Delhi

Union territory of India

"National Capital Territory" redirects here. For the generic term, see Capital districts and territories.

Not to be confused with New Delhi, the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi.

Union territory in India

Delhi

Union territory

National Capital Territory of Delhi

File:Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg

0px

File:Jama Masjid 2011.jpg

File:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg

File:India Gate 2014-11-01.jpg

File:Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg

File:St. James Church 9.jpg

File:Hyderabad house US Sec Def highest intensity.jpg

File:Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg

From top, left to right: Humayun's Tomb; Qutub Minar; Jama Masjid; Red Fort's Lahori gate; India Gate; Digambar Jain Mandir with Gauri Shankar temple in the background; St. James' Church; Hyderabad House; Lotus Temple, a Baháʼí House of Worship

Lua error: Coordinates must be specified on Wikidata or in |coord=.

Interactive map of Delhi

Coordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E﻿ / ﻿28.61000°N 77.23000°E﻿ / 28.61000; 77.23000Coordinates: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E﻿ / ﻿28.61000°N 77.23000°E﻿ / 28.61000; 77.23000
Country| India
Capital, Delhi Sultanate| 1214
Capital, Mughal Empire| 1526, intermittently with Agra
Capital, British India| 1911
New Delhi, capital, Dominion of India| 1947
New Delhi, capital, Republic of India| 26 January 1950
Union Territory[1][2]| 1956
National Capital Territory[3]| 1 February 1992
Government

• Body| Government of Delhi
• Lt. Governor| Vinai Kumar Saxena[4]
• Chief Minister| Arvind Kejriwal (AAP)
• Deputy Chief Minister| Manish Sisodia (AAP)
Area

[5]

• Union territory| 1,484 km2 (573 sq mi)
• Water| 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi)
Elevation

| 200–250 m (650–820 ft)
Population

(2011)[6]

• Union territory| 16,787,941
• Density| 11,312/km2 (29,298/sq mi)
• Urban

[7]

| 16,349,831 (2nd)
• Megacity

[6]

| 11,034,555 (2nd)
• Metro (includes part of NCR (2018)

[8]

| 28,514,000 (1st)
Languages

• Official|

* Hindi
* English[9]

• Additional official|

* Punjabi
* Urdu[9]

Time zone| UTC+5.30 (IST)
Literacy (2011)| 86.21%[10]
Sex ratio (2011)| 868 ♀/1000 ♂[10]

Delhi,[a] officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi).[5] According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million,[6][14] while the NCT's population was about 16.8 million.[7] Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in an area known as the National Capital Region (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo).[8]

The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment. From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the Delhi sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which covered large parts of South Asia. All three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city, the Qutub Minar, Humayun's Tomb, and the Red Fort, belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of Sufism and Qawwali music. The names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are prominently associated with it. The Khariboli dialect of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of the Urdu language and then of Modern Standard Hindi. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib. Delhi was a major centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. In 1911, New Delhi, a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the British Indian Empire. During the Partition of India in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by arriving Hindu refugees from western Punjab.[15] After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the Dominion of India, and after 1950 of the Republic of India.

Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index.[16] Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India (after Goa).[17] Although a union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi, and serves as the capital of the nation as well as the NCT of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is an "interstate regional planning" area created in 1985.[18][19] Delhi hosted the inaugural 1951 Asian Games, the 1982 Asian Games, the 1983 Non-Aligned Movement summit, the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the 2012 BRICS summit and was one of the major host cities of the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

## Contents

* 1 Toponym
* 2 History
* 2.1 Ancient and Early Medieval Periods
* 2.2 Late Medieval Period
* 2.3 Early Modern Period
* 2.4 Colonial Period
* 2.5 Partition and post-independence
* 3 Ecology
* 3.1 Climate
* 3.2 Air pollution
* 4 Civic administration
* 5 Government and politics
* 6 Economy
* 7 Utility services
* 8 Transport
* 8.1 Air
* 8.2 Road
* 8.3 Railway
* 8.4 Metro
* 9 Demographics
* 10 Culture
* 10.1 Festivals
* 10.2 Cuisine
* 11 Education
* 12 Media
* 13 Sports
* 14 See also
* 15 Explanatory notes
* 16 References
* 17 Further reading
* 18 External links
* 18.1 Government
* 18.2 General information

## Toponym[edit | edit source]

There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself.[20][21][22] Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved.[22] According to Panjab Notes and Queries, the name of the city at the time of King Prithviraj was dilpat, and that dilpat and dilli are probably derived from the old Hindi word dil meaning "eminence". The former director of the Archaeological Survey of India, Alexander Cunningham, mentioned that dilli later became dihli/dehli.[23] Some suggest the coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal.[24] According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali.[25] Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the original name for the city while others believe the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali—both terms meaning "threshold" or "gateway"—and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.[26][27][28]

The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas.[29] The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:

* Abhī Dillī dūr hai (अभी दिल्ली दूर है / ابھی دلی دور ہے) or its Persian version, Hanuz Dehli dur ast (هنوز دهلی دور است), literally meaning "Delhi is still far away", which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion.[30][31]
* Ās-pās barse, Dillī pānī tarse (आस-पास बरसे, दिल्ली पानी तरसे \ آس پاس برسے، دلی پانی ترسے), literally meaning "It pours all around, while Delhi lies parched". An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty.[31]

The form Delhi, used in Latin script and strangely with an h following an l, originated under colonial rule and is a corrupt spelling based on the Urdu name of the city (دہلی, Dehli).[32]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main articles: History of Delhi and Old Delhi

### Ancient and Early Medieval Periods[edit | edit source]

File:Purana Qila ramparts, Delhi.jpg

The walls of the 16th-century Purana Qila built on a mound matching ancient literary descriptions.[33]

Traditionally seven cities have been associated with the region of Delhi. The earliest, Indraprastha, is part of a literary description in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata (composed c. 400 BCE to 200 CE but describing an earlier time) which situates a city on a knoll on the banks of the river Yamuna. According to art historian Catherine B. Asher, the topographical description of the Mahabharata matches the area of Purana Qila, a 14th-century CE fort of the Delhi sultanate, but the analogy does not go much further. Whereas the Mahabharata speaks of a beautifully decorated city with surrounding fortification, the excavations have yielded "uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE; no signs of a built environment, much fewer fortifications, have been revealed."[33]

The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BCE); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273–235 BCE) was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of several major cities can be found in Delhi. The first of these was in the southern part of present-day Delhi. King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty built Lal Kot and several temples in 1052 CE. Vigraharaj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot in the mid-12th century and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.

### Late Medieval Period[edit | edit source]

See also: Delhi Sultanate

File:Qutub - Minar, Delhi (6994969674).jpg

The Qutub Minar, Delhi.

Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India until Ghori returned to his capital, Ghor. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE, Qutb-ud-din assumed control of Ghori's Indian possessions, and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (Might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. It was his successor, Iltutmish (1211–1236), who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India.[20][34] At 72.5 m (238 ft), the Qutb Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi,[35] was completed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century. Although its style has some similarities with the Jarkurgan minaret, it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia[36] Razia, daughter of Iltutmish, became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former's death.

For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan, Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.[37] Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period.[38] The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India. However, by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398,[39] who massacred 100,000 captive civilian.[40] Delhi's decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), the Delhi sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India. However, the recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.

### Early Modern Period[edit | edit source]

See also: Mughal Empire

File:Delhi Red fort.jpg

Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was the main residence of the Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years.

In 1526, Babur a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, from the Fergana Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan invaded India, defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra.[20] The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556.[41] Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[42]

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence.[43] In 1737, Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia. After his invasion, he completely sacked and looted Delhi, carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The Mughals, severely further weakened, could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come, including eventually the British.[44][45][46] Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[47] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi.[48] The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani, although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor. Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals.[49] By the end of the century, Delhi had also come under control of the Bharatpur State and the Sikh Empire.

### Colonial Period[edit | edit source]

See also: British Raj

File:NewDelhiInaugurationSecondDayCancellation27Feb1931.jpg

British India stamps, inauguration, New Delhi, February 1931

In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.[50] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab.[20] In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British-held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.[51] The name "New Delhi" was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947.[52] It has expanded since; the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens' Delhi.[53]

### Partition and post-independence[edit | edit source]

File:New Delhi India ~Khan Market.jpg

Khan Market in New Delhi, now a high-end shopping district, was established in 1951 to help refugees of the Partition of India, especially those from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). It honours Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP during the Partition.[54][55]

During the partition of India, around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.[56][57] Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus.[58][59][60] Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013[update]), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.[61]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi.[1][2] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[3] The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.[3]

Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984, which resulted in the death of around 2,800 people in the city according to government figures, though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher. The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi—the Prime Minister of India at the time—by her Sikh bodyguards.[62]

In 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel.[63] India suspected Pakistan-based militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[64] There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008, resulting in a total of 92 deaths.[65][66] The 2020 Delhi riots, Delhi's worst communal violence in decades, was caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.[67][68] Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslims,[69][70][71] and the rest Hindus.[70]

## Ecology[edit | edit source]

Main article: Environment of Delhi

File:Delhi aerial photo 04-2016 img11.jpg

Aerial view of Delhi in April 2016 with river Yamuna in top-right.

Delhi is located in Northern India, at 28°37′N 77°14′E﻿ / ﻿28.61°N 77.23°E﻿ / 28.61; 77.23. The city is bordered on its northern, western, and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast, and northwest parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.[72] In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna river, Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds (wetlands < 5 ha), that in turn support considerable number of bird species.[73] Delhi's ponds, despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretization, supports the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world.[74] Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and, quite inadvertently, has led to the city's ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds.[73][74]

The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,483 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country. It has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi).[citation needed]

Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes.[75]

### Climate[edit | edit source]

See also: Climate of Delhi

Delhi features a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 °C (102 °F). The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 40 °C (104 °F) and low of 28 °C (82 °F).[76] The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 °C (68 °F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 °C (36 °F) and high of 14 °C (57 °F).[76] In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity.[77] The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.[78]

Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 °C (35.6 to 116.6 °F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being −2.2 and 49.2 °C (28.0 and 120.6 °F), respectively.[79] However, 49.2 °C (120.6 °F) was recorded at Mungeshpur on 15 May 2022 whereas one of the main weathering station, that is, Airport station recorded all time high of 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on 26 May 1998. The lowest ever temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) at airport on 11 January 1967. The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 °C (55 to 90 °F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 °C (113 °F) in 1931.[80][81] The average annual rainfall is approximately 886 mm (34.9 in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August.[20] The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.[82]

* v
* t
* e

Climate data for New Delhi (Safdarjung) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 40.6
(105.1)  | 45.6
(114.1)  | 47.2
(117.0)  | 46.7
(116.1)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 40.6
(105.1)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 47.2
(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 35.3
(95.5)  | 41.3
(106.3)  | 43.7
(110.7)  | 43.8
(110.8)  | 39.7
(103.5)  | 37.4
(99.3)  | 37.1
(98.8)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 44.5
(112.1)
Average high °C (°F)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 29.9
(85.8)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 39.9
(103.8)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 35.6
(96.1)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 32.7
(90.9)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 29.6
(85.3)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 25.2
(77.4)
Average low °C (°F)  | 7.5
(45.5)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 27.5
(81.5)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 18.9
(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 20.8
(69.4)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 3.6
(38.5)
Record low °C (°F)  | −0.6
(30.9)  | 1.6
(34.9)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 15.2
(59.4)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 3.9
(39.0)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | −0.6
(30.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 21.7
(0.85)  | 18.0
(0.71)  | 15.9
(0.63)  | 12.2
(0.48)  | 19.7
(0.78)  | 65.5
(2.58)  | 210.6
(8.29)  | 247.7
(9.75)  | 129.8
(5.11)  | 28.0
(1.10)  | 5.6
(0.22)  | 9.0
(0.35)  | 783.7
(30.85)
Average rainy days  | 1.7  | 1.5  | 1.7  | 1.0  | 2.7  | 4.8  | 9.7  | 10.2  | 5.5  | 0.8  | 0.4  | 0.6  | 40.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 52  | 42  | 35  | 23  | 26  | 39  | 62  | 66  | 58  | 44  | 48  | 54  | 46
Average dew point °C (°F)  | 8
(46)  | 11
(52)  | 14
(57)  | 14
(57)  | 18
(64)  | 22
(72)  | 26
(79)  | 25
(77)  | 23
(73)  | 18
(64)  | 14
(57)  | 10
(50)  | 17
(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 220.1  | 223.2  | 248.0  | 276.0  | 285.2  | 219.0  | 179.8  | 176.7  | 219.0  | 260.4  | 246.0  | 220.1  | 2,773.5
Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.1  | 7.9  | 8.0  | 9.2  | 9.2  | 7.3  | 5.8  | 5.7  | 7.3  | 8.4  | 8.2  | 7.1  | 7.6
Percent possible sunshine | 67.0  | 70.5  | 66.7  | 71.3  | 67.7  | 52.5  | 42.0  | 43.5  | 59.4  | 73.1  | 76.7  | 68.9  | 63.3
Average ultraviolet index | 5  | 5  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 7  | 6  | 4  | 7.1
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000);[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[91]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010);[92] Weather Atlas (UV Index)[93]

Daylight data for New Delhi

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily daylight hours  | 10.6  | 11.2  | 12.0  | 12.9  | 13.6  | 13.9  | 13.8  | 13.1  | 12.3  | 11.5  | 10.7  | 10.3  | 12.2
Source: Weather Atlas[94]
Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed of Delhi

Month  | January  | February  | March  | April  | May  | June  | July  | August  | September  | October  | November  | December  | Year
Average Atmospheric pressure milibars (inHg)[95] | 1,017.0 millibars (30.03 inHg)  | 1,014.5 millibars (29.96 inHg)  | 1,010.6 millibars (29.84 inHg)  | 1,005.4 millibars (29.69 inHg)  | 1,000.5 millibars (29.54 inHg)  | 996.7 millibars (29.43 inHg)  | 996.9 millibars (29.44 inHg)  | 999.4 millibars (29.51 inHg)  | 1,003.4 millibars (29.63 inHg)  | 1,009.6 millibars (29.81 inHg)  | 1,013.6 millibars (29.93 inHg)  | 1,016.1 millibars (30.01 inHg)  | 1,007.0 millibars (29.74 inHg)
Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)[96] | 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph)  | 9.4 kilometres per hour (5.8 mph)  | 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph)  | 10.0 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph)  | 10.2 kilometres per hour (6.3 mph)  | 10.6 kilometres per hour (6.6 mph)  | 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph)  | 8.8 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph)  | 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph)  | 6.7 kilometres per hour (4.2 mph)  | 7.6 kilometres per hour (4.7 mph)  | 7.7 kilometres per hour (4.8 mph)  | 8.9 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph)

* v
* t
* e

Climate data for Delhi (Palam) 1981–2010, extremes 1956–present

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 35.7
(96.3)  | 41.3
(106.3)  | 45.3
(113.5)  | 48.4
(119.1)  | 48.0
(118.4)  | 45.7
(114.3)  | 43.2
(109.8)  | 40.8
(105.4)  | 40.7
(105.3)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 48.4
(119.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 42.5
(108.5)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 44.9
(112.8)  | 40.8
(105.4)  | 38.3
(100.9)  | 38.2
(100.8)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 32.7
(90.9)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 45.8
(114.4)
Average high °C (°F)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 37.1
(98.8)  | 40.7
(105.3)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 28.3
(82.9)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 31.7
(89.1)
Average low °C (°F)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 27.4
(81.3)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 19.2
(66.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 5.7
(42.3)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 3.3
(37.9)
Record low °C (°F)  | −2.2
(28.0)  | −1.6
(29.1)  | 3.4
(38.1)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 14.6
(58.3)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 13.6
(56.5)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 2.1
(35.8)  | −1.3
(29.7)  | −2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 17.2
(0.68)  | 18.8
(0.74)  | 11.0
(0.43)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 32.9
(1.30)  | 75.2
(2.96)  | 212.4
(8.36)  | 241.2
(9.50)  | 117.4
(4.62)  | 12.6
(0.50)  | 3.8
(0.15)  | 5.8
(0.23)  | 759.0
(29.88)
Average rainy days  | 1.4  | 1.6  | 1.4  | 1.2  | 2.7  | 4.0  | 8.9  | 9.4  | 5.0  | 0.8  | 0.4  | 0.4  | 37.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 53  | 44  | 34  | 23  | 26  | 40  | 61  | 66  | 56  | 41  | 42  | 52  | 45
Source: India Meteorological Department[97][98][99][100]

Climate data for New Delhi (Ayanagar) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 29.7
(85.5)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 47.4
(117.3)  | 47.0
(116.6)  | 44.8
(112.6)  | 42.7
(108.9)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 30.2
(86.4)  | 47.4
(117.3)
Average high °C (°F)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 29.9
(85.8)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 39.9
(103.8)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 35.6
(96.1)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 31.4
(88.5)
Average low °C (°F)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 18.9
(66.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −1.3
(29.7)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 3.8
(38.8)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 3.2
(37.8)  | −0.5
(31.1)  | −1.3
(29.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 18.0
(0.71)  | 19.8
(0.78)  | 21.6
(0.85)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 31.1
(1.22)  | 71.8
(2.83)  | 182.2
(7.17)  | 188.4
(7.42)  | 106.1
(4.18)  | 13.8
(0.54)  | 2.1
(0.08)  | 5.4
(0.21)  | 671.0
(26.42)
Average rainy days  | 1.6  | 1.6  | 2.1  | 1.0  | 2.8  | 4.5  | 8.5  | 8.6  | 4.7  | 0.6  | 0.3  | 0.4  | 36.7
Source: India Meteorological Department[101]

Climate data for New Delhi (Delhi Ridge) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 27.5
(81.5)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 46.4
(115.5)  | 46.3
(115.3)  | 42.5
(108.5)  | 40.4
(104.7)  | 38.4
(101.1)  | 38.4
(101.1)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 46.4
(115.5)
Average high °C (°F)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 40.7
(105.3)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 35.1
(95.2)  | 33.9
(93.0)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 31.4
(88.5)
Average low °C (°F)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 26.1
(79.0)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 19.2
(66.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 3.5
(38.3)  | 2.8
(37.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 20.1
(0.79)  | 19.5
(0.77)  | 15.1
(0.59)  | 7.6
(0.30)  | 28.8
(1.13)  | 62.9
(2.48)  | 193.6
(7.62)  | 197.4
(7.77)  | 119.3
(4.70)  | 26.5
(1.04)  | 2.1
(0.08)  | 6.1
(0.24)  | 699.0
(27.52)
Average rainy days  | 1.9  | 1.5  | 1.3  | 1.1  | 2.4  | 3.9  | 8.3  | 9.4  | 5.2  | 0.5  | 0.3  | 0.5  | 36.3
Source: India Meteorological Department[102]

### Air pollution[edit | edit source]

See also: Environmental issues in Delhi and Air pollution in Delhi

File:Poulluted killer fog in Delhi.jpg

A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun. In November 2017, Delhi's chief minister described the city as a "gas chamber".[103]

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Delhi was the most polluted[104] city in the world in 2014. In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database.[105] According to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.[106][107][108] Air quality index of Delhi is generally moderate (101–200) level between January to September, and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor (301–400), Severe (401–500) or Hazardous (500+) levels in three months between October to December, due to various factors including stubble burning, fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather.[109][110][111] During 2013–14, peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states.[106][112][113][114] It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, PM2.5 considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms.[115]

Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women.[116][117] The dense smog and haze in Delhi during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[118] According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.[119]

India's Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% of PM2.5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust/fire and 18% to industries.[120] The director of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) is lobbying "against the report" because it is "inconvenient" to the automobile industry.[121] Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues.[107] In 2014, an environmental panel appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars, but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry.[122]

Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it.[113][114] In 2020, annual average PM2.5 in the Delhi, stood at 107.6 µg/m³, which is almost 21.5 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 µg/m³: set in September, 2021).[123] These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Delhi by almost 10.1 years.[124]

However, as of 2015[update], awareness, particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians, was noticeably increasing.[125] Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution—Delhi has the third-highest quantity of trees among Indian cities[126] and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.[127] In 1996, the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".[127] The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.[128]

However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been lost, especially due to stubble burning, a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership.[129][130] According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi.[131][132]

Month  | January  | February  | March  | April  | May  | June  | July  | August  | September  | October  | November  | December

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Average Air quality index | 201–300

(Poor)

| 201–300

(Poor)

| 101–200

(Moderate)

| 101–200

(Moderate)

| 101–200

(Moderate)

| 101–200

(Moderate)

| 51-100

(Satisfactory)

| 51–100

(Satisfactory)

| 51-100

(Satisfactory)

| 401–500

(Severe)

| 401–500

(Severe)

| 301–400

(Very Poor)

## Civic administration[edit | edit source]

See also: Neighbourhoods of Delhi, Districts of Delhi, and List of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi

File:Dehli districts.png

Districts of Delhi

Currently, the National Capital Territory of Delhi is made up of one division, 11 districts, 33 subdivisions, 59 census towns, and 300 villages.[133]

The National Capital Territory of Delhi is divided into three municipalities, Delhi Municipality, New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment, each with their own governance apparatus. The Municipality of Delhi is administered by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) which occupies an area of 1397.3 km2 and is sub-divided into 12 zones, that is, Centre, South, West, Najafgarh, Rohini, Civil Lines, Karol Bagh, SP-City, Keshavpuram, Narela, Shahdara North and Shahdara South.[134] Municipal services in New Delhi, which occupies an area of 42.7 km2, are provided by the New Delhi Municipal Council and Delhi Cantonment is administered by a Cantonment board.

Between 2011 and 22 May 2022 Delhi Municipality was divided into three municipal corporations:[135]

1. South Delhi had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas including Mahipalpur, Rajouri Garden, Badarpur, Jaitpur, Janakpuri, Hari Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Dwarka, Jungpura, Greater Kailash, R K Puram, Malviya Nagar, Kalkaji, Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur.
2. North Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli, Rithala, Bawana, Kirari, Mangolpuri, Tri Nagar, Model Town, Sadar Bazar, Chandni Chowk, Matia Mahal, Karol Bagh, Moti Nagar
3. East Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj, Kondli, Laxmi Nagar, Seemapuri, Gonda, Karawal Nagar, Babarpur and Shahadra.[136]

Delhi is home to the High Court of Delhi. The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court. The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record. Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions. Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex, Karkardooma Court Complex, Patiala House Court Complex, Rohini Court Complex, Dwarka Courts Complex, Saket Court Complex, and Rouse Avenue Court Apart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts, CBI Courts, Labour Courts, Revenue Courts, Army tribunals, electricity tribunals, Railway Tribunals, and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions.[137][138]

For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones. Delhi currently has 180 police stations.[139][140]

## Government and politics[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Government of Delhi and Government of India

File:Arvind Kejriwal smiling (cropped).jpg

Arvind Kejriwal is the seventh and current Chief Minister of Delhi, first elected in February 2015.

File:Delhi Vidhan Sabha.jpg

Delhi Legislative Assembly

As a first-level administrative division, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, the council of ministers, and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The Municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), Cabinet Secretariat, and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[141][142] The Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana, came to power.[143] In 1998, the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit, who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in 2013, the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress.[144] However, that government was short-lived, collapsing only after 49 days.[145] Delhi was then under President's rule until February 2015.[146] On 10 February 2015, the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power after a landslide victory, winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly.[147]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economy of Delhi

File:Dry fruits being sold at Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi.jpg

The Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi is one of the oldest and busiest in the city.

File:Connaught Place New Delhi.jpg

Connaught Place in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region

Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. As of 2016[update] recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have been around $370 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India.[148] The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016–17 was estimated at ₹6,224 billion (US$78 billion), 13% higher than in 2015–16.[149][150] As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005–2006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions, respectively.[151] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[152] Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.[152] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.[152]

In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed 219,000.[152] Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[153] Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are also important to the city's economy. Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries.[154] Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.[155]

## Utility services[edit | edit source]

Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of June 2005[update], it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.[156] The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.[156] Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.[157]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD.[158] The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.[159] A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.[159]

The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.[160] In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna & BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[161] The state-owned BSNL and private enterprises such as Airtel, Vi, Jio, and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G and 4G+.[citation needed]

## Transport[edit | edit source]

Main article: Transport in Delhi

### Air[edit | edit source]

File:Mudras at Indira Gandhi Delhi 1007.jpg

Indira Gandhi International Airport's immigration counter in Terminal 3.[162]

Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the south-west of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2015–16, the airport handled more than 48 million passengers,[163] making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.2 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.[164] In 2010, IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.[165][166] Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi-NCR Region on 8 March 2019.[167] A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida.[168] The Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government.[169]

The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.[170] The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.[170][171]

### Road[edit | edit source]

File:Delhi Metro and CNG Buses in Azadpur Neighborhood.jpg

Compressed natural gas red- and green buses have low floors; orange has standard. [b]

File:Old Delhi rickshaw 2011.JPG

The cycle rickshaw and the auto rickshaw are commonly used in Delhi for travelling short distances.

Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in India.[173] It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. The Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city. The city's road network is maintained by MCD, NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.[174]

Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60% of Delhi's total demand.[175] Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) to tackle increasing vehicular pollution.[176] The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider which operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses.[177][178] In addition, cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC.[179][180] In December 2017, the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4.19 million passengers per day.[181] Kashmiri Gate ISBT, Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states. Delhi's rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on the city's transport infrastructure. To meet the transport demand, the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.[182] Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.

Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads. As of 2007[update], private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[182] Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India.[183] Taxis, auto rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers. As of 2008[update], the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, Delhi NCR, was 11.2 million (11.2 million).[184] In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[185] In 2017, the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10,567,712 until 25 May of the year.[186]

### Railway[edit | edit source]

File:New Delhi railway station 2.jpg

A passenger train at the New Delhi railway station. Freight awaits pick up or transportation to other destinations.

Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The main railway stations are New Delhi, Old Delhi, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Anand Vihar, Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt.[182] The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida.[187] As of December 2021[update], the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348.12 km (216.31 mi) and 254 stations, and several other lines are under construction.[188] The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion).[189] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[190] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[191] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[192]

### Metro[edit | edit source]

File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg

Delhi Metro is widely used in the NCR.

The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's tenth-largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's second modern public transportation system. The network consists of 10 colour-coded lines[193] serving 255 stations[c] with a total length of 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi).[d] The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. All stations have escalators, lifts, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to further encourage the use of the system. In March 2010, DMRC partnered with Google India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi–ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi–ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built for US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion).[189] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[190] Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.[191]

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organization is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail, and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse, which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.[196]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

See also: Ethnic groups in Delhi

According to the 2011 census of India, the population of NCT of Delhi is 16,753,235.[197] The corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.[198] In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by 215,000 as a result of natural population growth,[198] which made Delhi one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Dwarka Sub City, Asia's largest planned residential area, is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[199] Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi's urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon of Haryana, and Ghaziabad and Noida of Uttar Pradesh, the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations at over 28 million. According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world's second-largest, after Tokyo,[8] although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second-largest.[200] The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population: 16,314,838 within the NCT boundary,[201] and 21,753,486 for the Extended Urban Area.[202] The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) as defined by the 2001 plan[203] to Central National Capital Region (CNCR).[203][204] Around 49% of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorized colonies without any civic amenities.[205] The majority of the slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report, almost 22% of the people do open defecation.[206]

Major social groups of Delhi include Brahmins, Gujjars, Jats, Vaishyas, Khatris, Rajputs, Ahirs, Punjabis, Purvanchalis, Bengalis, Uttarakhandis, Muslims, Sikhs, etc.[207][208][209][210][197][211][212]

* Birla Mandir Delhi.jpg

Birla Mandir, Delhi, a Hindu temple, was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1933

* Jama Masjid - In the Noon.jpg

The Jama Masjid was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656

* Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib-Night-View.jpg

The prayer hall of Sikh Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi which dates to 1783

Religions in delhi (2011)

Hinduism (81.68%)

Islam (12.86%)

Sikhism (3.40%)

Jainism (0.99%)

Christianity (0.87%)

Buddhism (0.11%)

Others (0.09%)

Hinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of Delhi's population, followed by Islam (12.86%), Sikhism (3.40%), Jainism (0.99%), Christianity (0.87%), and Buddhism (0.11%).[213] Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism, Baháʼísm and Judaism.[214]

According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014, Hindi is Delhi's most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi (7.14%), Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of the Delhites speak other languages.[215] Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages.[215] According to the Directorate of Education, GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three-language formula:[216]

* First Language

1. Hindi
2. Urdu
3. English

* Second Language

1. English

* Third language

1. Urdu
2. Punjabi
3. Bengali
4. Sindhi
5. Tamil
6. Telugu
7. Malayalam
8. Kannada
9. Gujarati
10. Marathi
11. Sanskrit
12. Persian
13. Arabic

## Culture[edit | edit source]

See also: Culture of India

File:Traditional pottery in Dilli Haat.jpg

Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat

File:Pragati Maidan, inside hall 18 (3).JPG

Pragati Maidan hosts the World Book Fair biennially

Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language, Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city. The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1,200 heritage buildings[217] and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.[218]

In the Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings, such as the Jama Masjid—India's largest mosque[219] built in 1656[220] and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutub Minar and Humayun's Tomb—are located in Delhi.[221] Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar—an 18th-century astronomical observatory—and the Purana Qila—a 16th-century fortress. The Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham temple, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, the Baháʼí Faith's Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City.[222] Lotus Temple is a Baháʼí House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country. Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum.

Chandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[223] Delhi's arts and crafts include, Zardozi[224]—an embroidery done with gold thread[225]—and Meenakari[226]—the art of enamelling.

### Festivals[edit | edit source]

File:Chhath Puja Sandya Aragh-005.jpg

More than a quarter of the immigrants in Delhi are from Bihar and neighboring states. Chhath, a festival of rural Bihar is now popular in Delhi.[227]

File:Basant Celebrations at Dargah.jpg

On Basant Panchmi eve, qawwali singers wearing yellow headbands gather at the dargah of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya to sing verses from Amir Khusrau.[228]

Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day, Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military strength.[229][230] Over the centuries, Delhi has become known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place in September. Flowers and pankhe—fans embroidered with flowers—are offered to the shrine of the 13th-century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple, both situated in Mehrauli.[231]

Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[230] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop.[232] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,[233] is held in Delhi biennially. The New Delhi World Book Fair, held biennially at the Pragati Maidan, is the second-largest exhibition of books in the world.[234] Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.[235] India International Trade Fair (IITF), organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1.5 million people.[236]

### Cuisine[edit | edit source]

Main article: Indian cuisine

File:Karim's Hotel, Delhi(4).jpg

Kitchen, Karim's, Old Delhi, a historic restaurant, estab. 1913.[237]

As India's national capital and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents.[238] The dearth of food habits among the city's residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The city's classic dishes include butter chicken, dal makhani, shahi paneer, aloo chaat, chaat, dahi bhalla, kachori, gol gappe, samosa, chole bhature, chole kulche, gulab jamun, jalebi and lassi.[238][239]: 40–50, 189–196

The fast living habits of Delhi's people has motivated the growth of street food outlets.[239]: 41 A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents. High-profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years, among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab Grill and Bukhara.[240] The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once. Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food.[239]: 40–50 [241]

## Education[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Education in Delhi and List of schools in Delhi

File:Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital, Delhi; pharmacy. Wellcome V0029217.jpg

Lady Hardinge Medical College pharmacy,1921.

File:IP COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.jpg

Indraprastha College for Women, established in 1924.

File:Building 7 jamia.JPG

Jamia Millia Islamia est. 1920 by M. A. Ansari and Zakir Hussain.

File:Delhiuni.jpg

University of Delhi was founded in 1922. Sir Maurice Gwyer served as its first vice-chancellor.

File:Anglo Arabic School's Hostel earlier known as Ghaziuddin Khan Madrasa.jpg

Dormitory of Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School, founded 1696, reorganized 1828.

File:Delhi Government School Student defining Happiness in Happiness Class.jpg

A Delhi government school student writing down the names of fruits and vegetables.

Private schools in Delhi—which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)[242] or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004–05, approximately 1,529,000 students were enrolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools and 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi.[243] Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[243]

Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government or private organisations. In 2006, Delhi had 165 colleges, five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[243] seven major universities and nine deemed universities.[243]

The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies (Delhi) and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India. All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research. National Law University, Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India. The Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia.[244][245]

Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology), Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University, Delhi are the only state universities.[246][247] University of Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities, and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education.[248] As of 2008[update], about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.[249]

## Media[edit | edit source]

See also: Media of India

File:Pitampura TV Tower, Delhi, India.jpg

Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts to Delhi

As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies, including the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English, and regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city.[250]

Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city's Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu. Amongst the English language newspapers, the Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation of over a million copies, is the single largest daily.[251] Other major English newspapers include The Times of India, The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, The Pioneer, The Statesman, and The Asian Age. Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran.

Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has gained popularity[252] since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006.[253] A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi.[254][255]

## Sports[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Sports in Delhi, 1951 Asian Games, 1982 Asian Games, and 2010 Commonwealth Games

See also: Culture of India

File:Indian athletes at the First Asiad.png

Indian athletes marching into the National Stadium during the opening ceremony of the 1951 Asian Games.

File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium CWG opening ceremony.jpg

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on the night of the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony

Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March. A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline. The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi, with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games. National Stadium was the venue for all events.[256] Over 40,000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium.[257]

Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December. This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia. A total of 3,411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which has a capacity of 60,000 people, was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony.[258]

Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010, which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India.[259][260] The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi at 7:00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[261] The ceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours.[262] It is estimated that ₹3.5 billion (US$44 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.[263] Events took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games, including seven venues within Delhi University.[264] The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.[264]

Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi.[265] There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the city. The Arun Jaitley Stadium (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. It is the home ground of the Delhi cricket team, which represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, the premier Indian domestic first-class cricket championship.[266] The Delhi cricket team has produced several world-class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag, Virat Kohli,[267] Gautam Gambhir, Madan Lal, Chetan Chauhan, Shikhar Dhawan, Ishant Sharma, Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The Railways and Services cricket teams in the Ranji Trophy also play their home matches in Delhi, in the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Harbax Singh Stadium, respectively.[citation needed] The city is also home to the Indian Premier League team Delhi Capitals, who play their home matches at the Kotla.[citation needed]

Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21,000 people, was the venue for the Indian football team's World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012.[268] Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007[269] and 2009, in both of which India defeated Syria 1–0.[270] In the Elite Football League of India, Delhi's first professional American football franchise, the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune.[271] Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix.[272]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Delhi metropolitan area
* List of people from Delhi
* List of twin towns and sister cities in India

## Explanatory notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ (/ˈdɛli/; Hindi pronunciation: [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī; Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī; Urdu pronunciation: [ˈdeɦliː] dêhlī, informally [ˈdɪlːiː] dillī),[11][12][13]
2. ^ The elevated Delhi metro is seen above in Azadpur.[127][172]
3. ^ Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 286 stations[194][193][195]
4. ^ The total length of Delhi Metro is 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 390.14 kilometres (242.42 mi).[194][195]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b "The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956". Ministry of Law and Justice (India). 1956. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
2. ^ a b "The States Reorganisation Act, 1956" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). 1956. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
3. ^ a b c "The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991". Government of India. National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
4. ^ "Vinai Kumar Saxena appointed Delhi Lieutenant Governor after Anil Bajial's exit". Hindustan Times. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
5. ^ a b "Delhi Info". unccdcop14india.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
6. ^ a b c "Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011, NCT of Delhi". Census of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
7. ^ a b "Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". City Population. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
8. ^ a b c "The World's Cities in 2018" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
9. ^ a b "Official Language Act 2000" (PDF). Government of Delhi. 2 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
10. ^ a b "Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban)" (PDF). planningcommission.gov.in. Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
11. ^ Platts, John Thompson (1960) [First published 1884]. A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English. London: Oxford University Press. p. 546\. ISBN 0-19-864309-8. OCLC 3201841. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
12. ^ "The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991". Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
13. ^ Habib, Irfan (1999). The agrarian system of Mughal India, 1556–1707. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-562329-1. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015. "The current Survey of India spellings are followed for place names except where they vary rather noticeably from the spellings in our sources: thus I read 'Dehli' not 'Delhi ..."
* Royal Asiatic Society (1834). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2015. "also Dehli or Dilli, not Delhi ..."
* Karamchandani, L.T (1968). India, the beautiful. Sita Publication. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2015. "According to available evidence the present Delhi, spelt in Hindustani as Dehli or Dilli, derived its name from King ..."
* The National geographical journal of India, Volume 40. National Geographical Society of India. 1994. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2015. "The name which remained the most popular is 'Dilli' with variation in its pronunciation as Dilli, Dehli, or Delhi"
14. ^ "This study settles the Delhi versus Mumbai debate: The Capital's economy is streets ahead". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
15. ^ Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 118–119, ISBN 978-0-521-85661-4, archived from the original on 2 December 2021, retrieved 3 December 2021, "It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to eventually abandon India's capital."
16. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database". Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
17. ^ "Gross State Domestic Product of Delhi" (PDF). Planning Department, Government of Delhi. p. 16\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
18. ^ "Rationale". ncrpb.nic.in. NCR Planning Board. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2017. "The National Capital Region (NCR) in India was constituted under the NCRPB Act, 1985"
19. ^ "Census 2011" (PDF). National Capital Region Planning Board. National Informatics Centre. p. 3\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
20. ^ a b c d e "Chapter 1: Introduction" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
21. ^ Bakshi, S.R. (1995) [2002]. Delhi Through Ages. Whispering Eye Bangdat. p. 2\. ISBN 978-81-7488-138-0.
22. ^ a b Smith, George (1882). The Geography of British India, Political & Physical. J. Murray. pp. 216–217. Retrieved 1 November 2008. "raja delhi BC."
23. ^ "Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive". Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
24. ^ "Our Pasts II, History Textbook for Class VII". NCERT. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2007.
25. ^ Delhi City Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 11, p. 236.
26. ^ "A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English". Dsal.uchicago.edu. 1884. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
27. ^ Cohen, Richard J. (October–December 1989). "An Early Attestation of the Toponym Dhilli". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (4): 513–519. doi:10.2307/604073. JSTOR 604073.
28. ^ Austin, Ian; Thhakur Nahar Singh Jasol. "Chauhans (Cahamanas, Cauhans)". The Mewar Encyclopedia. mewarindia.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
29. ^ "Why developers charge a premium for upper storeys in Delhi/NCR region". The Economic Times. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
30. ^ John Murray (1924). A handbook for travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon. J. Murray, 1924. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015. "'Dilli hanoz dur ast' ('Delhi is still far off') – has passed into the currency of a proverb"
31. ^ a b S.W. Fallon; Dihlavi Fakir Chand (1886). A dictionary of Hindustani proverbs. Printed at the Medical hall press, 1886. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015. "Abhi Dilli dur hai"
32. ^ Syed Mahdi Husain: Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Dehli. Aakar Books, Delhi 2006, ISBN 81-87879-91-2, p. LV of the preface.
33. ^ a b Asher, Catherine (25 September 2000), "Delhi walled: Changing boundaries", in James D. Tracy (ed.), City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective, Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–, 250, ISBN 9780521652216, archived from the original on 9 January 2022, retrieved 12 October 2021
34. ^ "India: Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi" (PDF). State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region: : Summaries of Periodic Reports 2003 by property, Section II. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. pp. 71–72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
35. ^ "Under threat: The Magnificent Minaret of Jam". The New Courier No 1. UNESCO. October 2002. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2006.
36. ^ McClary, Richard Piran (2020), Medieval Monuments of Central Asia: Qarakhanid Architecture of the 11th and 12th Centuries, Edinburgh University Press, p. 287, "The second story of the minaret, built during the reign of Iltutmish" (r. 1211-36), features a similar form of ribbing to the shaft as is seen at the Jar Kurgan minaret, but the lower section features alternating flanges and ribs, while the third storey is entirely flanged, with a stellate plan. The Qutb Minar is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid traditions of minaret construction, although all the surviving large minarets from Central Asia can be seen to share certain general characteristics, namely, a tall tapering shaft and bands of decoration."
37. ^ "Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India". Sfusd.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
38. ^ Mobilereference (2007). Travel Delhi, India. History section. p. 10\. ISBN 9781605010519 - via Google books.
39. ^ "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
40. ^ Genocide: a history Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. W.D. Rubinstein (2004). p. 28. ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5
41. ^ "Sher Shah – The Lion King". India's History: Medieval India. indhistory.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
42. ^ Mobilereference (2007). Travel Delhi, India. p. 12\. ISBN 9781605010519 - via Google Books.
43. ^ Thomas, Amelia (2008). Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-690-8.
44. ^ Irvine, William (1971). Later Mughal. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
45. ^ Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David (2 September 2003). Territories and States of India. ISBN 9781135356255. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
46. ^ "Iran in the Age of the Raj". Avalanchepress.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
47. ^ Jagmohan (2005). Soul and Structure of Governance in India. ISBN 9788177648317. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
48. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
49. ^ "Bollywood's 'Great Betrayal' of Afghanistan: "Panipat" and the cost of vilifying Ahmad Shah Durrani". 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
50. ^ Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against history, against state: counter perspective from the margins Cultures of history. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12731-8.
51. ^ "Shifting pain". The Times of India. 11 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
52. ^ Mobilereference (1 January 2007). Travel Delhi. p. 8\. ISBN 978-1-60501-051-9 - via Google books.
53. ^ "Lutyens' Delhi in race for UN heritage status". Hindustan Times. 11 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
54. ^ Lakhani, Somya (17 May 2019). "Khan Market's humble beginnings: Meant for refugees, 'doomed to fail'". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. "'This market was set up for those who had been displaced; refugees who had migrated from the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) ...' said Sanjiv Mehra, president of Khan Market Traders' Association and owner of Allied Toy Store. It was aptly named after popular NWFP leader Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan or Dr Khan Sahib, the elder brother of Pashtun Independence activist Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan or Frontier Gandhi."
55. ^ Bhardwaj, Mayank (31 May 2019). "'Khan Market Gang': Modi mocks his elite adversaries". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. "The Indian government named the market after Abdul Jabbar Khan, the brother of Pakistan's Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a close friend of 'Mahatma' Gandhi and known as the 'Frontier Gandhi'. Khan was honoured because of his role in ensuring safe passage for millions of Hindus fleeing sectarian violence after independence and the bloody 1947 partition of the sub-continent into India and Pakistan, said Sanjeev Mehra, president of the Khan Market Traders' Association."
56. ^ "Capital gains: How 1947 gave birth to a new identity, a new ambition, a new Delhi" Archived 13 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Hindustan Times. 24 April 2018.
57. ^ "How Muslim ghettos came about in Delhi". 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
58. ^ "Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site". India TV News. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
59. ^ Jupinderjit Singh (February 2015). "Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election". tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
60. ^ Sanjay Yadav (2008). The Invasion of Delhi. Worldwide Books. ISBN 978-81-88054-00-8. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
61. ^ "Fall in Delhi birth rate fails to arrest population rise". The Hindu. Chennai. 3 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
62. ^ Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. "The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing"
63. ^ "Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed". Rediff.com. 13 December 2001. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
64. ^ "India and Pakistan: Who will strike first?". Economist. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
65. ^ "Delhi blasts death toll at 62". Archived from the original on 5 November 2005.
66. ^ Tripathi, Rahul (14 September 2008). "Serial blasts rock Delhi; 30 dead, 90 injured-India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
67. ^ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (16 March 2020), "Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots", The Guardian, Delhi, archived from the original on 17 March 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020, "As the mob attacks came once, then twice and then a third time in this north-east Delhi neighbourhood, desperate stallholders repeatedly ran to Gokalpuri and Dayalpur police stations crying out for help. But each time they found the gates locked from the inside. For three days, no help came. ... Since the riots broke out in Delhi at the end of February, the worst religious conflict to engulf the capital in decades, questions have persisted about the role that the Delhi police played in enabling the violence, which was predominately Hindu mobs attacking Muslims. Of the 51 people who died, at least three-quarters were Muslim, and many Muslims are still missing."
68. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Abi-Habib, Maria (1 March 2020), "In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse", The New York Times, archived from the original on 1 March 2020, retrieved 1 March 2020, "This past week, as neighborhoods in India's capital burned and religiously driven bloodletting consumed more than 40 lives, most of them Muslim, India's government was quick to say that the violence was spontaneous ... Many Muslims are now leaving, hoisting their unburned things on their heads and trudging away from streets that still smell of smoke."
69. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 March 2020), Photographs by Loke, Atul, "'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims", The New York Times, archived from the original on 13 March 2020, retrieved 13 March 2020, "Two-thirds of the more than 50 people who were killed and have been identified were Muslim."
70. ^ a b Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (6 March 2020), "In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 7 March 2020, retrieved 6 March 2020, "At least 53 people were killed or suffered deadly injuries in violence that persisted for two days. The majority of those killed were Muslims, many shot, hacked or burned to death. A police officer and an intelligence officer were also killed. So too were more than a dozen Hindus, most of them shot or assaulted."
71. ^ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (2 March 2020), "What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 3 March 2020, retrieved 15 March 2020, "Zaitoon, 40, who goes by one name, half-cried as she rummaged through the items. She said mobs entered her lane shouting 'Jai Shri Ram,' or 'Victory to Lord Ram,' a slogan favoured by Modi's party, and demanded to know which houses were occupied by Muslims. She said she saw a neighbour set on fire in front of her, an account repeated by other witnesses."
72. ^ Mohan, Madan (April 2002). "GIS-Based Spatial Information Integration, Modeling and Digital Mapping: A New Blend of Tool for Geospatial Environmental Health Analysis for Delhi Ridge" (PDF). Spatial Information for Health Monitoring and Population Management. FIG XXII International Congress. p. 5\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
73. ^ a b Rawal, Prakhar; Kittur, Swati; Chatakonda, Murali K.; Sundar, K.S. Gopi (2021). "Winter bird abundance, species richness and functional guild composition at Delhi's ponds: does time of day and wetland extent matter?". Journal of Urban Ecology. 7 (1): Online first. doi:10.1093/jue/juab001. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
74. ^ a b Rawal, Prakhar; Kittur, Swati; Chatakonda, Murali K.; Sundar, K.S. Gopi (2021). "Capital ponds: Site-level habitat heterogeneity and management interventions at ponds regulate high landscape-scale bird diversity across a mega-city". Biological Conservation. 260: 109215. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109215. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 237716829. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
75. ^ "Hazard profiles of Indian districts" (PDF). National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management. UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
76. ^ a b "Average weather for New Delhi, India". Weatherspark.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
77. ^ "Climate of Delhi". Delhitrip.in. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
78. ^ "Fog continues to disrupt flights, trains". The Hindu. Chennai. 7 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2006.
79. ^ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
80. ^ "Mercury touches new high for July, Met predicts rain relief". 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013.
81. ^ "Weatherbase entry for Delhi". Canty and Associates LLC. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
82. ^ Kurian, Vinson (28 June 2005). "Monsoon reaches Delhi two days ahead of schedule". Business Line. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
83. ^ "Station: New Delhi (Safdarjang) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 555–556. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
84. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
85. ^ "New Delhi (Safdarjang) Climatological Table 1981–2010". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
86. ^ "Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India" (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
87. ^ "NEW DELHI (SAFDARJUNG) EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF DECEMBER". Retrieved 29 December 2020.
88. ^ "NEW DELHI (SAFDARJUNG) EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY". Retrieved 29 December 2020.
89. ^ "NEW DELHI (SAFDARJUNG) EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF JUNE". Retrieved 29 December 2020.
90. ^ "Climatological Information - New Delhi (Safdarjung) (42182)". India Meterological Department. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
91. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in New Delhi, Delhi, India". Time and Date. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
92. ^ "Normals Data: New Delhi/Safdarjung - India Latitude: 28.58°N Longitude: 77.20°E Height: 211 (m)". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
93. ^ "Average UV index New Delhi, India". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
94. ^ "Average daylight New Delhi, India". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
95. ^ "Average pressure New Delhi, India". Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
96. ^ "Average wind speed New Delhi, India". Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
97. ^ "Station: New Delhi Palam (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 553–554. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
98. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
99. ^ "New Delhi (Palam) Climatological Table 1981–2010". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
100. ^ "Climatological Information - New Delhi (Palam) (42181)". India Meterological Department. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
101. ^ "Climatological Information - New Delhi (Ayanagar) (42180)". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
102. ^ "Climatological Information - New Delhi (Ridge) (42184)". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
103. ^ Kumar, Hari; Schultz, Kai (7 November 2017). "Delhi, Blanketed in Toxic Haze, 'Has Become a Gas Chamber'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
104. ^ "Delhi is most polluted city in world, Beijing much better: WHO study". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
105. ^ Kumar, Rahul (July 2016). "Fancy Schemes for a Dirty Business". Digital Development Debates. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
106. ^ a b "Delhi's Air Has Become a Lethal Hazard and Nobody Seems to Know What to Do About It". Time. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
107. ^ a b "India's Air Pollution Triggers Comparisons with China". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
108. ^ "A Delhi particular". The Economist. 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
109. ^ "Pollution level in Delhi: Day after Diwali, Delhi's air turns 'hazardous'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
110. ^ "Delhi breathed easier from January to April". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
111. ^ "Air pollution: Delhi enjoys cleanest February in three years". 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
112. ^ "How Crop Burning Affects Delhi's Air". The Wall Street Journal. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
113. ^ a b Harris, Gardiner (25 January 2014). "Beijing's Bad Air Would Be Step Up for Smoggy Delhi". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
114. ^ a b Bearak, Max (7 February 2014). "Desperate for Clean Air, Delhi Residents Experiment with Solutions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
115. ^ Madison Park (8 May 2014). "Top 20 most polluted cities in the world". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.
116. ^ "Children in Delhi have lungs of chain-smokers!". India Today. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
117. ^ "Pollution increasing lung cancer in Indian women". DNA. 3 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
118. ^ "Delhi blanketed in thick smog, transport disrupted". Reuters. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
119. ^ January days getting colder, tied to rise in pollution Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Times of India, 27 January 2014
120. ^ "Usual suspects: Vehicles, industrial emissions behind foul play". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
121. ^ "UA vicious nexus". Down to Earth. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
122. ^ Impose 30% cess on diesel cars, panel tells Supreme Court Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Times of India, 11 February 2014
123. ^ "The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)". AQLI. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
124. ^ "The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)". AQLI. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
125. ^ Gardiner Harris (14 February 2015). "Delhi Wakes Up to an Air Pollution Problem It Cannot Ignore". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
126. ^ "Delhi 'third greenest' city". Ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
127. ^ a b c "Express India". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
128. ^ Delhi Metro helps reduce vehicular air pollution, indicates research Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, India Today, 28 April 2013
129. ^ R. Kumari; A.K. Attri; L. Int Panis; B.R. Gurjar (April 2013). "Emission estimates of Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals from Mobile sources in Delhi (India)". Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 55 (2): 127–142. PMID 25464689. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014.
130. ^ "What is the status of air pollution in Delhi?". CSE, India. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
131. ^ "Delhi's air quality deteriorating due to burning of agriculture waste". The Economic Times. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
132. ^ "Thick blanket of smog envelopes Delhi, northern India". India Today. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014.
133. ^ M.S.A. Rao (1970). Urbanization and Social Change: A Study of a Rural Community on a Metropolitan Fringe. Orient Longmans. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
134. ^ "Municipal Corporation of Delhi". mcdonline.nic.in. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
135. ^ "Delhi govt decides to split MCD into three parts". Press Trust of India. 30 May 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013.
136. ^ Hindustan Ties (29 May 2017). "MCD results 2017: BJP rides on Modi wave; AAP routed, Kejriwal accepts defeat". Archived from the original on 6 November 2017.
137. ^ "Where are Courts in Delhi Situated ?". 14 August 2021. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
138. ^ "District Courts of Delhi | Bar Council of Delhi". Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
139. ^ "Poile Stations". Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
140. ^ "Delhi Police". Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
141. ^ "Delhi: Assembly Constituencies". Compare Infobase Limited. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
142. ^ "Lok Sabha constituencies get a new profile". The Hindu. Chennai. 7 September 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
143. ^ "Politics of Delhi". INDFY. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
144. ^ "Arvind Kejriwal to be Delhi Chief Minister, swearing-in at Ramleela Maidan". The Economic Times. 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
145. ^ Mohammad Ali; Vishal Kant; Sowmiya Ashok (14 February 2014). "Arvind Kejriwal quits over Jan Lokpal". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
146. ^ "President's rule imposed in Delhi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
147. ^ Niharika Mandhana (10 February 2015). "Upstart Party Wins India State Elections – WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
148. ^
* "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
* "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". PwC. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
* "The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
149. ^ "Delhi Budget Analysis 2017–18" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research. 8 March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
150. ^ "Mumbai is no more the financial capital of India". Business Insider India. 28 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
151. ^ "Chapter 2: State Income" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 8–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.
152. ^ a b c d "Chapter 5: Employment and Unemployment" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 59–65. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2016.
153. ^ "Industries in Delhi". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
154. ^ "Delhi hot favourite retail destination in India – Corporate Trends – News By Company -News". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
155. ^ "Chapter 9: Industrial Development" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 94–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007.
156. ^ a b "Chapter 13: Water Supply and Sewerage" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 147–162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
157. ^ Birkinshaw, Matt (July 2016). "Unequal, Unreliable and Running Out". Digital Development Debates. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
158. ^ Joshi, Sandeep (19 June 2006). "MCD developing new landfill site". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 19 November 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
159. ^ a b Gadhok, Taranjot Kaur. "Risks in Delhi: Environmental concerns". Natural Hazard Management. GISdevelopment.net. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
160. ^ "Chapter 11: Energy" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 117–129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
161. ^ "About Us". Delhi Fire Service. Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
162. ^ "Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI)". Airport-delhi.com. 2 May 1986. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
163. ^ "Traffic Statistics – Domestic & International Passengers" (PDF). Airports Authority of India. p. 3\. Archived from the original (jsp) on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
164. ^ "India begins $1.94b Delhi airport revamp". Daily Times. Pakistan. 18 February 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
165. ^ "Indira Gandhi International Airport is world's best airport for second time in row". India Today. 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
166. ^ "Airports Council International". 12 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
167. ^ "PM Narendra Modi inaugurates civil enclave at Hindon airport". The Economic Times. 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
168. ^ "Search". India News Analysis Opinions on Niti Central. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
169. ^ Shah, Pankaj (23 February 2018). "Jewar airport will now be a full-fledged aviation hub". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
170. ^ a b "Mecca for young aviators". Hindustan Times. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
171. ^ "Ministries in row over Safdarjung Airport land". The Times of India. 13 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
172. ^ "Delhi's CNG success inspiring many countries: Naik". outlookindia.com. Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited. Press Trust of India. 11 December 2002. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
173. ^ Pritha Chatterjee (6 April 2015). "The road that larger particles travel". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
174. ^ I.Prasada Rao; Dr. P.K. Kanchan; Dr. P.K. Nanda. "GIS Based Maintenance Management System (GMMS) For Major Roads of Delhi". Map India 2006: Transportation. GISdevelopment.net. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
175. ^ Dipak K. Dash (5 February 2017). "Delhi traffic chaos costs Rs 60,000 crore annually". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
176. ^ Armin Rosencranz; Michael Jackson. "Introduction" (PDF). The Delhi Pollution Case: The Supreme Court of India and the Limits of Judicial Power. indlaw.com. p. 3\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
177. ^ "Citizen Charter". Delhi Transport Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
178. ^ "DTC records highest single-day collection". NDTV. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
179. ^ "Cluster buses to be back on road today". The Times of India. New Delhi. TNN. 18 March 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
180. ^ "Cabinet sets ball rolling to procure 1,000 cluster buses". The Times of India. New Delhi. TNN. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
181. ^ "Upswing in DTC, Cluster buses daily ridership, 41.90 passengers carried per day: Sisodia". Moneycontrol.com. Press Trust of India. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
182. ^ a b c "Chapter 12: Transport" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 130–146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
183. ^ Aparajita Ray (16 June 2016). "Bengaluru retains second place after Delhi with most vehicles on roads". The Times of India. Bengaluru. TNN. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
184. ^ "Traffic snarl snaps 42 Cr man-hour from Delhi, NCR workers at iGovernment". Igovernment.in. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
185. ^ "Every 12th Delhiite owns a car". The Economic Times. 2 January 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
186. ^ "Vehicle numbers cross one crore mark in Delhi". The Times of India. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 4 June 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
187. ^ "Faridabad Metro Corridor – Press Brief". Delhimetrorail.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
188. ^ Barman, Sourav Roy (10 August 2018). "Since 2013, 99% of Delhi Metro trips have been on time". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
189. ^ a b "Bloomberg.com: Opinion". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
190. ^ a b "Get ready for revolution on wheels". The Economic Times. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
191. ^ a b "10 years of Delhi Metro". delhimetrorail.com. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013.
192. ^ "Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant". The Indian Express. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011.
193. ^ a b "Present Network". www.delhimetrorail.com. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
194. ^ a b "Route map". www.delhimetrorail.com. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
195. ^ a b "Introduction | DMRC". www.delhimetrorail.com. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
196. ^ "French award presented to Sreedharan". The Hindu. New Delhi. 23 November 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
197. ^ a b "Census of India: Provisional Population Totals for Census 2011: NCT of Delhi". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
198. ^ a b "Chapter 3: Demographic Profile" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 17–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
199. ^ Can't afford to fall ill in Dwarka Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Hindustan Times, 16 July 2009
200. ^ Demographia (2016). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (12th ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
201. ^ "Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above" (PDF). Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
202. ^ "India Stats : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011". pibmumbai.gov.in. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
203. ^ a b "Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region" (PDF). Town and Country Planning Organisation. Ministry of Urban Development. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
204. ^ "Regional Plan 2021, Chapter 4, Demographic Profile and Settlement Pattern" (PDF). NCR Planning Board. p. 28\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
205. ^ Dhananjay Mahapatra (4 October 2012). "'Half of Delhi's population lives in slums'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
206. ^ Mayura Janwalkar (20 April 2015). "Delhi: Slum shame". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
207. ^ "Delhi polls: Caste to play crucial role". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
208. ^ "Delhi's Jats: From farmers to determined political climbers". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
209. ^ "Fight for Brahmin votes intensifies". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
210. ^ Singh, Raj (6 February 2015). "Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders". India TV. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
211. ^ "Delhi elections 2015: Arvind Kejriwal-led AAP breaks rules of identity politics, dents core vote bases of BJP & Congress". The Economic Times. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
212. ^ "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Delhi". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
213. ^ "Religion PCA". censusindia.gov.in. Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
214. ^ "Data on Religion". Census of India 2001. p. 1\. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2006.
215. ^ a b "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. p. 9\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
216. ^ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. p. 18\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
217. ^ "Promote lesser-known monuments of Delhi'-Delhi-Cities". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 27 February 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
218. ^ "Delhi Circle (NCT of Delhi)". List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of National Importance. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
219. ^ "Jama Masjid, India's largest mosque". Terra Galleria. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
220. ^ "Know India". India.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
221. ^ "Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List: India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
222. ^ Jacob, Satish (July 2002). "Wither, the walled city". Seminar (Web Edition) (515). Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
223. ^ "Shopping in Delhi". Delhi Tours. About Palace on Wheels. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
224. ^ Gale, Colin; Lahori, Lajwanti; Kaur, Jasbir (1 May 2002). The Textile Book. p. 99\. ISBN 978-1-85973-512-1. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020 - via Google Books.
225. ^ "Ancient and modern metal craft works attract visitors". The Times of India. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
226. ^ "Delhi Handicrafts". Indian Handicrafts suppliars. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
227. ^ Kapur, Manavi (30 November 2013). "Patna in Delhi". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
228. ^ Tiwari, Bharat S. (12 February 2020), "At Nizamuddin Auliya's Dargah, Basant is the Colour of Harmony", The Wire, archived from the original on 27 October 2021, retrieved 14 October 2021
229. ^ Ray Choudhury, Ray Choudhury (28 January 2002). "R-Day parade, an anachronism?". Business Line. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
230. ^ a b "Fairs & Festivals of Delhi". Delhi Travel. India Tourism.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
231. ^ Delhi: a portrait, by Khushwant Singh, Raghu Rai, Published by Delhi Tourism Development Corp., 1983. ISBN 978-0-19-561437-4. p. 15.
232. ^ Tankha, Madhur (15 December 2005). "It's Sufi and rock at Qutub Fest". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
233. ^ "Front Page: Asia's largest auto carnival begins in Delhi tomorrow". The Hindu. Chennai. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
234. ^ "Delhi Metro records 10% rise in commuters". The Times of India. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
235. ^ Sunil Sethi / New Delhi 9 February 2008. "Sunil Sethi: Why Delhi is India's Book Capital". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
236. ^ "Report of IITF 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015.
237. ^ DK Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Delhi. Dorling Kindersley. 2012. p. 65\. ISBN 9781409387008.
238. ^ a b Swamy, M. R. Narayan (2006). New Delhi. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-981-232-996-7. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
239. ^ a b c Singh, Chetananand (2010). "Commonwealth games guide to Delhi" (PDF). Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation Ltd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
240. ^ Duncan, Fiona (6 March 2011). "Delhi, India: hotels, restaurants and transport". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
241. ^ Brown, Lindsay; Thomas, Amelia (2008). Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra (second ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. pp. 20–31. ISBN 978-1-74104-690-8.
242. ^ "Schools in Delhi". Archived from the original on 21 September 2012.
243. ^ a b c d "Chapter 15: Education" (PDF). Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 173–187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
244. ^ "8 Indian universities feature in THE Asia Rankings top 100 list — and it's not just IITs". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
245. ^ "QS Asia Ranking 2019: 19 Indian Institutes In Top 200; IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Kharagpur Improve Ranking". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
246. ^ "Home | NSIT". Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
247. ^ "List of State Universities". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
248. ^ "The Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 198" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
249. ^ "outlookindia.com | wired". Outlookindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
250. ^ "What is CAS? What is DTH?". rediff news: Business. Rediff.com. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
251. ^ "Biographical Data of Vir Sanghvi". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
252. ^ Naqvi, Farah (14 November 2006). "Chapter4: Towards a Mass Media Campaign: Analysing the relationship between target audiences and mass media" (PDF). Images and icons: Harnessing the Power of Mass Media to Promote Gender Equality and Reduce Practices of Sex Selection. BBC World Service Trust. pp. 26–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
253. ^ "Delhi: Radio Stations in Delhi, India". ASIAWAVES: Radio and TV Broadcasting in South and South-East Asia. Alan G. Davies. 15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
254. ^ "All India Radio". Indian government. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
255. ^ "Radio Stations in Delhi, India". Asiawaves asiawaves.net. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
256. ^ "OCA » New Delhi 1951". ocasia.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
257. ^ "President Inaugurates First Asian Games". The India Express. Madras. p. 5\. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
258. ^ "OCA » New Delhi 1982". ocasia.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
259. ^ Burke, Jason (3 October 2010). "'India has arrived': spectacular ceremony opens Commonwealth Games". London: The Guardian, UK. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
260. ^ Hart, Simon (3 October 2010). "Commonwealth Games 2010: India opens doors to the world at opening ceremony". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
261. ^ "Biggest ever Commonwealth Games begins in Delhi". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
262. ^ "CWG: 8,000 artists to show 5,000-year-old culture". One India News. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
263. ^ "The CWG opening show reality: Rs 350 crore". The Times of India. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
264. ^ a b "Non-Competition Venues". Commonwealth Games Organising Committee. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
265. ^ Camenzuli, Charles. "Cricket may be included in the 2010 Games". Interview. International Sports Press Association. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
266. ^ "A Brief History: The Ranji Trophy". ESPNcricinfo. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
267. ^ "Virat Kohli: Delhi's golden boy since 2002". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016.
268. ^ "Ambedkar stadium to host India's World Cup qualifier". The Times of India. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
269. ^ "Bob Houghton's Boys made India proud with a superb victory over Syria". 17 May 2012. KolkataFootballs.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.
270. ^ "India vs Syria Nehru Cup 2009 Football Final Results, Highlights". CLbuzz. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
271. ^ Gregory, Sean (4 August 2011). "'They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India". Time. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011.
272. ^ "India company says on track for 2011 F1 race". Reuters. 15 April 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2009.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Economic Survey of Delhi 2005–2006. Planning Department. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved 12 February 2007
* Dalrymple, W (2003). City of Djinns (1 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
* Dalrymple, W (2003). Vidhya Society, (2009). Vidhya Society (NGO) is a leading charitable organization of Uttar Pradesh (India) established under society registration act 21-1860 on the special occasion of World Disable Year 2009. Director Mr. Pavan Upadhyay www.vidhyasociety.com (1 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
* Prager, D (2013). Delirious Delhi (1 ed.). Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61145-832-9.
* Brown, L (2011). Lonely Planet Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra (5 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-1-74179-460-1.
* Rowe, P; Coster, P (2004). Delhi (Great Cities of the World). World Almanac Library. ISBN 978-0-8368-5197-7.
* Four-part series on Delhi (2 June 2012). "Metrocity Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Justapedia supports:

* File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svgDefinitions from Wiktionary
* File:Commons-logo.svgMedia from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svgTravel information from Wikivoyage

### Government[edit | edit source]

* Official website
* Official Tourism Site of Delhi, India

### General information[edit | edit source]

* Delhi at Curlie
* File:Openstreetmap logo.svg Geographic data related to Delhi at OpenStreetMap

Places adjacent to Delhi

|  | Haryana |

|
|

|  |
Haryana |

WestDelhi

| Uttar Pradesh
|  |
| Haryana |

Articles Related to Delhi

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg National Capital Territory of Delhi

Topics|

* Architecture
* Climate
* Economy
* Education
* Government
* History
* Sport
* Tourism
* Transport

History|

* Timeline
* Indraprastha
* Hastinapur
* Tomaras
* Chauhan
* Prithviraj Raso
* Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
* Delhi Sultanate
* Mamluk dynasty
* Khalji dynasty
* Tughlaq dynasty
* Sayyid dynasty
* Lodi dynasty
* Sher Shah Suri
* Mughal Empire
* Old Delhi
* Maratha Empire
* British East India Company
* Bahadur Shah Zafar
* Indian Rebellion of 1857
* British Raj
* Viceroy of India
* Indian independence movement
* Partition of India
* New Delhi

Government & Administration|

|  Legislatures|

* Government of India
* Parliament of India
* Government of Delhi
* Delhi Legislative Assembly
* Delhi Cantonment Board
* New Delhi Municipal Council
* Municipal Corporation of Delhi

|

Heads|

* Prime Minister of India
* President of India
* Chief Minister of Delhi
* Lieutenant Governor of Delhi
* President of Delhi Cantonment Board
* Chairman of New Delhi Municipal Council
* Mayors of Municipal Corporations

Appellate courts|

* Supreme Court of India
* Delhi High Court

GoI agencies|

* Delhi Police
* Delhi Development Authority

GNCTD agencies|

* Delhi Commission for Women
* Delhi Jal Board
* Delhi Vidyut Board
* Delhi Fire Service
* Delhi Transport Corporation
* Delhi Directorate of Education
* DUSIB
* DTTDC

Autonomous bodies|

* Delhi State Election Commission

Places of Interest|

| Government buildings|

* Sansad Bhavan
* Rashtrapati Bhavan

|

Historic sites|

* Agrasen Ki Baoli
* Ashokan Edicts
* Bara Gumbad
* Barakhamba
* Central Park (Sunder Nursery)
* Chausath Khamba
* Chor Minar
* Coronation Park
* Feroz Shah Kotla
* Gates of Delhi
* Hauz-i-Shamsi
* Hauz Khas Complex
* Hijron Ka Khanqah
* Humayun's Tomb
* Jahanpanah
* Jahaz Mahal
* Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb
* Jantar Mantar
* Khirki Mosque
* Lotus Temple
* Mehrauli complex
* Metcalfe House
* Moth ki Masjid
* Purana Qila
* Qila Rai Pithora
* Qutb Minar complex
* Red Fort
* Salimgarh Fort
* Shish Gumbad
* Siri Fort
* Sultan Ghari
* Teen Murti Bhavan
* Tomb of Isa Khan
* Tomb of Safdar Jang
* Tughlaqabad Fort

Memorials & Museums|

* India Gate
* National Police Memorial
* National War Memorial
* Raj Ghat
* Wall of Truth
* Indian Air Force Museum
* National Rail Museum

Neighbourhoods|

* Chanakyapuri
* Civil Lines
* Hauz Khas
* Karol Bagh
* Lajpat Nagar

Religious sites|

* Ahinsa Sthal
* Akshardham
* Chhatarpur Temple
* Fatehpuri Mosque
* Gurudwara Bangla Sahib
* Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib
* Hanuman Temple
* ISKCON Temple
* Jama Masjid
* Kalkaji Mandir
* Laxminarayan Temple
* Lotus Temple
* Nizamuddin Dargah
* Sacred Heart Cathedral
* Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak
* Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir
* Viceroy Church
* Yogmaya Temple

Streets & Plazas|

* Chandni Chowk
* Connaught Place
* Dilli Haat
* G. B. Road
* Janpath
* Khari Baoli
* Palika Bazaar
* Ramlila Maidan
* Rajpath

Geography & Divisions|

| Districts|

* Central Delhi
* East Delhi
* New Delhi
* North Delhi
* North East Delhi
* North West Delhi
* Shahdara
* South Delhi
* South East Delhi
* South West Delhi
* West Delhi

|

National Capital Region|

* Faridabad
* Ghaziabad
* Greater Noida
* Gurgaon
* Noida

Satellite cities|

* Gurgaon
* Faridabad
* Jhajjar
* Bahadurgarh
* Noida
* Greater Noida
* Dadri
* Ghaziabad
* Baghpat

Transport|

| Air|

| Within Delhi|

* Indira Gandhi International Airport
* Safdarjung Airport

|

Outside Delhi|

* Hindon Airport
* Noida International Airport (under construction)

Rail|

|  Indian Railway Stations|

* Anand Vihar Terminal
* Delhi Junction
* Sarai Rohilla
* Hazrat Nizamuddin
* New Delhi

|

Urban & Suburban Rail|

* Delhi Metro
* Delhi Suburban Railway
* NCR Rapid Transit System (under construction)

Road|

| Inter State Bus Terminals|

* Anand Vihar ISBT
* Kashmere Gate ISBT
* Sarai Kale Khan ISBT

|

Highways & Expressways|

* Inner Ring Road
* Outer Ring Road
* DND Flyway
* Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway
* Delhi–Meerut Expressway
* Delhi–Faridabad Skyway

Sports|

| Teams|

| Current|

* Delhi cricket team
* Delhi football team
* Delhi Capitals
* Delhi Waveriders
* Dabang Delhi
* Sudeva Delhi FC
* Delhi FC

|

Defunct|

* Delhi Capitals (basketball)
* Delhi Defenders
* Delhi Dynamos FC
* Delhi Giants
* Delhi Smashers
* Delhi United FC
* Delhi Wizards
* Garhwal FC
* Hindustan FC
* New Delhi Heroes FC
* Simla Youngs FC

Stadiums|

* Arun Jaitley Stadium
* Chhatrasal Stadium
* Delhi University Stadium
* Dr. Ambedkar Stadium
* Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range
* Indira Gandhi Arena
* Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
* Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium
* Siri Fort Sports Complex
* SPM Swimming Pool Complex
* Talkatora Stadium
* Thyagaraj Sports Complex
* Yamuna Sports Complex

Games|

* 1951 Asian Games
* 1982 Asian Games
* 1987 Cricket World Cup
* 1989 Asian Athletics Championships
* 1996 Cricket World Cup
* 2010 Commonwealth Games
* 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup
* 2011 Cricket World Cup
* 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup
* Delhi Half Marathon

Culture|

* Independence Day
* Republic Day
* Cinema
* Shopping
* Delhi Pride
* Qutub Festival
* Punjabi cuisine

Other templates|

* Hindu temples
* Landmarks
* Museums
* Neighbourhoods
* Power Plants
* Schools
* Universities and colleges

See also|

* Buildings and Structures
* Neighbourhoods
* Tourist attractions
* Parks
* Notable people from Delhi
* List of cities in India by population

* India portal

* v
* t
* e

Neighbourhoods of Delhi

* Ashok Nagar
* Ashok Vihar
* Ashram Chowk
* Bawana
* Ber Sarai
* Chanakyapuri
* Chandni Chowk
* Chawri Bazar
* Chittaranjan Park
* Civil Lines
* Connaught Place
* Daryaganj
* Dayanand Colony
* Defence Colony
* Delhi Cantonment
* Derawal Nagar
* Dhaula Kuan
* Dilshad Garden
* Dwarka Sub City
* Gandhi Nagar
* Geetanjali Enclave
* Gole Market
* Golf Links
* Govindpuri
* Greater Kailash
* Green Park
* Gulmohar Park
* Hauz Khas
* Inder Puri
* Jangpura
* Janakpuri
* Kailash Colony
* Kalkaji
* Kamla Nagar
* Kapasheda
* Karol Bagh
* Kashmere Gate
* Kirti Nagar
* Lajpat Nagar
* Laxmibai Nagar
* Laxmi Nagar
* Lutyens' Delhi
* Mahipalpur
* Malviya Nagar
* Mayapuri
* Mayur Vihar
* Meera Bagh
* Mehrauli
* Moti Bagh
* Model Town
* Munirka
* Najafgarh
* Nangloi
* Naraina Vihar
* Nehru Place
* New Friends Colony
* New Moti Bagh
* Netaji Nagar
* New Delhi
* Nizamuddin East
* Nizamuddin West
* Okhla
* Old Delhi
* Paharganj
* Palam
* Palika Bazaar
* Pandav Nagar
* Paschim Vihar
* Patel Nagar
* Patparganj
* Pitam Pura
* Preet Vihar
* Punjabi Bagh
* Raisina Hill
* Rajouri Garden
* Rajendra Nagar
* Rama Krishna Puram
* Rohini
* Sadar Bazaar
* Safdarjung
* Saket
* Sarita Vihar
* Sarojini Nagar
* Shahdara
* Shahpur Jat
* Shalimar Bagh
* Shastri Park
* Shivaji Place
* Shiv Ram Park
* Shreshtha Vihar
* South Extension
* Tilak Nagar
* Urdu Bazaar
* Vasant Kunj
* Vasant Vihar
* Vasundhara Enclave
* Vikaspuri
* West Patel Nagar
* Yamuna Vihar

* Landmarks
* Hindu temples
* Museums
* Power stations
* Topics
* Universities

* v
* t
* e

Landmarks of Delhi

Buildings
and structures|

* Agrasen Ki Baoli
* Barakhamba
* Hauz Khas
* Jahaz Mahal
* Jantar Mantar
* Kashmiri Gate
* Khirki Mosque
* Purana Qila
* Qutb Minar
* Rashtrapati Bhavan
* Red Fort
* Sansad Bhavan
* Secretariat Building
* Tomb of Adham Khan
* Tomb of Humayun
* Tomb of Safdar Jang
* Tughlaqabad Fort
* Zafar Mahal

Religious sites|

* Ahinsa Sthal
* Akshardham
* Cathedral Church of the Redemption
* Chhatarpur Temple
* Fatehpuri Mosque
* Gurudwara Bangla Sahib
* Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib
* Hanuman Temple
* ISKCON Temple
* Jama Masjid
* Laxminarayan Temple
* Lotus Temple
* Nizamuddin Dargah
* Sacred Heart Cathedral
* Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir
* Yogmaya Temple

Memorials|

* India Gate
* National Police Memorial
* Raj Ghat
* Wall of Truth
* National War Memorial

Streets and plazas|

* Chandni Chowk
* Connaught Place
* Dilli Haat
* Khari Baoli
* Rajpath

Parks and gardens|

* Central Park (Sunder Nursery)
* Coronation Park
* Delhi Ridge
* Garden of Five Senses
* Lodi Gardens
* Mehrauli Archaeological Park (Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb, Tomb of Balban)
* National Zoological Park

* Topics
* Hindu temples
* Museums
* Neighborhoods
* Power stations
* Universities

* v
* t
* e

States and union territories of India

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Union territories|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Chandigarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Puducherry

* Capitals in India
* Autonomous administrative divisions of India
* Proposed states and union territories
* Historical Regions
* British Provinces

* v
* t
* e

State and Union Territory capitals of India

Administrative|

* Agartala
* Aizawl
* Amaravati
* Bangalore
* Bhopal
* Bhubaneswar
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Daman
* Dehradun
* Dispur
* Gandhinagar
* Gangtok
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Itanagar
* Jaipur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kargil (winter)
* Kavaratti
* Kohima
* Kolkata
* Leh (summer)
* Lucknow
* Mumbai
* Naya Raipur
* New Delhi
* Panaji
* Patna
* Pondicherry
* Port Blair
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla
* Srinagar (summer)
* Thiruvananthapuram

Legislative|

* Agartala
* Aizawl
* Amaravati
* Bangalore (summer)
* Belgaum (winter)
* Bhararisain (summer)
* Bhopal
* Bhubaneswar
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Dharamshala (winter)
* Dehradun (winter)
* Gandhinagar
* Gangtok
* Guwahati
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Itanagar
* Jaipur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kohima
* Kolkata
* Lucknow
* Mumbai (summer)
* Nagpur (winter)
* New Delhi
* Patna
* Pondicherry
* Porvorim
* Raipur
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla (summer)
* Srinagar (summer)
* Thiruvananthapuram

Judicial|

* Agartala
* Ahmedabad
* Allahabad
* Amaravati
* Bangalore
* Bilaspur
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Cuttack
* Gangtok
* Guwahati
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Jabalpur
* Jodhpur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kochi
* Kolkata
* Mumbai
* Nainital
* New Delhi
* Patna
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla
* Srinagar (summer)

* v
* t
* e

Million-plus agglomerations in India

North|

* Chandigarh
* Delhi
* Haryana: Faridabad
* Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar
* Punjab: Ludhiana
* Amritsar
* Rajasthan: Jaipur
* Jodhpur
* Kota

Central|

* Chhattisgarh: Raipur
* Bhilai
* Madhya Pradesh: Indore
* Bhopal
* Jabalpur
* Gwalior
* Uttar Pradesh:
* Agra
* Allahabad
* Ghaziabad
* Kanpur
* Lucknow
* Meerut
* Varanasi

Eastern|

* Bihar: Patna
* Jharkhand: Jamshedpur
* Dhanbad
* Ranchi
* West Bengal: Kolkata
* Asansol

Western|

* Gujarat: Ahmedabad
* Surat
* Vadodara
* Rajkot
* Maharashtra: Mumbai
* Pune
* Nagpur
* Nashik
* Vasai-Virar
* Aurangabad

Southern|

* Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam
* Vijayawada
* Karnataka: Bangalore
* Kerala: Kochi
* Kozhikode
* Thrissur
* Malappuram
* Thiruvananthapuram
* Kannur
* Kollam
* Tamil Nadu: Chennai
* Coimbatore
* Madurai
* Tiruchirappalli
* Telangana: Hyderabad

* v
* t
* e

Commonwealth Games host cities

* 1930: File:Canadian Red Ensign (1921–1957).svg Hamilton
* 1934: London
* 1938: File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Sydney
* 1950: Auckland
* 1954: File:Canadian Red Ensign (1921–1957).svg Vancouver

* 1958: File:Flag of Wales (1953–1959).svg Cardiff
* 1962: File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Perth
* 1966: File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Kingston
* 1970: Edinburgh
* 1974: Christchurch

* 1978: Edmonton
* 1982: File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Brisbane
* 1986: Edinburgh
* 1990: Auckland
* 1994: Victoria

* 1998: Kuala Lumpur
* 2002: Manchester
* 2006: File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Melbourne
* 2010: Delhi
* 2014: Glasgow

* 2018: File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Gold Coast
* 2022: Birmingham
* 2026: File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg State of Victoria
* 2030: TBA

|
|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

Proposed states and union territories of India

Proposed states|

* Awadh Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh)
* Baghelkhand (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)
* Bhojpur (Bihar/Uttar Pradesh)
* Bodoland (Assam)
* Braj Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh)
* Bundelkhand (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)
* Delhi
* Dimaraji (Assam/Nagaland)
* Garoland (Meghalaya)
* Gondwana (Chhattisgarh/Madhya Pradesh/Odisha)
* Gorkhaland (West Bengal)
* Harit Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh)
* Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Kamtapur (West Bengal)
* Karbi Anglong (Assam)
* Karu Nadu (Karnataka)
* Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Khandesh (Maharashtra)
* Kodagu (Karnataka)
* Kongu Nadu (Tamil Nadu)
* Konkan (Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra)
* Kosal (Odisha)
* Kutch (Gujarat)
* Mahakoshal (Madhya Pradesh)
* Malabar (Kerala)
* Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
* Marathwada (Maharashtra)
* Maru Pradesh (Rajasthan)
* Mithila (Bihar)
* Panun Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Purvanchal (Uttar Pradesh)
* Rarhbhumi (Odisha)
* Rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh)
* Saurashtra (Gujarat)
* Tipraland (Tripura)
* Tulu Nadu (Karnataka/Kerala)
* Vidarbha (Maharashtra)
* Vindhya Pradesh (Madhya Pradesh)

File:Proposed states and territories of India.png

Proposed union territories|

* Karaikal (Puducherry)

Current states and union territories of India

* v
* t
* e

Capital districts and territories

Capital districts and territories|

* Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)
* Federal District (Brazil)
* Buenos Aires (Argentina)
* Australian Capital Territory (Australia)
* Capital District (Venezuela)
* Islamabad Capital Territory (Pakistan)
* Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
* National Capital Territory (India)
* Mexico City (Mexico)
* District of Columbia (United States)

* v
* t
* e

Megacities

Africa (3)|

* Cairo
* Kinshasa
* Lagos

Asia (28)|

* Bangalore
* Bangkok
* Beijing
* Chengdu
* Chennai
* Chongqing
* Delhi
* Dhaka
* Guangzhou
* Hangzhou
* Ho Chi Minh City
* Hyderabad
* Istanbul
* Jakarta
* Karachi
* Kolkata
* Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)
* Lahore
* Metro Manila
* Mumbai
* Nagoya
* Seoul
* Shanghai
* Shenzhen
* Tehran
* Tianjin
* Tokyo
* Xiamen

Europe (5)|

* Istanbul
* London
* Moscow
* Paris
* Rhine-Ruhr

North America (3)|

* Los Angeles
* Mexico City
* New York City

South America (5)|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Lima
* Rio de Janeiro
* São Paulo

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template