Crayfish

Decapods, freshwater crustaceans

"Crawfish" redirects here. For other uses, see Crawfish (disambiguation).

Crayfish

Temporal range: Barremian–recent

PreꞒ

File:Paranephrops.jpg
Northern kōura, Paranephrops planifrons (Parastacidae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  |

Animalia

Phylum:  |

Arthropoda

Subphylum:  |

Crustacea

Class:  |

Malacostraca

Order:  |

Decapoda

Suborder:  |

Pleocyemata

Infraorder:  |

Astacidea

Superfamily:  |

Astacoidea
Latreille, 1802
and Parastacoidea
Huxley, 1879

Families

Astacoidea

* Astacidae
* Cambaridae
* Cambaroididae

Parastacoidea

* Parastacidae

File:Crayfish at Cynrig Hatchery.webm

Rearing white-clawed crayfish at Cynrig hatchery, Wales. Establishing a breeding population from introduced captive-bred animals.

File:Crawfish.jpg

Cajun style Crawfish

File:A man selling dried craysfish in african market.jpg

A man selling dried crayfish at an African market

Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the clade Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. In some locations, they are also known as crawfish, craydids, crawdaddies, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, rock lobsters, mudbugs, baybugs or yabbies. Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They breathe through feather-like gills. Some species are found in brooks and streams, where fresh water is running, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and paddy fields. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species, such as Procambarus clarkii, are hardier. Crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or decomposing, and detritus.[1]

The term "crayfish" is applied to saltwater species in some countries.

## Contents

* 1 Terminology
* 2 Anatomy
* 3 Classification and geographical distribution
* 3.1 North America
* 3.2 Australia
* 3.3 New Zealand
* 3.4 Other animals
* 4 Fossil record
* 5 Threats to crayfish
* 6 Invasive pest
* 7 Uses
* 7.1 Culinary use
* 7.2 Bait
* 7.3 Pets
* 7.4 Sentinel species
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Terminology[edit | edit source]

The name "crayfish" comes from the Old French word escrevisse (Modern French écrevisse).[2][3] The word has been modified to "crayfish" by association with "fish" (folk etymology).[2] The largely American variant "crawfish" is similarly derived.[2]

Some kinds of crayfish are known locally as lobsters,[4] crawdads,[5] mudbugs,[5] and yabbies. In the Eastern United States, "crayfish" is more common in the north, while "crawdad" is heard more in central and southwestern regions, and "crawfish" farther south, although considerable overlaps exist.[6]

The study of crayfish is called astacology.[7]

## Anatomy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Decapod anatomy

The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various groups, these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in length. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.[8]

## Classification and geographical distribution[edit | edit source]

Three families of crayfish

File:Austropotamobius pallipes.jpg

Astacidae: Austropotamobius pallipes

File:FloridaFlusskrebs.JPG

Cambaridae: Procambarus alleni

File:Cherax Blue moon.jpg

Parastacidae: Cherax pulcher.

Crayfish are closely related to lobsters, and together they belong to the infraorder Astacidea. Their phylogeny can be shown in the simplified cladogram below:[9][10][11]

Astacidea |  | clawed lobsters  |  | Enoplometopoidea |

Enoplometopidae

|

Nephropoidea |

Nephropidae

crayfish |  | Parastacoidea |

Parastacidae

|

Astacoidea |  |  |

Cambaroididae

|

|  |  |

Astacidae

|

Cambaridae

Four extant (living) families of crayfish are described, three in the Northern Hemisphere and one in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere (Gondwana-distributed) family Parastacidae, with 14 extant genera and two extinct genera, live(d) in South America, Madagascar, and Australasia. They are distinguished by the absence of the first pair of pleopods.[12] Of the other three Northern Hemisphere families (grouped in the superfamily Astacoidea), the four genera of the family Astacidae live in western Eurasia and western North America, the 15 genera of the family Cambaridae live in eastern North America, and the single genus of Cambaroididae live in eastern Asia.[10]

### North America[edit | edit source]

The greatest diversity of crayfish species is found in southeastern North America, with over 330 species in 15 genera, all in the family Cambaridae. A further genus of astacid crayfish is found in the Pacific Northwest and the headwaters of some rivers east of the Continental Divide. Many crayfish are also found in lowland areas where the water is abundant in calcium, and oxygen rises from underground springs.[13]

In 1983, Louisiana designated the crayfish, or crawfish as they are commonly called, as its official state crustacean.[14] Louisiana produces 100 million pounds (45 million kilograms) of crawfish per year with the red swamp and white river crawfish being the main species harvested.[15] Crawfish are a part of Cajun culture dating back hundreds of years.[16] A variety of cottage industries have developed as a result of commercialized crawfish iconography. Their products include crawfish attached to wooden plaques, T-shirts with crawfish logos, and crawfish pendants, earrings, and necklaces made of gold or silver.[17]

### Australia[edit | edit source]

Australia has over 100 species in a dozen genera. It is home to the world's three largest freshwater crayfish:

* the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish Astacopsis gouldi, which can achieve a mass over 5 kg (11 lb) and is found in rivers of northern Tasmania[18]
* the Murray crayfish Euastacus armatus, which can reach 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), although reports of animals up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) have been made. It is found in much of the southern Murray-Darling basin.[19]
* the marron from Western Australia (now believed to be two species, Cherax tenuimanus and C. cainii) which may reach 2.2 kg (4.9 lb)

Many of the better-known Australian crayfish are of the genus Cherax, and include the common yabby (C. destructor), western yabby (C. preissii), and red-claw crayfish (C. quadricarinatus).[20]

The marron species C. tenuimanus is critically endangered, while other large Australasian crayfish are threatened or endangered.

### New Zealand[edit | edit source]

In New Zealand, two species of Paranephrops are endemic, and are known by the Māori name kōura.[21]

### Other animals[edit | edit source]

In Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa,[22] the term "crayfish" or "cray" generally refers to a saltwater spiny lobster, of the genus Jasus that is indigenous to much of southern Oceania,[23] while the freshwater species are usually called yabbies or kōura, from the indigenous Australian and Māori names for the animal, respectively, or by other names specific to each species. Exceptions include western rock lobster (of the Palinuridae family) found on the west coast of Australia (it is a spiny lobster, but not of Jasus); the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish (from the Parastacidae family and therefore a true crayfish) found only in Tasmania; and the Murray crayfish found along Australia's Murray River.[citation needed]

In Singapore, the term crayfish typically refers to Thenus orientalis, a seawater crustacean from the slipper lobster family.[24][25][26] True crayfish are not native to Singapore, but are commonly found as pets, or as an invasive species (Cherax quadricarinatus) in the many water catchment areas, and are alternatively known as freshwater lobsters.[27]

In England and Ireland, the terms crayfish or crawfish commonly refer to the European spiny lobster, a saltwater species found in much of the East Atlantic and Mediterranean.[28] The only true crayfish species native to the British Isles is the endangered white clawed crayfish.[29][30]

## Fossil record[edit | edit source]

Fossil records of crayfish older than 30 million years are rare, but fossilised burrows have been found from strata as old as the late Palaeozoic or early Mesozoic.[31][32] The oldest records of the Parastacidae are in Australia, and are 115 million years old[33] and the crayfish Palaeocambarus and Cricoidoscelosus from the Yixian Formation of China are likely around 120 million years old, making them both one of, if not, the oldest known crayfish to date.[34]

## Threats to crayfish[edit | edit source]

Crayfish are susceptible to infections such as crayfish plague and to environmental stressors including acidification. In Europe, they are particularly threatened by crayfish plague, which is caused by the North American water mold Aphanomyces astaci. This water mold was transmitted to Europe when North American species of crayfish were introduced.[35] Species of the genus Astacus are particularly susceptible to infection, allowing the plague-coevolved signal crayfish (native to western North America) to invade parts of Europe.[36]

Acid rain can cause problems for crayfish across the world. In whole-ecosystem experiments simulating acid rain at the Experimental Lakes Area in Ontario, Canada, crayfish populations crashed – probably because their exoskeletons are weaker in acidified environments.[37]

## Invasive pest[edit | edit source]

In several countries, particularly in Europe, native species of crayfish are under threat by imported species, particularly the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) [38] [39]

## Uses[edit | edit source]

Human uses

File:Crawfish Boil.jpg

Crayfish, boiled with potatoes and corn

File:Pet-crayfish-(Clippy-II)-in-freshwater-aquarium-with-apple-snail.jpg

A pet crayfish, Procambarus clarkii in a freshwater aquarium

File:Crayfish Pendant MET DT4899.jpg

Golden crayfish pendant, Chiriqui, Panama, c. 11th to 16th century AD

### Culinary use[edit | edit source]

Main article: Crayfish as food

Crayfish are eaten worldwide. Like other edible crustaceans, only a small portion of the body of a crayfish is eaten. In most prepared dishes, such as soups, bisques and étouffées, only the tail portion is served. At crawfish boils or other meals where the entire body of the crayfish is presented, other portions, such as the claw meat, may be eaten.[citation needed]

Global crayfish production is centered in Asia, primarily China. In 2018, Asian production accounted for 95% of the world's crawfish supply. [40]

Crayfish is part of Swedish cuisine and is usually eaten in August at special crayfish parties (Swedish Kräftskiva). Documentation of the consumption of crayfish dates to at least the 16th century. On the Swedish west coast, Nephrops norvegicus (Swedish Havskräfta, sea crayfish) is more commonly eaten while various freshwater crayfish are consumed in the rest of the country. Prior to the 1960s, crayfish was largely inaccessible to the urban population in Sweden and consumption was largely limited to the upper classes or farmers holding fishing rights in fresh water lakes. With the introduction of import of frozen crayfish the crayfish party is now practiced widely practiced across all spheres in Sweden and among the Swedish-speaking population of Finland.[41]

In the United States, crayfish production is strongly centered in Louisiana, with 93% of crayfish farms located in the state as of 2018.[42] In 1987, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish harvested in the world, 70% of which were consumed locally.[43] In 2007, the Louisiana crayfish harvest was about 54,800 tons, almost all of it from aquaculture.[44] About 70–80% of crayfish produced in Louisiana are Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish), with the remaining 20–30% being Procambarus zonangulus (white river crawfish).[45] Optimum dietary nutritional requirement of freshwater crayfish, or crayfish nutrient specifications are now available for aquaculture feed producers [46]

Like all crustaceans, crayfish are not kosher because they are aquatic animals that do not have both fins and scales.[47] They are therefore not eaten by observant Jews.[48]

### Bait[edit | edit source]

Crayfish are preyed upon by a variety of ray-finned fishes,[49] and are commonly used as bait, either live or with only the tail meat. They are a popular bait for catching catfish,[50] largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, striped bass,[51] perch, pike[52] and muskie. When using live crayfish as bait, anglers prefer to hook them between the eyes, piercing through their hard, pointed beak which causes them no harm; therefore, they remain more active.[53]

When using crayfish as bait, it is important to fish in the same environment where they were caught. An Illinois State University report that focused on studies conducted on the Fox River and Des Plaines River watershed stated that rusty crayfish, initially caught as bait in a different environment, were dumped into the water and "outcompeted the native clearwater crayfish".[54] Other studies confirmed that transporting crayfish to different environments has led to various ecological problems, including the elimination of native species.[55] Transporting crayfish as live bait has also contributed to the spread of zebra mussels in various waterways throughout Europe and North America, as they are known to attach themselves to exoskeleton of crayfishes.[56][57][58]

### Pets[edit | edit source]

Crayfish are kept as pets in freshwater aquariums. They prefer foods like shrimp pellets or various vegetables, but will also eat tropical fish food, regular fish food, algae wafers, and small fish that can be captured with their claws. A report by the National Park Service[59] as well as video and anecdotal reports by aquarium owners[60] indicate that crayfish will eat their moulted exoskeleton "to recover the calcium and phosphates contained in it."[59] As omnivores, crayfish will eat almost anything; therefore, they may explore the edibility of aquarium plants in a fish tank. However, most species of dwarf crayfish, such as Cambarellus patzcuarensis, will not destructively dig or eat live aquarium plants.[61]

In some nations, such as the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and New Zealand, imported alien crayfish are a danger to local rivers. The three most widespread American species invasive in Europe are Faxonius limosus, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii.[35] Crayfish may spread into different bodies of water because specimens captured for pets in one river are often released into a different catchment. There is a potential for ecological damage when crayfish are introduced into non-native bodies of water: e.g., crayfish plague in Europe, or the introduction of the common yabby (Cherax destructor) into drainages east of the Great Dividing Range in Australia.[62]

### Sentinel species[edit | edit source]

The Protivin brewery in the Czech Republic uses crayfish outfitted with sensors to detect any changes in their bodies or pulse activity in order to monitor the purity of the water used in their product. The creatures are kept in a fish tank that is fed with the same local natural source water used in their brewing. If three or more of the crayfish have changes to their pulses, employees know there is a change in the water and examine the parameters.[63]

Scientists also monitor crayfish in the wild in natural bodies of water to study the levels of pollutants there.[63][64][65]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Arthropods in culture
* Pain in crustaceans

## References[edit | edit source]

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28. ^ "European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas)". The Marine Life Information Network. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
29. ^ "White-clawed (or Atlantic stream) crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) - Special Areas of Conservation". sac.jncc.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
30. ^ "White-clawed crayfish | Shropshire Wildlife Trust". www.shropshirewildlifetrust.org.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
31. ^ Alycia L. Rode & Loren E. Babcock (2003). "Phylogeny of fossil and extant freshwater crayfish and some closely related nephropid lobsters". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 23 (2): 418–435. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0418:POFAEF]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549646.
32. ^ Baucon, A., Ronchi, A., Felletti, F., Neto de Carvalho, C. 2014. Evolution of Crustaceans at the edge of the end-Permian crisis: ichnonetwork analysis of the fluvial succession of Nurra (Permian-Triassic, Sardinia, Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 410. Abstract available at http://www.tracemaker.com
33. ^ Emory University (12 February 2008). "Oldest Australian crayfish fossils provide missing evolutionary link". ScienceDaily.
34. ^ Paul A. Selden; Alison N. Olcott; Matt R. Downen; Dong Ren; Chungkun Shih; Xiaodong Cheng (2019). "The supposed giant spider Mongolarachne chaoyangensis, from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, is a crayfish" (PDF). Palaeoentomology. 2 (5): 515–522. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.15. S2CID 208124459.
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56. ^ "Hawaii Risk Analyses and Management for Dreissenid Mussels" (PDF). US Fish & Wildlife. 2012. p. 3. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
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60. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
61. ^ Gerald Pottern. "Mexican dwarf orange crayfish, Cambarellus patzcuarensis". Retrieved 13 October 2010.
62. ^ Coughran, J, Mccormack, R, Daly, G (2009). "Translocation of the Yabby Cherax destructor into eastern drainages of New South Wales, Australia". Australian Zoologist. 35: 100–103. doi:10.7882/AZ.2009.009. Retrieved 10 May 2018.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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64. ^ "Clean Water". Missouri Conservationist Magazine. Vol. 69, no. 11\. Missouri Department of Conservation. November 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
65. ^ Schilderman, P. A. E. L.; Moonen, E. J. C.; Maas, L. M.; Welle, I.; Kleinjans, J. C. S. (1999). "Use of Crayfish in Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental Pollution of the River Meuse". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 44 (3): 241–252. doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1827. ISSN 0147-6513. PMID 10581118.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Christoph Goessmann; Charlotte Hemelrijk; Robert Huber (2000). "The formation and maintenance of crayfish hierarchies: behavioral and self-structuring properties" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 48 (6): 418–428. doi:10.1007/s002650000222. S2CID 9288247.
* Thomas Henry Huxley (1880). The Crayfish: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
* Sterling K. Johnson; Nathan K. Johnson (2008). Texas Crawdads. College Station, Texas: Crawdad Club Designs. ISBN 978-0-9801103-0-2.
* Regional European Crayfish Workshop: Future of Native Crayfish in Europe. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. No. 394–395 (2009).
* Jerry G. Walls (2009). Crawfishes of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA: Florida State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3409-2.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crayfish.

* America's Crayfish: Crawling In Troubled Waters
* Louisiana Crawfish Research and Promotion Board
* International Association of Astacology (IAA)

* v
* t
* e

Subgroups of Order Decapoda

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Malacostraca
* Subclass: Eumalacostraca
* Superorder: Eucarida

Dendrobranchiata|

* Penaeoidea
* Sergestoidea

Dendrobranchiata (prawns)

Stenopodidea (boxer shrimp) Caridea (true shrimp) Achelata (spiny lobsters, slipper lobsters) Astacidea (lobsters, crayfish) Anomura (hermit crabs and others)

Brachyura (crabs)

Pleocyemata|

| Stenopodidea|

* Stenopodidae
* Macromaxillocarididae
* Spongicolidae

|

Procarididea|

* Procarididae

Caridea|

* Alpheoidea
* Atyoidea
* Bresilioidea
* Campylonotoidea
* Crangonoidea
* Galatheacaridoidea
* Nematocarcinoidea
* Oplophoroidea
* Palaemonoidea
* Pandaloidea
* Pasiphaeoidea
* Physetocaridoidea
* Processoidea
* Psalidopodoidea
* Stylodactyloidea

Reptantia|

| Achelata|

* Palinuridae (inc. Synaxidae)
* Scyllaridae
* †Cancrinidae
* †Tricarinidae?

|

Polychelida|

* †Coleiidae
* †Eryonidae
* †Palaeopentachelidae
* Polychelidae
* †Tetrachelidae

Glypheidea|

* Glypheoidea
* †Erymoidea

Astacidea|

* Astacoidea
* Enoplometopoidea
* Nephropoidea
* †Palaeopalaemonoidea
* Parastacoidea

Axiidea|

* Axiidae
* Callianassidae
* Callianideidae
* Ctenochelidae
* Gourretiidae
* Micheleidae
* Strahlaxiidae

Gebiidea|

* Axianassidae
* Laomediidae
* Thalassinidae
* Upogebiidae

Anomura|

* Aegloidea
* Chirostyloidea
* †Eocarcinoidea
* Galatheoidea
* Hippoidea
* Lithodoidea
* Lomisoidea
* Paguroidea

Brachyura|

*     * see Brachyura

* v
* t
* e

Edible crustaceans

Shrimp/
prawns|

* Acetes
* Crangon crangon
* Cryphiops caementarius
* Dried shrimp
* Indian prawn
* Litopenaeus setiferus
* Macrobrachium rosenbergii
* Palaemon serratus
* Pandalus borealis
* Penaeus esculentus
* Penaeus monodon
* Processa edulis
* Shrimp paste
* Whiteleg shrimp
* Xiphopenaeus kroyeri

Lobsters
(incl. slipper
& spiny)|

* American lobster
* Arctides guineensis
* California spiny lobster
* Homarus gammarus
* Ibacus peronii
* Japanese spiny lobster
* Jasus
* Jasus edwardsii
* Jasus lalandii
* Metanephrops challengeri
* Thenus orientalis
* Nephrops norvegicus
* Palinurus elephas
* Panulirus argus
* Panulirus cygnus
* Panulirus echinatus
* Panulirus guttatus
* Panulirus homarus
* Panulirus longipes
* Panulirus ornatus
* Panulirus pascuensis
* Panulirus penicillatus
* Panulirus versicolor
* Parribacus japonicus
* Sagmariasus
* Scyllarides herklotsii
* Scyllarides latus
* Scyllarus arctus
* Thymops birsteini
* Tristan rock lobster

Crabs|

* Callinectes sapidus
* Callinectes similis
* Cancer irroratus
* Cancer bellianus
* Cancer pagurus
* Cancer productus
* Chaceon fenneri
* Chaceon quinquedens
* Chinese mitten crab
* Chionoecetes
* Declawing of crabs
* Dungeness crab
* Florida stone crab
* Gecarcinus ruricola
* Horsehair crab
* Hypothalassia acerba
* Jonah crab
* Maja squinado
* Menippe adina
* Orithyia sinica
* Ovalipes australiensis
* Pie crust crab
* Portunus pelagicus
* Portunus trituberculatus
* Ranina ranina
* Scylla paramamosain
* Scylla serrata

Crayfish|

* Acocil
* Astacus astacus
* Marron
* Cherax
* Paranephrops
* Procambarus clarkii
* Orconectes virilis
* Signal crayfish

Others|

* Austromegabalanus psittacus
* Coconut crab
* Galathea strigosa
* Glyptolithodes
* Goose barnacle
* King crab
* Krill
* Langostino
* Lysiosquillina maculata
* Mantis shrimp
* Oratosquilla oratoria
* Paralithodes camtschaticus
* Red king crab
* Squat lobster
* Squilla mantis
* Tasmanian giant crab
* Thalassina

Category
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct