]

The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, and economic centre for many centuries. During the 1st century CE, a poet and weaver named Thiruvalluvar lived in the town of Mylapore (a neighbourhood of present Chennai).[59] From the 1st–12th century the region of present Tamil Nadu and parts of South India was ruled by the Cholas.[60]

The Pallavas of Kanchi built the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram during the reign of Mahendravarman I. They also defeated several kingdoms including the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas who ruled over the area before their arrival. Sculpted caves and paintings have been identified from that period.[61] Ancient coins dating to around 500 BCE have also been unearthed from the city and its surrounding areas. A portion of these findings belonged to the Vijayanagara Empire, which ruled the region during the medieval period.[62]

The Portuguese first arrived in 1522 and built a port called São Tomé after the Christian apostle, St. Thomas, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat, north of Chennai.[63]

On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, travelled to the Chandragiri palace for an audience with the Vijayanager Emperor Peda Venkata Raya.[64] Day was seeking to obtain a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities. He was successful in obtaining the lease of a strip of land about 10 kilometres (6 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred lakh pagodas.[65][66][67] On 22 August, he secured the land grant from local Nayak (Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka and his younger brother Aiyappa Nayaka of Poonamallee).[68][69] The region was then formerly a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam".[62] A year later, the Company built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India,[70] which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort.[71] Post independence the fort housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010, but shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a change in the Government.[72]

In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.[63] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore.[73] They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759.[74] In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the British were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the Treaty of Madras ended the war.[75] By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern–day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.[76]

File:Madras (Baedeker, 1914).jpg

Map of Madras, c. 1914

Gradually, the city grew into a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India.[77] The city served as the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802.[78] With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the thriving urban centre was connected to other important cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland.[79] Sir Arthur Lawley was Governor of Madras from 1906 to 1911 and promoted modern agriculture, industry, railways, education, the arts and more democratic governance.[80] The Governor lived in Government House, Fort St George, and had a country home at Guindy, with access to a golf course, hockey pitches, riding stables and the Guindy Horse Racing Track.[81][82] In the First World War as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, he looked after the welfare of Indian soldiers.[83] Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I,[84] when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption to shipping.[85]

After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969.[86] The violent agitations of 1965 against the compulsory imposition of Hindi and in support of English in India in the state marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and eventually it had a big impact on the whole state. Because of Madras and its people, English was not abolished as an official language, and remains an official language of India alongside Hindi.[87] On 17 July 1996, the city known as Madras was officially renamed Chennai, in line with what was then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names.[88] On 26 December 2004, an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.[89][90] The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹86.4 billion (US$1 billion).[91][92][93]

## Environment[edit | edit source]

### Geography[edit | edit source]

Main article: Geography of Chennai

File:Chennai (6708362581).jpg

Cooum River near its mouth in Chennai city

Chennai is located on the south–eastern coast of India in the north–eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around 6.7 metres (22 ft),[94] and its highest point is 60 m (200 ft).[95] Chennai is 2,184 kilometres (1,357 mi) south of Delhi, 1,337 kilometres (831 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 1,707 kilometres (1,061 mi) southwest of Kolkata by road. Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, travels through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore. The estuary of this river is heavily polluted with effluents released by the industries in the region.[96] Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources, the Coumm being so heavily polluted it is regarded as the city's eyesore.[97][98] A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.[99] The Buckingham Canal, 4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east–west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Some areas of the city have the problem of excess iron content in groundwater.[100]

File:Chennai 80.26884E 13.04434N.jpg

Satellite image of Chennai

Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.[101] Clay underlies most of the city, chiefly Manali, Kolathur, Maduravoyal, K. K. Nagar, Tambaram, Mudichur, Pallavaram Semmencherry, Alapakkam, Vyasarpadi and Anna Nagar. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, and include areas such as Tiruvottiyur, George Town, Madhavaram, New Washermanpet, Chepauk, Mylapore, Porur, Adyar, Besant Nagar and Uthandi. In these areas, rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Areas having hard rock surface include Guindy, Nanganallur, Pallikaranai, Alandur, Jaladampet, Velachery, Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet and Perungudi.[102][103] The ground water table in Chennai is at 4–5 m below ground in most of the areas,[103] which was considerably improved and maintained through the mandatory rain water harvesting system.[104] Of the 24.87 km coastline of the city, 3.08 km experiences erosion, with sand accretion along the shoreline can be noticed at the Marina beach and the area between the Ennore Port and Kosasthalaiyar river.[105]

### Geology[edit | edit source]

Chennai is classified as being in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes.[106] Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential geothermal energy site. The crust has granite rocks indicating volcanic activities in the past. It is expected that temperatures of around 200 to 300 C° will be available if the ground were drilled 4 to 5 km deep. The region has the oldest rocks in the country dating back to nearly a billion years.[107]

### Flora and fauna[edit | edit source]

Main article: Flora and fauna of Chennai

The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered olive ridley sea turtles to lay eggs every winter. A large number of cattle egrets, pond herons and other waterbirds can be seen in the rivers of Cooum and Adyar. About 75,000 birds migrate to Chennai every year.[108] Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai also play host to a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter.[109] Over 300 species of birds have been recorded in the city and its neighbourhood by members of Madras Naturalists' Society since its inception in 1978.

Guindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits. Wildlife conservation and research activities take place at Arignar Anna Zoological Park including olive ridley sea turtle conservation.[110] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research station, located 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Chennai.[111] The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06 sq km.[112] The most dominant tree species is the copper pod, followed by Indian beech and Neem. A total of 121 species of trees belonging to 94 genera and 42 families are found in the city.[112] Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared in recent years. The city, which had 85 percent of its area covered with aquatic plants until the 1970s, now has only 25 percent of its area covered with such plants.[113]

### Environment conservation[edit | edit source]

File:Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg

Chitlapakkam lake in the southern part of the city

Chennai has three rivers and many lakes spread across the city. Urbanization has led to the shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands.[114] The quantity of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 to only 27 currently.[115] The Chennai River Restoration trust set up by the government is working on the restoration of Adyar river.[116] Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.[117][118]

The encroachment of urban development on wetlands has gravely hampered the city's sustainability, and contributed both to the city's floods in 2015 and water scarcity crisis in 2019.[119][120]

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Chennai has a dry-summer tropical wet and dry climate under the (Köppen climate classification). The city lies on the thermal equator[121] and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known regionally as Agni Nakshatram ("fire star") or as Kathiri Veyyil,[122] with maximum temperatures around 35–40 °C (95–104 °F). The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 19–25 °C (66–77 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905.[123] The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003.[123] The average annual rainfall is about 140 cm (55 in).[124]

The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north–east monsoon winds, from mid–October to mid–December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rainfall recorded is 257 cm (101 in) in 2005.[125] Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October[126] and north-easterly during the rest of the year. Historically, Chennai has relied on the annual rains of the monsoon season to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area.[127] Chennai has a water table at 2 metres for 60 percent of the year.[128]

Climate data for

edit

Chennai, India (Nungambakkam),Average Rainfall(Meenambakkam-Airport 1991-2020-),extreme temp 1901–2012

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 40.6
(105.1)  | 42.8
(109.0)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 43.3
(109.9)  | 41.1
(106.0)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 35.4
(95.7)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 45.0
(113.0)
Average high °C (°F)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 32.9
(91.2)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 37.1
(98.8)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 35.3
(95.5)  | 34.7
(94.5)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 32.1
(89.8)  | 29.9
(85.8)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 33.1
(91.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 32.9
(91.2)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 29.0
(84.2)
Average low °C (°F)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 27.5
(81.5)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 24.8
(76.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 13.9
(57.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 20.0
(0.79)  | 4.7
(0.19)  | 3.4
(0.13)  | 17.5
(0.69)  | 49.7
(1.96)  | 75.4
(2.97)  | 113.1
(4.45)  | 141.4
(5.57)  | 143.9
(5.67)  | 278.3
(10.96)  | 377.3
(14.85)  | 183.7
(7.23)  | 1,408.4
(55.45)
Average rainy days  | 1.4  | 0.6  | 0.2  | 1.0  | 1.8  | 4.5  | 6.7  | 8.8  | 7.4  | 10.6  | 11.5  | 5.7  | 60.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 67  | 66  | 67  | 70  | 68  | 63  | 65  | 66  | 71  | 76  | 76  | 71  | 69
Average dew point °C (°F)  | 20
(68)  | 20
(68)  | 22
(72)  | 24
(75)  | 24
(75)  | 23
(73)  | 23
(73)  | 23
(73)  | 24
(75)  | 24
(75)  | 23
(73)  | 21
(70)  | 23
(73)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 232.5  | 240.1  | 291.4  | 294.0  | 300.7  | 234.0  | 142.6  | 189.1  | 195.0  | 257.3  | 261.0  | 210.8  | 2,848.5
Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.5  | 8.5  | 9.4  | 9.8  | 9.7  | 7.8  | 4.6  | 6.1  | 6.5  | 8.3  | 8.7  | 6.8  | 7.8
Average ultraviolet index | 7  | 7  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 7  | 6  | 7  | 7  | 7
Source 1: Indian Meteorological Department
Source 2: Japan Meteorological Agency[129]Weather Atlas[130]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[131]

#### NE monsoon[edit | edit source]

The city of Chennai is located on the east coast of India, which is also known as the Coromandel Coast. Chennai is largely dependent on NE monsoon, since 65% of rains are received in this season. Cyclones and depressions are common features during the season. Cyclones, in particular, are especially unpredictable. They may even move towards Orissa, west Bengal, Bangladesh, and also Myanmar.[citation needed] The season between October and December is referred as the NE monsoon period.[136] Floods are common during this period. In 2015 Chennai received record-breaking rains since 1918, which caused massive floods.

### Land usage[edit | edit source]

As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 percent, against the World Health Organization recommendation of 9 square metres of green cover per capita in cities. The city had a built-up area of 71 percent. Waterbodies cover an estimated 6 percent of the total area, and at least 8 percent of the area has classified as open space.[137] As of 2017, the total volume of water harvested was 339 mcft and groundwater recharge was 170 mcft.[138]

## Administration[edit | edit source]

Main article: Administration of Chennai

File:Chennai District.png

Divisions of Chennai district.

The Ripon Building, commissioned in 1913, houses the Greater Chennai Corporation

Chennai city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation (formerly "Corporation of Madras"), which was established in 1688. It is the oldest surviving municipal corporation in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.[139][140] In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km2 (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 km2 (164 sq mi),[141] dividing into three regions—North, South and Central, which covers 200 wards.[142][143] The corporation is headed by a mayor, an office presently occupied by Saidai Sa. Duraisamy.[144][145] The Mayor and councillors of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents.[146] While the city limit was expanded in 2011, the revised population is yet to be officially announced.

The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the nodal agency responsible for planning and development of Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is spread over an area of 1,189 km2 (459 sq mi),[147] covering the Chennai district and parts of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram and Chengalpattu districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. Under the gamut of the CMDA are 5 parliamentary and 28 assembly constituencies.[148][149] The CMDA has drafted an additional Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. The city's contiguous satellite towns include Mahabalipuram in the south, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagar in the southwest, and Sriperumpudur, Arakkonam, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur to the west.[150]

Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings in the Fort St George campus. The Madras High Court, is the highest judicial authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.[151] Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies—Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South—and elects 24 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[152]

### Law and order[edit | edit source]

File:Chennai High Court.jpg

Madras High Court

The Greater Chennai Police is the main law enforcement agency in the city, with a jurisdiction of over 745 km2 (288 sq mi) catering to over 8.5 million people. It consists of 121 police stations and is headed by a commissioner of police. The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, and the administrative control lies with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry.[153] Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city. The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, headed by the Chennai Police Commissionerate, and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.[154][155][156]

File:Gcp patrol car.jpg

A police patrol car

As of 2011[update] (prior to the expansion of Chennai Corporation area), Chennai city has a sanctioned strength of 14,000 police personnel. With a population density of 26,903 persons per square kilometre, the city had 1 policeman for every 413 people. The Chennai suburban police had about 4,093 police personnel and a ratio of 1:1,222.[157] In 2010, the crime rate in the city was 169.2 per 100,000 people, as against an average of 341.9 in the 35 major cities of India.[158] In 2011, North Chennai zone had 30 police stations and 3 police out posts, Central Chennai zone had 28 police stations and 3 police out posts, and South Chennai zone had 30 police stations.[159]

In 2009, Madras Central Prison, one of the oldest prisons in India, built over 11 acres (4 ha) of land, was demolished; the prisoners were moved to Puzhal Central Prison.[160]

### Politics[edit | edit source]

Since the 19th century, when Western scholars proposed that Dravidian languages, which dominated the southern region of India, formed a different linguistic group to that of the Indo-Aryan languages that are predominant in the north of the subcontinent, the aspects of Tamil nationalism gained prominence. This resulted in the Anti-Hindi agitations in the city and across the state. However, the post-Independence re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and more powerful political force in the state. The agitations of the 1960s played a crucial role in the defeat of the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 1967 elections and the continuing dominance of Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu politics.[161]

File:Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg

Tamil Nadu legislative assembly

Being the capital of the Madras Province that covered a vast area of the Deccan region, Chennai remained the centre of politics in the southern region of India during the British colonial era. After Independence, it remained the centre of political activities of the state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the Indian National Congress, commonly known as the Congress Party. Founded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, most notably A.O. Hume,[162] the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in the city in December 1884.[163] During the first 50 years of the Indian National Congress, the city played host to its conferences seven times in 1887, 1894, 1898, 1903, 1908, 1914 and 1927, becoming one of the strong bases for the Indian independence movement. After independence, the city hosted the Congress in 1955 in its suburb of Avadi.[164]

Chennai is also the birthplace of several regional political movements since the British era. South Indian Welfare Association, one of the earliest regional parties, was founded in 1916, which later came to be known as the Justice Party, which was the main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state.[165][166] In 1944, the party was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) by E. V. Ramasami (popularly known as 'Periyar'). The party was a non-political party that demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu.[167] However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C. N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956.

### Utility services[edit | edit source]

See also: Water management in Chennai

The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakkam Lake, the primary water reservoirs of the city,[168] and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam[169] and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.[170] The city receives 530 million liters per day (mld) of water from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project, 180 mld of water from the Veeranam lake project[169] and 100 mld of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water desalination plant.[171][172][173] However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 mld in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at only 1,535 mld.[174] The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958.[175] There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,[176] and 2,000 more have been planned by the corporation.[177] The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.[178]

The Corporation of Chennai provides civic services to the city. Garbage collection in some of the wards is contracted to Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, a private company,[179] while the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others,[180] with a superintendent engineer managing the channels. As of 2011[update], eight transfer stations exist within the city for treating the waste.[181] Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city—One in Kodungaiyur and another in Pallikaranai, with a major portion of the latter covering the Pallikaranai marshland.[182] In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.[183] Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[184] Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services.[185] The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.[186]

The Chennai City region has 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises.[187]

## Architecture[edit | edit source]

Main article: Architecture of Chennai

See also: List of tallest buildings in Chennai and Heritage structures in Chennai

File:Chennai LabourStatue Closeup.jpg

Triumph of Labour

With the history of many neighbourhoods of the city such as Mylapore, Triplicane, and Tiruvanmiyur antedating that of the city itself, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 7th and 8th centuries CE, which include the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Mylapore and the Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane, built in the Dravidian architecture. This architecture includes various styles, such as those of the Pallavas, the Cholas, and the Vijayanagara empires. The associated Agraharam architecture, which consists of traditional row houses surrounding a temple, can still be seen in these areas.[188][189] The heritage temples at Mamallapuram at the outskirts of the city are some of the examples of the Pallava architecture. Chennai ranks second to Kolkata in having the largest collection of Indian heritage buildings in the country.[190]

File:Parrys Corner, Chennai, India.jpg

Parry's Corner, one of the oldest business areas of Chennai, lined up with Art Deco buildings.

With the advent of the Mugals and the British, the city saw a rise in a blend of Hindu, Islamic and Gothic revival styles, resulting in the distinct Indo-Saracenic architecture.[191] The architecture for several early institutions such as banking and commerce, railways, press and education, chiefly through the colonial rule, followed the earlier directions of the Neo-Classical and the Indo-Saracenic.[192] The Chepauk Palace in the city, designed by Paul Benfield, is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India.[193] Since then, many of the colonial-era buildings in the city were designed in this style of architecture, which is most apparent around the Fort St. George built in 1640. Most of these were designed by English architects Robert Fellowes Chisholm and Henry Irwin. The best examples of this style include the Madras High Court (built in 1892), Southern Railway headquarters, Ripon Building, Government Museum, Senate House of the University of Madras, Amir Mahal, Bharat Insurance Building, Victoria Public Hall and the College of Engineering.[194] The Triumph of Labour, also known as the Labour statue, at the Marina Beach is an important landmark of Chennai.[195]

File:Southern Railway HQ.jpg

Southern Railway Headquarters, one of the fine examples of Indo-Saracenic architecture in the city

The construction of the National Art Gallery in Madras was completed in 1909. The new building, with a distinct façade, was built of pink sandstone brought from Sathyavedu, and formed part of the Madras Museum campus. It was opened, on 23 January 1909, by the Governor of Fort St. George, Sir Arthur Lawley, and called the Victoria Memorial Hall after the Queen-Empress Victoria.[196][197][198] The residential architecture in the city was based on the bungalow or the continuous row house prototypes.[192] Gothic revival style buildings include the Chennai Central and Chennai Egmore railway stations. The Santhome Church, which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to house the remains of the apostle St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893 in neo-Gothic style.[199]

By the early 20th century, the art deco too made its entry upon the city's urban landscape. From the 1930s onwards, many buildings in George Town were built in this style, including the United India building (presently housing the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)) and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House, built in 1940. Other examples include the Bombay Mutual building (presently housing LIC) and the South Indian Chamber of Commerce building.[192] After Independence, the city witnessed a rise in the Modernism style of architecture.[192] The completion of the LIC Building in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time,[200] marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns in the region.[201] The presence of the weather radar at the Chennai Port, however, prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km for several decades that followed.[202] In addition, the floor-area ratio (FAR) in the central business district is also 1.5, much less than that of smaller cities of the country. This resulted in the city expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities where vertical growth was prominent. On the contrary, the peripheral regions, especially on the southern and south-western sides, began experiencing vertical growth with the construction of buildings up to 60 floors. Within the downtown area, the 48-storied Highliving District Tower H remains the tallest building at 161 metres.[203]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

### Population[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Demographics of Chennai and Religion in Chennai

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1639 | 7,000| —
1646 | 19,000| +171.4%
1670 | 40,000| +110.5%
1681 | 200,000| +400.0%
1685 | 300,000| +50.0%
1691 | 400,000| +33.3%
1715 | 100,000| −75.0%
1726 | 100,000| +0.0%
1733 | 100,000| +0.0%
1791 | 300,000| +200.0%
1871 | 367,552| +22.5%
1881 | 405,848| +10.4%
1891 | 452,518| +11.5%
1901 | 509,346| +12.6%
1911 | 518,660| +1.8%
1921 | 526,911| +1.6%
1931 | 647,232| +22.8%
1941 | 777,481| +20.1%
1951 | 1,416,056| +82.1%
1961 | 1,729,141| +22.1%
1971 | 2,469,449| +42.8%
1981 | 3,266,034| +32.3%
1991 | 3,841,396| +17.6%
2001 | 4,343,645| +13.1%
2011 | 7,088,000| +63.2%
Source:

*     * 1639–1791:[204]
* 1871–1901:[205]
* 1871–1931:[206]
* 1931–1951:[207]
* 1951–1961:[208]
* 1991–2001:[209]
* 2001:[210]
* 2011:[17]

A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite.[211][212][213] According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 square kilometres administered by the Municipal Corporation, working out a population density of 26,705 persons per square kilometre;[214] that had 11 lakh households, with 51% of them living in rented houses.[215] The city's limits were expanded later in 2011 to 426 square kilometres and its population reached 7,088,000,[17] resulting in a population density of 16,639 persons per square kilometre, with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation.[17]

As of 2019, 712,000 families live below poverty line, which is about 40 percent of the 1.788 million families in the city.[216]

### Languages[edit | edit source]

Tamils form the majority of Chennai's population. English is spoken largely by white-collar workers,[217] often mixed into Tamil.[218] In 2001, out of the 2,937,000 migrants (33.8% of its population) in the city, 61.5% were from other parts of the state, 33.8% were from rest of India and 3.7% were from outside the country.[219] As per the 2001 census, the number of speakers mother tongue wise are as follows, Tamil is spoken by 3,424,107 (78.8%), followed by Telugu by 419,209 (9.7%), Urdu by 180,245 (4.1%), Malayalam by 113,828 (2.6%), Hindi by 104,084 (2.4%), and Kannada by 22,250 (0.5%).[220] Korean, Japanese, French, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, German and Spanish are some of the languages spoken by the 250,000 foreign expatriates residing in the city.[221][222][223][224][225]

### Religion and ethnicity[edit | edit source]

Religions in Chennai City (2011)[226]

Religion |  | Percent
Hinduism |

| 80.73%
Islam |

| 9.45%
Christianity |

| 7.72%
Jainism |

| 1.11%
Others |

| 0.99%

Chennai, along with Bengaluru, Mumbai and Delhi, is one of the few Indian cities that are home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.[227] Minorities include Telugus, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Parsis,[228][229] Sindhis,[230][231] Odias,[232] Goans,[233] Kannadigas,[234] Anglo-Indians,[235] Bengalis,[236] Punjabi,[237] and Malayalees. As per the religious census of 2011, Chennai's population was 80.73% Hindu, 9.45% Muslim, 7.72% Christian, 1.11% Jain, 0.06% Sikh, 0.06% Buddhist, <0.04% followed other religions and 0.83% followed no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[226]

File:Kapaleeswarar1.jpg

Kapaleeshwarar Temple, a Hindu shrine in the neighborhood of Mylapore.

Error creating thumbnail:

Santhome Basilica, a Christian cathedral in Mylapore as well.

File:Triplicane Wallajah Mosque.JPG

Triplicane Big Mosque, a prominent mosque in Chennai.

### Housing[edit | edit source]

See also: List of tallest buildings in Chennai

In a 2013 survey titled 'Emerging trends in real estate in Asia Pacific 2014', Chennai emerged in the top 25 real estate destinations list in the Asia Pacific region. The city ranked 22nd in the list.[238] There are about 1,240 slums in Chennai home to about 900,000 people.[239]

Per 2011 census, there are 1.1 million households in the city and the residential housing stock available is 1,150,000 – a surplus of about 50,000 houses. About 43,700 of them are kept vacant. In the suburbs of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts, the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000, respectively. Of the existing housing stock in the city, about 200,000 houses are not in good condition, necessitating either to rebuild or build new units. About 26,000 households live in houses without any room and another 427,000 families (with an average size of five members) live in small dwelling units with only one room. An earlier estimate shows that there is a need to generate about 420,000 units for low-income groups by 2016.[240]

As of 2012[update], an estimated population of 11,116 (0.16 percent) were homeless. Per Supreme Court guidelines, the city needs 65 shelters for the homeless. However, it has only 15, of which eight are functioning and two are under renovation.[241]

As of 2017, there are more than 2.2 million households, with 40 percent of the residents not owning a house.[242]

## Arts and culture[edit | edit source]

Main article: Culture of Chennai

See also: Tamil culture

### Museums and art galleries[edit | edit source]

File:Chennai National Art Gallery.jpg

National Art Gallery (Chennai)

Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role.[243] The city also has one of the oldest museums and art galleries in the country - Government Museum, Chennai and The National Art Gallery (Chennai),[244] established in the early 18th century.[245]

The city also hosts two art festivals annually. The "Fort Museum" inside the premises of Fort St. George is an important museum having a noteworthy collection of objects of the British era in its collection.[246] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947.[247]

### Music and performing arts[edit | edit source]

File:MGR Memorial Chennai.jpg

MGR Memorial at Marina beach, Chennai

Chennai is a major centre for music, art and culture in India.[248] The city is known for its classical dance shows. In 1930, for the first time in India, Madras University introduced a course of music, as part of the Bachelor of Arts curriculum.[249] The Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December.[250] It features performances of traditional Carnatic music by many artists in and around the city.[251] The main folk music in Chennai is Gaana, a combination of various folk musics sung mainly sung in the working-class area of North Chennai.[252]

An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcases not only various art of Tamil Nadu, but also from the neighbouring states, like kalari (from Kerala), which is a major attraction, is held in January every year. The Speciality of Chennai Sangamam is that the various programmes are held near or at the various famous landmarks in the city so that everyone in the city has access to the programmes and there is no fee charged for entry for any of the programmes.[253] Pookolam, a form of art that uses coloured flour to create patterns and designs, comes from Kerala, but can be seen in abundance at the time of Onam.[254]

The city has a diverse theatre scene and is one of the important centres for Bharata Natyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance of India.[255] An important cultural centre for Bharata Natyam is Kalakshetra, on the beach in the south of the city.[256] In 2012, a group of five Bharatha Natyam dancers from Chennai performed at the India Campaign during the 2012 Summer Olympics.[257] Chennai has been featured in UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list since October 2017 for its century-old musical tradition.[38] Chennai is also home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.[258][259]

## Cityscape[edit | edit source]

Chennai is divided into four broad regions: North, Central, South, and West. North Chennai is primarily an industrial area. South Chennai and West Chennai, previously mostly residential, are fast becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, financial companies and call centres. The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu and Sriperumbdur in the west.[260] Central Chennai comprises residential elements, but is primarily home to the downtown area, and surrounding areas, the most visited by travellers to the city. The financial district is also located here.[261]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economy of Chennai

File:Dare House,Chennai.jpg

Corporate headquarters of the $10 billion Murugappa Group in Chennai

File:India Land Tech Park,Ambattur.JPG

India Land Tech Park, Ambattur

File:Infosys Mcity, Building number 5.jpg

Infosys at Mahindra World City, Chennai

File:ALCOB Ashok Leyland Corporate Building in Guindy, Chennai.jpg

Ashok Leyland Corporate Headquarters in Guindy, Chennai.

File:TCS-Siruseri-Building.jpg

TATA Consultancy Services, Chennai

File:Cognizant's Delivery Center in Chennai -TCO.jpg

Cognizant's Delivery Center in Chennai

Recent estimates of the economy of the entire Chennai Metropolitan Area range from $78.6 to $86 billion (PPP GDP), ranking it from fourth- to sixth-most productive metro area of India.[20] Chennai has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology, hardware manufacturing and healthcare sectors. As of 2012[update], the city is India's second-largest exporter of information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO) services.[262][263] A major part of India's automobile industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the nickname "Detroit of India".[5][6][7][8][264] Known as the "Gateway of South India",[1][2][3][4] Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor.[23] The city is also called the Cultural Capital of South India.[12] The city was home to the Madras Stock Exchange, India's fourth stock exchange, one of four permanently recognised by SEBI, and India's third-largest by trading volume, ranked behind the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.[265]

Industrialisation in the city dates back to the 16th century, when textile mills manufactured goods which were exported to British during its war with France. According to Forbes magazine, Chennai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world and is ranked among the "Forbes-Top 10 Fastest Growing Cities in the World".[266] It is ranked 4th in hosting the maximum number of Fortune 500 companies of India, next only to Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. It also is home to 24 Indian companies having a net worth of more than US$1 billion. As of 2012[update], the city has about 34,260 identified companies in its 15 zones, of which 5,196 companies have a paid-up the capital of over ₹ 50 lakh.[267]

File:Zoho headquarters in chennai.jpg

Zoho Headquarters in Chennai

Chennai has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing, health care and financial services industries.[262] According to the Confederation of Indian Industry, Chennai is estimated to grow to a US$100 billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by 2025.[268] As of 2012[update], with ₹ 1 lakh crore investment in the pipeline over 5 years, the city is poised for major industrial investment.[269] Chennai is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Beta[270] based on the extent of global reach and financial influence.[271] It is estimated that about 400 financial industry businesses are headquartered in the city,[272] half of which are located in the areas of Mylapore, R. A. Puram, Nungambakkam and T. Nagar.[273]

The city is base to around 40 percent of India's automobile industry and 45 percent of auto components industry.[274] A large number of automotive companies including Royal enfield, Hyundai, Renault, Robert Bosch, Nissan Motors, Ashok Leyland, Yamaha Motor, Daimler AG, Caterpillar Inc., Komatsu Limited, BharatBenz, Ford, BMW, Citroën and Mitsubishi have manufacturing plants in Chennai.[275] The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, including India's main battle tank: Arjun MBT.[276] The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways.[277] The Ambattur–Padi industrial zone houses many textile manufacturers, and a special economic zone (SEZ) for apparel and footwear manufacturing has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city.[278] Chennai contributes more than 50 percent of India's leather exports.[279]

Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14 percent of India's total software exports of ₹ 14,42,140 lakh during 2006–07, making it the second largest Indian city software exporter following Bangalore.[262] The Tidel Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.[280][281] Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.[263]

Error creating thumbnail:

Tidel Park

Prominent financial institutions, including the World Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN AMRO, Bank of America, The Royal Bank of Scotland, Goldman Sachs, Barclays, HSBC, ING Group, Allianz, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Asian Development Bank, Credit Suisse, BNP Paribas Fortis, Irevna, Deutsche Bank and Citibank have back office and development centre operations in the city.[282] Chennai is home to the national level commercial banks Indian Bank[283] and Indian Overseas Bank[284][285] and many state level co–operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom and Electronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include Samsung, Nokia Siemens, Motorola, Lenovo, Dell, Force10, Wipro, Flextronics and Siemens among others. Chennai is currently the largest electronics hardware exporter in India, accounting for 45% of the total exports in 2010–11.[286] Telecom giants Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals giant Dow Chemicals have research and development facilities in Chennai. The TICEL bio–tech park at Taramani[287] and Golden Jubilee bio–tech park at Siruseri[288] houses biotechnology companies and laboratories. Chennai has a stock exchange called the Madras Stock Exchange.[289][290] The World Trade Center complex is located at Perungudi on the southern side of the city.[291] According to Jones Lang LaSalle, demand for investment-grade buildings in Chennai is high from IT companies. The average annual gross demand in Chennai is 4.5 million square feet.[291]

File:WTC UnderConst.jpg

World Trade Center towers

A study conducted by the National Housing Bank on the residential price index of Indian cities showed that Chennai experienced the highest growth after the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[292] Medical tourism is an important part of Chennai's economy with 45 percent of total medical tourists to India making to Chennai.[293] The Tamil film industry[294] and the Tamil television industry are also significant parts of Chennai's economy. The city also has a permanent exhibition complex in Nandambakkam called the Chennai Trade Centre.[295] It hosted the Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet in 2019 which was a business summit organised by the Government of Tamil Nadu.[296] With 385 ultra-rich living in the city as of 2013, Chennai is positioned in the sixth place among Indian cities that are home to the country's super-rich.[297] The city is the third largest market in India for luxury cars.[298]

### Banking and finance[edit | edit source]

File:World Bank Office in Taramani, Chennai.jpg

World Bank Office in Chennai

The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chennai as third-largest deposit centre and third-largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.[citation needed] Prior to the advent of modern commercial banks, the banking services in the city were offered to the public by Nattukottai Chettiars or Nagarathars, chiefly in and around the neighbourhood of George Town, who offered loans as well as accepted money deposits from the public, in addition to offering loans to the agricultural labourers. Even today, many of the banking offices are housed in heritage structures belonging to the colonial era that are chiefly clustered around Rajaji Road in George Town.[299] Chennai is home to the first European-style banking system in India with the establishment of the 'Madras Bank' on 21 June 1683, almost a century before the establishment of the first commercial banks, such as the Bank of Hindustan and the General Bank of India, which were established in 1770 and 1786, respectively.[300] Upon the recommendation of the British Finance Committee on the formation of a government bank, the Madras Bank, then known as the 'Government Bank', started functioning again from 1806. In 1843, the bank merged with the Carnatic Bank (1788), the British Bank of Madras (1795) and the Asiatic Bank (1804) and became the Bank of Madras, which was one of the three Presidency banks of India, the other two being the Bank of Bengal and the Bank of Bombay. In 1921, the three Presidency banks merged to form the Imperial Bank of India, which later became the State Bank of India in 1955.[301]

Chennai is the headquarters of the Indian Bank, the Indian Overseas Bank and the erstwhile Bharat Overseas Bank, which merged with the Indian Overseas Bank in 2007.[302] The city is home to the south zonal office of the Reserve Bank of India, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and Reserve Bank Staff College, one of the two colleges of the bank.[303] The city also houses the permanent back office of the World Bank, which is one of the largest buildings owned by the bank outside its headquarters in Washington, DC.[304] The Chennai office handles corporate financial, accounting, administrative and IT services of the bank, in addition to several value-added operations of the bank that were earlier handled only in its Washington, DC office, including the bank's analytical work in bond valuation which is estimated to be US$100 billion.[305] Several foreign banks have established their branches in the city. The first Sri Lankan Bank in India was established when the Bank of Ceylon opened its branch in Madras on 31 October 1995.[306]

## Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

### Communication[edit | edit source]

Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected to the rest of the world by undersea fibre-optic cables, the other three being Mumbai, Kochi, and Tuticorin. The city is the landing point of major submarine telecommunication cable networks such as SMW4 (connecting India with Western Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia), i2i (connecting India with Singapore), TIC (connecting India with Singapore), BBG (connecting India with the Sultanate of Oman, Malaysia, the UAE, and Sri Lanka), Gulf Bridge International, and BRICS (connecting India with Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa). The 3,175-km-long, 8-fiber-paired i2i has the world's largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second.[307][308][309][310] Work to lay a 2,300-km undersea optical submarine cable connecting Andaman and Nicobar Islands to mainland India through Chennai, carrying 100 Gbit/s optical waves, is slated to begin in December 2019 and completed by March 2020. It will connect Port Blair and the islands of Havelock, Little Andaman (Hutbay), Car Nicobar, Kamorta, Great Nicobar, Long Island and Rangat with Indian mainland.[311]

As of 2013[update], eight mobile phone service companies operate seven GSM networks including Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, Vodafone, Tata Docomo GSM, Idea, Reliance GSM and three CDMA networks including MTS, Reliance CDMA, Tata Docomo CDMA in the city. 2G Mobile internet connections are provided by all the operators, and 3G and 4G mobile broadband are provided by few operators in the city. There are four land line companies[312][313] providing commercial and domestic broadband Internet services. Chennai was the first Indian city to deploy Wi-Fi internet access in a widespread manner.[314] As of 2010[update], there were 9.8 million mobile phone users in Chennai.[315] In 2010, Chennai had the fourth highest number of active Internet users in India, with 2.2 million users.[316] As of 2018, the city topped in broadband speed among Indian cities, with a recorded download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s.[317]

### Power[edit | edit source]

File:Kalpakkam 04710083 (8386517544).jpg

Madras Atomic Power Station

File:Vallur Thermal Power Plant.JPG

Vallur Thermal Power Station

Major power plants in the city include North Chennai Thermal Power Station, GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Power Station, Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station, Madras Atomic Power Station and Vallur Thermal Power Project. According to the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO), as of 2013[update], the city consumes about 20 percent of the electricity in the state of Tamil Nadu. The peak evening demand of the city is 1,500 MW which is about 50 percent of the state's peak evening demand of 3,000 megawatt. This includes 37 percent consumption by the industrial sector, 30 percent by the domestic sector, 18 percent by the agricultural sector, and 11.5 percent by the commercial sector. The peak power consumption is for four months between May and August, with the city consuming the highest during June because it is when the summer peaks. On 20 June 2013, the city consumed the highest of 52,785 MU.[318]

As of 2014[update], the city consumes around 3.83 crore units of power a day or 1,400 crore units annually. Hourly consumption of power in the city is about 2,000 to 3,000 MW.[319] Availability of power in the city has become a concern in recent years due to increasing demand and slow-paced addition of power plants, due to which scheduled power cuts have become increasingly common. However, this situation was eradicated by the end of 2014.[320][321] As of 2016[update], the total electricity consumption by the street lamps in the city is 27 MW, costing about ₹ 60,000,000 per month.[322] The 426 sq km of the city has over 248,000 streetlights, including 88,000 in the newly expanded areas.[323]

### Health care[edit | edit source]

Main article: Healthcare in Chennai

File:GH Chennai.JPG

Government General Hospital

Chennai is known for its advanced medical facilities, including both government-run and private hospitals. The government-aided hospitals include General Hospital, Adyar Cancer Institute, TB Sanatorium, and National Institute of Siddha. The National Institute of Siddha is one of the seven apex national-level educational institutions that promote excellence in Indian system of medicine and Ayurveda.[324] Major hospitals in Chennai include Apollo Hospitals, Apollo Speciality Hospital, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chettinad Health City, MIOT Hospitals, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Fortis Malar Hospital, Lifeline Hospitals, Vasan Healthcare, Dr Mehta Hospitals, Global Hospitals & Health City, Sankara Nethralaya and Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust.[325] Chennai attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad and 30 percent to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. The city has been termed India's health capital.[9][10][11]

The city has more than 12,500 beds in its hospitals,[326] including about 5,000 in multi-specialty hospitals in the private sector and over 6,000 beds in the public sector.[327] This works to 2.1 beds per 1,000 population against the national average of less than one bed per 1,000 population and the World Health Organization's norms of three beds per 1,000 persons, higher than any other city in the country.

### Waste management[edit | edit source]

The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste.[328] The city has three dumpyards, one each at Perungudi, Kodungaiyur, and Pallikaranai. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, Minjur, Vallur and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres (8 ha) to 100 acres (40 ha).[329][330] The civic body also spends ₹ 400 crore a year on solid-waste management.[331]

## Tourism and hospitality[edit | edit source]

Main article: Tourism in Chennai

File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-2.JPG

ITC Grand Chola Hotel, Chennai, is the largest hotel in South India.

With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance, including the UNESCO Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram, Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India. The city serves as the gateway to the southern part of India with tourists landing in the city and then visiting the rest of the region. Chennai was the most-visited Indian city by foreign tourists in 2009 and issued the third-highest number of visas on arrival in 2014.[332][333] In 2011, Chennai was ranked the 41st most visited city, with 3,174,500 tourists, a 14-percent increase from 2010.[334] About 830,620 domestic tourists arrived in Chennai in March 2011.[9] Chennai's leading tourist countries-of-origin are Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. In 2015, the city received 4,243,700 foreign tourists, making it the third-most-visited city in India after Delhi and Mumbai and 43rd-most visited city in the world by foreign tourists.[23] As of 2012[update], the city had 21 luxury hotels in the five-star category, with over 4,500 rooms in the inventory.[335] The collective luxury room inventory across four- and five-star categories as of 2018 is around 7,000.[336] About 85 percent of the room demand in Chennai comes from business travellers.[337]

### Entertainment[edit | edit source]

File:Chennai - bird's-eye view.jpg

Marina Beach is a famous landmark in the city.

File:அண்ணா நூற்றாண்டு நினைவு நூலகம் படம் 2.JPG

Anna Centenary Library, one of the largest libraries in Asia

Chennai is the base for Tamil cinema, sometimes nicknamed as Kollywood, alluding to the neighbourhood of Kodambakkam where a number of film studios are located. Many film personalities have gone on to become politicians including C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi, M. G. Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa.[338] Chennai hosts major film studios, including AVM Productions, the oldest surviving studio in India.[339] As of 2012[update], there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes. Major multiplexes include Sathyam Cinemas, Escape cinemas, Devi and Mayajaal.[340] Chennai's expansive theatre network stages many Tamil plays of many genres: political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama.[341][342][343] English plays are popular in the city, along with the more common Tamil-language plays.[344]

### Recreation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Parks in Chennai

The zoo, beaches and wildlife parks form the primary recreation areas of the city. Chennai has a 19+ km coastline with its corporation limits. The city boasts two popular beaches, the Marina and the Elliot's. The Marina spans 13 km (8.1 mi) between the deltas of Cooum and Adyar, and is the second-longest urban beach in the world.[345] Elliot's Beach lies south of the Adyar delta. Covelong Beach lies along the Coromandal Coast.[346] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a reptile zoo located 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of the city covering an area of 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) and had over 450,000 visitors in 2007. The center has one of the world's largest collections of reptiles and has bred 14 of the 23 existing species of crocodiles and alligators.[347] The Arignar Anna Zoological Park, one of the largest zoological parks in the world, annually attracts nearly 2 million visitors.[348] Guindy National Park, a protected area of Tamil Nadu, has a children's park and a snake park, which gained statutory recognition as a medium zoo from the Central Zoo Authority of India in 1995. Chennai is one of the few cities in the world to accommodate a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits.[349] An estimated 4.5 percent of the city's area is under green cover.[350] This enables birding. The seven zones of the old corporation limits have about 260 parks, many of which suffer poor maintenance.[351] The city has a per capita park space of 0.41 sq m, which is the least among all metros in India.[351] The eight zones in the newly added areas of the city have about 265 locations that have been identified for development of new parks.[352] The largest park is the 358-acre Tholkappia Poonga, developed to restore the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary.[353] The horticulture department-owned Semmoli Poonga is a 20-acre downtown botanical garden.[354]

Chennai houses several theme parks, namely MGM Dizzee World and Queen's Land.[355][356] However, several fatal accidents have occurred in the theme parks.[357] Wonderla plans to open an amusement park in 2017.[358] Other important recreation centres include Madras Boat Club, which is over 140 years old, and Gymkhana Club, which is famous for its 18-hole golf courses. Built in 1867, Madras Boat Club is the second-oldest surviving Indian rowing club.[359]

### Shopping[edit | edit source]

See also: Shopping in Chennai

Chennai is home to several malls, due to its status as an IT hub.[360][361][362] Major ones include Express Avenue (EA), Citi Centre, Abirami mega mall, Spencer Plaza, Ampa Skywalk, Phoenix Market City and Forum Vijaya Mall.[363] Chennai is an important gold market in India contributing to 45 percent of the 800-tonne annual national gold uptake.[364] The city is also the base to the World Gold Council's India operations. The city's retail industry is majorly concentrated in T. Nagar which accounts for major share jewellery and clothes sold in Chennai.[364] According to the 2012 report by property consultant Cushman & Wakefield, Main Streets Across the World, Khader Nawaz Khan Road at Nungambakkam ranked 10th position in the list of 'Top 10 Global Highest Retail Rental Growth Markets 2012', with 36.7 percent jump in rents.[365]

## Transport[edit | edit source]

Main article: Transport in Chennai

File:Chennai airport view 4.jpeg

Chennai International Airport

File:Chennai central railway junction - panoramio.jpg

Chennai Central Station

File:Chennai Metro Rail at Koyambedu.JPG

Chennai Metro Rail

File:Chennai Kathipara bridge.jpg

Cloverleaf interchange at Kathipara Junction

File:Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus.jpg

Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus

File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg

Chennai Port

### Air[edit | edit source]

The Chennai International Airport is the fourth-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic behind New Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. It handled about 15.2 million passengers in 2013–2014;[77][366][367] in terms of international passengers, Chennai is the third-busiest airport behind Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi, and Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai.[368] Chennai handles 400 flights a day, again placing it fourth among Indian airports. The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa through more than 30 national and international carriers.[369]

The existing airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion with an addition of 1,069.99 acres (433.01 ha), while a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of ₹ 2,000 crore in Sriperumbudur on 4,200 acres (17 km2) of land.[370] The new airport is said to be likely to handle cargo spillover traffic from the existing one.[371]

### Rail[edit | edit source]

Chennai hosts the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has four main railway terminals. Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Chennai Beach and Tambaram. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides nationwide access,[372] whereas Chennai Egmore provides access to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; however, it also handles a few inter–state trains. A fifth terminal has been proposed to decongest Chennai Central.[373] The Chennai suburban railway network, one of the oldest in the country, facilitates transportation within the city. It consists of four 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely Chennai Central and Chennai Beach. While three sectors are operated on-grade, the fourth sector is primarily an elevated corridor, linking Chennai Beach to Velachery and is connected with the rest of the rail network.

### Metro rail[edit | edit source]

Main article: Chennai Metro

Chennai Metro is a rapid-transit system serving the city and was partially commenced on 29 June 2015. To improve the city's public transportation system and prepare the city for the future commuting needs, the Chennai Metro was planned and approved by the state cabinet during 2007 for which construction began on 2009.[374] Phase I of the Chennai Metro network consists of the Blue Line and the Green Line covering a length of 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi) consisting of 40 stations with Alandur and Chennai Central serving as interchanges. 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the rest are elevated. The first stretch of Phase I, covering seven stations from Koyambedu to Alandur over a distance of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), began operation on 29 June 2015. As of March 2019, the entire Phase 1 stretching from Chennai Central to Alandur on the Green line and Washermanpet to Chennai International Airport on Blue line are commercially operational, bringing the total operational network over 45 km. With this, the entirety of Phase I is operational. In December 2016, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) announced the Phase-2 of Chennai Metro for a length of 104 km consisting of 104 stations, subject to approval from the State and Central governments. The Phase 2 was subsequently approved in late 2018, with certain provisos, and soil testing for the various stations are in full swing with construction set to begin in late 2019/ early 2020.[375] As of April 2019 ridership has risen considerably to around 100,000 daily commuters, post the inaugural of the entire Phase I.[376] Phase I-A, which is an extension of the Blue line from Washermanpet to Thiruvottiyur is expected to be inaugurated by June 2020.[377]

### Road[edit | edit source]

As of 2019, the city corporation maintains about 471 bus route roads and 33,0000 interior roads.[378] The Chennai–Mumbai and Chennai–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways start from the city.[379] In addition, four major National Highways (NH), namely, NH 4 to Mumbai (via Bangalore and Pune), NH 5 to Kolkata (linked via NH 6) (via Visakhapatnam and Bhubaneswar), NH 45 to Theni (via Villupuram, Tiruchirapalli and Dindigul) and NH 205 to Madanapalle (via Tirupati) originate in the city, connecting it to other Indian cities. Chennai is connected to other parts of the state and the Union Territory of Puducherry by state highways.[380]

The government has constructed grade separators and flyovers at major intersections, and built Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road.[381][382] The Gemini flyover, built in 1973, crosses over the arterial road, and eases the traffic movements towards Anna Salai and towards the Kathipara Flyover.[381][382] As of 2011[update], according to the Transport Department, there were 25.8 lakh two–wheelers and 5.6 lakh four–wheelers in the city, and the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) bus fleet were 3,421, equaling 0.1% of all vehicles in the city.[383]

When opened, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT) was the largest bus station in Asia.[4][384] It is the main intercity bus station of Chennai,[385] administered by seven government-owned transport corporations, which operate intercity and interstate bus services. There are many private bus companies. The MTC provides an exclusive intracity bus service, consisting of 3,421 buses on 724 routes, which provides transportation to 55.2 lakh passengers daily.[381][386] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates Volvo air-conditioned services from Chennai to nearby Pondicherry, Vellore, Hosur and Trichy.[387]

The other means of road transport in the city include vans, regionally known as Maxi Cabs, auto rickshaws, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.[388]

Chennai outer ring road is 62.3 km long connecting NH 45 (GST Road) at Perungalathur, NH 4 (GWT Road) at Nazarathpet, NH 205 (CTH Road) at Nemilicherry (Thiruninravur), NH 5 (GNT Road) at Nallur and TPP road at Minjur under the process by Chennai Metropolitan Area.

### Sea[edit | edit source]

The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports in India, and Ennore Port. Chennai Port is the largest in the Bay of Bengal, with an annual cargo tonnage of 61.46 million (2010–2011), and the second-largest container-hub in India, with an annual container volume of 1.523 million TEUs (2010–2011). The port handles transportation of automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo.[77] The Ennore Port with an annual cargo tonnage of 11.01 million (2010–2011), handles coal, ore and other bulk and rock mineral products.[389] Royapuram fishing harbour is used by fishing boats and Kattupalli Shipyard near Ennore Port was inaugurated in January 2013.[390][391]

## Media[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Media in Chennai and List of Newspapers in Chennai

See also: List of Tamil-language television channels and Broadcasting in Chennai

Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785.[392] It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.[393] The first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899.[392] First Telugu journal printed from Madras was Satya Doota in 1835 and Andhra Patrika found in 1908 was the most successful Telugu newspaper from Madras.[394][395]

File:SUN network office.JPG

Headquarters of Sun Network, India's largest private TV broadcaster

The major English dailies published in Chennai are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India and many more. The evening dailies are, The Trinity Mirror and News Today. As of 2004[update], The Hindu was the city's most read English newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349.[396] The major business dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business Standard, Mint and The Financial Express. The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, The Hindu Tamil,[397] Tamil Murasu, Makkal Kural and Malai Malar. Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi are the major Malayalam dailies while major Telugu dailies include Eenadu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi and Sakshi.[398] The one and only Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the Rajasthan Patrika.[399] The Local weekly Newspapers circulated to residents are T. Nagar Times, Pillar Times, Arcot Road Talk, Chrompet Times.[400] Chennai's First Corporate Leisure Newspaper, The Shopping Express.[401] Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, Puthiya Thalaimurai, Thuglak, Frontline and Sportstar

Doordarshan runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its Chennai centre, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks such as Sun TV, Raj TV, Zee Tamizh, Star Vijay, Jaya TV, Makkal TV, Vasanth TV, Kalaignar TV, Captain TV and PuthiyaThalaimurai TV broadcast out of Chennai. The Sun Network one of India's largest broadcasting companies is based in the city. While the cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government,[402] direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon DTH, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big TV and Digital TV.[403][404] Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television.[405] Radio broadcasting began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.[406] The radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex was founded in 1930 and was then shifted to All India Radio in 1938.[392] The city has four AM and 11 FM radio stations operated by All India Radio, Anna University and Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, BIG FM, Hello FM, Radio City, Radio One among others.[407]

## Education[edit | edit source]

Main article: Education in Chennai

See also: Schools in Chennai and Education in India

File:Inside madras law college old building, Sep 2013.jpg

Government law college, Chennai

File:IITMmensa.jpg

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras is a premier engineering institute in India

File:Anna university Chennai.jpg

College of Engineering, Guindy is the oldest engineering college in India established in 1794

File:Senate House (University of Madras).jpg

University of Madras Senate House

Chennai is home to some of the best educational institutions in the country.[408] The city ranks second among Indian metropolitan city centres with a 90.33 percent literacy rate.[409] Chennai has a mix of public and private schools, some of which also receive financial support from the government.

The public school system is managed by the Chennai Corporation with an enrollment of 142,387 students in over 330 schools.[410] Tamil and English are the primary medium of instruction, though some schools also use Telugu and Urdu as medium of instruction in their schools.[410] Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, while private schools may be affiliated with either of the Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).[411] A few schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations,[412] the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board or the Montessori system. Education in Chennai starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onward and then follows the Indian 10+2+3 plan, ten years of school, two years of higher secondary education, and three years of undergraduate education.[413][414]

English is the medium of instruction in the majority of institutions for higher education.[410] The University of Madras, founded in 1857, is one of India's first three modern universities.[415] Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Madras, which has six campuses in the city.[416] The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and the College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University are two well-known centres for engineering education in the city. The Indian Army's Officers Training Academy is also headquartered in the city.

Chennai has a plethora of libraries, including British Council Library, American Library, Connemara Public Library, and Anna Centenary Library. The Connemara Public Library is one of four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country.[417][418] The Anna Centenary Library is the largest library in Asia.[419][420]

Chennai has two CSIR research institutions namely Central Leather Research Institute and Structural Engineering Research Centre. Chennai Book Fair, an annual book fair organised in Chennai by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI), is the largest exhibition for Tamil book publishers to display their books. The fair is typically held for about 10 days between the last week of December and the third week of January.[421]

## Sports and recreation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Sport in Chennai

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium multipurpose stadium

Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai.[422] It was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the Madras Cricket Club.[423] The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India.[424] The stadium was also one of the venues of the 1987,1996 and 2011 ICC Cricket World Cups. Chemplast Cricket Ground located at the IIT Madras campus is another important venue for cricket matches. Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains S. Venkataraghavan and Kris Srikkanth.[425][426] A cricket fast bowling academy called the MRF Pace Foundation, whose coaches include T. A. Sekhar and Glenn Mcgrath, is based in Chennai.[427][428] Being home to the Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team Chennai Super Kings, the city hosted the finals of the IPL's 2011 and 2012 series.[429][430]

M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, one of the premier cricket venues in India

The city's professional football club Chennaiyin FC competes in Indian Super League, the country's top tier association football league associated with Asian Football Federation and recognized by FIFA. The club uses the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium nicknamed the Marina Arena as their home ground and are champions of the Indian Super League in 2015 and 2018.

Chennai was the venue of the 1995 South Asian Games.[431] Chennai is home to a World Series Hockey (WSH) team, the Chennai Cheetahs. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium is associated with hockey and was venue for the international hockey tournament the 2005 Men's Champions Trophy and the 2007 Men's Asia Cup. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is associated for hosting Football and athletic competitions, it also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Tennis sport is popularising among the city youths, Since 1997 Chennai has been host to the only ATP World Tour event held in India, the Chennai Open[432] which has been shifted to Pune as Maharashtra Open from 2017. Vijay Amritraj, Mahesh Bhupathi Ramesh Krishnan and Somdev Devvarman are tennis players from Chennai.[433] Chennai is home to Chennai Slam,[434] two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.

File:Nungambakkam SDAT Tennis Stadium floodlit match panorama.jpg

Chennai Open match at the SDAT Tennis Stadium

Madras Boat Club (founded in 1846) and the Royal Madras Yacht Club (founded by Sir Francis Spring in 1911) promote the sailing sports in Chennai, and organise national and international sailing events.[423] Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a special purpose track in Madras Motor Race Track, Sriperumbudur,[435] which has also been the venue for several international competitions.[436] Formula One driver Karun Chandhok was born in Chennai.[437][438]

Horse racing is held at the Guindy Race Course, while rowing competitions are hosted at the Madras Boat Club. The city has two 18-hole golf courses, the Cosmopolitan Club and the Gymkhana Club, both established in the late nineteenth century. The city has a rugby union team called the Chennai Cheetahs.[439]

File:Irungaattukkottai racing track.jpg

Madras Motor Race Track circuit, in Irungattukottai

Home to the country's first international chess master, the first grandmaster, the first female grandmaster, the first international arbiter, and 12 of the 34 world chess grandmasters from India, Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital".[440] Former world chess champion Viswanathan Anand grew up and resides in Chennai.[441][442] Other sports persons of repute from Chennai include table tennis players Sharath Kamal and two–time world carrom champion, Maria Irudayam.[443][444] Chennai was the host of the World Chess Championship 2013 match between Viswanathan Anand and Magnus Carlsen.[445][446] In 2022, Chennai hosted the 44th Chess Olympiad,[447][448] in which 1,400 players from across 187 countries will participate.[448]

### City based teams[edit | edit source]

For a more comprehensive list, see Sport in Chennai § Teams.

Club | Sport | League | Home Stadium | Founded

|
|
|
|

Chennai Slam | Basketball | UBA Pro Basketball League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium | 2015
Chennai Superstarz | Badminton | Premier Badminton League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium | 2015
Chennai Super Kings | Cricket | Indian Premier League | M.A. Chidambaram Stadium | 2008
Chepauk Super Gillies | Cricket | Tamil Nadu Premier League | M.A. Chidambaram Stadium | 2016
Chennaiyin FC | Football | Indian Super League | Marina Arena | 2013
Tamil Thalaivas[449] | Kabaddi | Pro Kabaddi League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium | 2017
Chennai Lions | Table tennis | Ultimate Table Tennis | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium | 2019
Chennai Spartans | Volleyball | Pro Volleyball League | Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium | 2019

## International relations[edit | edit source]

### Foreign missions[edit | edit source]

File:USConsulateChennai BuildingExterior.jpg

The American consulate in Chennai.

See also: List of diplomatic missions in Chennai

The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for South India.[450][451][452] As of 2012[update], there were 43 foreign representations in Chennai, including consulates general, deputy high commissions and honorary consulates.[453] The American Consulate in Chennai is one of the top adjudication posts in the world and the number one in processing employment-based visas. It was ranked among the top globally in issuing 'L' and 'H' category visas for workers and professionals and was ranked eighth globally in terms of all category of visas being issued.[454]

The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO), which is the office of the field officers in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city, is located at Shastri Bhavan at Haddows Road.[455]

### Twin towns – Sister cities[edit | edit source]

Chennai

Chennai

Volgograd

Denver

San Antonio

Kuala Lumpur

Chongqing

Ulsan

class=notpageimage|

Sister cities of Chennai

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

Chennai has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world:

City  | Country  | State/Region  | Continent  | Since  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Volgograd | Russia  | Volgograd Oblast | Europe  | 1966  | [456]
Denver | United States  | Colorado | North America  | 1984  | [457]
San Antonio | United States  | Texas | North America  | 2008  | [458]
Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia  | Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur | Asia  | 2010  | [459]
Chongqing | China  | Municipality of Chongqing | Asia  | 2015  | [460]
Ulsan | South Korea  | Ulsan Metropolitan City | Asia  | 2016  | [461]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Areas of Chennai
* List of people from Chennai
* Timeline of Chennai history

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ /məˈdrɑːs/ (Audio file "Madras MW.ogg" not found) or /-ˈdræs/[21]

1. ^ The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b c Mohan, Vishnu (5 October 2020). "Scorching hot during summer and unbelievably crowded, the modern city of Chennai dipped in traditions from its Madras days never fails to surprise a traveller". Outlook Traveller. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
2. ^ a b c Vikas, S. V. (27 September 2018). "World Tourism Day 2018: Significance, theme and why it is observed". One India. New Delhi. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
3. ^ a b c Grover, Amar (17 September 2019). "Chennai unwrapped: Why the city is the great international gateway to South India". The National. Chennai. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
4. ^ a b c d Sharma, Reetu (23 August 2014). "Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'". One India. Chennai. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
5. ^ a b Business America. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1997. p. 14.
6. ^ a b Chris Devonshire-Ellis (2012). Doing Business in India. Springer. p. 218\. ISBN 978-3-642-27617-0.
7. ^ a b U.S. International Trade Commission (2007). Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30. DIANE Publishing. pp. 2–10. ISBN 978-1-4578-1829-5.
8. ^ a b "The economist". 370 (8361–8364). Economist Newspaper Ltd. 2004: 282. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
9. ^ a b c "Chennai High: City gets most foreign tourists". The Times of India. Chennai. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
10. ^ a b National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers. "Chennai – India's Health Capital". India Health Visit. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
11. ^ a b Hamid, Zubeda (20 August 2012). "The medical capital's place in history". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
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## External links[edit | edit source]

* Official website of Chennai district
* Official website of the Corporation of Chennai Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
* Chennai at Curlie
* Chennai Encyclopædia Britannica entry

Places adjacent to Chennai

|  | Andhra Pradesh |

|
|

|  |
Kerala |

Chennai

| Indian Ocean
|  |
| Indian Ocean |

Articles Related to Chennai

* v
* t
* e

Chennai

History

| Early history (pre-1500)|

* Sangam period
* Thomas the Apostle
* Pallava Dynasty
* Chola Dynasty
* Vijayanagar Empire

|

Colonial period (1500–1900)|

* São Tomé de Meliapore
* Raja of Chandragiri
* Agency of Fort St George
* 1721 Madras cyclone
* Carnatic Wars (Madras Adyar Chingleput)
* Anglo-Mysore Wars
* Governors

Modern period (1900–present)|

* Arbuthnot Bank Crash
* Besant v. Narayaniah
* Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden
* de La Haye scandal
* 1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike
* Neil Statue Satyagraha
* 1928 South Indian Railway Strike
* 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike
* 1943 Chennai floods
* Madras Manade
* Anti-Hindi agitations
* R. S. S. Chennai bombing
* 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
* 2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests
* 2015 South India floods

Writers and historians|

* S. Muthiah
* Randor Guy
* S. Theodore Baskaran
* V. Sriram
* A. R. Venkatachalapathy

Geography and wildlife

| Regions|

* Chennai Metropolitan Area
* Central Chennai
* North Chennai
* South Chennai

|

Waterways|

* Adyar River
* Buckingham Canal
* Coovum River
* Kosasthalaiyar River
* Otteri Nullah

Lakes|

* Chembarambakkam Lake
* Chetput Lake
* Long Tank
* Manali Lake
* Porur Lake
* Red Hills Lake
* Retteri
* Veeranam

Islands|

* Kattupalli Island
* Quibble Island
* The Island

Zoological parks|

* Arignar Anna Zoological Park
* Chennai Snake Park
* Guindy National Park
* Madras Crocodile Bank

Reserve Forests|

* Nanmangalam Reserve Forest
* Vandalur Reserve Forest

Marshlands|

* Adyar Creek
* Ennore Creek
* Pallikaranai Wetland

Heritage
monuments|

* Amir Mahal
* Bharat Insurance Building
* Brodie Castle
* Chennai Central Prison
* Chepauk Palace
* LIC Building
* Lighthouse
* Police headquarters
* Port Trust Building
* Rajaji Hall
* Ripon Building
* Royapuram railway station
* University of Madras Senate House
* Southern Railway headquarters
* Valluvar Kottam
* Victoria Public Hall
* Anna Nagar twin arches

Statues|

* Marina Beach Statues
* Thomas Munro
* Triumph of Labour

Memorials|

* Gandhi Mandapam
* Madras War Cemetery
* Rajiv Gandhi Memorial
* Victory War Memorial
* Vivekanandar Illam

Administration and politics

| Districts|

* Chennai District
* Tiruvallur District
* Kanchipuram District
* Vellore District

|

Taluks|

| Chennai District|

* Aminjikarai
* Ayanavaram
* Egmore
* Guindy
* Mambalam
* Mylapore
* Perambur
* Purasaiwalkam
* Tondiarpet
* Velachery

|

Tiruvallur district|

* Tiruvottiyur
* Madhavaram
* Ambattur
* Avadi
* Maduravoyal
* Ponneri
* Poonamallee
* Tiruvallur
* Gummidipoondi
* Uthukottai
* Tiruttani
* Pallipattu

Kanchipuram district|

* Alandur
* Sholinganallur
* Pallavaram
* Tambaram
* Chengalpattu
* Thiruporur
* Tirukalukundram
* Sriperumbudur
* Walajabad
* Kanchipuram
* Uthiramerur
* Madurantakam
* Cheyyur

Vellore District|

* Arakkonam

Constituencies|

| Parliamentary |

* Chennai Central
* Chennai North
* Chennai South
* Sriperumbudur
* Thiruvallur

|

Assembly|

* Alandur
* Ambattur
* Anna Nagar
* Avadi
* Chengalpattu
* Chepauk
* Egmore
* Harbour
* Kolathur
* Madhavaram
* Maduravoyal
* Mylapore
* Pallavaram
* Perambur
* Ponneri
* Poonamallee
* RK Nagar
* Royapuram
* Saidapet
* Sholinganallur
* Sriperumbudur
* T.Nagar
* Tambaram
* Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar
* Thiruvottiyur
* Thousand Lights
* Tiruvallur
* Villivakkam
* Virugambakkam
* Velachery

Nodal agencies|

* Greater Chennai Corporation
* Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
* Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board
* Chennai Police Commissionerate
* General Post Office
* Greater Chennai Police
* Madras High Court
* Sheriff
* Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
* Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services

Economy

| Business
districts|

* Burma Bazaar
* Kothawal Chavadi
* Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex
* Panagal Park
* Parry's Corner
* Pondy Bazaar
* Purasawalkam
* Ranganathan Street
* Ritchie Street
* Velachery
* Washermanpet

|

SEZ|

* SEZ Corridor
* MEPZ
* Tidel Park
* World Trade Center

Companies and
institutions|

* Aavin
* Ashok Leyland
* Basin Bridge Gas
* Blue Dart Aviation
* Chettinad Group
* Chennai Trade Centre
* EID Parry
* Ennore Thermal
* GMR Vasavi
* Heavy Vehicles Factory
* Higginbotham's
* Indian Bank
* Indian Overseas Bank
* Integral Coach Factory
* Madras Atomic Power Station
* Madras Cements
* Madras Rubber Factory
* Madras Stock Exchange
* Murugappa Group
* North Chennai Thermal
* Reserve Bank of India
* Royal Enfield
* SPIC
* Sun Group
* The Hindu
* The New Indian Express
* TI Cycles of India
* TVS Motors
* Vallur Thermal
* World Bank office

Industry|

* Automotive
* Electronics
* Retail
* Software

Culture and recreation

| General|

* Architecture of Chennai
* Broadcasting in Chennai
* Kollywood
* Madrassi
* Madras Bashai
* Madras School
* Tourism in Chennai

|

Beaches

* Covelong
* Elliot's Beach
* Golden Beach
* Marina Beach

Parks|

* Anna Nagar Tower Park
* Semmoli Poonga
* Tholkappia Poonga

Cinemas|

* Cinépolis
* INOX
* PVR Cinemas
* Mayajaal Multiplex
* Shanti Theatre

Periodic events|

* Chennai Book Fair
* Chennai International Film Festival
* Chennai Sangamam
* Lit for Life
* Madras Day
* Madras Music Season
* Saarang
* Techofes

Theme parks|

* MGM Dizzee World
* Queens Land
* VGP Universal Kingdom
* Dash N Splash
* Kishkinta
* Mayajaal Beach Resort

Shopping malls|

* Abhirami Mega Mall
* Alsa Mall
* Ampa Skywalk
* Chandra Mall
* Chennai Citi Centre
* Coromandel Plaza
* Express Avenue
* Gold Souk Grande Mall
* Phoenix Market City
* Ramee Mall
* Spectrum Mall
* Spencer Plaza
* Forum Vijaya Mall

Clubs|

* Gymkhana Club
* Madras Boat Club
* Royal Madras Yacht Club

Religion

| Temples|

* Ayyappan Temple
* Ashtalakshmi Kovil
* ISKCON Temple Chennai
* Kapaleeswarar Temple
* Kalikambal Temple
* Madhya Kailash
* Marundeeswarar Temple
* Parthasarathy Temple
* Ravishwarar
* Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple

|

Churches|

* Armenian Church
* Church of Our Lady of Light
* St. Andrew's Kirk
* St. George's Cathedral
* St. Patrick's Cathedral
* Santhome Basilica
* St. Mary's Church

Others|

* Mahabodhi Centre
* Thousand Lights Mosque

Transport

| Air|

* Chennai International Airport

|

Sea|

* Chennai Port
* Ennore Port
* Kattupalli Shipyard
* Royapuram fishing harbour

Rail|

* Chennai Central
* Chennai Metro
* Chennai MRTS
* Chennai Suburban Railway
* Southern Railway
* Railway stations in Chennai

Road|

Roads and
expressways

* Anna Salai
* Cenotaph Road
* Chennai Bypass
* Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway
* China Bazaar Road
* East Coast Road
* Inner Ring Road
* Outer Ring Road
* Peters Road
* Poonamallee High Road
* Rajiv Gandhi Salai
* Sardar Patel Road

|

Grade separators
and flyovers

* Anna Flyover
* Chennai Airport Flyover
* Chrompet Flyover
* Irumbuliyur Junction
* Kathipara Junction
* Koyambedu Junction
* Madhavaram Junction
* Maduravoyal Junction
* Moolakadai Junction
* Padi Junction

Others|

* Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus
* Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus
* Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus
* Metropolitan Transport Corporation
* State Express Transport Corporation

Sport

| Venues|

* Guindy Race Course
* Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
* M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
* Madras Motor Race Track
* Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium
* MRF Pace Foundation
* Mudaliarkuppam boat house
* Muttukadu boat house
* Rajarathinam Stadium
* SDAT Tennis Stadium

|

Teams|

| Badminton|

* Chennai Superstarz

|

Cricket|

* Chennai Super Kings
* Chennai Superstars
* Chepauk Super Gillies

Field hockey|

* Chennai Cheetahs
* Chennai Veerans

Football|

* Chennai City F.C.
* Chennaiyin FC

Kabaddi|

* Tamil Thalaivas

Tennis|

* V Chennai Warriors

Table tennis|

* Chennai Lions

Volleyball|

* Chennai Spartans
* Chennai Spikers
* Chennai Blitz

Others|

* Chennai Open
* M. J. Gopalan Trophy
* Madras Presidency Matches

Institutions

| Education|

* Alliance Française de Madras
* Anna Centenary Library
* Birla Planetarium
* Cholamandal Artists' Village
* Connemara Public Library
* DakshinaChitra
* Government Museum
* Tamil Nadu Police Museum
* Kalakshetra
* KM Music Conservatory
* Madras Music Academy
* Schools in Chennai

| Universities|

* Anna University
* University of Madras
* Dr MGR Medical University
* Dr Ambedkar Law University
* Indian Maritime University
* Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
* VIT University Chennai
* SRM Institute of Science and Technology
* B S Abdur Rahman University
* Tamil Nadu Open University
* Vels University
* Hindustan University

|

Engineering

* Indian Institute of Technology Madras
* College of Engineering, Guindy
* Madras Institute of Technology
* Alagappa College of Technology

Medical|

* Madras Medical College
* Stanley Medical College
* Kilpauk Medical College
* Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute
* National Institute of Siddha

Arts and
science

* Loyola
* Madras Christian College
* Presidency College
* Queen Mary's (Women)
* Vivekananda
* Pachaiyappa's College
* Stella Mary's (Women)
* DG Vaishnav
* MOP Vaishnav (Women)
* Women's Christian College

Research|

* Central Leather Research Institute
* National Institute of Ocean Technology
* Institute of Mathematical Sciences
* Chennai Mathematical Institute
* Regional Meteorological Centre
* Structural Engineering Research Centre
* Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (India)

Diplomatic
missions

* American Consulate
* British Deputy High Commission
* Malaysian Consulate
* Russian Consulate
* German Consulate
* Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission
* Royal Thai Consulate
* South Korean Consulate

Hospitals|

* Government General Hospital
* Government Multi Super-speciality Hospital
* Royapettah Hospital
* Stanley Hospital
* Kilpauk Medical College Hospital
* Perambur railway hospital
* Apollo Hospitals
* Egmore Eye Hospital
* Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital
* Sankara Nethralaya
* Madras Medical Mission
* Voluntary Health Services
* MIOT Hospital
* Tambaram TB Sanatorium
* Government Dental Hospital
* Hindu Mission Hospital
* Fortis Malar Hospital
* Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital
* Sundaram Medical Foundation

Hotels|

* Taj Coromandel
* The Park
* Le Royal Meridien
* Hyatt Regency
* Chola Sheraton
* Taj Mount Road
* The Leela Kempinski
* ITC Grand Chola
* Hilton Chennai
* Taj Connemara
* Fisherman's Cove
* Trident Hilton
* Park Sheraton & Towers
* Radisson GRT
* Accord Metropolitan
* JW Marriott
* Park Hyatt
* Radisson Blu City Centre
* Raintree Hotel St Mary's Road
* The Raintree Hotel Anna Salai
* Savera Hotel
* Residency Towers
* Westin Chennai
* Kohinoor Asiana

Localities

| North|

* Aamullaivoyal
* Aathur
* Agaram
* Alamathi
* Andarkuppam
* Angadu
* Anuppampattu
* Arambakkam
* Arani
* Ariyalur
* Arumandhai
* Assisi Nagar, Chennai
* Athipattu
* Athipattu New Town
* Athivakkam
* Attanthangal
* Avurikollaimedu
* Ayanavaram
* Azhinjivakkam
* Bandikavanoor
* Basin Bridge
* Chinnasekkadu
* Chettimedu
* Edapalayam
* Edayanchavadi
* Ennore
* Elandanur
* Elanthancherry
* Elavur
* Ernavoor
* Erukkancherry
* Gnayiru
* Gounderpalayam
* Grant Lyon
* Gummidipoondi
* Janapanchatram
* Jawahar Nagar
* Kadapakkam
* Kaladipet
* Kalakkral
* Kalpalayam
* Kanniammanpettai
* Kannigaipair
* Karanodai
* Kathirvedu
* Kathivakkam
* Katupalli
* Kavangarai
* Kavaraipettai
* Kasimedu
* Kattur
* KK Thazhai
* Kaviarasu Kannadhasan Nagar
* Kodipallam
* Kodungaiyur
* Kolathur
* Kondithope
* Korukkupet
* Kosappur
* Kottai Karai
* Kumaran Nagar
* Lakshmipuram
* Madhavaram
* Madhavaram Milk Colony
* Madharpakkam
* Madiyur
* Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar
* Manali
* Manali New Town
* Manjambakkam
* Mathur
* Mettu Surapedu
* Mettu Thandalam
* Minjur
* Moolachatiram
* Moolakadai
* Muthialpet
* Nallur
* Nandiambakkam
* Napalayam
* Naravarikuppam
* New Erumai Vetti Palayam
* Old Erumai Vetti Palayam
* Orakadu
* Padianallur
* Pallipattu
* Panchetti
* Payasambakkam
* Pazhaverkadu
* Perambur
* Peravallur
* Periapalayam
* Periyamullavoyal
* Periyar Nagar
* Periyasekkadu
* Perungavur
* Ponneri
* Ponniammanmedu
* Pothur
* Puthubakkam
* Puduvoyal
* Pulli Lyon
* Puthagaram
* Puzhal
* Red Hills
* Retteri
* Royapuram
* Sadayankuppam
* Sathangadu
* Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Tiruvottiyur)
* Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Vyasarpadi)
* Seemavaram
* Selavayal
* Sembilivaram
* Sembium
* Sembiyamanali
* Sholavaram
* Siruvapuri
* Sirunium
* Sowcarpet
* Sothuperumbedu
* Surapet
* Thadaperumbakkam
* Thatchoor
* Thathaimanji
* Theerthakariampattu
* Theeyampakkam
* Thervoy Kandigai
* Thirunilai
* Thiruvellavoyal
* Thiru Vi Ka Nagar
* Tiruvottiyur
* Tollgate
* Tondiarpet
* Uthukottai
* Vadagarai
* Vadamadurai
* Vadaperumbakkam
* Vaikkadu
* Vallalar Nagar
* Vallur
* Vannipakkam
* Vazhuthigaimedu
* Vellivoyalchavadi
* Vengal
* Vichoor
* Vijayanallur
* Vilakupattu
* Vilangadupakkam
* Villivakkam
* Vinayagapuram
* VOC Nagar
* Voyalur
* Vyasarpadi
* Washermanpet
* Wimco Nagar

|

West|

* Adayalampattu
* Alwarthirunagar
* Ambattur
* Aminjikarai
* Athipet
* Andankuppam
* Anna Nagar
* Anna Nagar West
* Annanur
* Arakkambakkam
* Aranvoyal
* Ashok Nagar
* Arakkonam
* Arumbakkam
* Avadi
* Ayanambakkam
* Ayapakkam
* Ayathur
* Beemanthangal
* Chembarambakkam
* Choolaimedu
* Egattur
* Gerugambakkam
* Govardhanagiri
* ICF Colony
* Irungattukottai
* Iyyapanthangal
* K. K. Nagar
* Kadambathur
* Kadavur
* Kakkalur
* Kakkalur Industrial Estate
* Kallikuppam
* Karalapakkam
* Karambakkam
* Karayanchavadi
* Kattupakkam
* Kilkondaiyur
* Koduvalli
* Koladi
* Kolapakkam
* Konnur
* Korattur
* Kovur
* Koyambedu
* Kumananchavadi
* Kundrathur
* Kuthambakkam
* Maduravoyal
* Malayambakkam
* Manapakkam
* Manavala Nagar
* Melkondaiyur
* Mettu Kandigai
* MGR Nagar
* Mogappair
* Morai
* Moulivakkam
* Mugalivakkam
* Muthapudupet
* Nandambakkam
* Nandambakkam
* Narasingapuram
* Nazarathpettai
* Nemam
* Nemilichery
* Nesapakkam
* Nerkundram
* Nolambur
* Noombal
* Oragadam
* Padi
* Pakkam
* Pandeswaram
* Pandur
* Paraniputhur
* Parivakkam
* Paruthipattu
* Pattabiram
* Pattaravakkam
* Perambakkam
* Periyapanicheri
* Perumalpattu
* Poochi Athipedu
* Poonamallee
* Poondi
* Poonthandalam
* Porur
* Pudhur
* Putlur
* Ramapuram
* Ramavaram
* Sekkadu
* Seneerkuppam
* Sevvapet
* Shenoy Nagar
* Sorancheri
* Sriperumbudur
* Sunguvarchatram
* Surapet
* Tamaraipakkam
* Thandalam
* Thandurai
* Thathankuppam
* Thirumangalam
* Thirumazhisai
* Thirumullaivoyal
* Thiruninravur
* Tiruvallur
* Tiruverkadu
* Valasaravakkam
* Vanagaram
* Veerapuram
* Vellanur
* Vellavedu
* Velappanchavadi
* Vengathur
* Venkatapuram
* Veppampattu
* Vilinjiyambakkam
* Virugambakkam

Central|

* Alwarpet
* Broadway
* Burma Bazaar
* Chennai Central
* Chepauk
* Chetput
* Chintadripet
* Choolai
* Egmore
* Foreshore Estate
* George Town
* Gopalapuram
* Greenways Road
* Kilpauk
* Kodambakkam
* Kosapet
* Kothawal Chavadi
* Kotturpuram
* Mandavelli
* Mannady
* Mambalam
* MRC Nagar
* Mylapore
* Nandanam
* Nochikuppam
* Nungambakkam
* Otteri
* Panagal Park
* Park Town
* Parry's Corner
* Pattalam
* Periamet
* Pondy Bazaar
* Pudupet
* Pulianthope
* Purasawalkam
* Quibble Island
* Raja Annamalai Puram
* Royapettah
* Saidapet
* Saligramam
* Santhome
* T Nagar
* Teynampet
* The Island
* Triplicane
* Trustpuram
* Vadapalani
* Vepery
* West Mambalam

South|

* Alandur
* Adambakkam
* Adyar
* Agaramthen
* Alandur
* Anakaputhur
* Besant Nagar
* Chitlapakkam
* Chromepet
* Chengalpattu
* Egattur
* Ekkaduthangal
* Erumaiyur
* Gowrivakkam
* Guduvancheri
* Guindy
* Guindy TVK Estate
* Devaneri
* Hasthinapuram
* Illalur
* Injambakkam
* Irumbuliyur
* Jafferkhanpet
* Jaladampet
* Kanathur
* Kandanchavadi
* Kannivakkam
* Karanai
* Karapakkam
* Karumbakkam
* Kattankulathur
* Kazhipattur
* Kizhkalvoy
* Keelkattalai
* Kelambakkam
* Kottivakkam
* Kovalam
* Kovilambakkam
* Kovilanchery
* Madambakkam
* Madhuvankarai
* Madipakkam
* Mamallapuram
* Manimangalam
* Mannivakkam
* Maraimalai Nagar
* Medavakkam
* Meenambakkam
* Melkalvoy
* MEPZ
* Mettukuppam
* Mudichur
* Muttukadu
* Nandivaram
* Nanganallur
* Nanmangalam
* Navalur
* Neelankarai
* Nellikuppam
* Noothancheri
* Okkiyam
* Okkiyampet
* Oragadam
* Ottiambakkam
* Padappai
* Palavakkam
* Palavanthangal
* Pallavaram
* Pallikaranai
* Pammal
* Panaiyur
* Paranur
* Pattipulam
* Payanur
* Pazhanthandalam
* Peerkankaranai
* Perumbakkam
* Perumathunallur
* Perungalathur
* Perungudi
* Perunthandalam
* Ponmar
* Polichalur
* Potheri
* Pudupakkam
* Puzhuthivakkam
* Rajakilpakkam
* Rathinamangalam
* Selaiyur
* Sembakkam
* Semmencherry
* Sholinganallur
* Singaperumalkoil
* Siruseri
* Sithalapakkam
* Somangalam
* St. Thomas Mount
* Tambaram
* Tambaram Sanatorium
* Thaiyur
* Tharamani
* Tharapakkam
* Thirumudivakkam
* Thiruneermalai
* Thiruporur
* Thiruvanmiyur
* Thiruvidandhai
* Thuraipakkam
* Tirusulam
* Ullagaram
* Urapakkam
* Uthandi
* Vadanemili
* Vandalur
* Vanuvampet
* Velachery
* Vengaivasal
* Vettuvankeni

* Category Category
*   * Project

* v
* t
* e

Neighbourhoods of Chennai

* Adyar
* Adambakkam
* Alapakkam
* Alandur
* Alwarpet
* Alwarthirunagar
* Ambattur
* Aminjikarai
* Anna Nagar
* Anna Nagar West
* Annanur
* Andarkuppam
* Arumbakkam
* Ashok Nagar
* Athipattu
* Avadi
* Ayanavaram
* Besant Nagar
* Chepauk
* Chembarambakkam
* Chengalpattu
* Chetput
* Chitlapakkam
* Choolai
* Choolaimedu
* Chromepet
* Edayanchavadi
* Egmore
* Ennore
* Ernavoor
* Foreshore Estate
* Georgetown
* Greenways Road
* Guduvancheri
* Gummidipoondi
* Guindy
* Guindy TVK Estate
* ICF Colony
* Injambakkam
* Irumbuliyur
* Irungattukottai
* The Island
* Jawahar Nagar
* K. K. Nagar
* Kandanchavadi
* Kannammapet
* Karapakkam
* Karanodai
* Kathivakkam
* Kattankulathur
* Kavaraipettai
* Kelambakkam
* Kilpauk
* Kanathur
* Kodambakkam
* Kodungaiyur
* Kolathur
* Komakkambedu
* Korattur
* Kosappur
* Kottivakkam
* Kotturpuram
* Kovalam
* Kovilambakkam
* Koyambedu
* Kundrathur
* Madambakkam
* Madipakkam
* Madhavaram
* Madhavaram Milk Colony
* Maduravoyal
* Mamallapuram
* Manali
* Manali New Town
* Manapakkam
* Mandavelli
* Mangadu
* Manjambakkam
* Maraimalai Nagar
* Mathur
* Medavakkam
* Meenambakkam
* Minjur
* Mogappair
* Moolakadai
* Muttukadu
* Mylapore
* Nandanam
* Nandambakkam
* Nandiambakkam
* Nanganallur
* Navalur
* Neelankarai
* Nerkundram
* Nesapakkam
* Nolambur
* Nungambakkam
* Padi
* Palavakkam
* Palavanthangal
* Pallavaram
* Pallikaranai
* Pammal
* Panagal Park
* Park Town
* Parry's Corner
* Pattabiram
* Pattaravakkam
* Pazhaverkadu
* Peerkankaranai
* Perambur
* Periapalayam
* Perumbakkam
* Perungalathur
* Perungudi
* Pondy Bazaar
* Ponneri
* Poonamallee
* Porur
* Potheri
* Pudhur
* Purasawalkam
* Puzhal
* Puzhuthivakkam
* Red Hills
* Royapettah
* Royapuram
* Sadayankuppam
* Saidapet
* Santhome
* Semmencherry
* Sholavaram
* Sholinganallur
* Shenoy Nagar
* Singaperumalkoil
* Siruseri
* Sithalapakkam
* Sriperumbudur
* Sunguvarchatram
* Surapet
* Sowcarpet
* St. Thomas Mount
* T. Nagar
* Tambaram
* Tharamani
* Teynampet
* Thirumangalam
* Thirumazhisai
* Thirumullaivoyal
* Thiruninravur
* Thiruvanmiyur
* Thiruvidandhai
* Thiruporur
* Thuraipakkam
* Tirusulam
* Tiruverkadu
* Tiruvottiyur
* Tolgate
* Tondiarpet
* Triplicane
* Trustpuram
* Urapakkam
* Vadapalani
* Vadaperumbakkam
* Valasaravakkam
* Vallalar Nagar
* Vanagaram
* Vandalur
* Velachery
* Veppampattu
* Vichoor
* Villivakkam
* Vinayagapuram
* Virugambakkam
* Vyasarpadi
* Washermanpet
* West Mambalam

* v
* t
* e

Urban transit in Chennai

Bus Transportation|

* Chennai Bus Rapid Transit System*
* Chennai Rapid Bus Transit Ways*
* MTC buses

Intra-city Expressways|

* Chennai Bypass
* Outer Ring Road†
* Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway†
* Chennai Elevated Expressways*

Rail Transportation|

| Chennai Suburban Railway|

* North Line
* South Line
* South West Line
* West Line
* West North Line
* West South Line

|

Rapid transit|

* Chennai MRTS
* Chennai Metro†
* Chennai Monorail*

* * Planned
* † Under construction

* v
* t
* e

State and Union Territory capitals of India

Administrative|

* Agartala
* Aizawl
* Amaravati
* Bangalore
* Bhopal
* Bhubaneswar
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Daman
* Dehradun
* Dispur
* Gandhinagar
* Gangtok
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Itanagar
* Jaipur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kargil (winter)
* Kavaratti
* Kohima
* Kolkata
* Leh (summer)
* Lucknow
* Mumbai
* Naya Raipur
* New Delhi
* Panaji
* Patna
* Pondicherry
* Port Blair
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla
* Srinagar (summer)
* Thiruvananthapuram

Legislative|

* Agartala
* Aizawl
* Amaravati
* Bangalore (summer)
* Belgaum (winter)
* Bhararisain (summer)
* Bhopal
* Bhubaneswar
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Dharamshala (winter)
* Dehradun (winter)
* Gandhinagar
* Gangtok
* Guwahati
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Itanagar
* Jaipur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kohima
* Kolkata
* Lucknow
* Mumbai (summer)
* Nagpur (winter)
* New Delhi
* Patna
* Pondicherry
* Porvorim
* Raipur
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla (summer)
* Srinagar (summer)
* Thiruvananthapuram

Judicial|

* Agartala
* Ahmedabad
* Allahabad
* Amaravati
* Bangalore
* Bilaspur
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Cuttack
* Gangtok
* Guwahati
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Jabalpur
* Jodhpur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kochi
* Kolkata
* Mumbai
* Nainital
* New Delhi
* Patna
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla
* Srinagar (summer)

* v
* t
* e

Million-plus agglomerations in India

North|

* Chandigarh
* Delhi
* Haryana: Faridabad
* Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar
* Punjab: Ludhiana
* Amritsar
* Rajasthan: Jaipur
* Jodhpur
* Kota

Central|

* Chhattisgarh: Raipur
* Bhilai
* Madhya Pradesh: Indore
* Bhopal
* Jabalpur
* Gwalior
* Uttar Pradesh:
* Agra
* Allahabad
* Ghaziabad
* Kanpur
* Lucknow
* Meerut
* Varanasi

Eastern|

* Bihar: Patna
* Jharkhand: Jamshedpur
* Dhanbad
* Ranchi
* West Bengal: Kolkata
* Asansol

Western|

* Gujarat: Ahmedabad
* Surat
* Vadodara
* Rajkot
* Maharashtra: Mumbai
* Pune
* Nagpur
* Nashik
* Vasai-Virar
* Aurangabad

Southern|

* Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam
* Vijayawada
* Karnataka: Bangalore
* Kerala: Kochi
* Kozhikode
* Thrissur
* Malappuram
* Thiruvananthapuram
* Kannur
* Kollam
* Tamil Nadu: Chennai
* Coimbatore
* Madurai
* Tiruchirappalli
* Telangana: Hyderabad

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities of Tamil Nadu

Municipal
Corporations|

Avadi * Chennai * Coimbatore * Cuddalore * Dindigul * Erode * Hosur * Kancheepuram * Karur * Kumbakonam * Madurai * Nagercoil * Salem * Sivakasi * Tambaram * Thanjavur * Thoothukkudi * Tiruchirappalli * Tirunelveli * Tiruppur * Vellore

Municipalities|

| Special
grade|

* Karaikudi
* Kodaikanal
* Kovilpatti
* Maraimalai Nagar
* Pollachi
* Rajapalayam
* Tiruvannamalai
* Ooty

|

Selection
grade|

* Ambur
* Attur
* Chidambaram
* Coonoor
* Dharmapuri
* Gobichettipalayam
* Mannargudi
* Mayiladuthurai
* Mettupalayam
* Mettur
* Nagapattinam
* Namakkal
* Palani
* Pattukkottai
* Pudukkottai
* Ranipet
* Theni Allinagaram
* Tiruverkadu
* Thuraiyur
* Tindivanam
* Tiruchengode
* Tiruppattur
* Udumalaipettai
* Valparai
* Vaniyambadi
* Viluppuram
* Virudhunagar

First
grade|

* Arakkonam
* Arani
* Aranthangi
* Arcot
* Aruppukkottai
* Bodinayakkanur
* Chengalpattu
* Colachel
* Cumbum
* Devakottai
* Dharapuram
* Edappadi
* Gudiyatham
* Kadayanallur
* Kallakurichi
* Komarapalayam
* Krishnagiri
* Manapparai
* Palladam
* Panruti
* Paramakudi
* Poonamallee
* Ramanathapuram
* Rasipuram
* Sankarankovil
* Sathyamangalam
* Sivaganga
* Srivilliputhur
* Tiruvallur
* Tenkasi
* Thiruvarur
* Virudhachalam

Second
grade|

* Ambasamudram
* Ariyalur
* Bhavani
* Cheyyar
* Chinnamanur
* Gudalur (Nilgiris district)
* Gudalur (Theni district)
* Jayankondam
* Jolarpettai
* Kangeyam
* Kayalpatnam
* Kilakarai
* Koothanallur
* Kulithalai
* Kuzhithurai
* Maduranthakam
* Melur
* Melvisharam
* Nellikuppam
* Nelliyalam
* Oddanchatram
* Padmanabhapuram
* Pallipalayam
* Perambalur
* Periyakulam
* Pernambut
* Puliyankudi
* Punjai Puliampatti
* Rameswaram
* Sattur
* Sengottai
* Sirkazhi
* Thiruttani
* Thiruthuraipoondi
* Thuvakudi
* Tirumangalam
* Usilampatti
* Vandavasi
* Vedaranyam
* Vellakoil
* Vikramasingapuram
* Walajapet

* v
* t
* e

File:..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png State of Tamil Nadu

Capital: Chennai

State
symbols|

* Seal: Srivilliputhur Andal temple
* Animal: Nilgiri tahr
* Bird: Emerald dove
* Flower: Gloriosa lily
* Fruit: Jackfruit
* Tree: Palm tree
* Butterfly: Cirrochroa Thais

File:TamilNadu Logo.svg

Governance|

* Governors
* Chief ministers
* Deputy chief ministers
* Legislative Assembly
* Political parties
* Raj Bhavan
* Chennai
* Ooty
* High Court
* Police

Topics|

* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Economy
* Government
* History
* Language
* Literature
* Music
* People
* Education
* Sports
* Politics
* Temples
* Protected areas
* Highest point
* Wildlife
* Sexual minorities
* Tourism
* Kaveri River water dispute

Major cities|

* Chennai
* Coimbatore
* Madurai
* Salem
* Tiruchirappalli
* Tiruppur

Districts|

* Ariyalur
* Chengalpattu
* Chennai
* Coimbatore
* Cuddalore
* Dharmapuri
* Dindigul
* Erode
* Kallakurichi
* Kanchipuram
* Kanyakumari
* Karur
* Krishnagiri
* Madurai
* Mayiladuthurai
* Nagapattinam
* Namakkal
* Nilgiris
* Perambalur
* Pudukkottai
* Ramanathapuram
* Ranipet
* Salem
* Sivaganga
* Tenkasi
* Thanjavur
* Theni
* Thoothukudi
* Tiruchirappalli
* Tirunelveli
* Tirupathur
* Tiruppur
* Tiruvallur
* Tiruvannamalai
* Tiruvarur
* Vellore
* Viluppuram
* Virudhunagar

Lists|

* Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI
* Cities in Tamil Nadu by population
* Towns in Tamil Nadu by population
* Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu

* v
* t
* e

World's 50 most-populous urban areas

|  |

1. Tokyo
2. Jakarta
3. Delhi
4. Manila
5. Seoul
6. Mumbai
7. Shanghai
8. New York
9. São Paulo
10. Mexico City

11. Guangzhou–Foshan
12. Shenzhen
13. Beijing
14. Dhaka
15. Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
16. Cairo
17. Moscow
18. Bangkok
19. Los Angeles
20. Kolkata

21. Lagos
22. Buenos Aires
23. Karachi
24. Istanbul
25. Tehran
26. Tianjin
27. Kinshasa–Brazzaville
28. Chengdu
29. Rio de Janeiro
30. Lahore

31. Lima
32. Bangalore
33. Paris
34. Ho Chi Minh City
35. London
36. Bogotá
37. Chennai
38. Nagoya
39. Hyderabad
40. Johannesburg

41. Chicago
42. Taipei
43. Wuhan
44. Dongguan
45. Hanoi
46. Chongqing
47. Onitsha
48. Kuala Lumpur
49. Ahmedabad
50. Luanda

|
|
|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

Megacities

Africa (3)|

* Cairo
* Kinshasa
* Lagos

Asia (28)|

* Bangalore
* Bangkok
* Beijing
* Chengdu
* Chennai
* Chongqing
* Delhi
* Dhaka
* Guangzhou
* Hangzhou
* Ho Chi Minh City
* Hyderabad
* Istanbul
* Jakarta
* Karachi
* Kolkata
* Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)
* Lahore
* Metro Manila
* Mumbai
* Nagoya
* Seoul
* Shanghai
* Shenzhen
* Tehran
* Tianjin
* Tokyo
* Xiamen

Europe (5)|

* Istanbul
* London
* Moscow
* Paris
* Rhine-Ruhr

North America (3)|

* Los Angeles
* Mexico City
* New York City

South America (5)|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Lima
* Rio de Janeiro
* São Paulo

*[c.]: circa
*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template