Festival

Organised series of acts and performances

"Festivity" redirects here. For the ship, see MV Festivity.

File:Village Feast Fac simile of a Woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant facetious Work of the End of the Sixteenth Century edition of 1609.png

Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant, facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)

File:NavigiumIsidis.jpg

Procession in Honor of Isis depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1903)

A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristics aspect of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization, as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.[1] Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn, such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern.

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called patronal festivals. They may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families.[citation needed] Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.[2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Traditions
* 4 Types of festivals
* 4.1 Religious festivals
* 4.2 Arts festivals
* 4.3 Seasonal and harvest festivals
* 5 Politics
* 6 Study of festivals
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

File:Alexander van Bredael - A Festival in Antwerp.jpg

A Festival at Antwerp, Belgium, 17th century

File:Ländliches Fest in Schwaben.jpg

Country Festival in Swabia

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from Latin via Old French.[4] In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.[5] Its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").[4] Feast first came into usage as a noun circa 1200,[6] and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.[7]

The word gala comes from Arabic word khil'a, meaning robe of honor.[8] The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of festival starting in the 18th century.[9]

## History[edit | edit source]

Festivals have long been significant in human culture and is found in virtually all cultures.[10][11] The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.[12] Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.[13] Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival.[14] Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.[14] Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in Ghana, for example, predate European colonisation of the 15th century.[3][14][15] Festivals prospered following the Second World War.[14] Both established in 1947, Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.[16] Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.[12] In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not-for-profit.[17][18]

## Traditions[edit | edit source]

Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.[19] In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.[20]

## Types of festivals[edit | edit source]

The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.[21][14] Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.[22] The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.[23] The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.[12] There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.[23]

### Religious festivals[edit | edit source]

Main article: Religious festival

Among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods.[24] A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter and Eid al-Adha are moveable feasts – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.[25] Among the Ashantis, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.[26]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.[citation needed]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.[27] Hindu festivals, such as Holi are very ancient. The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa.[28]

Religious festivals

* Golden Haggadah cleaning.jpg

Cleaning in preparation for Passover (c.1320)

* Radha celebrating Holi, c1788.jpg

Radha celebrating Holi, Kangra, India (c1788)

* Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - A Christmas mass at the church of the holy Sepulchre, in Bethlehem (1).jpg

A Christmas mass at the Church of the Nativity, in Bethlehem, Palestine (1979)

* Mahoma en el castillo de Villena.JPG

Moors and Christian festival in Villena, Spain

* Decoration of a God Krishna in India.jpg

Decoration of god Krishna on Krishnastami in India.

### Arts festivals[edit | edit source]

Main article: Arts festival

Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as science festivals, literary festivals and music festivals.[29] Sub-categories include comedy festivals, rock festivals, jazz festivals and buskers festivals; poetry festivals,[30] theatre festivals, and storytelling festivals; and re-enactment festivals such as Renaissance fairs. In the Philippines, aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.[31] The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.[2] Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.[32]

Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival. With the increasing importance of digitalization, one of the online film festival is Best Istanbul Film Festival.[33]

Arts festivals

* RIAN archive 100588 All-Union Pushkin Poetry Festival.jpg

Pushkin Poetry Festival, Russia

* Plage du Martinez.jpg

Television studio at the Hôtel Martinez during the Cannes Film Festival, France (2006)

* Swami opening.jpg

The opening ceremony at the Woodstock rock festival, United States (1969)

Main article: Food festival

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States, or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate wine. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais nouveau, which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.[34][35] Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine sake are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.[citation needed]

Food and drink festivals

* SowetoWineFestival.JPG

Soweto Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)

* Holi festival celebration in Kapilvastu.jpg

Holi India (2011)

* La Tomatina (25.08.2010) - Spain, Buñol 30.jpg

La Tomatina, Spain (2010)

* 031 Trachtenumzug Bierwagen Hofbraeu.JPG

Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at Oktoberfest Germany (2013)

### Seasonal and harvest festivals[edit | edit source]

Seasonal festivals, such as Beltane, are determined by the solar and the lunar calendars and by the cycle of the seasons, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a wide range of ancient and modern harvest festivals. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops.[36] In the Alps, in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain pastures to the stables in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb. A recognized winter festival, the Chinese New Year, is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the winter solstice. Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.[37]

Midsummer or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.[citation needed]

Seasonal and harvest festivals

* Nileshwar 22.jpg

Temple Festival in India

* Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art sky lantern.jpg

Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art Sky lantern Festival, in Loire Valley

* Midsommardans av Anders Zorn 1897.jpg

Midsummer dance by Anders Zorn, Sweden (1897)

* Sendai-tanabata-aug2008.jpg

Tanabata summer festival in Sendai, Japan

* Grand Parade 3.jpg

Grand Parade at the Sydney Royal Easter Show, Australia (2009)

* Calabaza de Halloween.jpg

Halloween pumpkins show the close relationship between a harvest and religious festivals

## Politics[edit | edit source]

Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.[3][23] Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.[38] Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the ephemerality of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.[12][23] In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.[14][23]

## Study of festivals[edit | edit source]

* Festive ecology – explores the relationships between the symbolism and the ecology of the plants, fungi and animals associated with cultural events such as festivals, processions and special occasions.
* Heortology – the study of religious festivals. It was originally only used in respect of Christian festivals,[39] but it now covers all religions, in particular those of Ancient Greece.[40] See list of foods with religious symbolism for some topical overlap.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* All pages with titles containing Festival
* Convention
* Event planning
* Fair
* Festive ecology
* Holiday
* Lists of festivals
* Outline of festivals
* Patronal festival
* Procession
* Trade show

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 264\. ISBN 9780415252256.
2. ^ a b Davies, Karen (2021). "Festivals Post Covid-19". Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. ISSN 0149-0400. S2CID 225693273.
3. ^ a b c Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
4. ^ a b "festival, adj. and n. Archived August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. March 2014. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 16, 2014.
5. ^ festival (adj.) Archived July 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine at the Middle English Dictionary. Accessed April 16, 2014.
6. ^ "feast, n. Archived August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. March 2014. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 16, 2014.
7. ^ "feast, v. Archived August 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". OED Online. March 2014. Oxford University Press. Accessed April 16, 2014.
8. ^ James E Glevin (2020). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 21\. ISBN 978-0190074067.
9. ^ "gala (n.)". Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
10. ^ Cudny 2016, p. 13.
11. ^ Falassi, Alessandro, ed. (1987). Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival. University of New Mexico Press. p. 1\. ISBN 0-8263-0932-1. OCLC 15017471. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
12. ^ a b c d Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884.
13. ^ Brandt, J. Rasmus; Iddeng, Jon W., eds. (2012). Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0-19-969609-3.
14. ^ a b c d e f Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
15. ^ Odotei, Irene (2002). "Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (6): 17–34. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406666. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
16. ^ Bartie, Angela (2013). The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 6\. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-7030-7. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
17. ^ Prentice, Richard; Andersen, Vivien (2003). "Festival as creative destination". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
18. ^ Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Donald (2008). "Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals". Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 9 (3): 199–220. doi:10.1080/15470140802323801. ISSN 1547-0148. S2CID 154831702. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
19. ^ Berrett, LaMar C.; Ogden D. Kelly (1996). Discovering the world of the Bible (3rd ed., rev. ed.). Provo, Utah: Grandin Book Co. p. 289\. ISBN 0-910523-52-5.
20. ^ See for example: List of festivals in Australia; Bangladesh; Canada; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; India; Indonesia; Iran; Japan; Laos; Morocco; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States; Vietnam.
21. ^ Cudny 2016, p. 15.
22. ^ Hondros, Konstantin; Silva, Glaucia Peres da, eds. (2019). Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange. Transcript. p. 86\. ISBN 978-3-8394-4667-6. OCLC 1105916920. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
23. ^ a b c d e Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325.
24. ^ Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1967). Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal. Brill Archive. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
25. ^ "Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
26. ^ Robson, James P. (2007). "Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico". International Journal of Sustainable Development. 10 (3): 267. doi:10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647. ISSN 0960-1406.
27. ^ Gerson, Ruth (1996). Traditional festivals in Thailand. Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9676531111.
28. ^ Roy, Christian (2005). "Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure". Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
29. ^ See List of music festivals.
30. ^ Some such as such as Cúirt International Festival of Literature started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.
31. ^ Kasilag, Giselle P. (February 1999). "Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month". BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines): 1. ISSN 0116-3930 - via Nexis Uni.
32. ^ Frey, Bruno S. (1994). "The Economics of Music Festivals". Journal of Cultural Economics. 18 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1007/bf01207151. ISSN 0885-2545. S2CID 153806851. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
33. ^ "Best Istanbul Film Festival". Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
34. ^ Hyslop, Leah (November 21, 2013). "Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
35. ^ Haine, W. Scott (2006). Culture and Customs of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103\. ISBN 978-0-313-32892-3. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
36. ^ Bunson, Margaret (2009). "Nile festivals". Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 278\. ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
37. ^ "Press release – Dree festival". Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. July 5, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
38. ^ Jeong, Sunny; Santos, Carla Almeida. (2004). "Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity". Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (3): 640–656. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004.
39. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Heortology" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
40. ^ Parker, Robert (1996). Athenian religion : a history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814979-4. OCLC 32590127. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.

* Cudny, Waldemar (2016). Festivalisation of Urban Spaces. Springer Geography. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1. ISBN 978-3-319-31997-1. S2CID 168194339.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Ian Yeoman, ed. (2004). Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective (1st ed., repr. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9780750658720.

## External links[edit | edit source]

File:Wikisource-logo.svg

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Festivals".

* File:Commons-logo.svg Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia Commons
* File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg The dictionary definition of Festival at Wiktionary

* v
* t
* e

Heortology: science of parties and festivals

Sorted by occasions, purposes or attributes

Types|

| Wedding-related|

* Bachelor party
* Bachelorette party
* Bridal shower
* Engagement party
* Wedding reception
* Eid al-Adha
* Eid al-Fitr

|

Banquets|

* Eid cuisine
* State banquet
* Ball
* Debutante ball
* Hunt ball
* Symposium

House parties|

* Family reunion
* Cocktail party
* Housewarming party
* Sleepover
* LAN party
* Political houseparty
* Rent party

Public parties|

| Festivals|

* Holidays
* Spring break
* Mischief Night
* Arts festival
* Film awards seasons
* Religious festival
* Christmas
* Carnival
* Feasts
* Food festival
* Harvest festival
* See also: Social season (United Kingdom)

|

Fairs|

* World's fair
* State fair
* County fair
* Trade fair

* Picnic
* Block party
* Subway party
* Tailgate party

* Anniversary
* Jubilee
* Ceremony
* Children's party
* Baby shower
* Class reunion
* Costume party
* Masqerade party
* Drag party
* Toga party
* Naked party
* Crayfish party
* Cuddle party
* Dance party
* Prom
* Homecoming
* Foam party
* Hurricane party
* Kitty party
* Pamper party
* Parade
* Marching
* Pizza party
* Quiet party
* Ritual
* Stop light party
* Tea party

Equipment|

| Clothing|

| Western dress codes|

* Formal
* White tie
* Morning dress
* Semi-formal
* Black tie
* Black lounge suit
* Informal
* Suit
* Casual

|

* Wedding dress
* Contemporary
* Bridal crown
* Dress
* Evening gown
* Ball gown
* Debutante
* Opera gloves
* Cocktail dress
* Garters
* Casual

* Balloon
* Balloon modelling
* Confetti
* Cotton candy
* Deely bobber
* Glow stick
* Groucho glasses
* Party hat
* New Year's glasses
* Party bus
* Party horn
* Party popper
* Serpentine streamer

*   * Commons page Media
* Category Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template