Creative Commons license

Public copyright license for allowing free use of a work

This article is about the Creative Commons licenses. For the organization that produced them, see Creative Commons.

CC-BY-SA, the license used by Creative Commons redirects here.

File:Cc.logo.circle.svg

Creative Commons logo

File:Creative Commons and Commerce.ogg

This video explains how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangements

A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work".[note 1] A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.[1][2][3][4][5]

There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0.[6] Released in November 2013, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. While the Creative Commons license was originally grounded in the American legal system, there are now several Creative Commons jurisdiction ports which accommodate international laws.

In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the "Open Definition" for content and data.[7][8][9]

In the U.S., copyright is a form of intellectual property law that protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. Copyright does not protect facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed. See Circular 1, Copyright Basics, section "What Works Are Protected."[10] In summary, copyright protects only specific original expression and not underlying facts, ideas, topics, or titles. Contributions to open source, dynamic, collaborative works published in online encyclopedias are protected only to the extent of each contributor's original wording, structure, and/or creative choices unique to them.

In ever-changing articles, an early contributor's copyright claim is limited to the portions of their expression that remain in the current version. If those specific elements are entirely removed, rewritten, or supplanted through subsequent independent edits, no continuing copyright claim persists from that original contributor over the article as it now stands.

The Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license, under which Justapedia's content is made available, respects these limits. It requires attribution when sharing or adapting Licensed Material (including modified forms), but only where the reuse incorporates protectable expression from the licensed source. Independent creations on the same topic—using new original expression, different sources, and no copied phrasing or structure—do not trigger the license's attribution or share-alike obligations, as they are not derivatives or adaptations of the Licensed Material.[11]

Justapedists may acquire or incorporate material originally published under CC-BY-SA (such as from other freely licensed collaborative works) by providing appropriate attribution, typically via edit summaries, article history links, or import notices that credit the originating source. Any subsequent content added to Justapedia is the original expression of Justapedia contributors and licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Justapedia does not permit Wikipedia as a citable source in its articles except for limited contextual reference when necessary. This approach ensures compliance with the license while allowing Justapedia to develop as an independent encyclopedia on its own merits, without implying equivalence or ongoing derivation from any prior source once content has been substantially revised or replaced.

## Contents

* 1 History and international use
* 1.1 Origins
* 1.2 License porting
* 1.3 Chinese use of the Creative Commons license
* 1.4 "Info-communism"
* 2 Applicable works
* 2.1 Software
* 2.2 Preconditions
* 2.3 Consequences
* 3 Types of licenses
* 3.1 Four rights
* 3.2 Six regularly used licenses
* 3.3 Zero / public domain
* 3.4 Retired licenses
* 4 Version 4.0
* 5 Rights and obligations
* 5.1 Attribution
* 5.2 Non-commercial licenses
* 5.3 Adaptability
* 6 Legal aspects
* 6.1 Dutch tabloid
* 6.2 Virgin Mobile
* 6.3 SGAE vs Fernández
* 6.4 GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC
* 6.5 Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC
* 6.6 Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)
* 7 Works with a Creative Commons license
* 8 Unicode symbols
* 9 Case law database
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 External links

## History and international use[edit | edit source]

File:Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig.jpg

Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig at the 2002 event for the first release of the licenses

Lawrence Lessig and Eric Eldred designed the Creative Commons License (CCL) in 2001 because they saw a need for a license between the existing modes of copyright and public domain status. Version 1.0 of the licenses was officially released on 16 December 2002.[12]

### Origins[edit | edit source]

The CCL allows inventors to keep the rights to their innovations while also allowing for some external use of the invention.[13] The CCL emerged as a reaction to the decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled constitutional provisions of the Copyright Term Extension Act that extended the copyright term of works to be the last living author's lifespan plus an additional 70 years.[13]

### License porting[edit | edit source]

The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind; therefore, the wording may be incompatible with local legislation in other jurisdictions, rendering the licenses unenforceable there. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called "porting".[14] As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.[15]

### Chinese use of the Creative Commons license[edit | edit source]

Working with Creative Commons, the Chinese government adapted the Creative Commons License to the Chinese context, replacing the individual monetary compensation of U.S. copyright law with incentives to Chinese innovators to innovate as a social contribution.[16] In China, the resources of society are thought to enable an individual's innovations; the continued betterment of society serves as its own reward.[17] Chinese law heavily prioritizes the eventual contributions that an invention will have towards society's growth, resulting in initial laws placing limits on the length of patents and very stringent conditions regarding the use and qualifications of inventions.[17]

### "Info-communism"[edit | edit source]

An idea sometimes called "info-communism" found traction in the Western world after researchers at MIT grew frustrated over having aspects of their code withheld from the public.[18] Modern copyright law roots itself in motivating innovation through rewarding innovators for socially valuable inventions. Western patent law assumes that (1) there is a right to use an invention for commerce and (2) it is up to the patentee's discretion to limit that right.[19] The MIT researchers, led by Richard Stallman, argued for the more open proliferation of their software's use for two primary reasons: the moral obligation of altruism and collaboration, and the unfairness of restricting the freedoms of other users by depriving them of non-scarce resources.[18] As a result, they developed the General Public License (GPL), a precursor to the Creative Commons License based on existing American copyright and patent law.[18] The GPL allowed the economy around a piece of software to remain capitalist by allowing programmers to commercialize products that use the software, but also ensured that no single person had complete and exclusive rights to the usage of an innovation.[18] Since then, info-communism has gained traction, with some scholars arguing in 2014 that Wikipedia itself is a manifestation of the info-communist movement.[20]

## Applicable works[edit | edit source]

File:Wanna Work Together? with subtitles - Creative Commons.ogv

Wanna Work Together? animation by Creative Commons

File:Mayer and Bettle 2 - Creative Commons.ogv

The second version of the Mayer and Bettle promotional animation explaining Creative Commons with Jamendo as an example

Work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law.[21] This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites.

### Software[edit | edit source]

While software is also governed by copyright law and CC licenses are applicable, the CC recommends against using it in software specifically due to backward-compatibility limitations with existing commonly used software licenses.[22][23] Instead, developers may resort to use more software-friendly free and open-source software (FOSS) software licenses. Outside the FOSS licensing use case for software there are several usage examples to utilize CC licenses to specify a "Freeware" license model; examples are The White Chamber, Mari0 or Assault Cube.[24] Despite the status of CC0 as the most free copyright license, the Free Software Foundation does not recommend releasing software into the public domain using the CC0.[25]

However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions.[26] Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable.[27] Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license.[28]

When works are protected by more than one Creative Commons license, the user may choose any of them.[29]

### Preconditions[edit | edit source]

The author, or the licensor in case the author did a contractual transfer of rights, need to have the exclusive rights on the work. If the work has already been published under a public license, it can be uploaded by any third party, once more on another platform, by using a compatible license, and making reference and attribution to the original license (e.g. by referring the URL of the original license).[19]

### Consequences[edit | edit source]

The license is non-exclusive, royalty-free, and unrestricted in terms of territory and duration, so it is irrevocable, unless a new license is granted by the author after the work has been significantly modified. Any use of the work that is not covered by other copyright rules triggers the public license. Upon activation of the license, the licensee must adhere to all conditions of the license, otherwise the license agreement is illegitimate, and the licensee would commit a copyright infringement. The author, or the licensor as a proxy, has the legal rights to act upon any copyright infringement. The licensee has a limited period to correct any non-compliance.[19]

## Types of licenses[edit | edit source]

File:Creative commons license spectrum.svg

Creative commons license spectrum between public domain (top) and all rights reserved (bottom). Left side indicates the use-cases allowed, right side the license components. The dark green area indicates Free Cultural Works compatible licenses, the two green areas compatibility with the Remix culture.

File:Free-cultural-license-cc.svg

CC license usage in 2014 (top and middle), "Free cultural works" compatible license usage 2010 to 2014 (bottom)

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### Four rights[edit | edit source]

The CC licenses all grant "baseline rights", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes and without modification.[30] In addition, different versions of license prescribe different rights, as shown in this table:[31]

Icon | Right | Description

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|

Attribution | Attribution (BY)  | Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform and make derivative works and remixes based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits (attribution) in the manner specified by these. Since version 2.0, all Creative Commons licenses require attribution to the creator and include the BY element.
Share-alike | Share-alike (SA)  | Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to ("not more restrictive than") the license that governs the original work. (See also copyleft.) Without share-alike, derivative works might be sublicensed with compatible but more restrictive license clauses, e.g. CC BY to CC BY-NC.)
Non-commercial | Non-commercial (NC)  | Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform the work and make derivative works and remixes based on it only for non-commercial purposes.
Non-derivative | No derivative works (ND)  | Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works and remixes based on it. Since version 4.0, derivative works are allowed but must not be shared.

The last two clauses are not free content licenses, according to definitions such as DFSG or the Free Software Foundation's standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as Wikipedia. For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, and the GNU GPL.[32]

Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "nd" and "sa" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the "by" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.[33][34][35] This leaves six regularly used licenses plus the CC0 public domain declaration.

### Six regularly used licenses[edit | edit source]

The six licenses in most frequent use are shown in the following table. Among them, those accepted by the Wikimedia Foundation – the public domain dedication and two attribution (BY and BY-SA) licenses – allow the sharing and remixing (creating derivative works), including for commercial use, so long as attribution is given.[35][36][37]

License name  | Abbreviation  | Icon  | Attribution required  | Allows remix culture | Allows commercial use  | Allows Free Cultural Works | Meets the OKF 'Open Definition'

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Attribution  | BY | File:CC-BY icon.svg | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Attribution-ShareAlike  | BY-SA | File:CC BY-SA icon.svg | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
Attribution-NonCommercial  | BY-NC | File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg | Yes | Yes | No | No | No
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike  | BY-NC-SA | File:Cc-by-nc-sa icon.svg | Yes | Yes | No | No | No
Attribution-NoDerivatives  | BY-ND | File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg | Yes | No | Yes | No | No
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives  | BY-NC-ND | File:Cc-by-nc-nd icon.svg | Yes | No | No | No | No

### Zero / public domain[edit | edit source]

"CC0" redirects here. Not to be confused with CCO (disambiguation).

File:Cc-zero.svg

CC zero public domain dedication tool logo[38]

File:Cc-public domain mark white.svg

Creative Commons Public Domain Mark. Indicates works which have already fallen into (or were given to) the public domain.

Tool name  | Abbreviation  | Icon  | Attribution required  | Allows remix culture | Allows commercial use  | Allows Free Cultural Works | Meets the OKF 'Open Definition'

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"No Rights Reserved"  | CC0 | File:CC0 button.svg | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes

Besides copyright licenses, Creative Commons also offers CC0, a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain.[37] CC0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible.[39] Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as public domain equivalent license.[39] Development of CC0 began in 2007[40] and it was released in 2009.[41][42] A major target of the license was the scientific data community.[43]

In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark,[44] a tool for labeling works already in the public domain. Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification,[45] which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations.

In 2011, the Free Software Foundation added CC0 to its free software licenses. However, despite CC0 being the most free and open copyright license, the Free Software Foundation currently does not recommend using CC0 to release software into the public domain because it lacks a patent grant.[25]

In February 2012, CC0 was submitted to Open Source Initiative (OSI) for their approval.[46] However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder. This clause was added with scientific data in mind rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against software patents. As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI.[43][47]

From 2013 to 2017, the stock photography website Unsplash used the CC0 license,[48][49] distributing several million free photos a month.[50] Lawrence Lessig, the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site.[51] Unsplash moved from using the CC0 license to a custom license in June 2017[52] and to an explicitly nonfree license in January 2018.

In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the Open Definition and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain.[53][54]

A popular Linux distribution named Fedora Linux has disallowed software that are licensed under CC0 in July 2022 due to patent rights not being waived under the license.[55]

### Retired licenses[edit | edit source]

Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired,[33][56] and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses:

* Developing Nations License: a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be "non-high-income economies" by the World Bank. Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries.[57]
* Sampling: parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified[58]
* Sampling Plus: parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes[59]
* NonCommercial Sampling Plus: the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non-commercial purposes[60]

## Version 4.0[edit | edit source]

Main article: Creative Commons jurisdiction ports

The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.[61][62][63][64] No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license.[65] Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license.[66]

## Rights and obligations[edit | edit source]

### Attribution[edit | edit source]

Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition "by").[34] The attribution must be given to "the best of [one's] ability using the information available".[67] Creative Commons suggests the mnemonic "TASL": title \-- author -- source [web link] -- [CC] licence.
Generally this implies the following:

* Include any copyright notices (if applicable). If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published.
* Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID, etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.
* Cite the work's title or name (if applicable), if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.
* Cite the specific CC license the work is under. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.
* Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation. In addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., "This is a Finnish translation of [original work] by [author]." or "Screenplay based on [original work] by [author]."

### Non-commercial licenses[edit | edit source]

Main article: Creative Commons NonCommercial license

Further information: Creative Commons § Criticism of the non-commercial license

The "non-commercial" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition,[68] as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses.[69] In 2014 Wikimedia Deutschland published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as PDF.[19]

### Adaptability[edit | edit source]

File:Derivative of medical imaging.jpg

An example of a permitted combination of two works, one being CC BY-SA and the other being Public Domain

Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based.[70]

License compatibility chart for combining or mixing two CC licensed works[71][72] | File:Public Domain Mark button.svg
File:CC0 button.svg | File:CC-BY icon.svg | File:CC BY-SA icon.svg | File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg
File:Cc-by-nc-sa icon.svg | File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg
File:Cc-by-nc-nd icon.svg

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File:Public Domain Mark button.svg
File:CC0 button.svg | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No
File:CC-BY icon.svg | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No
File:CC BY-SA icon.svg | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No
File:Cc-by-nc icon.svg
File:Cc-by-nc-sa icon.svg | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No
File:Cc-by-nd icon.svg
File:Cc-by-nc-nd icon.svg | No | No | No | No | No

## Legal aspects[edit | edit source]

The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it.[73]

Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases.[74] Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses.

### Dutch tabloid[edit | edit source]

In early 2006, podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license."[75][76][77][78]

### Virgin Mobile[edit | edit source]

In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church,[79] caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license.[79] In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction.[80][81]

### SGAE vs Fernández[edit | edit source]

In the fall of 2006, the collecting society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in Badajoz who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society.[82]

In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by Javier de la Cueva) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities. The sentence said:

> Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff [SGAE], using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called 'copy left'.[83]

### GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC[edit | edit source]

On June 30, 2010, GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That's Great News. GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including Rockford Register Star, which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That's Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles.[84] GateHouse sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that TGN violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when TGN published the material on its website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the settlement was not made public.[84][85]

### Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC[edit | edit source]

The plaintiff was photographer Art Drauglis, who uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr using Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA), including one entitled "Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.". The defendant was Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, which downloaded the image and used it in a compilation entitled "Montgomery Co. Maryland Street Atlas". Though there was nothing on the cover that indicated the origin of the picture, the text "Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms [sic], CC-BY-SA-2.0" appeared at the bottom of the back cover.

The validity of the CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. The CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee to use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to "derivative works" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group "exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed."[86] The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a collective work. Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed.[87]

In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name "CC-BY-SA-2.0" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid URI of the license.[88]

### Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)[edit | edit source]

In July 2016, German computer magazine LinuxUser reported that a German blogger Christoph Langner used two CC-BY licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich. Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original. Langner was later contacted by the Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is required by the fine print in the license. Of this sum, €40 goes to the photographer, and the remainder is retained by VGSE.[89][90] The Higher Regional Court of Köln dismissed the claim in May 2019.[91]

## Works with a Creative Commons license[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of major Creative Commons licensed works

See also: Category:Creative Commons-licensed works

File:Staeofthecommons2017-o.svg

Number of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2017, per State of the Commons report

Creative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses.[92] On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world.[93] CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines (see Creative Commons-licensed content directories).

## Unicode symbols[edit | edit source]

File:Replacement character.svg

You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this section correctly.

After being proposed by Creative Commons in 2017,[94] Creative Commons license symbols were added to Unicode with version 13.0 in 2020.[95] The circle with an equal sign (meaning no derivatives) is present in older versions of Unicode, unlike all the other symbols.

Name  | Unicode  | Decimal | UTF-8 | Image  | Displayed

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Circled Equals

meaning no derivatives

| U+229C  | &#8860;  | E2 8A 9C  |

File:Cc-nd.svg

| ⊜
Circled Zero With Slash

meaning no rights reserved

| U+1F10D  | &#127245;  | F0 9F 84 8D  |

File:Cc-zero.svg

| 🄍
Circled Anticlockwise Arrow

meaning share alike

| U+1F10E  | &#127246;  | F0 9F 84 8E  |

File:Cc-sa.svg

| 🄎
Circled Dollar Sign With Overlaid Backslash

meaning non commercial

| U+1F10F  | &#127247;  | F0 9F 84 8F  |

File:Cc-nc.svg

| 🄏
Circled CC

meaning Creative Commons license

| U+1F16D  | &#127341;  | F0 9F 85 AD  |

File:Cc.logo.circle.svg

| 🅭
Circled C With Overlaid Backslash

meaning public domain

| U+1F16E  | &#127342;  | F0 9F 85 AE  |

File:Cc-public domain mark.svg

| 🅮
Circled Human Figure

meaning attribution, credit

| U+1F16F  | &#127343;  | F0 9F 85 AF  |

File:Cc-by new.svg

| 🅯

These symbols can be used in succession to indicate a particular Creative Commons license, for example, CC-BY-SA (CC-Attribution-ShareAlike) can be expressed with Unicode symbols `CIRCLED CC`, `CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE` and `CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW` placed next to each other: 🅭🅯🄎

## Case law database[edit | edit source]

In December 2020, the Creative Commons organization launched an online database covering licensing case law and legal scholarship.[96][97]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Free-culture movement
* Free music
* Free software
* Non-commercial educational

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song/lyrics to a song, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of "works". Online articles are considered dynamic, not static, so they are ever-changing which often removes the work of the original author. Titles and topics are not copyrightable.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Shergill, Sanjeet (2017-05-06). "The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses". Open Education Europa. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
2. ^ "What are Creative Commons licenses?". Wageningen University & Research. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
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45. ^ "Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification". Creative Commons. August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
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50. ^ "Why Building Something Useful For Others Is The Best Marketing There Is". Fast Company. February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
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53. ^ Cite error: The named reference `opendefinition.org` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
54. ^ Cite error: The named reference `blog.creativecommons.org` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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## External links[edit | edit source]

* Official website
* Full selection of licenses
* Licenses. Overview of free licenses. freedomdefined.org
* WHAT IS CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE. – THE COMPLETE DEFINITIVE GUIDE
* Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 3.0

* v
* t
* e

Creative Commons

Works and projects|

* Licenses
* NonCommercial license
* Licensed works
* Category
* Public Domain Mark
* Content directories
* Jurisdiction ports

File:Cc.logo.circle.svg

Major directories|

* Creative Commons
* ccMixter
* OpenGameArt.org
* Dogmazic
* Phlow
* Electrobel
* Newgrounds Audio portal
* Scripped
* Wikimedia
* Commons

People|

* Lawrence Lessig
* Joi Ito

See also|

* Free and open content
* Free culture movement

* v
* t
* e

Free and open-source software

General|

* Alternative terms for free software
* Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
* Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
* Free software
* Free software project directories
* Gratis versus libre
* Long-term support
* Open-source software
* Open-source software development
* Outline
* Timeline

Software
packages|

* Audio
* Bioinformatics
* Codecs
* Configuration management
* Drivers
* Graphics
* Wireless
* Geophysics
* Health
* Mathematics
* Office Suites
* Operating systems
* Programming languages
* Routing
* Television
* Video games
* Web applications
* E-commerce
* Android apps
* iOS apps
* Commercial
* Trademarked
* Formerly proprietary
* Formerly open-source

Community|

* Free software movement
* History
* Open-source-software movement
* Events

Organisations|

* Free Software Movement of India
* Free Software Foundation

Licenses|

* AFL
* Apache
* APSL
* Artistic
* Beerware
* BSD
* Creative Commons
* CDDL
* EPL
* Free Software Foundation
* GNU GPL
* GNU LGPL
* ISC
* MIT
* MPL
* Python
* Python Software Foundation License
* Shared Source Initiative
* Sleepycat
* Unlicense
* WTFPL
* zlib

| Types and
standards|

* Comparison of licenses
* Contributor License Agreement
* Copyleft
* Debian Free Software Guidelines
* Definition of Free Cultural Works
* Free license
* The Free Software Definition
* The Open Source Definition
* Open-source license
* Permissive software license
* Public domain
* Viral license

|

Challenges|

* Digital rights management
* Hardware restrictions
* License proliferation
* Mozilla software rebranding
* Proprietary device drivers
* Proprietary firmware
* Proprietary software
* SCO/Linux controversies
* Software patents
* Software security
* Trusted Computing

Related
topics|

* Forking
* GNU Manifesto
* Microsoft Open Specification Promise
* Open-core model
* Open-source hardware
* Shared Source Initiative
* Source-available software
* The Cathedral and the Bazaar
* Revolution OS

* Portal Portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Open-source movements

Concepts and
practices|

| Key concepts|

* Commons-based peer production
* Crowdsourcing
* Gratis versus libre
* Open collaboration
* Open source
* Openness
* Participatory culture
* Sharism

| Social peer-to-peer processes|

* Peer-to-peer banking
* Peer-to-peer carsharing
* Peer-to-peer lending
* Peer-to-peer ridesharing

|

Research and science|

* Citizen science
* Open science
* Access
* Notebook science
* Research
* Science data
* Plan S

Data, information,
and knowledge|

* Free content
* Knowledge commons
* Open communication
* Open knowledge
* Content
* Data

Communication
and learning|

| Media|

* Collaborative writing
* Democratic media
* Open publishing
* Participatory media
* Peer review

|

Education|

* Open education
* Educational resources
* University
* Admissions
* Open-door academic policy

Journalism|

* Citizen media
* Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism
* Open-source journalism

Economy, production,
and development|

| Products|

* Free and open-source software (FOSS)
* Free/libre software
* Open-source software
* Open-design movement
* Robotics
* Open gaming
* Open-source architecture
* Open-source hardware

|

Economic principles|

* Gift economy
* Open innovation
* Open patent
* Open standard
* Sharing economy

Politics and governance|

* Open government
* Open-source governance

Organizations|

* Creative Commons
* Free Software Foundation
* Open Architecture Network
* Openmod Initiative
* Open Knowledge Foundation
* Open Rights Group
* Open Source Initiative
* Open Web Foundation
* Pirate Party
* PLOS
* SPARC

Activists|

* Tim Berners-Lee
* Alexandra Elbakyan
* Lawrence Lessig
* Peter Murray-Rust
* Douglas Rushkoff
* Richard Stallman
* Peter Suber
* Peter Sunde
* Aaron Swartz
* John Wilbanks

Projects and
movements|

* DIYbio
* Free-culture movement
* Free software movement
* Open science movement
* Open Source Ecology
* Open-source software movement
* OpenCores
* OpenWetWare
* Sci-Hub

| Tools|

* Licenses
* Creative Commons
* GPL
* Definition docs
* Free Cultural Works
* Free Software
* Open
* Open Source
* Open Data Indices
* Open educational resources
* Open music model
* Open Web movement

|

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