Falkland Islands

Group of islands in the South Atlantic

"Falklands" and "Malvinas" redirect here. For other uses, see Falklands (disambiguation) and Malvinas (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 51°44′S 59°13′W﻿ / ﻿51.73°S 59.22°W﻿ / -51.73; -59.22

British Overseas Territory in United Kingdom

Falkland Islands

British Overseas Territory

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto:

"Desire the Right"

Anthem: "God Save the King"

Unofficial anthem: "Song of the Falklands"

Location of the Falkland Islands

Sovereign state|  United Kingdom
First settlement| 1764
British rule reasserted| 3 January 1833
Falklands War| 2 April to
14 June 1982
Current constitution| 1 January 2009
Capital

and largest settlement

| Stanley
51°41′43″S 57°50′58″W﻿ / ﻿51.69528°S 57.84944°W﻿ / -51.69528; -57.84944
Official languages| English
Demonym(s)| Falkland Islander, Falklander
Government| Devolved parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy

• Monarch

| Charles III

• Governor

| Alison Blake

• Chief Executive

| Andy Keeling
Legislature| Legislative Assembly
Government of the United Kingdom

• Minister

| Amanda Milling
Area

• Total

| 12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi)

• Water (%)

| 0
Highest elevation

| 705 m (2,313 ft)
Population

• 2016 census

| 3,398[1] (not ranked)

• Density

| 0.28/km2 (0.7/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP (PPP)| 2013 estimate

• Total

| $228.5 million[2]

• Per capita

| $96,962 (4th)
Gini (2015)|  36.0[3]
medium
HDI (2010)| 0.874[4]
very high · 20th
Currency| Falkland Islands pound (£) (FKP)
Time zone| UTC-03:00 (FKST)
Date format| dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side| left
Calling code| +500
UK postcode|

FIQQ 1ZZ

ISO 3166 code| FK
Internet TLD| .fk
Website| https://www.falklands.gov.fk/

The Falkland Islands (/ˈfɔːklənd, ˈfɔːl-, ˈfɒl-/;[5] Spanish: Islas Malvinas[A]) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 mi (480 km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 mi (1,210 km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.

Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833, but Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine military forces invaded the islands. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War. In a 2013 sovereignty referendum, almost all Falklanders voted in favour of the archipelago remaining a UK overseas territory. The territory's sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom.

The population (3,398 inhabitants in 2016)[1] consists primarily of native-born Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, and Chile has reversed a population decline. The predominant (and official) language is English. Under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, Falkland Islanders are British citizens.

The islands lie on the boundary of the subantarctic oceanic and tundra climate zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching 2,300 ft (700 m). They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands due to predation by introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism and sheep farming, with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Government
* 3.1 Sovereignty dispute
* 4 Geography
* 5 Biodiversity
* 6 Economy
* 7 Demographics
* 8 Culture
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Falkland Islands placenames

The name "Falkland Islands" comes from Falkland Sound, the strait that separates the two main islands.[6] The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by John Strong, captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who sponsored his journey.[7] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotland—the town's name probably comes from a Gaelic term referring to an "enclosure" (lann),[B] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by folk-right).[9] The name "Falklands" was not applied to the islands until 1765, when British captain John Byron of the Royal Navy claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands".[10] The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands.

The common Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, derives from the French Îles Malouines—the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764.[11] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo (the point of departure for his ships and colonists).[12] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.[13]

At the twentieth session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). In Spanish, the territory was designated as Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands).[14] The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is Falkland Islands (Malvinas).[15]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main articles: History of the Falkland Islands and Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands

Although Fuegians from Patagonia may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times,[16][17] the islands were uninhabited when Europeans first explored them.[18] European claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers sighted the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic.[19][20][C] The first undisputed landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to Peru and Chile's littoral in 1690, explored the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game.[22]

The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride.[D] Whether or not the settlements were aware of each other's existence is debated by historians.[25] In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, which renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad the following year.[26] Problems began when Spain detected and captured Port Egmont in 1770. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771.[27]

The British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.[28] Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata became the only governmental presence in the territory. West Falkland was left abandoned, and Puerto Soledad became mostly a prison camp.[29] Amid the British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily.[29]

Thereafter, the archipelago was visited only by fishing ships; its political status was undisputed until 1820, when Colonel David Jewett, an American privateer working for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, informed anchored ships about Buenos Aires' 1816 claim to Spain's territories in the South Atlantic.[30][E] Since the islands had no permanent inhabitants, in 1823 Buenos Aires granted German-born merchant Luis Vernet permission to conduct fishing activities and exploit feral cattle in the archipelago.[F] Vernet settled at the ruins of Puerto Soledad in 1826, and accumulated resources on the islands until the venture was secure enough to bring settlers and form a permanent colony.[34] Buenos Aires named Vernet military and civil commander of the islands in 1829,[35] and he attempted to regulate sealing to stop the activities of foreign whalers and sealers.[29] Vernet's venture lasted until a dispute over fishing and hunting rights led to a raid by the American warship USS Lexington in 1831,[36][G] when United States Navy commander Silas Duncan declared the dissolution of the island's government.[37]

Depiction of a Falklands corral, shepherds and sheep in 1849 (painting by Royal Navy Admiral Edward Fanshawe)

Buenos Aires attempted to retain influence over the settlement by installing a garrison, but a mutiny in 1832 was followed the next year by the arrival of British forces who reasserted Britain's rule.[38] The Argentine Confederation (headed by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas) protested against Britain's actions,[39][H] and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain.[42][I] The British troops departed after completing their mission, leaving the area without formal government.[44] Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman Matthew Brisbane, returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho Antonio Rivero led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order.[44] In 1840, the Falklands became a Crown colony and Scottish settlers subsequently established an official pastoral community.[45] Four years later, nearly everyone relocated to Port Jackson, considered a better location for government, and merchant Samuel Lafone began a venture to encourage British colonisation.[46]

Stanley, as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845.[47] Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding Cape Horn stop at the port.[48] Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the "Wrecking Trade", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes.[49] Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the Falkland Islands Company, which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851,[J] successfully introduced Cheviot sheep for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit.[51] The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870, it declined as the replacement of sail ships by steamships was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal, the trade effectively ended.[52] In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain.[47] For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK.[51]

Naval confrontation during the 1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands (painting by William Lionel Wyllie)

In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to subantarctic islands and a section of Antarctica. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985.[53] The Falklands also played a minor role in the two world wars as a military base aiding control of the South Atlantic. In the First World War Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. In the Second World War, following the December 1939 Battle of the River Plate, the battle-damaged HMS Exeter steamed to the Falklands for repairs.[18] In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago.[54] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[48]

Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President Juan Perón asserted sovereignty over the archipelago.[55] The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on decolonisation which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position.[56] In 1965, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2065, calling for both states to conduct bilateral negotiations to reach a peaceful settlement of the dispute.[56] From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders.[57] An agreement on trade ties between the archipelago and the mainland was reached in 1971 and, consequently, Argentina built a temporary airfield at Stanley in 1972.[47] Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the UK Parliament, and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977.[58]

Concerned at the expense of maintaining the Falkland Islands in an era of budget cuts, the UK again considered transferring sovereignty to Argentina in the early Thatcher government.[59] Substantive sovereignty talks again ended by 1981, and the dispute escalated with passing time.[60] In April 1982, the Falklands War began when Argentine military forces invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic, briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June.[61] After the war, the United Kingdom expanded its military presence, building RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the size of its garrison.[62] The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines.[63] Due to the large number of deminer casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983.[63][K] Demining operations recommenced in 2009 and were completed in October 2020.[65]

Based on Lord Shackleton's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands Exclusive Economic Zone, fisheries.[66][L] The road network was also made more extensive, and the construction of RAF Mount Pleasant allowed access to long haul flights.[66] Oil exploration also began in the 2010s, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin.[67] Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the Ottawa Treaty, and Sapper Hill Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years.[68][69] Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990, but neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions.[70]

## Government[edit | edit source]

Main article: Politics of the Falkland Islands

Government House in Stanley is the Governor's official residence.

The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory.[71] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory".[72] The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, and executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the governor, who appoints the islands' chief executive on the advice of members of the Legislative Assembly.[73] Both the governor and the chief executive serve as the head of government.[74]

Governor Alison Blake was appointed in July 2022[75] and Chief Executive Barry Rowland was appointed in October 2016.[76] The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2019, Christopher Pincher, administers British foreign policy regarding the islands.[77]

The governor acts on the advice of the islands' Executive Council, composed of the chief executive, the Director of Finance and three elected members of the Legislative Assembly (with the governor as chairman).[73] The Legislative Assembly, a unicameral legislature, consists of the chief executive, the director of finance and eight members (five from Stanley and three from Camp) elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage.[73] All politicians in the Falkland Islands are independent; no political parties exist on the islands.[78] Since the 2013 general election, members of the Legislative Assembly have received a salary and are expected to work full-time and give up all previously held jobs or business interests.[79]

As a territory of the United Kingdom, the Falklands were part of the overseas countries and territories of the European Union until 2020.[80] The islands' judicial system, overseen by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, is largely based on English law,[81] and the constitution binds the territory to the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights.[72] Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council.[82][83] Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP).[81]

Defence of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom.[84] A British military garrison is stationed on the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds an additional company-sized light infantry Falkland Islands Defence Force.[85] The Falklands claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nmi (370 km) from its coastal baselines, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; this zone overlaps with the EEZ of Argentina.[86]

Main article: Military of the Falkland Islands

### Sovereignty dispute[edit | edit source]

Main article: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

The United Kingdom and Argentina both assert sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 and the islanders' "right to self-determination as set out in the UN Charter".[87][88][89] Argentina claims that, when it achieved independence in 1816, it acquired the Falklands from Spain.[90][91][92] The incident of 1833 is particularly contentious; Argentina considers it proof of "Britain's usurpation" whereas the UK discounts it as a mere reassertion of its claim.[93][M]

In 2009, the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, had a meeting with the Argentine president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, and said that there would be no further talks over the sovereignty of the Falklands.[96] In March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum on its political status: 99.8% of votes cast favoured remaining a British overseas territory.[97][98] Argentina does not recognise the Falkland Islanders as a partner in negotiations.[90][99][100]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

Main article: Geography of the Falkland Islands

Map of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands have a land area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2) and a coastline estimated at 800 mi (1,300 km).[101] The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands.[102] The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,[103] with the major exception being the depressed plains of Lafonia (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).[104] The Falklands consists of continental crust fragments resulting from the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130 million years ago. The islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean, on the Patagonian Shelf, about 300 mi (480 km) east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.[105]

The Falklands' approximate location is latitude 51°40′ – 53°00′ S and longitude 57°40′ – 62°00′ W.[106] The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound,[107] and its deep coastal indentations form natural harbours.[108] East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),[106] the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: Mount Usborne, at 2,313 ft (705 m).[107] Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (Campo).[109]

The climate of the islands is cold, windy and humid maritime.[105] Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.[110] Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging 610 mm (24 in) in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.[103] The temperature has historically stayed between 21.1 and −11.1 °C (70.0 and 12.0 °F) in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 9 °C (48 °F) early in the year to −1 °C (30 °F) in July.[110] Strong westerly winds and cloudy skies are common.[103] Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.[110]

## Biodiversity[edit | edit source]

Main article: Wildlife of the Falkland Islands

Colony of southern rockhopper penguins on Saunders Island

The Falkland Islands are biogeographically part of the Antarctic zone,[111] with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America.[112] Land birds make up most of the Falklands' avifauna; 63 species breed on the islands, including 16 endemic species.[113] There is also abundant arthropod diversity on the islands.[114] The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular species.[115] More than 400 species of lichens and lichen-dwelling fungi have been recorded.[116] The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the warrah, was hunted to extinction by European settlers.[117]

The islands are frequented by marine mammals, such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal, and various types of cetaceans; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest albatross colonies on the planet.[118] Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus Galaxias.[114] The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of dwarf shrubs.[119]

Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.[120] Introduced species include reindeer, hares, rabbits, Patagonian foxes, brown rats and cats.[121] Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands.[122] The extent of human impact on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.[112]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economy of the Falkland Islands

Stanley is the financial centre of the Falkland Islands' economy.[123]

The economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 222nd largest out of 229 in the world by GDP (PPP), but ranks 5th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita.[124] The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014.[120] Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high Human Development Index of 0.874[4] and a moderate Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17.[125] The local currency is the Falkland Islands pound, which is pegged to the British pound sterling.[126]

Economic development was advanced by ship resupplying and sheep farming for high-quality wool.[127] The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are Polwarth and Corriedale.[128] During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of synthetic fibres damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an exclusive economic zone and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".[129] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism.[130] All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. [131] The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, building materials and clothing.[120]

The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp.[132] Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from overfishing, illegal fishing and fish market price fluctuations led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue; as of 2001 exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves".[123] Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.[129]

The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population.[133] A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer.[134] Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in Antarctic exploration and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America.[135] Tourists, mostly cruise ship passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and wreck diving; the majority find accommodation in Stanley.[136] The main international airport, located at RAF Mount Pleasant on East Falkland, provides flights to RAF Brize Norton in the UK and mainland South America.[131] Port Stanley Airport provides internal flights.[137] Despite COVID-19 pandemic restrictions caused suspensions of flights from Santiago and São Paulo and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remains stable and healthy.[138]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

See also: Origins of Falkland Islanders and Religion in the Falkland Islands

Christ Church Cathedral, the local parish church of the Anglican Communion. Most Falklanders identify themselves as Christian.

The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833.[139] The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and French people, Gibraltarians, Scandinavians and South Americans. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".[140][141] In 1983, full British citizenship was given to Falkland Islanders under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act.[139]

A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the 20th century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities,[142] particularly to the British city of Southampton, which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley North".[143] In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, and Chile.[144] In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and Chilean (5.4 per cent).[145] A small number of Argentines also live on the islands.[146]

The Falkland Islands have a low population density.[147] According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents.[N] A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands.[134] Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by Mount Pleasant (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents).[145] The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age (20–60). Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 20–60 age group.[140]

In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the Baháʼí Faith,[148] Buddhism,[149] and Islam.[150][145] The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism and other Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.[151]

Education in the Falkland Islands, which follows England's system, is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years.[152] Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom.[152]

## Culture[edit | edit source]

Main article: Culture of the Falkland Islands

Gauchos from mainland South America, such as these two men having mate at Hope Place in East Falkland, influenced the local dialect.

Falklands culture is based on the cultural traditions of its British settlers but has also been influenced by Hispanic South America.[144] Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants.[153] The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish.[144] According to naturalist Will Wagstaff, "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life".[153]

The islands have one weekly newspaper The Penguin News,[154] and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom.[144] Wagstaff describes local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the homegrown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "home made cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee".[155] Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life".[156]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Index of Falkland Islands–related articles
* List of islands of the Falkland Islands
* List of settlements in the Falkland Islands
* Outline of the Falkland Islands

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Spanish pronunciation: [ˈizlaz malˈβinas]
2. ^ According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (falach), "wash" (failc), or "heavy rain" (falc).[8]
3. ^ Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian John Dunmore concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal – although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."[21]
4. ^ In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of Louis XV of France. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of George III of Great Britain.[23][24]
5. ^ According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognized either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".[31]
6. ^ Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.[32] The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection".[33]
7. ^ The log of the "Lexington" only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.[36]
8. ^ As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip ... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of Baring Brothers".[40] In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the Arana–Southern Treaty, which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[41]
9. ^ Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.[43]
10. ^ There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the United Kingdom, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.[50]
11. ^ The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.[63] Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.[64]
12. ^ In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; however, his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.[66] Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.[66]
13. ^ Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.[90][91][92] The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.[94] International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".[95]
14. ^ At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.[145]

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14. ^ Foreign Office 1961, p. 80.
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106. ^ a b Guo 2007, p. 112.
107. ^ a b Hemmerle 2005, p. 318.
108. ^ See:
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## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Caviedes, César (1994). "Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story?". Latin American Research Review. 29 (2): 172–187. doi:10.1017/S0023879100024171. S2CID 252749716. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
* Darwin, Charles (1846). "On the Geology of the Falkland Islands" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 2 (1–2): 267–274. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.46. S2CID 129936121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
* Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés, eds. (2000). Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: GEL/Nuevohacer. ISBN 978-950-694-546-6. Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI).
* Freedman, Lawrence (2005). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5207-8.
* Michael Frenchman (28 November 1980). "Britain puts forward four options on Falklands (Nick Ridley visit & leaseback)". The Times. p. 7\. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
* Greig, D. W. (1983). "Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis" (PDF). Australian Year Book of International Law. 8: 20–70. doi:10.1163/26660229-008-01-900000006. ISSN 0084-7658. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
* Ivanov, L. L.; et al. (2003). The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People . Sofia, Bulgaria: Manfred Wörner Foundation. ISBN 978-954-91503-1-5. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falkland Islands.

* Wikimedia Atlas of Falkland Islands
* Falkland Islands Government (official site)
* Falkland Islands Development Corporation (official site)
* Falkland Islands News Network (official site)
* Falkland Islands Profile (BBC)
* "Falkland Islands" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911.

Places adjacent to Falkland Islands

|  Argentina | Atlantic Ocean | Atlantic Ocean

|
|

|  |
Chile
Strait of Magellan |

Falkland Islands

| Atlantic Ocean
South Georgia
|  |
Tierra del Fuego
Drake Passage | Drake Passage
South Shetland Islands
Antarctic Peninsula | Southern Ocean
South Orkney Islands

Articles relating to the Falkland Islands

Geographic locale

Lat. and Long. 51°42′S 57°51′W﻿ / ﻿51.700°S 57.850°W﻿ / -51.700; -57.850 (Stanley)

* v
* t
* e

Falkland Islands

Capital: Port Stanley

History|

* 1770 Falklands crisis
* 1833 British Reassertion
* Hope Place
* Port Egmont
* Puerto Soledad
* 1982 invasion
* Falklands War

Geography|

| Islands|

* Arch
* Bald
* Barclay
* Barren
* Beaver
* Becher
* Beauchene
* Beef
* Bird
* Bleaker
* Bobs
* Box
* Brandy
* Broken
* Burdwood Bank
* Burnt
* Carcass
* Cochon
* Coffin
* Dunbar
* Dyke
* Ear
* East Falkland
* Lafonia
* East
* Eddystone Rock
* Elephant Cays
* Eddystone Rock
* Fox
* George
* Golding
* Great
* Green
* Halt
* High
* Hog
* Hummock
* Jason
* Kelp
* Keppel
* Kidney
* Lively
* Long
* New
* North East
* North Point
* Passage
* Pebble
* Penn
* Phillimore
* Pleasant
* Quaker
* Rabbit
* Ruggles
* Rum
* Samuel
* Sandy Bay
* Saunders
* Sea Dog
* Sea Lion
* Seal Rocks
* Shag
* Speedwell
* Split
* Staats
* Swan
* Tea
* Tussac
* Tyssen
* Weddell
* West Falkland
* West Point
* Whisky

|

Locations|

* Airport
* Ajax Bay
* Bay of Harbours
* Bertha's Beach
* Brenton Loch
* Bull Point
* Byron Heights
* Camp
* Cape Bougainville
* Cape Pembroke
* Chatham
* Circum Peak
* Darwin
* Eagle Passage
* Falkland Sound
* Fox Bay
* French
* Goose Green
* Grantham Sound
* Green Patch
* Gull
* Hill Cove
* Hope Harbour
* Hornby Mountains
* Horse
* Johnson's Harbour
* Lafonia
* Loop
* Mount Adam
* Mount Alice
* Mount Maria
* Mount Usborne
* Mount Weddell
* New Haven
* New Year Cove
* North Arm
* Pebble Island Settlement
* Pillar
* Pleasant Peak
* Port Albemarle
* Port Howard
* Port Louis
* Port Patterson
* Port San Carlos
* Port Stephens
* Quaker Harbour
* Race
* Salvador
* San Carlos
* Seal Bay
* Smylie Channel
* Stanley
* Stanley Harbour
* Swan
* Volunteer Point
* Weddell Point
* Weddell Settlement

Military|

* Falkland Islands Defence Force
* Mare Harbour
* RAF Mount Pleasant
* RRH Mount Kent
* RRH Byron Heights
* RRH Mount Alice

Politics|

* Chief Executive
* Constitution
* Falkland Islands pound (currency)
* Government House
* Governor
* list
* Legislative Assembly
* Representative Office, London
* Sovereignty dispute

Economy|

* Falkland Islands Company
* Falkland Islands Development Corporation
* Falkland Islands General Employees Union
* Falkland Landholdings Corporation
* Falklands Oil and Gas

Society|

* Education
* Falkland Islands Community School(*)
* Falkland Islanders
* Origins
* Falklands Conservation
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Languages
* Falkland Islands English
* Telecommunications
* Internet domain
* Transport
* Law Enforcement

Culture|

* Anglican parish
* Coat of arms
* Flag
* Motto
* Religion
* Christ Church Cathedral
* Roman Catholicism
* Scouting and Guiding

Sport|

* Commonwealth Games
* Cricket team
* Football team
* Rifle Association
* Rugby union

(*) Sixth-formers attend Peter Symonds College in England and national diploma/NVQ students attend Chichester College in England

* v
* t
* e

Countries, territories and dependencies of the British Crown

Constituent countries
of the United Kingdom|

* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales

Crown Dependencies|

* Bailiwick of Guernsey
* Alderney
* Guernsey
* Sark
* Bailiwick of Jersey
* Isle of Man

Overseas territories|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia1
* Anguilla
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory2
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Gibraltar
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Ascension Island
* Saint Helena
* Tristan da Cunha
* Gough Island
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands

Former colonies|

* List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

1 Sovereign Base Areas. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty.

* v
* t
* e

British Empire

Legend
Current territory
Former territory
* Now a Commonwealth realm
Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations

Culture:Anglosphere

Europe

* 1542–1800 Ireland (integrated into the UK)
* 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 Minorca
* Since 1713 Gibraltar
* 1800–1813 Malta (Protectorate)
* 1813–1964 Malta (Colony)
* 1807–1890 Heligoland
* 1809–1864 Ionian Islands
* 1878–1960 Cyprus
* 1921–1931 Irish Free State
* Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)

* v
* t
* e

Africa

| 17th and 18th centuries| 19th century| 20th century

|
|

* Since 1658 Saint Helena23
* 1792–1961 Sierra Leone
* 1795–1803 Cape Colony

* Since 1815 Ascension Island23
* Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha23
* 1806–1910 Cape of Good Hope
* 1807–1808 Madeira
* 1810–1968 Mauritius
* 1816–1965 The Gambia
* 1856–1910 Natal
* 1862–1906 Lagos
* 1868–1966 Basutoland6
* 1874–1957 Gold Coast7
* 1882–1922 Egypt

* 1884–1900 Niger Coast
* 1884–1966 Bechuanaland8
* 1884–1960 Somaliland
* 1887–1897 Zululand
* 1890–1962 Uganda
* 1890–1963 Zanzibar9
* 1891–1964 Nyasaland10
* 1891–1907 Central Africa
* 1893–1968 Swaziland11
* 1895–1920 East Africa
* 1899–1956 Sudan

* 1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
* 1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
* 1900–1910 Orange River
* 1900–1910 Transvaal
* 1903–1976 Seychelles
* 1910–1931 South Africa
* 1914–1960 Nigeria
* 1915–1931 South-West Africa12
* 1919–1961 Cameroons13
* 1920–1963 Kenya
* 1922–1961 Tanganyika13
* 1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia14
* 1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia15

* 6\. Now Lesotho.
* 7\. Now Ghana.
* 8\. Now Botswana.
* 9\. Now part of Tanzania.
* 10\. Now Malawi.
* 11\. Now named Eswatini.
* 12\. Now Namibia.
* 13. League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of Cameroon, while Tanganyika is part of Tanzania.
* 14. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
* 15\. Now Zambia.

* v
* t
* e

Asia

| 17th and 18th centuries| 19th century| 20th century

|
|

* 1685–1824 Bencoolen
* 1702–1705 Pulo Condore
* 1757–1947 Bengal
* 1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
* 1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Padang
* 1786–1946 Penang
* 1795–1948 Ceylon16
* 1796–1965 Maldives

* 1811–1816 Java
* 1812–1824 Banka and Billiton
* 1819–1826 Malaya
* 1824–1948 Burma
* 1826–1946 Straits Settlements
* 1839–1967 Aden Colony
* 1839–1842 Afghanistan
* 1841–1997 Hong Kong
* 1841–1946 Sarawak17
* 1848–1946 Labuan
* 1858–1947 India18
* 1874–1963 Borneo

* 1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
* 1882–1963 North Borneo17
* 1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
* 1888–1984 Brunei
* 1891–1971 Muscat and Oman
* 1892–1971 Trucial States
* 1895–1946 Federated Malay States
* 1898–1930 Weihai
* 1878–1960 Cyprus

* 1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
* 1918–1961 Kuwait
* 1920–1932 Mesopotamia19
* 1921–1946 Transjordan8
* 1923–1948 Palestine19
* 1945–1946 South Vietnam
* 1946–1963 North Borneo
* 1946–1963 Sarawak
* 1946–1963 Singapore
* 1946–1948 Malayan Union
* 1948–1957 Federation of Malaya17
* Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles)

* 16\. Now Sri Lanka.
* 17\. Now part of Malaysia.
* 18\. Now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
* 19. League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty

* v
* t
* e

North America

| 17th century and before| 18th century| 19th and 20th centuries

|
|

* 1579 New Albion
* 16th c.–1880 British Arctic Territories
* 1583–1907 Newfoundland
* 1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
* 1607–1776 Virginia
* Since 1619 Bermuda
* 1620–1691 Plymouth
* 1623–1883 Saint Kitts
* 1624–1966 *Barbados
* 1625–1650 Saint Croix
* 1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* 1628–1883 Nevis
* 1629–1691 Massachusetts-Bay
* 1632–1776 Maryland
* since 1632 Montserrat
* 1632–1860 Antigua
* 1635–1644 Saybrook
* 1636–1776 Connecticut
* 1636–1776 Rhode Island
* 1637–1662 New Haven

* 1643–1860 Bay Islands
* Since 1650 Anguilla
* 1655–1860 Mosquito Coast
* 1655–1962 *Jamaica
* 1663–1712 Carolina
* 1664–1776 New-York
* 1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New-Jersey
* Since 1666 Virgin Islands
* Since 1670 Cayman Islands
* 1670–1973 *Bahamas
* 1670–1870 Rupert's Land
* 1671–1816 Leeward Islands
* 1674–1702 East Jersey
* 1674–1702 West Jersey
* 1680–1776 New Hampshire
* 1681–1776 Pennsylvania
* 1686–1689 New England
* 1691–1776 Massachusetts-Bay

* 1701–1776 Delaware
* 1712–1776 North-Carolina
* 1712–1776 South-Carolina
* 1713–1867 Nova-Scotia
* 1733–1776 Georgia
* 1754–1820 Cape Breton Island
* 1762–1974 *Grenada
* 1763–1978 Dominica
* 1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
* 1763–1791 Quebec
* 1763–1783 East Florida
* 1763–1783 West Florida
* 1784–1867 New Brunswick
* 1791–1841 Lower Canada
* 1791–1841 Upper Canada
* Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands

* 1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country1
* 1833–1960 Windward Islands
* 1833–1960 Leeward Islands
* 1841–1867 Canada
* 1843 Paulet affair
* 1849–1866 Vancouver Island
* 1853–1863 Queen Charlotte Islands
* 1858–1866 British Columbia
* 1859–1870 North-Western Territory
* 1860–1981 *Antigua and Barbuda
* 1862–1863 Stickeen
* 1866–1871 British Columbia
* 1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
* 1871–1981 *Belize
* 1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
* 1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
* 1907–1949 Newfoundland3
* 1958–1962 West Indies Federation
* 1967–1983 West Indies Associated States

* 1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
* 2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.
* 3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.

* v
* t
* e

Oceania

| 18th and 19th centuries| 20th century

|

* 1788–1901 New South Wales
* 1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania
* 1807–1863 Auckland Islands20
* 1824–1980 New Hebrides21
* 1824–1901 Queensland
* 1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia
* 1836–1901 South Australia
* since 1838 Pitcairn Islands

* 1841–1907 New Zealand
* 1846-1847 North Australia
* 1851–1901 Victoria
* 1874–1970 Fiji
* 1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories
* 1884–1902 Papua
* 1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands20
* 1889–1948 Union Islands20
* 1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands22
* 1893–1978 *Solomon Islands

* 1900–1970 Tonga
* 1900–1974 Niue20
* 1901–1942 *Australia
* 1907–1947 *New Zealand
* 1914–1962 Samoa
* 1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru

* 20. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
* 21\. Now Vanuatu.
* 22. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.

South America

* 1631–1641 Providence Island
* 1651–1667 Willoughbyland
* 1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
* 1831–1966 Guiana
* Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
* Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5

* 4. Now a department of Colombia.
* 5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

* Since 1658 Saint Helena23
* Since 1815 Ascension Island23
* Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha23
* Since 1833 Falkland Islands
* 1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
* 1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
* Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory24
* Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands24

* 23. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
* 24. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).

* Historical flags of the British Empire

* Category
* Commons
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Countries and dependencies of South America

Sovereign
states|

| Entire|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

|

In part|

* France
* French Guiana

Dependencies|

* Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* UK

* v
* t
* e

Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories

* Argentina
* Australia
* Heard Island and McDonald Islands
* Macquarie Island
* Bouvet Island
* Chile
* Falkland Islands
* French Southern Territories
* Amsterdam Island
* Crozet Islands
* Kerguelen Islands
* Saint Paul Island
* New Zealand
* NZ Subantarctic Islands
* South Africa
* Prince Edward Islands
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the Antarctic") does not include territorial claims in Antarctica itself.

* v
* t
* e

Outlying territories of European countries

Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information).

Denmark|

* Greenland

France|

* Clipperton Island
* French Guiana
* French Polynesia
* French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* Adélie Land
* Crozet Islands
* Île Amsterdam
* Île Saint-Paul
* Kerguelen Islands
* Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* New Caledonia
* Réunion
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Wallis and Futuna

Italy|

* Pantelleria
* Pelagie Islands
* Lampedusa
* Lampione
* Linosa

Netherlands|

* Aruba
* Caribbean Netherlands
* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Norway|

* Bouvet Island
* Peter I Island
* Queen Maud Land

Portugal|

* Azores
* Madeira

Spain|

* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Melilla
* Plazas de soberanía
* Chafarinas Islands
* Peñón de Alhucemas
* Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera

United Kingdom|

* Anguilla
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands

* v
* t
* e

Spanish Empire

Timeline–immersed

* Catholic Monarchs
* Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Italian Wars
* Habsburgs
* Golden Age
* War of the League of Cognac
* Encomiendas
* New Laws in favour of the indigenous
* Expulsion of the Moriscos
* Ottoman–Habsburg wars
* French Wars of Religion
* Bruneian–Spanish conflict
* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
* Piracy in the Caribbean
* Eighty Years' War
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Thirty Years' War
* Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
* Portuguese Restoration War
* War of the Spanish Succession
* Queen Anne's War
* Bourbons
* Bourbon Reforms
* War of Jenkins' Ear
* Treaty of Madrid (1750)
* Seven Years' War
* Nootka Convention
* Napoleonic invasion
* Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
* Independence of Spanish continental Americas
* Adams–Onís Treaty
* Liberal constitution
* Carlist Wars
* Spanish–American War
* German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
* Spanish Civil War
* Independence of Morocco
* Independence of Equatorial Guinea
* Western Sahara conflict

Territories

Europe

* Spain
* Gibraltar
* Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia
* Milan
* Union with Holy Roman Empire
* Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
* Franche-Comté
* Pyrénées-Orientales
* Union with Portugal

Asia

* Philippines
* Pacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau, Marshall)
* Northern Taiwan
* Tidore

North America

* Florida
* New Spain (Western United States, Mexico, Central America, Spanish Caribbean)
* Spanish Louisiana (Central United States)
* Coastal Alaska

Central America

* Trinidad
* Jamaica
* Haiti
* Aruba
* Curazao
* Bonaire
* Belize

South America

* Venezuela, part of Guyana
* New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
* Peru (Peru, Acre)
* Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Falkland Islands)
* Chile

Africa

* Equatorial Guinea
* Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)

Antarctica

* Terra Australis

Administration

* Archivo de Indias
* Council of the Indies
* Cabildo
* Exequatur
* Laws of the Indies
* Papal bull
* Royal Decree of Graces
* Trial of residence
* School of Salamanca

Administrative subdivisions

| Viceroyalties|

* Columbian
* New Spain
* New Granada
* Perú
* Río de la Plata

|

Captaincies General|

* Chile
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Philippines
* Provincias Internas
* Puerto Rico
* Santo Domingo
* Venezuela
* Yucatán

Governorates|

* Castilla de Oro
* Cuba
* La Florida
* La Luisiana
* New Andalusia (1501–1513)
* New Andalusia
* New Castile
* New Navarre
* New Toledo
* Paraguay
* Río de la Plata
* Terra Australis

Audiencias|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Caracas
* Charcas
* Concepción
* Cusco
* Guadalajara
* Guatemala
* Lima
* Manila
* Mexico
* Panamá
* Quito
* Santiago
* Santo Domingo

Economy

| Currencies|

* Dollar (Peso)
* Real
* Maravedí
* Escudo
* Columnario
* Doubloon

|

Trade|

* Manila galleon
* Spanish treasure fleet
* Casa de Contratación
* Spanish Road
* Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
* Barcelona Trading Company
* Consulate of the Sea
* Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
* Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

| Armies|

* Tercio
* Army of Flanders
* Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
* Indian auxiliaries
* Spanish Armada
* Ships of the line
* Royalists
* Legión

|

Strategists|

* Duke of Alba
* Antonio de Leyva
* Martín de Goiti
* Alfonso d'Avalos
* García de Toledo Osorio
* Duke of Savoy
* Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
* John of Austria
* Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
* Pedro de Zubiaur
* Ambrosio Spinola
* Blas de Lezo
* Bernardo de Gálvez

Mariners|

* Christopher Columbus
* Pinzón brothers
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Juan Sebastián Elcano
* Juan de la Cosa
* Juan Ponce de León
* Miguel López de Legazpi
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Sebastián de Ocampo
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
* Alonso de Ojeda
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa
* Alonso de Salazar
* Andrés de Urdaneta
* Antonio de Ulloa
* Ruy López de Villalobos
* Diego Columbus
* Alonso de Ercilla
* Nicolás de Ovando
* Juan de Ayala
* Sebastián Vizcaíno
* Juan Fernández
* Luis Fajardo
* Felipe González de Ahedo

Conquistadors|

* Hernán Cortés
* Francisco Pizarro
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
* Hernán Pérez de Quesada
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
* Pedro de Valdivia
* Gaspar de Portolà
* Pere Fages i Beleta
* Joan Orpí
* Pedro de Alvarado
* Martín de Ursúa
* Diego de Almagro
* Pánfilo de Narváez
* Diego de Mazariegos
* Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
* Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
* García López de Cárdenas

Notable battles|

| Old World|

| Won|

* Comuneros
* Bicocca
* Rome (1527)
* Landriano
* Pavia
* Tunis
* Mühlberg
* St. Quentin
* Gravelines
* Malta
* Lepanto
* Antwerp
* Azores
* Mons
* Gembloux
* Ostend
* English Armada
* Cape Celidonia
* White Mountain
* Breda
* Nördlingen
* Valenciennes
* Ceuta
* Bitonto
* Bailén
* Vitoria
* Tetouan
* Alhucemas

|

Lost|

* Capo d'Orso
* Vienna (1529)
* Preveza
* Siege of Castelnuovo
* Algiers
* Ceresole
* Balearic Islands (1558)
* Djerba
* Tunis
* Spanish Armada
* Leiden
* Rocroi
* Downs
* Montes Claros
* Passaro
* Manila Bay
* Trafalgar
* Somosierra
* Annual
* Mactan

New World|

| Won|

* Tenochtitlan
* Cajamarca
* Cusco
* Bogotá savanna
* Penco
* Mataquito
* Guadalupe Island
* Recife
* San Juan (1595)
* Bahia
* Colonia del Sacramento
* Comuneros (Paraguay)
* Cartagena de Indias
* Cuerno Verde
* Túpac Amaru II
* Túpac Katari
* Pensacola
* Newfoundland
* San Juan (1797)

|

Lost|

* La Noche Triste
* Iguape
* Tucapel
* Guiana
* Curalaba
* Comuneros (New Granada)
* Trinidad (1797)
* Chacabuco
* Boyacá
* Carabobo
* Pichincha
* Ayacucho
* Guam
* Santiago de Cuba
* Asomante

Spanish conquests

* Canary Islands
* The Americas
* Aztec
* Maya
* Chiapas
* Yucatán
* Guatemala
* Petén
* El Salvador
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Chibchan Nations
* Colombia
* Chile
* Inca
* Philippines

Other civil topics

* Spanish missions in the Americas
* Architecture
* Mesoamerican codices
* Cusco painting tradition
* Indochristian painting in New Spain
* Quito painting tradition
* Tapada limeña
* Academia Antártica
* Colonial universities in Hispanic America
* Colonial universities in the Philippines
* General Archive of the Indies
* Colonial Spanish Horse
* Mustang
* Castas
* Criollos in the colonial society
* Old inquisition
* Slavery in Spanish Empire
* Asiento
* Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
* Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649

Territorial disputes

* v
* t
* e

Territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom

* Gibraltar
* Falkland Islands
* Rockall
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* British Antarctic Territory
* British Indian Ocean Territory

* v
* t
* e

Territorial disputes involving Argentina

Latent disputes|

* Argentine Antarctica
* Falkland Islands
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Southern Patagonian Ice Field

Disputes settled in the 20th century|

* Beagle conflict (1984)
* Patagonia west of the continental divide (1902)
* Encuentro-Alto Palena (1966)
* Laguna del Desierto (1994)
* Martín García Island (1973)

Incidents|

* Beagle channel maps (1898–1984)
* Corbeta Uruguay base (1976–1982)
* Falklands War (1982)
* Hope Bay incident (1952)
* Laguna del Desierto incident (1965)
* Snipe incident (1958)
* Soberanía (1978)

* v
* t
* e

English-speaking world

Further links

| Articles|

* English-speaking world
* History of the English language
* British Empire
* English in the Commonwealth of Nations
* Anglosphere

|

Lists|

* List of countries by English-speaking population
* List of countries where English is an official language

|  |

* Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

Africa|

* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Americas|

* Anguilla
* Antigua and Barbuda
* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bermuda
* British Virgin Islands
* Canada
* Cayman Islands
* Dominica
* Falkland Islands
* Grenada
* Guyana
* Jamaica
* Montserrat
* Saba
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* United States
* United States Virgin Islands

Europe|

* Guernsey
* Ireland
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand
* Norfolk Island
* Pitcairn Islands

* Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

Africa|

* Botswana
* Cameroon
* Eswatini
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Malawi
* Mauritius
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Sierra Leone
* Somaliland
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

* Puerto Rico

Asia|

* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* India
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Singapore

Europe|

* Gibraltar
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Malta

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Fiji
* Guam
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

Dependencies shown in italics.
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