Foreign relations of Israel

Overview of relations

Countries which Israel maintains diplomatic relations with

Part of a series on the

Politics of Israel

Basic Laws

* Jerusalem Law
* Law of Return

Presidency

* President (list)

Isaac Herzog

Executive

* Prime Minister (list)

Yair Lapid
* Alternate Prime Minister

Naftali Bennett
* Office of the Prime Minister
* Deputy leaders
* Cabinet

Current (36th)

Security Cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet
* Attorney General

Avichai Mandelblit

Legislature

* Knesset

Speaker: Mickey Levy
Members (Arab)
Leader of the Opposition

Benjamin Netanyahu
Knesset Guard
State Comptroller

Elections

* Political parties
* Elections Law
* Central Elections Committee
* Referendums

Judiciary

* Supreme Court

President: Esther Hayut

Administrative divisions

* Districts
* Local government

Municipalities
Local councils
Regional councils

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Yair Lapid

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Israel
* Ambassadors

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* Arab League

International law
Status of territories
Status of the Golan Heights
* Israel and the United Nations
* Israel and the United States
* Israel and the European Union

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The Israeli Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem.

Foreign relations of Israel refers to diplomatic and trade relations between Israel and other countries around the world. Israel has diplomatic ties with 164 of the other 192 UN member states as of December 2020.[1] Israel is a member of the United Nations (UN) and a number of other international organisations. Israel maintains full diplomatic relations with two of its Arab neighbours, Egypt and Jordan, after signing peace treaties in 1979 and 1994 respectively. In 2020, Israel signed agreements establishing diplomatic relations with four Arab League countries, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Sudan and Morocco. As of 2021, Israel had formal diplomatic relations with 168 other countries, while twenty-eight UN member states have either never established, or have broken off diplomatic relations with Israel.[2]

Israel's foreign relations are influenced primarily by Israel's strategic situation in the Middle East, the broader Arab–Israeli conflict and the conflict with Iran particularly over Iran's nuclear program, along with the rejection by regional states. Israel's foreign policy goals have therefore been to overcome diplomatic isolation and to achieve recognition and friendly relations with as many nations as possible, both in the Middle East region and further afield. Israel practices both open and secret diplomacy to further national goals, for example, commercial trade and science and technology cooperation, importing raw materials, engaging in military procurement as well as exporting arms and military assistance, intelligence cooperation with its allies, and prisoner-of-war exchanges and other arrangements for hostage releases. It has also sought to foster increased Jewish immigration to Israel and to protect vulnerable Jewish communities in the Diaspora, to offer aid to developing countries and humanitarian assistance to countries facing large-scale disasters.[3]

Israel's close friendship with the United States has been a linchpin of its foreign policy since the establishment of the state. Until the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Israel and Iran maintained close ties. Iran was the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel as a sovereign nation after Turkey.[4][5] In the mid-20th century, Israel ran extensive foreign aid and educational programs in Africa, sending experts in agriculture, water management and health care.[6] China is one of the few countries in the world to concurrently maintain warm relations with both Israel and the Muslim world at large.[7] It is important in Israel's foreign policy due to its global influence, which integrates with Israel's pragmatic economic management, political stability, as well as its regional strategic importance in the Middle East.[8][9][10]

During the 2000s, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs warned that the increasing influence of the European Union would further isolate Israel in global affairs.[11][12] In the wake of a series of diplomatic rifts with Turkey and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 2011, Israel had increasingly unfriendly relations with those countries for a few years.[13] During roughly the same period, Israeli relations with many countries in Europe including Greece and Cyprus in the context of the Energy Triangle and in Asia, including China and India, were enhanced, largely on account of the growth of Israel's high-tech economy.[14] Israeli ties with Egypt have improved since the Muslim Brotherhood was removed from power there, while ties to Turkey have been uneven since their 2010 nadir but at least less dismal than that point.

## Contents

* 1 Membership in international organizations
* 2 Diplomatic relations
* 2.1 No diplomatic relations
* 2.1.1 Member states of the United Nations
* 2.1.2 Other states
* 2.2 Limited relations
* 3 North Africa and Middle East
* 3.1 Algeria
* 3.2 Bahrain
* 3.3 Egypt
* 3.4 Iran
* 3.5 Iraq
* 3.5.1 Kurdistan Region
* 3.6 Jordan
* 3.7 Kuwait
* 3.8 Lebanon
* 3.9 Morocco
* 3.10 Oman
* 3.11 Qatar
* 3.12 Saudi Arabia
* 3.13 Syria
* 3.14 Tunisia
* 3.15 Turkey
* 3.16 United Arab Emirates
* 3.17 Yemen
* 4 Sub-Saharan Africa
* 4.1 Angola
* 4.2 Botswana
* 4.3 Cameroon
* 4.4 Chad
* 4.5 Djibouti
* 4.6 Eritrea
* 4.7 Eswatini
* 4.8 Ethiopia
* 4.9 Ghana
* 4.10 Guinea
* 4.11 Kenya
* 4.12 Lesotho
* 4.13 Liberia
* 4.14 Madagascar
* 4.15 Malawi
* 4.16 Mauritania
* 4.17 Mauritius
* 4.18 Namibia
* 4.19 Niger
* 4.20 Nigeria
* 4.21 Rwanda
* 4.22 Senegal
* 4.23 South Africa
* 4.24 South Sudan
* 4.25 Sudan
* 4.26 Togo
* 4.27 Uganda
* 4.28 Zambia
* 4.29 Zimbabwe
* 5 Asia
* 5.1 Afghanistan
* 5.2 Bangladesh
* 5.3 Cambodia
* 5.4 China
* 5.5 Hong Kong
* 5.6 India
* 5.7 Indonesia
* 5.8 Japan
* 5.9 Kazakhstan
* 5.10 Malaysia
* 5.11 Maldives
* 5.12 Mongolia
* 5.13 Myanmar
* 5.14 Nepal
* 5.15 North Korea
* 5.16 Pakistan
* 5.17 Philippines
* 5.18 Singapore
* 5.19 South Korea
* 5.20 Sri Lanka
* 5.21 Thailand
* 5.22 Turkmenistan
* 5.23 Vietnam
* 6 Europe
* 6.1 Albania
* 6.2 Armenia
* 6.3 Austria
* 6.4 Azerbaijan
* 6.5 Belarus
* 6.6 Belgium
* 6.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 6.8 Bulgaria
* 6.9 Croatia
* 6.10 Cyprus
* 6.11 Czech Republic
* 6.12 Denmark
* 6.13 Estonia
* 6.14 Finland
* 6.15 France
* 6.16 Georgia
* 6.17 Germany
* 6.18 Greece
* 6.19 Holy See
* 6.20 Hungary
* 6.21 Ireland
* 6.22 Italy
* 6.23 Kosovo
* 6.24 Latvia
* 6.25 Lithuania
* 6.26 Luxembourg
* 6.27 Moldova
* 6.28 Netherlands
* 6.29 North Macedonia
* 6.30 Norway
* 6.31 Poland
* 6.32 Portugal
* 6.33 Romania
* 6.34 Russia and the Soviet Union
* 6.35 Serbia
* 6.36 Slovakia
* 6.37 Slovenia
* 6.37.1 Slovenian Jews in Israel
* 6.38 Spain
* 6.39 Sweden
* 6.40 Switzerland
* 6.41 Ukraine
* 6.42 United Kingdom
* 7 Central America
* 7.1 Belize
* 7.2 Costa Rica
* 7.3 Guatemala
* 7.4 Haiti
* 7.5 Dominican Republic
* 7.6 Panama
* 7.7 Nicaragua
* 8 North America
* 8.1 Canada
* 8.2 Cuba
* 8.3 Mexico
* 8.4 United States
* 9 Oceania
* 9.1 Australia
* 9.2 Marshall Islands
* 9.3 Micronesia
* 9.4 Nauru
* 9.5 New Zealand
* 9.6 Palau
* 9.7 Papua New Guinea
* 9.8 Tuvalu
* 10 South America
* 10.1 Argentina
* 10.2 Bolivia
* 10.3 Brazil
* 10.4 Chile
* 10.5 Colombia
* 10.6 Guyana
* 10.7 Paraguay
* 10.8 Peru
* 10.9 Uruguay
* 10.10 Venezuela
* 11 Israeli foreign aid
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## Membership in international organizations[edit | edit source]

Israeli flag at the United Nations building in New York

The first international organization which the Israeli government joined was the International Wheat Council, established as part of Point Four Program in early 1949. Israel has been a member of the United Nations since 11 May 1949.

Israel is a member of many UN agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Israel also participates in other international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).[15] Israel left the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in a coordinated move with the US in 2019.[16]

Within the UNESCO, Israel was a member in many international programs and organizations. In the area of science, Israel was an active member of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), the International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East (SESAME), and the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP).

Other notable organizations Israel is an active member of include the Education For All movement, the European Centre for Higher Education (CEPES), the World Heritage Committee (WHC), the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS).[17] Relations were carried out through the Israeli National Commission for UNESCO.[18]

Israel joined the European Union's Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP) in 1994,[19] and is a member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN),[20] the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL).[21] It is also a member of the Bank for International Settlement (BIS) since 2003.[22]

On 10 May 2010, Israel was invited to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[23] Israel is a member of NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue forum.[24] In 2014 Israel joined the Paris Club.[25]

After over 50 years of not being part of a regional grouping in the UN (effectively shut out of many internationals organizations), Israel joined the Western European and Others group on a temporary basis in 2000. Israel joined on a permanent basis in 2014.

## Diplomatic relations[edit | edit source]

See also: International recognition of Israel

World map showing status of Israel's diplomatic relations.

After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Israel was subjected to Arab League boycotts and attempts to diplomatically isolate the state. As of 2020, Israel has diplomatic ties with 164 out of the other 192 member states of the United Nations, as well as with the Holy See, Kosovo, the Cook Islands and Niue.[1] Some other countries recognize Israel as a state, but have no diplomatic relations. Several countries once had diplomatic relations with Israel, but have since broken or suspended them (Cuba and Venezuela in Latin America, Mauritania in the Arab League, Mali and Niger in non-Arab Africa, the Maldives in South Asia, and Iran until the Islamic revolution). In addition, a number of countries (all members of the Arab League) that at one time had formal economic ties (primarily trade offices) with Israel, which fell short of full diplomatic relations, subsequently severed such ties (Morocco, Oman, Qatar and Tunisia; however, Morocco renewed ties and established diplomatic relations in 2020).

### No diplomatic relations[edit | edit source]

#### Member states of the United Nations[edit | edit source]

As of 2020, 28 United Nations member states do not maintain diplomatic relations with Israel (period of former relations marked in parenthesis):

* Africa: Algeria, Comoros, Djibouti, Libya, Mali (1960–1973), Mauritania (2000–2009),[26] Niger (1960–1973, 1996–2002), Somalia, Tunisia (trade relations 1996–2000)

(Algeria,[27] Libya,[28] and Somalia[29][30][31] do not recognise Israel.)

* Americas: Cuba (1950–1973),[32][33] Venezuela (1950–2009)[34]
* East Asia: North Korea[35] (Does not recognise Israel as a state.)[36]
* Middle East: Iran (1948–1951, 1953–1979), Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman (trade relations 1996–2000), Qatar (trade relations 1996–2009),[26] Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen

(Iran,[37] Iraq,[38] Kuwait,[32] Lebanon,[32] Saudi Arabia,[32] Syria[32][39] and Yemen[32] do not recognise Israel as a state.)

* South and Central Asia: Afghanistan and Bangladesh, Maldives (1965–1974),[40] Pakistan

(Afghanistan,[41] Bangladesh[42] and Pakistan[32] do not recognise Israel as a state.)

* Southeast Asia: Brunei, Malaysia,[32] Indonesia[32][42][43]

(None of these countries recognise Israel.)

Despite the lack of diplomatic relations, some of these countries accept Israeli passports and acknowledge other indications of Israeli sovereignty.

#### Other states[edit | edit source]

Tzipi Livni shaking hands with Salam Fayyad, 2008

Israel has no diplomatic relations with the following states or entities:

* Taiwan (Republic of China), which recognizes Israel, but does not officially conduct relations (though there are unofficial relations) because of Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China.
* Other states with limited recognition: Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Somaliland, South Ossetia, Transnistria (Israel has not recognised the independence of any of these entities.)
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta

### Limited relations[edit | edit source]

Comoros has no official diplomatic ties with Israel but the countries engage in mutual trade.[44]

Israeli citizens are admitted into North Korea with Israeli passports, but like other foreign visitors they are asked to deposit their passport with the local authorities and use specially issued local documents for tourists.[45]

## North Africa and Middle East[edit | edit source]

See also: Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict

Recognition of both Israel and Palestinian State

Recognition of Palestinian State only

Recognition of Palestine, with some relations to Israel

Recognition of Israel only

Recognition of Israel, with some relations to Palestine

On 1 October 1994, the Persian Gulf states announced their support for a review of the Arab boycott, abolishing the secondary and tertiary boycotts against Israel.[46]

### Algeria[edit | edit source]

Main article: Algeria–Israel relations

In the mid-1990s, while Israel and North African states slowly started diplomatic relations, Algeria remained one of the last countries to consider such a move. It was only when Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak met Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika at the funeral of the Moroccan King Hasan II on 25 July 1999 that comments about rapprochement were made.

Algeria and Israel do not have diplomatic relations.

### Bahrain[edit | edit source]

Main article: Bahrain–Israel relations

In 2011, amid Arab spring uprising, Wikileaks cables published on Haaretz revealed some of the hidden relations between Bahraini and Israeli officials. In a meeting with the U.S. ambassador in February 2005, Bahrain's king, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa had bragged about having contact with Israel's national intelligence agency, Mossad. He indicated that Bahrain is ready to develop relations in other fields as well. The king reportedly gave orders that official statements don't use phrases such as "enemy" and "Zionist entity" when referring to Israel anymore. However, he refused the idea of having trade relations, saying it was "too early" and would be postponed until the establishment of an independent Palestine state.[47]

Both countries agreed to fully normalize relations in September 2020.[48]

### Egypt[edit | edit source]

Main article: Egypt–Israel relations

Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter and Anwar Sadat at Camp David

Israel has had full diplomatic relations with Egypt since the signing of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979. In Israel, the 1978 Camp David Accords were supported by 85% of Israelis, according to a 2001 poll taken by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, based in Israel.[49]

However, Egyptian public opinion of Israel is highly negative. According to an Egyptian Government 2006 poll of 1,000 Egyptians (taken at the time of the 2006 Lebanon War), 92% of Egyptians view Israel as an enemy nation.[50][51]

Egypt has mediated several unofficial ceasefire understandings between Israel and Palestinians.

### Iran[edit | edit source]

Main article: Iran–Israel relations

Iranian minister Reza Saffinia visiting the home of Israeli president Chaim Weizmann, 1950.

Relations between Israel and Iran have alternated from close political alliances between the two states, during the era of the Pahlavi dynasty, to open hostility following the rise to power of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. While Iran was the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel,[52] the two states do not currently have diplomatic relations with each other, due to Iran's withdrawal of its recognition of Israel. The post-1979 Iranian authorities avoid referring to Israel by its name, and instead use the terms "the Zionist regime" or "occupied Palestine". Iranian passports bear an inscription that says, "The bearer of this passport is forbidden from traveling to occupied Palestine."[53]

Due to recent rhetoric between Iran and Israel, development of nuclear technology, and Iranian funding of the groups Hamas and Hezbollah, tensions have risen dramatically between the State of Israel and the Islamic Republic of Iran,[54] especially after the election of the hardline Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005. Comments made by Ahmadinejad, who has called the Holocaust “a myth” and for Israel to be “wiped off the map”,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61] were perceived by Israel as threats of destruction.[62][63][64][65]

A large population of Iranian Jews lives in Israel, among them former president of Israel Moshe Katsav, former chief of staff / Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz, and former chief of staff Dan Halutz.

### Iraq[edit | edit source]

Main article: Iraq–Israel relations

Following the American-British led invasion of Iraq in 2003, diplomats had been discussing the possibility of improved relations between Israel and Iraq. However, then-Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi said in 2004 that Iraq would not establish ties with Israel.[66]

#### Kurdistan Region[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Kurdistan Region relations

In 2006, President of Kurdistan Region Massoud Barzani said: "It is not a crime to have relations with Israel. If Baghdad established diplomatic relations with Israel, we could open a consulate in Hewlêr (Kurdistan)." Israeli television broadcast photographs from the 1960s showing Mustafa Barzani embracing then Israeli defense minister Moshe Dayan. In 2004, Israeli officials met with Kurdish political leaders. In 2006 the BBC reported that Israel was training Kurdish militias in Iraqi Kurdistan.[67] In April 2012, it was alleged that high-ranking Kurdish officials had collected the revenues of Iraqi oil that had been smuggled to Israel via the Kurdistan Region.[68]

### Jordan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Jordan relations

King Hussein, U.S. President Bill Clinton and Yitzhak Rabin, Israel-Jordan peace treaty

Israel has full diplomatic relations in peace with Jordan since the signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace in 1994, but relations remain somewhat tense. Over half of the Jordanian populations descends from Palestinian refugees, who overwhelmingly have negative views of Israel.

### Kuwait[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Kuwait relations

Relations between Israel and Kuwait are generally hostile, mainly as part of the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2019 Kuwait's Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Al-Jarallah said "Kuwait will be the last country to normalize relations with Israel".[69]

### Lebanon[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Lebanon relations

According to Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, the author of My Enemy's Enemy, the pre-state Zionist attention to Lebanon consisted primarily of repeated attempts to establish a political alliance between the Jewish community in Palestine and the Maronite Catholic Community in Lebanon. Largely neglected by traditional scholarship on the Arab–Israeli condition, the Zionist-Lebanese relationship from 1900 to 1948 was surprisingly active and amicable. Zionist curiosity was naturally piqued by Lebanon, an Arab country with a sizable non-Muslim population enjoying political predominance.

During the war of 1975–1990, some right-wing militias were Israel's allies, and after the assassination of President Bachir Gemayel, Israel and Lebanon signed an agreement on 17 May 1983 which was a peace treaty in all but name. The Lebanese legislature ratified the treaty by a margin of 80 votes, but in a very weak and unstable domestic position president Amine Gemayel abrogated the peace treaty on 5 March 1984 under unrelenting Syrian pressure, after the U.S. Marines withdrew and after Israel had begun withdrawing from Lebanon.

During the Syrian Occupation of Lebanon (1976–2005), it was highly unlikely that Lebanon would sign a peace treaty with Israel before Syria, as Syria's influence on Lebanese politics was strong; although Syria has withdrawn from Lebanon, the Iran–Syria–Hezbollah axis remains entrenched through the heavy arms presence.

During the 90s, the success of the First Persian Gulf War created new opportunities for Middle East peacemaking. However, Lebanon was under the Syrian Occupation, which took over the treaties and negotiations.

In August 2006, after the clash between Hezbollah and Israel, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora said that Lebanon would be the "last Arab country to make peace with Israel" because of the large number of civilians that were killed in the 2006 Lebanon War.[70]

Since the year 2000, and due to many wars with Hezbollah, Israel treats Lebanon as an "enemy state",[71] although it is considering the possibility of a non-aggression pact.

In 2008 a Pew Research Center survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in Lebanon, with 97% of Lebanese having unfavorable opinion of Jews.[72] In a 2011 survey again by the Pew Research Center, all of the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled held strongly negative views of Jews. In the questionnaire, only 3% of Lebanese reported having a positive view of Jews.[73]

### Morocco[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Morocco relations

Moroccan expeditionary forces fought alongside a coalition of Arab countries in the Yom Kippur War against Israel.[74] In 1986, King Hassan II invited then Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres for talks, becoming the second Arab leader to host an Israeli leader after Anwar Sadat. Following the September 1993 signing of the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, Morocco accelerated its economic ties and political contacts with Israel. In September 1994, Morocco and Israel announced the opening of bilateral liaison offices.[75] When the king died in 1999, then-prime minister Ehud Barak and the Moroccan-born foreign minister David Levy flew to Rabat for his funeral.[76] The foreign offices were closed in 2000 following sustained Israeli-Palestinian violence. In September 2016, Moroccan King Mohammed VI sent his personal adviser Andre Azulai, who is Jewish, to attend the state funeral of former Israeli Prime Minister and President Shimon Peres.[77]

Prior to the establishment of formal relations, Israeli tourism to Morocco was encouraged by the World Federation of Moroccan Jewry, a non-governmental private Jewish organization.[78]

On 10 December 2020, Morocco agreed to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in exchange for the United States supporting Morocco's claim on Western Sahara. On the same day, the United States agreed to the sale of sophisticated drones to Morocco.[79]

### Oman[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Oman relations

In 1996, Oman and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.[80]

### Qatar[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Qatar relations

Qatar and Israel do not currently have diplomatic relations, although they maintained economic relations between 1996 and 2000. Qatar is a major financial supporter of the Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist group Hamas.

### Saudi Arabia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Saudi Arabia relations

In 2005, Saudi Arabia announced the end of its ban on Israeli goods and services, mostly due to its application to the World Trade Organization, where one member country cannot have a total ban on another. However, as of August 2006[update], the Saudi boycott was not cancelled.[81][82]

In recent years, Saudi Arabia has changed its viewpoint concerning the validity of negotiating with Israel. It calls for Israel's withdrawal from territory occupied in June 1967 in order for peace with the Arab states; then-Crown Prince Abdullah extended a multilateral peace proposal based on withdrawal in 2002. At that time, Israel did not respond to the offer. In 2007 Saudi Arabia again officially supported a resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict which supported a full right of Palestinian refugees to move to Israel, which generated more official negative reactions from Israeli authorities.

### Syria[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Israel–Syria relations and Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Syria's relations with Israel are very poor, due to the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights and Syria's close ties with the anti-Israel militant group Hezbollah and with the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Since 2004, Syria has accepted the import of apples from farmers in the Golan Heights, territory that it claims, through the Quneitra crossing. This was a result of the ongoing Israeli refusal to accept apples from Golan farmers (reportedly due to over-supply), which led to a plea by the farmers to the Syrian government to accept their produce before it became spoiled in order to prevent economic collapse. In 2010, some 10,000 tons of apples grown by Druze farmers in the Golan Heights were sent to Syria.[83]

### Tunisia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Tunisia relations

Tunisia participated in the Yom Kippur War, sending 1,000–2,000 troops to fight alongside a coalition of Arab countries against Israel.[84] The relations worsened further in the early 2000s when the Second Intifada began, and on 22 October 2000, the state radio of Tunisia declared that President Ben Ali had decided to break all diplomatic ties with Israel following the "violence in the Palestinian-controlled territories".[85] On 21 Oct, Ben Ali had issued a strong condemnation of "the violation of the holy shrine of Al Quds Al Sharif, the repeated Israeli provocations, the use of weapons against innocent children and defenseless people, and the racist persecution of Arab Palestinian citizens", which "constitute flagrant violations of sanctities and human rights, and a blatant aggression against all human values and practices". On 22 October itself Israel expressed its disappointment at the Tunisian decision to sever relations and to close the Tunisian Interest Office in Tel Aviv and the Israeli Interest Office in Tunis. Expressing "surprise", the Israeli Foreign Ministry said: "It appears that Tunisia has elected to renounce its potential role as a bridge for dialogue between Israel and its neighbours, thereby harming the critical effort to promote regional peace".[86]

### Turkey[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Turkey relations

Turkish firefighting plane sent to aid Israel, 2010

Turkey was the first Muslim-majority nation to formally recognize the State of Israel,[52] only one year after the Declaration of the Jewish State (28 March 1949). Israel was a major supplier of arms to Turkey. Military, strategic, and diplomatic cooperation between Turkey and Israel were given high priority by the governments of both countries, which shared concerns with respect to regional instabilities in the Middle East.

Relations have been strained since the turn of the 20th to 21st century as a result of the political decline in Turkey of forces based on the secular Kemalist ideology and the corresponding rise of the Justice and Development Party (AK party) of prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

In February 2006, relations between Turkey and Israel suffered when Turkey hosted a delegation from the Palestinian group Hamas, although on a formal visit to Turkey in 2006, the Israeli then Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni stated that "Bilateral relations [between Turkey and Israel] are excellent. Not only on a leader-to-leader level but also on a people-to-people level".

In January 2009, the Turkish government's condemnation of the 2008–09 Gaza War severely strained relations between the two countries. Erdoğan harshly criticized Israel's conduct in Gaza at the World Economic Forum conference in Davos, Switzerland in early 2009[87][88]

Relations between the two countries were further strained after the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid.[89] On 2 September 2011, Turkey downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level and suspended military co-operation between the countries.[90] Turkey demanded an apology from Israel over the flotilla incident, which Israel was interested in providing, but Turkey also demanded Israel end its blockade of the Hamas-run Gaza Strip, which Israel has stated is a non-possibility. After some diplomatic activity by U.S. President Barack Obama, Israeli PM Netanyahu did issue an apology over the flotilla events and Israel and Turkey agreed on financial compensation; in return, Turkey dropped its demand that the Gaza Strip blockade end and also removed state support from several lawsuits in Turkey that demanded the arrest and trial of Israeli military and political leaders who were in charge in 2010 during the flotilla incident. Turkey's numerous regional problems, ranging from the coup that ousted the Muslim Brotherhood regime in Egypt in 2013 and the increasingly disruptive effects of its border from the Syrian conflict, were the main reason for this general improvement in relations, as Ankara wanted more stability and allies than it had when Erdogan had initiated his plans years earlier to move Turkey away from the pro-Israel (and generally pro-West and/or pro-EU) camp and improve ties to groups like Hamas and countries like Iran.

The Leviathan gas field in the Eastern Mediterranean is a further source of friction. Israel is planning its exploitation in partnership with Cyprus, a state that Turkey does not recognize because of the Cyprus dispute. However, in 2015, Turkey and Israel began to work on diplomatic relations by holding a secret meeting, and events over the last 2 years have brought Leviathan into position as a project that will help both Ankara and Jerusalem and make Nicoisia into less of a potential problem.

### United Arab Emirates[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–United Arab Emirates relations

Following the assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh in the UAE in 2010, allegedly by Israel, the UAE announced that travelers suspected of being Israeli would not be admitted even if using a foreign passport.[91] Prior to August 13, 2020, UAE had not recognized Israel as a state, and the two countries lacked official diplomatic or economic relations. Prior to the announcement of the 2020 agreement, relations had improved to the extent that Israel opened an office in Abu Dhabi, albeit only as a mission to the International Renewable Energy Agency.[92][93]

Israel and the United Arab Emirates announced a deal to establish diplomatic relations on August 13, 2020.[94] In July 2021, The United Arab Emirates officially opened an embassy in Israel, becoming only the third majority Arab nation to have full diplomatic relations with Israel.[95]

### Yemen[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Yemen relations

Yemen and Israel do not have diplomatic relations, and contacts between the two countries are very tense. People with an Israeli passport or any passport with an Israeli stamp cannot enter Yemen, and Yemen is defined as an "enemy state" by Israeli law.

## Sub-Saharan Africa[edit | edit source]

Israel has diplomatic relations with 42 of the 44 Sub-Saharan African states that are not members of the Arab League, including a number of Muslim-majority states.

### Angola[edit | edit source]

Main article: Angola–Israel relations

Relations between Israel and Angola are based on trade and foreign policy. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. The Israeli ambassador to Angola is Avraham Benjamin.

### Botswana[edit | edit source]

Main article: Botswana–Israel relations

The two countries established relations in 1993. Neither has a formal consulate or embassy in the other country, but the two governments have cooperated on several development initiatives. Six Israeli-centered diamond companies have operations in Botswana.[96]

### Cameroon[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel-Cameroon relations

H.E. Mr. Henri Etoundi Essomba, Ambassador of Cameroon to Israel in 2012, serves as the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Israel.[97]

Relations were cut off in the wake of the Yom Kippur war, but restored in 1986, and Cameroon and Israel now have many military and political ties, with Israel training and arming Cameroon's rapid reaction forces[98] and Cameroon voting against many anti-Israel resolutions at the UN.[99]

### Chad[edit | edit source]

Main article: Chad–Israel relations

In November 2018, Chadian President Idriss Déby paid a visit to Israel.[100] In January 2019, Prime Minister Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad and both nations re-established diplomatic relations.[101]

### Djibouti[edit | edit source]

Although Israel does not have diplomatic or official trade relations with Djibouti (a member of the Arab League), following a meeting between officials of both countries in September 1995, plans were then announced to open liaison offices in the respective countries' capitals, prior to the possible establishment of diplomatic relations between the two states.[102] However, such relations did not materialize.

### Eritrea[edit | edit source]

Main article: Eritrea–Israel relations

Eritrea developed relations with Israel shortly after gaining its independence in 1993, despite protests among Arab countries. Israeli-Eritrean relations are close. The president of Eritrea has visited Israel for medical treatment.[103] However, Eritrea condemned Israeli military action during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict.[104] Israeli-Eritrean ties are complicated by Israel's close ties to Ethiopia.

### Eswatini[edit | edit source]

Israel established diplomatic relations with Eswatini in September 1968,[1] immediately following that country achieving independence from the United Kingdom. Eswatini was one of only three Sub-Saharan African states (the others being Lesotho and Malawi) that continued to maintain full diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, and has never severed such ties.[105]

### Ethiopia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ethiopia–Israel relations

In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent, due to common political, religious and security interests.[106] However, relations were severed between the years 1973 and 1989. Many towns in Ethiopia are named after biblical Israel settlements, including Ethiopia's third largest city of Nazret (Adama). Israel also provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects. Thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel. In 2012, Israel appointed a Beta Israeli of Ethiopian origin, Beylanesh Zevadia, as ambassador to Ethiopia.[107]

### Ghana[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ghana–Israel relations

Diplomatic relations with Ghana were established immediately following Ghanaian independence in 1957. Agreement on technical cooperation was concluded on 25 May 1962. On 24 May 1968, a trade agreement was concluded. A cultural cooperation agreement was concluded on 1 March 1973.

Relations were broken at the initiative of the government of Ghana on 28 October 1973, following the Yom Kippur war.[108] Improvement in relations followed Israeli attempts to prevent Ghanaian support for the Palestinian Authority, which led to a state visit to Ghana by Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs Avigdor Liberman in September 2009. During that visit, a bilateral agreement for agricultural cooperation was signed.[109][110] Diplomatic relations were restored in September 2011.[111]

### Guinea[edit | edit source]

Diplomatic relations between Israel and the Republic of Guinea were established in 1958, but were strained due to the Cold War, as the Israeli government supported US policy while the government of Guinea took a pro-Soviet line. These relations were broken on 5 June 1967 when war broke out between Israel and Egypt in the Six-Day War. After Israel's support to Guinea during its fight against the Ebola virus,[112] relations between the two states were restored on 20 July 2016.[113]

### Kenya[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Kenya relations

Diplomatic relations were established in December 1963. Israel has an embassy in Nairobi and Kenya has an embassy in Tel Aviv. In 2003, Kenya requested Israel's help in developing a national solar energy program.[114] In 2006, Israel sent an 80-person search-and-rescue team to Kenya to save people trapped in rubble when a multistory building collapsed.[115] Following the 2007 Kenyan presidential election Israel donated medicine to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret.[116]

### Lesotho[edit | edit source]

Lesotho was one of only three Sub-Saharan African states (the others being Eswatini and Malawi) that maintained full diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[105]

### Liberia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Liberia relations

Liberia was one of the United Nations member states to vote in favor of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine in 1947.[117] Israel and Liberia established relations in the late 1950s. The administration of William Tolbert severed ties with the Israeli government in 1973 in response to the Yom Kippur War, but they were re-established in 1983 by Samuel Doe, who succeeded Tolbert via coup.[118][119]

### Madagascar[edit | edit source]

Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[120]

### Malawi[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Malawi relations

Israel established diplomatic relations with Malawi in July 1964,[1] immediately following that country achieving independence from the United Kingdom. Malawi was one of only three Sub-Saharan African states (the others being Eswatini and Lesotho) that continued to maintain full diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, and has never severed such ties.[105]

### Mauritania[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Mauritania relations

Mauritania declared war on Israel as a result of the 1967 Six-Day War,[121] following the Arab League's collective decision (although Mauritania was not formally admitted to the League until November 1973).[122] Mautritania did not reverse that declaration until at least 1991.[121]

Mauritania did not abide by moves to recognise Israel's right to exist in the same way as most other Arab countries later did, staying true to the 1967 Khartoum Resolution which, in reference to Israel, stated “no peace, no recognition, no negotiable.”

Little public information exists, and an account of Israeli-Mauritanian relations must be inferred from a number of indirect known factors, such as: behind the scenes meetings between Mauritania and Israel in 1995 and 1996, said to be at the instigation of Mauritania's President Ould Taya;[123] the establishment of unofficial "interest sections" in the respective Spanish embassies in 1996 in the two capital cities,[123] leading to the exchange of diplomatic representatives in each other's countries from 27 October 1999.[124] It is inferred from this evidence that Mauritania had reversed its declaration by then.

On 6 March 2009, the Israeli diplomatic delegation to Mauritania left after nine years of diplomatic ties, following a demand from the Mauritanian authorities to close the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott within 48 hours.[125] The Mauritanian delegation to Israel left earlier without sending official notice to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[126]

### Mauritius[edit | edit source]

Both countries have signed many bilateral agreements.[120]

### Namibia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Namibia relations

### Niger[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Niger relations

### Nigeria[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Nigeria relations

Israel and Nigeria established diplomatic relations in 1960.[127] In 1973, Nigeria broke off contacts with Israel, but in May 1992, bilateral relations were restored.[1] Since April 1993, Israel has maintained an embassy in Abuja, and Nigeria has maintained an embassy in Tel Aviv.[1] Many Nigerians go on religious pilgrimage to Israel.[128]

### Rwanda[edit | edit source]

Relations with Rwanda were established soon following independence of the African state. They were broken by the government of Rwanda on 8 October 1973, during the Yom Kippur war.[129]

In January 2019, transportation ministers of Israel and Rwanda announced plans to inaugurate regular Air Rwanda flights to Israel.[130] Then, in April 2019, Israel opened an embassy in Kigali.[131]

### Senegal[edit | edit source]

Relations with Senegal were established soon following independence of the African state. They were broken by the government of Senegal on 28 October 1973, following the Yom Kippur war.[108] Israel and Senegal on June 4, 2017, announced the resumption of full diplomatic relations, which had been frozen after Senegal cosponsored a UN Security Council against Israeli settlements.[132] Israel returned its ambassador to Senegal, and Senegal backed Israel's candidacy for observer status at the African Union. In a trilateral partnership between Israel, Italy and Senegal, Israeli drip irrigation systems are being installed to help farmers in 12 districts of rural Senegal.[133]

### South Africa[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–South Africa relations

Danny Ayalon with South African Foreign Affairs DG Matjila

The Union of South Africa was one of only four Commonwealth nations to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution, which led to the establishment of the State of Israel. South Africa was one of the first states to recognize Israel; diplomatic relations between Israel and South Africa were established in 1948. After the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, Israel became a harsh critic of apartheid, leading to a break in its relations with Pretoria. After 1967, Israel and South Africa became strategic partners again, and this lasted until 1987 when Israel joined the West in forcefully opposing apartheid.

Since the end of apartheid, South Africa's new government has been cold toward Israel and critical of Israel's policies towards Palestinians but has nevertheless ignored calls from pro-Palestinian South African groups to sever relations between the two countries.

### South Sudan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–South Sudan relations

Israel recognized the Republic of South Sudan on 10 July 2011, and offered the new state economic help, following its declaration of independence the previous day from the mainly Arab Muslim north Sudan.[134] On 15 July 2011, South Sudan declared its intention to establish full diplomatic relations with Israel[135] and, on 28 July 2011, it was announced that full diplomatic ties had been established between the two countries.[136]

### Sudan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel-Sudan relations

On 23 October 2020, Sudan agreed to normalise relations with Israel in return for the Trump Administration removing Sudan from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism, unblocking economic aid and investment in Sudan.[137][138]

### Togo[edit | edit source]

In May 2009, Israel and Togo signed a "pact for cooperation in the economic, agricultural and educational fields" with each other.[139]

### Uganda[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Uganda relations

In a joint Israeli-Ugandan project, a professor from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Faculty of Agriculture conducted a survey of Lake Victoria with a Ugandan colleague from Makerere University. They found that Nile perch, introduced by the British sixty years ago, have decimated native fish populations, leading to malnutrition in the lakeside communities.[140] She helped to set up artificial fish ponds to raise carp, which had disappeared from the local diet. The United States Agency for International Development sponsored the digging of the ponds and sent villagers to Kibbutz HaMa'apil in Emek Hefer to learn spawning techniques. Graduates of the training program established carp farms.[140]

### Zambia[edit | edit source]

Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[120]

### Zimbabwe[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Zimbabwe relations

Abel Muzorewa, the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, visited Israel on 21 October 1983. He urged Robert Mugabe to establish diplomatic relations, saying his political policies hurt Zimbabwe's agriculture and technology industries. In March 2002 an Israeli company sold riot control vehicles to the Mugabe government, shortly before the nation's 2002 elections.[141]

## Asia[edit | edit source]

In addition to Turkey and Azerbaijan, Israel has diplomatic relations with 5 non-Arab Muslim states in Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).

### Afghanistan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Afghanistan–Israel relations

Afghanistan, currently, has no relations with Israel. The Monarchy of Afghanistan did have spiritual relations with Israel, whether in secret or Tribal rules in place. The Afghan Royal Family trace their origins to King Saul of Israel. Afghanistan was the only Muslim country that did not revoke citizenship when Jews, also known as descendants of Judah, migrated to Israel. Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail has published numerous books linking the Afghans to the Lost Tribes of Israel.

### Bangladesh[edit | edit source]

Main article: Bangladesh–Israel relations

Both the Israeli government and general public supported the Bangladesh Liberation War. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 the new born country was recognised by Israel in as early as 1972 before any Arab country although Bangladesh "categorically rejected" the recognition.[142]

Bangladesh does not recognize Israel as legitimate and officially forbids its citizens to travel to Israel by putting 'Valid for travel to all countries except Israel' on Bangladeshi passports. Bangladesh supports a sovereign Palestinian state and an end to Israel's "illegal occupation of Palestine".[143]

### Cambodia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Cambodia–Israel relations

Israel established diplomatic ties with Cambodia in 1960. Ties were cut in 1975 due to the rise of the Khmer Rouge. The ties were restored in 1993. Israel has no embassy in Cambodia and Cambodia has no embassy in Israel. Instead, the Israeli embassy in Bangkok, Thailand, is accredited to Cambodia. Cambodian students study agriculture in Israel.

### China[edit | edit source]

Main article: China–Israel relations

Israeli President Reuven Rivlin meeting with Chinese Vice Premier Liu Landung on a visit to Israel

On 9 January 1950, the Israeli government extended recognition to the People's Republic of China, but diplomatic relations were not established until January 1992.

Since 1992, Israel and China have developed increasingly close strategic economic, military, cultural and technological links with each other.[144][145][146][147][148] Israel maintains an embassy in Beijing and is planning to open a new consulate in Chengdu, its third in Mainland China.[149] China is Israel's third largest trading partner globally and largest trading partner in East Asia.[150][151] Trade volume increased from $50 million in 1992 to over $10 billion in 2013.[152] Shared commonalities and similarities between the cultures and values of the two nations with ancient roots dating back thousands of years as well as convergence of interests have made the two countries natural partners.[153][154][8][155][156][157][147][158][159] In addition, China is one of the few countries in the world to concurrently maintain warm relations with Israel, the Palestinians, and the Muslim world at large.[7]

China's status as a potential world power has prompted Israel to maintain closer ties with China by integrating China's global influence with Israel's pragmatic economic management, political stability and its regional strategic importance in the Middle East.[8][9][10][153][154] Beijing has appreciated Israel's political stability and diplomatic ingenuity and sees the Jewish state as one of the regional pillars for securing China's influence in the Middle East and the entire world.[10]

China and Israel have developed close strategic military links with each other. Bilateral military relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of secret non-official ties to a close strategic partnership with the modern and militarily powerful Israel.[147] Israel and China began extensive military cooperation as early as the 1980s, even though no formal diplomatic relations existed.[160][161][162] Israel has provided China with military assistance, expertise and technology. According to a report from the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, "Israel ranks second only to Russia as a weapons system provider to China and as a conduit for sophisticated cutting-edge military technology, followed by France and Germany." Israel was ready to sell China the Phalcon, an Israeli airborne early-warning radar system (AWACS), until the United States forced it to cancel the deal.[163][164] Some estimate that Israel sold arms worth US$4 billion to China in this period.[160][161] China has looked to Israel for the arms and military technology it cannot acquire from the United States and Russia.[9] Israel is now China's second-largest foreign supplier of arms after Russia. China has purchased a wide array of military equipment and technology, including communications satellites.[160] China is a vital market for Israel's aerospace and defense industry.[160] Due to Israel's recognition of China, Israel has also limited its cooperation with Taiwan in order to foster closer ties with Mainland China.[160]

Benjamin Netanyahu and Matan Vilnai on a 2013 bilateral visit in China.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, cultural exchange has been a major component of bilateral relations, as both sides recognize the importance of creating a strong foundation based on their ancient and rich histories.[165] China's receptive and friendly embrace of the Jewish people on its soil has been one of affectionate sympathy as the Chinese have developed a favorable view of Jews, admiring them for their contributions to humanity, their ability to survive, the sharing of Chinese values such as family, frugality, hard work and education, and being products of ancient civilizations have been an impetus towards the long and enduring friendship between the Chinese and Jewish peoples.[157][166][154][153] Shared affinities and similar cultural commonalities has not only been an impetus for the close bonds between China and Israel but has also created a symbol of brotherhood between the two communities.[156][153][167]

Though Israel established diplomatic relations with China in 1992, the ties between the Chinese and Jewish people remain centuries old in addition to Israel and China being products of ancient civilizations dating back thousands of years.[166][156][157][168] The cultural similarities between the Chinese and Jewish civilizations with both nations originating thousands of years ago have drawn the two countries closer together making the two countries natural partners in the international community. Chinese Jews have been a major impetus in maintaining the strong nexus between the Chinese and Jewish civilizations.[169][8][153] Jews remain a small minority in China, but unlike many parts of the world, Jews have historically lived in China without any instances of antisemitism from the Han majority populace contributing to mutual respect and admiration between the two peoples.[166][154][170][171] With the intrinsic affinity that the Chinese people feel for the Jews, relations between the two communities have been mutually close, harmonious and friendly, due to shared common cultural similarities between the two peoples resulted Jews enjoying equal rights and coexisting peacefully alongside the mainstream Han Chinese populace with instances of Jews assimilating into the Han Chinese community through intermarriage.[157][154][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][169][179][8] On a geopolitical scale, China has sought to maintain close relations with the Jewish state as Israel's regional importance, stability and influence in an otherwise volatile region has been an important asset for the expansion of China's influence in the Middle East and the entire world.[10] Shared commonalities and similarities between the cultures and values of the two nations, ancient roots as well as convergence of interests have driven the two countries closer with respect to scientific, economic, diplomatic and cultural ties.[153][154][180][159]

Chinese delegation at Jerusalem March.

China is one of Israel's closest economic allies in East Asia where both countries have placed considerable importance on maintaining a strategic and supportive economic relationship.[155][144][181][182][183][147][184][185] The economic synergy has served the two respective countries greatly where Israel's global technological prowess combined with China's global economic influence, industrial manufacturing capabilities, and marketing expertise made cooperation between the two nations inevitable.[153] China including Hong Kong is Israel's second top export destination after the United States and has been the top market for Israeli exports in East Asia.[153][185][186] China is also Israel's third largest trading partner and export market after the United States and the European Union with China being Israel's largest export market in East Asia.[153][187] Israel has sought China's enormous global influence on world affairs, large consumer market, broad industrial manufacturing scale, and burgeoning economic dynamism while China has sought Israel as a powerhouse of advanced technological wizardry and a wellspring of entrepreneurial acumen leveraging each other's complementary capabilities and resources.[153][154][188][186][189] China has sought Israel's technology to increase its international economic competitiveness and risk management. With the advice and experience of Jewish entrepreneurs, innovators, and inventors from the high-technology sectors, China has utilized Israel's indispensable economic and technological contributions to foster its long-term economic development.[190] China has also expressed desire for Israel's advanced technologies, particularly in fields related to agriculture, telecommunications, and defense.[153] The scientific and technological advancements made by Israel have led many Chinese politicians to respect the country's ingenuity and creative inventiveness because they know of the contributions Israel has made to its economy. Israeli agricultural techniques, most notably drip irrigation, and solar energy technologies are seen as crucial to China's economic development.[8][190][191] Throughout Israel's early economic history, many Israeli startup companies were acquired by major U.S. and Western European corporations. Since the 2010s, China and Israel enhanced bilateral economic ties with China connecting both Chinese and Israeli businessmen and investors to invest in each other's economies respectively. Chinese economic cooperation with Israel has seen substantial Chinese investment of more than US$15 billion in the Israeli economy, spawning seed capital in Israeli startup companies, as well as the acquisition of Israeli companies by major Chinese corporations that incorporate Israel's know how to help the invigorate the development of the modern Chinese economy more efficiently. China now ranks second after the United States in collaboration with Israeli high-tech firms that are backed by Israel's Office of the Chief Scientist.[192] Major Chinese firms such as Fosun, ChemChina, Brightfood, Horizons Ventures and China Everbright have invested significant amounts of financial capital and resources across numerous Israeli industries.[193] Chinese businessmen and major Chinese corporations hold Israel's business, economic and entrepreneurial acumen and technological expertise with high esteem and have sought to integrate Israel's know-how with China's marketing proficiency, industrial manufacturing capacity and aptitude for large consumer market scaling.[194][193][195][196]

### Hong Kong[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel-Hong Kong relations

Israel and Hong Kong have full diplomatic ties as part of Israel's diplomatic ties with China. Israel has a consulate in the city, while Hong Kong is represented in Israel by the Chinese embassy in Tel Aviv.

### India[edit | edit source]

Main article: India–Israel relations

Indian and Israeli flags in New Delhi during Ariel Sharon's visit, September 2003.

India established diplomatic relations with the State of Israel in 1992 and has since become Israel's strongest ally in Asia.[197] The two countries cooperate in anti-terrorist activities in the Middle East and Southern Asia. Israel is India's second largest arms provider and India is Israel's principal arms market, and the trade volume between the two countries has increased significantly in the past few years.[198] Co-operation has taken place in the space sector as well with India launching Israeli satellites. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year.[199]

Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defense and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1991. In 2009, Israel overtook Russia as India's biggest arms supplier; the U.S. even gave Israel approval to sell the Phalcon to India after earlier forcing Jerusalem to cancel a similar deal with China. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare.[200] In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programs between judges and jurists of the two countries. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world.[201][202]

India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of Narendra Modi since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.[203][204] India was the largest arms customer of Israel in 2017. Defence relations between the two countries are longstanding.[205]

### Indonesia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Indonesia–Israel relations

Indonesia purchased over 30 Douglas A-4 Skyhawks from Israel in the early 1980s, despite no recognition or diplomatic relations.[206]

In 2012, Indonesia agreed to informally upgrade its relations with Israel and to open a consulate in Ramallah, headed by a diplomat with the rank of ambassador, who will also unofficially serve as his country's ambassador for contacts with Israel. The move, which was agreed upon after five years of sensitive deliberations, represents a de facto upgrading of relations between Israel and the world's most populous Muslim country. Indonesia has formally presented the move to open a West Bank consulate as a demonstration of its support for Palestinian independence. In fact, while the ambassador-ranked diplomat will be accredited to the Palestinian Authority/PLO, a significant portion of his work will be in dealings with Israel, and the office will fulfill substantial diplomatic duties as well as consular responsibilities. Israel and Indonesia quietly maintain trade, security and other relations. Israelis can get visas for Bali in Singapore, while many Indonesians come to Israel as pilgrims.[207]

### Japan[edit | edit source]

The Museum of Japanese Art, Israel

Main article: Israel–Japan relations

On 15 May 1952, diplomatic relations were established with Japan at a Legation level. However, the Japanese government refrained from appointing a Minister Plenipotentiary to Israel until 1955. Relations between the two states were distant at first, but after 1958, no break occurred, despite the Arab oil embargo on several countries, including Japan.

### Kazakhstan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Kazakhstan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1992. The embassy of Israel in Kazakhstan opened in August 1992. The embassy of Kazakhstan in Israel opened in May 1996. Israel has an embassy in Astana and Kazakhstan maintains an embassy in Tel Aviv.

### Malaysia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Malaysia relations

Israel and Malaysia do not maintain diplomatic relations and Malaysian passports do not allow entry into Israel. However, Malaysia and Israel has been engaged in trade relations; in 2011 Israel exported goods to Malaysia worth $716.4 million and imported goods worth $93.6 million.[208] A report compiled by the European Commission indicated that in 2010 Malaysia ranked 15th among Israel's major trade partners, accounting for 0.8% (€667.6 million) of Israel's trade in that year.[209]

### Maldives[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Maldives relations

The Maldives established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1965 and severed them in 1974.[40]

In 2009, under president Mohamed Nasheed, the Maldives signed cooperation agreements with Israel on tourism, health, and education and culture.[210] In 2010, the Israeli government sent a team of eye doctors to treat patients and train local medical personnel in the Maldives.[211] However, the renewed relationship did not develop into full diplomatic relations.[211][212]

In July 2014, under president Abdulla Yameen, the Maldives terminated the cooperation agreements with Israel and announced a boycott of Israeli products, as Israel launched a military operation in Gaza. Foreign minister Dunya Maumoon also announced that the Maldives would fully support Palestinians at international forums such as the United Nations Human Rights Council and offer them humanitarian aid.[213]

### Mongolia[edit | edit source]

In October 1991 the official relationship of Mongolia and Israel began. Ariel Sharon visited in Mongolia in 2001, when he was minister in the Likud government. Israelis wishing to enter Mongolia are exempt from arming a visa in advance. The Mongolian immigration authorities tend to provide visitors to the country a 30 days visa on their arrival. One can extend the visa fee and the extension is at the discretion of the authorities.

An academic delegation from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem visited the Mongolian National University in August 2010. During the visit, an agreement was signed for cooperation between universities. In 2012, the Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon visited and signed an agreement with the Mongolian Minister of Education which included collaboration between universities and institutions of higher education, in which Mongolians will learn about Israel and the Holocaust and Israel will learn about the heritage and history of Mongolia. It was also agreed on expanding ties between the two countries and embassies.

### Myanmar[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Myanmar relations

U Nu and Moshe Dayan in 1955.

Myanmar (also known as Burma) was one of the first countries to recognize Israel and establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Myanmar has also become one of Israel's strongest allies in the region, in terms of both technical assistance and also the much debated and rumored military links. Premiers from both sides such as U Nu and David Ben-Gurion made state visits to each other's countries in the 1950s.[214][215] Myanmar sends agriculture researchers to Israel for training. This was further cemented in Israel's aid assistance during the Cyclone Nargis disaster of May 2008.

### Nepal[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Nepal relations

Abba Eban and the King of Nepal at Weizmann Institute, 1958

Israel–Nepal relations, first established in 1960, are based on mutual security concerns.[216] Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship. Until the 1990s Nepal was the only South Asian country to have diplomatic ties with Israel.[217]

Nepal is one of the few Asian countries to have consistently supported Israel at international forums and at the UN. Nepal has maintained diplomatic relations and continues to support the right of Israel to exist within secure and internationally recognized boundaries. Nepal voted in favour of Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973), which upheld the right of all the states in the region to live in peace. Nepal has also welcomed every initiative from whatever quarter that seeks to resolve the Middle East problems like the Camp David Accord signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978 and the renewed peace process sponsored time to time by countries like the USA.

After the 2015 Nepal earthquake, Israel was one of the first to send aid to Nepal. Israel sent a delegation of 264 people for Search & Rescue missions, and over 95 tons of equipment, including a field hospital. It is estimated that about 12,000 Nepalese foreign workers are residing in Israel, most of whom are women working as caregivers.

### North Korea[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–North Korea relations

North Korea does not recognise the state of Israel, denouncing it as an "imperialist satellite".[36]

### Pakistan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Pakistan relations

A Pakistani passport not valid for travel to Israel.

Israel and Pakistan do not have diplomatic relations with each other, and Pakistani passports say 'This passport is valid for all countries of the World except Israel'. Israeli authorities told a traveller that Pakistanis could apply for a visa, and that they would issue a paper visa and put the entry and exit stamps on it.[218] Some Israeli leaders have expressed the belief that should diplomatic relations with Pakistan be established, then Pakistan could serve as a bridge between Israel and the Muslim world.[219] In 2008, the Israeli Foreign minister stated that "Israel considers Pakistan as its biggest strategic threat" in light of concern over the increasing Taliban threat in Pakistan.[220]

In the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks in India, there was an attack on the Nariman House Jewish community centre. Six people (among them four Israeli citizens), including a Jewish rabbi and his pregnant wife, were killed with some of them being tortured before being killed. The Islamic terrorists had illegally come from Pakistan, reportedly on the instructions of Pakistan Army's Inter Services Intelligence[221]

### Philippines[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Philippines relations

On 29 November 1947, the Philippines (a U.S. territory until 1946) was the only Asian nation to support the partition resolution at the United Nations General Assembly recommending a Jewish State in Palestine.[222] Israel and the Philippines established full diplomatic relationships in 1957. Embassies were opened in Tel Aviv and Manila in 1962. The two countries have enjoyed warm relations in all spheres. In 1997, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) institutionalizing the bilateral political dialogue between the respective foreign ministries. The political dialog is accompanied by cooperation in trade and economy, culture, technical assistance, science, academic exchanges, tourism etc. There are between 37,155 and 50,000 Filipino workers in Israel as of 2004.[223][224]

### Singapore[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Singapore relations

Singapore and Israel have strong bilateral ties and have enjoyed close relations from the outset. This is in part due to both countries' perceptions of themselves as regional economic powerhouses surrounded by much larger Islamic countries with which they have an uneasy relationship. Following Singapore's sudden and unexpected independence after being unilaterally ejected from Malaysia In 1963, Singapore appealed to the international community for technical assistance and military aid. Israel assisted with the establishment of Singapore's armed forces.[225]

Today both countries have extensive economic ties and engage in a high volume of trade, with an emphasis on technology and research and development in the spheres of bio-technology and defense. Israel's national airline El Al does not fly to Singapore as Singapore is located in the region of Indonesia and Malaysia, both of which do not recognise Israel as a state which makes attaining flight rights impossible. Israel has had diplomatic representation in Singapore since its earliest days, with representation formalised in 1968. Singapore is a regional hub for Israeli businesses, while a growing number of members of both business communities seek opportunities for joint ventures in biotechnology, IT and the software industries. Several bilateral agreements provide a solid framework for cooperation in areas such as healthcare, defence, and technological research & development. Most recently, in 1997, a bi-national fund for financing new technological products was set up, an indicator of deepening bilateral relations between both states. Cultural exchanges have been accentuated by encouraging the participation of Israeli artists in international events in Singapore, cultivating a broad interest in Israeli performing arts. The yearly Film Festival has grown to become a cornerstone in the structured framework of activities.[226]

In March 2022, Singapore announced that it will open an embassy in Tel Aviv, 53 years after the two nations first established diplomatic relations.[227]

### South Korea[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–South Korea relations

The Republic of Korea and the State of Israel established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1962.[228][229] Israel opened its embassy in Seoul in April 1968, which was closed by the Israeli government in 1978. The embassy was reopened in January 1992, with Korea opening its resident embassy in Tel Aviv in December 1993.[228]

On 23 August 2010 Korea Venture Investment Corp. (KVIC), a state-backed fund management company, signed a memorandum of understanding with Israel's Vertex Venture Capital (VVC) to raise a US$150 million fund, which will be used to finance joint ventures or the merger and acquisition of small and mid-size venture firms in the two countries.[230]

### Sri Lanka[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Sri Lanka relations

Israel was a source of weapons and training for the Sri Lanka Armed Forces during the war against Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam terrorist organization and weapons sold to the country, including IAI Kfir Fighter Jet, the Saar 4 class missile boats, Super Dvora Mk II-class patrol boat and the Gabriel missile.[231] In May 2011, the Israeli Minister of Agriculture visited Sri Lanka with an agro-business delegation to promote cooperation between the two countries.[232]

### Thailand[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Thailand relations

Thailand and Israel have had full diplomatic relations since 23 June 1954. The Israeli embassy was opened in 1958 although the Thai embassy in Tel Aviv only opened in 1996. Since the beginning, both countries have enjoyed strong ties and beneficial bilateral cooperation in many fields, most notably in agriculture and education. Thousands of Thai academics have been sent to train in Israel while many Thai schools have been modeled after Israel's experience and know-how with aid from Mashav. State visits by Thai royalty to Israel have been reciprocated by Israel's public figures. 100,000 Israeli tourists visit Thailand annually.[233] Thousands of skilled and unskilled Thai workers are employed in Israel and many Thai students study in Israel.

There is also a Thai-Israel Chamber of Commerce, Thai-Israel Friendship Foundation as well as a small community of Israelis living in Thailand.[234][better source needed]

### Turkmenistan[edit | edit source]

In 2013, the Israel Foreign Ministry opened a new embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.[235][236]

### Vietnam[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Vietnam relations

Vietnam and Israel established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1993. Israel opened its resident embassy in Hanoi in December 1993.[237] The first Vietnamese ambassador to Israel presented his credentials on 8 July 2009.[238] Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, the two countries have frequently conducted reciprocal visits at various levels, and have strengthened ties in such fields as business, education, culture, technological cooperation and agriculture. The visits arranged by the Israeli government included those of delegations comprising entrepreneurs and businessmen, academic groups, journalists, artists and musicians, legal workers, and so on.[239]

## Europe[edit | edit source]

See also: Israel–European Union relations

### Albania[edit | edit source]

Main article: Albania–Israel relations

Israel and Albania established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1991. Albania had previously recognized Israel as a state since 1949.[240] Albania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel also has an embassy in Tirana.

### Armenia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Armenia–Israel relations

Since independence, Armenia has received support from Israel and today remains one of its major trade partners. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 April 1992. Israel maintains a consulate in Yerevan, while Armenia has an embassy in Tel-Aviv and an honorary consulate in Jerusalem.[241][242] Israel has recognized 10 Armenians as Righteous Among the Nations for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.[243]

### Austria[edit | edit source]

Main article: Austria–Israel relations

Austria recognized Israel on 5 March 1949. Austria has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 3 honorary consulates (in Eilat, Haifa and Jerusalem).[244] Israel has an embassy in Vienna.[245] Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. The Austrian Foreign Ministry lists the bilateral treaties with Israel.[246]

### Azerbaijan[edit | edit source]

Main article: Azerbaijan–Israel relations

Azerbaijani–Israeli relations are good, and Israel has an embassy in Baku. In May 1999, the U.S.-Azerbaijan Council sponsored a seminar to discuss relations among Azeris, Jews, and Israel. In April 2000, an Israeli trade delegation visited Baku to discuss ways of strengthening bilateral economic relations.

The Azerbaijan–Israel Friendship Society facilitates and promotes bilateral diplomatic and business links. In October 2001, President Aliyev pledged to open an embassy in Israel and send his Foreign Minister to visit the country. Although neither has occurred, Azerbaijani–Israeli strategic cooperation continues to grow.

For many years, Azerbaijan has maintained high rates of immigration to Israel due to the economic and political situation in the country. In 2002, 475 Jews made aliyah and 111 immigrated to the United States. The Azeri government gets regular updates from Israel regarding Azeri Jews in Israel, who are plagued by unemployment, crime, and other social issues as new immigrants in Israel.[247][better source needed]

### Belarus[edit | edit source]

Main article: Belarus–Israel relations

Israel established relations with Belarus in 1992 and continue to maintain friendly relations. In April 2000, Belarus and Israel signed an agreement on trade, science, culture, and education. The two countries also formed a joint committee to improve relations between the two nations. Belarus has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Minsk.[248][249] The two countries have also discussed implementing a visa-free regime between the two countries. Belarus Foreign Minister Vladimir Makei continues to satisfied with the relations between the two countries and also expressed hope for new opportunities to facilitate further all-round cooperation with Israel in conjunction with fostering progressive development with the Jewish state. Both nations celebrated its 20th anniversary in December 2012. Bilateral cooperation has since then encapsulated tourism, culture, trade, economy, science, education and other fields.[250] In 2013, Belarusian Vice Premier Mikhail Rusyi met top Israeli officials from the Belarusian Agriculture and Food Ministry, the State Committee for Science and Technology, Belarusbank and the Vitebsk Oblast Executive Committee to further facilitate economic cooperation as well as development of innovative technologies into the Belarusian agricultural sector.[251][252][253]

### Belgium[edit | edit source]

Main article: Belgium–Israel relations

### Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit | edit source]

Israel and Bosnia and Herzegovina established diplomatic relations in 1997.[254]

### Bulgaria[edit | edit source]

Israel and Bulgaria have strong ties. Bulgaria was one of the only countries which saved its Jews during World War II (48,000 in total).[255] Israel and Bulgaria established diplomatic relations in 1948. After the Six-Day War Bulgaria cut diplomatic ties with Israel. In 1988, Bulgaria joined the wave of first nations to recognise the State of Palestine, something it has never withdrawn. In 1990 diplomatic relations were renewed. Bulgaria has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Sofia and honorary consul in Varna.[256]

The cooperation has been consolidated by unexpected actions of goodwill from both nations. In the summer 2010 Bulgaria dispatched 90 firefighters to Israel to join the efforts to put out a massive wild-fire that raged outside of Haifa. In the summer of 2012, Israel sent two 'Air Tractor' planes to Bulgaria to help that nation fight a wild-fire in the Vitosha Mountains near Sofia further signifying notions of repayment and as well as the strengthening of relations between the two countries. On 7 July 2011, Bulgarian Prime Minister Boiko Borissov and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu signed a declaration pledging closer cooperation between the two countries and the governments between the two countries would result in a wide range of areas that include foreign affairs, national security and emergency preparedness, tourism, energy, and agriculture. Israel also took note of Bulgaria's prompt on international cooperation between the two countries to preserve memory, learning, and research on the Holocaust, combating xenophobia and antisemitism.[257][better source needed]

In January 2012, Israel and Bulgaria signed two additional memorandum of understanding, which the purpose where one was for joint military training exercises and one for cooperation in the defence sector. The two agreements were signed by Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Bulgarian Defense Minister Anyu Angelov. Minister Angelov said the two agreements, in addition to their economic and defense benefits, also "bring a political message – Bulgaria and Israel are a step closer towards stronger cooperation and a strategic dialogue." After the 2012 Burga bus bombing, Bulgaria and Israel pledged to increase security relations between the two countries discussing various aspects of bilateral cooperation at a meeting at the Ministry of Interior between Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Tsvetlin Iochev and Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister, Avigdor Leiberman in November 2013. An international investigation led by Bulgaria has established was the work of people linked with the bombing to the military wing of Hezbollah where five Israeli tourists and a Bulgarian citizen died.[258][259]

The governments of both countries also intend to cooperate in the high-tech sector, the communications sector, health care and agriculture and to continue the positive development of tourism between the two countries and energy resource divestment. Israel also intends to join with Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece and Romania to launch a regional group for crisis response which will boost the partnership between these countries in cases of common security challenges as result of a March 2014 meeting between Avigdor Lieberman and Bulgarian Interior Minister Tsvetlin Yovchev.[260]

### Croatia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Croatia–Israel relations

Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović with Israeli president Reuven Rivlin, July 2015

While Croatia was part of the Yugoslavia Federation (1943–1991) it established diplomatic relations with Israel in year 1948 through the Federation, but after Israel attacked Yugoslavia's Non-Aligned Movement ally Egypt in the Six-Day War in 1967, Yugoslavia severed all diplomatic relations with Israel. After the breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts Croatia declared independence on 8 October 1991 and officially renewed its bilateral relations with Israel which recognized Croatia as an independent state on 16 April 1992, but due to some disagreements with the Croatian President Tuđman full diplomatic relations were established 5 years later, on 4 September 1997. Since then relations between Croatia and Israel have been excellent. Croatia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 4 honorary consulates (in Ashdod, Caesarea, Jerusalem and Kfar Shmaryahu). Israel has an embassy in Zagreb. In addition, Croatia does not recognize the State of Palestine.

### Cyprus[edit | edit source]

Main article: Cyprus–Israel relations

Chief Rabbi of Cyprus, Arie Zeev Raskin meets the Cypriot President, Demetris Christofias.

Israel has had diplomatic relations with Cyprus since Israel's independence in 1948, when Cyprus was a British protectorate. Israel and Cyprus' associations have continued to expand since 1960, the year of Cyprus' independence. The neighboring countries trade regularly and there are high flows of tourism between them. However, Cypriot politicians have frequently spoken out against Israeli military raids in the Palestinian territories as well as the 2006 Lebanon War, during which Cyprus was forced to manage a heavy flow of refugees and aid out of and into Lebanon.[261][better source needed]

However, the discovery of natural gas in the Leviathan gas field led to a thawing of relations between the two governments. The two countries demarcated their Exclusive Economic Zones in 2010. Israel's rising antagonism with Turkey further increased the level of cooperation between the two countries, as Israel compensated by improving its relations elsewhere. In February 2012, Netanyahu visited Cyprus, the first visit of an Israeli Prime Minister in history.[262] The collaboration between Cyprus, Israel and Greece on natural gas extraction has been characterised by the media as the Energy Triangle.

Cyprus serves an important role as the place where most Israeli couples obtain civil marriages, because Cyprus is the closest country on good diplomatic terms with Israel that issues civil marriages. Israel does not issue civil marriages, only religious ones, with religious restrictions on the eligibility of marriage, and a recent law allows civil marriages in Israel under one condition: both individuals are non-Jewish residents of the state. Israel does however recognize civil marriages issued abroad, with Cyprus being the largest source of easy civil marriage licenses.

Relations between Israel and Cyprus are based on mutual respect for Western values, the support for free-market economy and the establishment of democracies in the Middle East that would co-exist peacefully.[263]

### Czech Republic[edit | edit source]

Main article: Czech Republic–Israel relations

Israel and the Czech Republic share a special relationship. Czechoslovakia was the only country to send aid to Israel in its early years e.g. arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949.

In December 2008, the Czech Air Force wanted to train in desert conditions for the upcoming mission in Afghanistan. No country agreed to help, except Israel. Israel saw it as an opportunity to thank the Czechs for training Israeli pilots when the country was first established.[264]

### Denmark[edit | edit source]

Main article: Denmark–Israel relations

The relations between Denmark and Israel have been friendly and warm. Denmark voted for the partition of Palestine in 1947 and supports Israel in the United Nations. Denmark was one of few countries in Europe to save most of its Jewish population during the WWII. In Jerusalem, there is a monument to the rescue of Danish Jews, a school is named in Denmark's honor, and the King Christian X hospital in Eitanim is named after Denmark's king during World War II. Denmark has an embassy in Israel, and Israel has an embassy in Copenhagen.

The political lives of the two states have been somewhat intertwined: The former Israeli minister of social and diaspora affairs Michael Melchior was born in Denmark and is the son of former chief rabbi in Copenhagen, Bent Melchior, the nephew of former Danish minister of traffic and minister of tourism and communication Arne Melchior, and the grandson of the acting rabbi for the Jewish refugees from Denmark in Sweden 1943–45, Marcus Melchior; the executive director of the Peres Center for Peace 2001–2011, Ron Pundak who played an important role in starting the Oslo peace process and was part of the core group behind the Geneva Initiative, is the son of the influential Danish journalist Herbert Pundik; and the prominent Israeli politician Yohanan Plesner, former chairman of the Plesner Committee, is the son of Danish architect Ulrik Plesner.

### Estonia[edit | edit source]

Estonia and Israel maintain excellent relations. Israel officially recognized the Republic of Estonia on 4 September 1991 and diplomatic relations were established on 9 January 1992. Foreign Minister Urmas Paet opened the Estonian Embassy in Tel Aviv in November 2009.[265]

As of 2012, bilateral trade with Israel was 19.9 million euros.[266]

### Finland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Finland–Israel relations

In 2004, a joint Finland-Israel Technology (FIT) cooperation program was created for research and development projects in the field of ICT. The Office of the Chief Scientist in Israel and Tekes, the Finnish Funding Agency for Research and Innovation, allocated five million euros each for the funding of projects.[267] In 2005, Finnish exports to Israel totaled 155,24 million euros and imports from Israel to Finland totaled 95.96 million euros. Finland's leading exports to Israel are telecommunications equipment and machinery, and Israeli fruits and vegetables.[267]

### France[edit | edit source]

Main article: France–Israel relations

Tzipi Livni and French foreign minister Douste-Blazy

In the early 1950s, France and Israel maintained close political and military ties as common enemies of Pan-Arab nationalism. France was Israel's main weapons supplier until its withdrawal from Algeria in 1962 removed most common interest from the relationship, and France became increasingly critical of Israel.[268] This new reality became clear when, in the crisis leading up to the Six-Day War in June 1967, Charles de Gaulle's government imposed an arms embargo on the region, mostly affecting Israel, which had relied on France for weapons over the previous decade.[269] Under François Mitterrand in the early 1980s, French–Israeli relations improved greatly. Mitterrand was the first French president to visit Israel while in office.[270] In 1967, after the Six-Day War, 5,300 French Jews immigrated to Israel.[271]

### Georgia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Georgia–Israel relations

Relations between Israel and Georgia remain excellent.[272] Georgia's former defense minister from 2006 to 2008, Davit Kezerashvili, had previously lived in Israel. Israel has been selling weapons to Georgia for seven years financed by grants from the USA[272] Included in these weapons are Israeli-built spy drones provided through the former mayor of Tel Aviv, Roni Milo. Israeli advisors, estimated to number between 100 and 1,000, have trained the Georgian military for some time.[272] The two nations also maintain a visa free policy where Georgian and Israeli officials signed an agreement to lift visa requirements for Georgian citizens traveling to Israel, reciprocating Georgia's visa-free policy for Israelis in place since mid-2005.[273][274]

Georgia has its embassy in Tel Aviv, and the State of Israel has its embassy in Tbilisi. In June 2013, Georgian Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili praised the Jewish people and Israel and has sought to increase relations between Israel and Georgia elucidating his special relationship between him, Georgia and the Jewish people. Ivanishvili also wanted to extend strategic partnerships and as well as furthering economic cooperation by making it easier for Israeli entrepreneurs and investors to not just do business in Israel, but also facilitate the right paths to do business for the Georgians. The Israel-Georgia Chamber of Business was established in 1996 in order to facilitate business transactions between the two friendly countries and acting as a guide for Israeli businesses through the Georgian economy. Major sectors include insurance, real estate and construction, medical and dental solutions, industrial and utility projects, and energy.[275][276][277]

### Germany[edit | edit source]

Main article: Germany–Israel relations

See also: East Germany–Israel relations

Due to its role in the Holocaust, Israel was at first extremely hostile towards Germany and initially refused to establish relations with them. However, relations gradually thawed as Germany offered to pay reparations in 1952, and diplomatic relations were officially established in 1965. Israel and Germany now maintain a "special relationship" based on shared beliefs, Western values and a combination of historical perspectives.[278] Among the most important factors in their relations is Nazi Germany's role in the genocide of 6 million Jews during the Holocaust.[279]

Germany is a prime supplier of arms to Israel, including Dolphin submarines. The military co-operation has been discreet but mutually profitable: Israeli intelligence, for example, sent captured Warsaw Pact armor to West Germany to be analyzed. The results aided the German development of an anti-tank system.[280]

### Greece[edit | edit source]

Main article: Greece–Israel relations

Both Greece and Turkey recognized the State of Israel in the late 1940s, but were diplomatically represented in Tel Aviv on lower-than-embassy levels. Greek–Israeli relations improved in 1995. Trade doubled between 1989 and 1995. That year Israel exported $200 million worth of chemicals and oil products to Greece and imported $150 million worth of cement, food, and building materials. Israel is the second largest importer of Greek products in the Middle East.

The Israeli and Greek Navies joined forces in 2012 near Piraeus

Meeting of President of Israel Shimon Peres and Prime Minister of Greece Antonis Samaras in August 2012 in Athens

A Greek–Israeli cooperation agreement on military affairs was concluded as early as December 1994 (predating the Turkish–Israeli agreement of February 1996); however, both sides refrained from activating the agreement. Greece was apparently concerned about alienating the Arab world while Israel did not wish to upset the Turks. Greece and Israel agreed to hold joint naval maneuvers at the end of the summer 1997, but they were indefinitely postponed by the Greeks. The reason given for the postponement was that the Greek navy was busy preventing infiltrations from Albania, and it could not spare a frigate for the exercises.[281][better source needed]

Hellenic Air Force Bombardier 415s fighting flames at Ein Hod on 4 December 2010

Greece–Israel relations improved as Turkey–Israel relations worsened in the aftermath of the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid. In October 2010, the Israeli and Greek air-forces trained jointly in Greece. According to the BBC, this signified a boost in ties that was due in large part to Israel's rift with Turkey.[282] In November 2011, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece's Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base.[283]

The joint Cyprus–Israel oil and gas explorations are also an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus.[284] Additionally Greek and Israeli state controlled energy companies are planning to lay the world's longest subsea power cable, linking Israel, Cyprus and Greece by 2023. The link, called the EuroAsia Interconnector project, will be the longest in the world.[285]

A new joint action committee for the Greek–Israeli alliance has been created in the U.S. Congress in early 2013. The creation and goals of the Greek-Israeli Caucus under the name Congressional Hellenic-Israel Alliance were announced at a special event held in the Congress.[286] It is co-chaired by Congress members Gus Bilirakis the Republican representative from Florida and Ted Deutch the Democrat from Florida, and the Greek-Israeli Caucus consists of powerful members of both Republican and Democratic party. It is estimated that it may become the most important pressure group in Congress by 2014.[287][288][289]

### Holy See[edit | edit source]

Main article: Holy See–Israel relations

Before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Vatican opposed Zionist policies and objectives in Palestine. In 1947, during discussions at the United Nations about the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, the Vatican supported the internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy places away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty. In October 1948, as the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was in progress, Pope Pius XII, deeply disturbed by that violent conflict, issued the encyclical In multiplicibus curis, in which he called on the peace-makers to give Jerusalem and its outskirts "an international character" and to assure – "with international guarantees" – freedom of access and worship at the holy places scattered throughout Palestine. In April 1949, he issued the encyclical Redemptoris nostri cruciatus, in which he appealed for justice for the Palestinian refugees and repeated his call for an "international status" as the best form of protection for the holy places.

In January 1964, Pope Paul VI visited Israel, the first such Papal visit.

Following the Six-Day War, the Vatican modified its position on the holy places. In an address to the College of Cardinals in December 1967, Pope Paul VI called for a "special statute, internationally guaranteed" for Jerusalem and the Holy Places, thus changing the previous demand for the internationalization of Jerusalem.

Diplomatic relations between the Israeli government and the Vatican were established in 1994, following the conclusion of the Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel, signed on 30 December 1993. The Holy See (the Vatican), which has UN observer status, is the only non-UN member state with which Israel has diplomatic relations and the only non-UN member state recognised by Israel. An important organ in these relations is the Israel-Vatican Bilateral Commission, established under article 10 of the Agreement to resolve economic issues between the parties.

In 2000, Pope John Paul II visited Israel, followed by visits of Pope Benedict XVI (2009) and Pope Francis (2014). The bilateral commission convened on 30 April 2009 and 10 December 2009.[290]

### Hungary[edit | edit source]

Main article: Hungary–Israel relations

Hungary and Israel established full diplomatic relations in 1948 and severed during the Six-Day War in 1967. Relations were restored in 1989 with improved relations as well as the opening of embassies and consulates with Hungary having an embassy in Tel Aviv and 4 honorary consulates (in Eilat, Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv)[291] and Israel has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.[292] Both countries have stressed the increasing of trade and tourism between one another and an estimated 30,000 Hungarian Jews emigrated to Israel in 1948.[293][294][295] Both nations are also members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

In January 2022, Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett thanked his Hungarian counterpart, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, for the Hungarian government's consistent support of Israel at international forums.[296]

### Ireland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ireland–Israel relations

Full diplomatic relations between Ireland and Israel were established in 1975.[297] As of 2016 the Israeli ambassador to Ireland is Zeev Boker and the Irish ambassador to Israel is Alison Kelly.

The Irish government followed a similar line to other EU governments during the 2006 Lebanon War, with the Irish Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, condemning the actions of Israel as "reckless and disproportionate" and calling for an immediate ceasefire on both sides, while also condemning the actions of Hezbollah.[298] During the conflict, a shipment of bombs that attempted to land in Ireland from USA to Tel Aviv was denied use of Irish airspace and airfields by the Irish Government. The weapons were part of a series of agreed arms shipments between the United States Government and Israel. The shipments were diverted via Scotland, where they also caused controversy.[299]

In 2010, the Israel Defense Forces forcibly boarded an Irish aid ship destined for the Gaza Strip which resulted in worsened relations, Israel's Mossad was also involved in the counterfeiting of Irish passports, 2 members of the Israeli ambassador's security staff in Dublin were subsequently deported. In 2010, there were numerous protests at the Israeli embassy in Ireland over the treatment of Palestinians.

### Italy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Italy relations

The Israeli and Italian Air Forces conclude an extensive, two-week joint exercise in Sardinia, 17 November 2010.

Relations between Italy and Israel remain strong, with frequent diplomatic exchanges and a large volume of trade. The Israeli Government has followed with great attention the fight against international terrorism pursued by the Italian Government.

### Kosovo[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Kosovo relations

On 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, a move Serbia rejects. Kosovo has been recognized by a substantial number of UN members, including the United States and most members of the European Union.[300] At the time of the declaration, an Israeli Foreign Ministry official stated: "We haven't decided when we're going to decide, and instead will monitor events and consider the issue". Israel was reluctant to recognize Kosovo's independence, in part because of the possibility of Palestinians using recognition of Kosovo to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence.[301] On 21 September 2018 the president of Kosovo, Hashim Thaci told that he would place the Kosovo embassy in Jerusalem if Israel recognized Kosovo as an independent state.[302] Israel and Kosovo agreed to establish diplomatic relations on 4 September 2020.[303] In March 2022, Kosovo officially opened its embassy in Jerusalem after becoming the first Muslim-majority territory to recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.[304]

### Latvia[edit | edit source]

Latvia and Israel established diplomatic relations 6 January 1992. In October 2012, Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs called on Israeli officials for the development of economic and trade contacts between both countries and support for Latvia's accession to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Rinkevics also met with Israeli President Shimon Peres on behalf of President Berzins to visit Latvia. Rinkevics and Peres agreed on the key significance of education and knowledge-based economies for the development of small countries further paving opportunities for our future cooperation between the two nations.[305]

Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also corroborated claims that Israel is interested in forging closer relations with Latvia as Rinkevics emphasized the 20th anniversary of relations between Latvia and Israel in 2012 and both foreign ministers expressed their commitment to strengthening economic and trade cooperation, including contacts between Latvian and Israeli entrepreneurs and a more cooperative operation in the fields of education, culture and science.[305]

### Lithuania[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Lithuania relations

Israel recognized Lithuania's independence in 1991. Both countries established diplomatic relation in 1992. Israel has an embassy in Vilnius. Lithuania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and two honorary consulates (in Herzliya and Ramat Gan). Relations are warm and friendly between the two nations and both bi-national trade and tourism has doubled, and two new regularly scheduled flights have just been set between the two countries since 2010.[306]

Lithuanian achievements, particularly Lithuania's achievements in biochemistry and the biosciences have attracted Israeli entrepreneurs and investors to invest in Lithuania's science and technology sector and Lithuania is enthusiastic in combining Israel's knack for unlocked untapped entrepreneurial and intellectual potential combined with Lithuania's strong science and technology research base and talented workforce. Both nations have concluded an agreement on cooperation in industrial research and experimental development as further cooperation within venture capital to fund joint research projects remains underway.[307][308]

Bilateral meetings between both nations reached unexpected highs between 2009–2011 and cooperations between the two nations remain excellent with several forms of cooperation that include science, economics, education, and culture as emphasized by Lithuanian Foreign Minister Audronius Azubalis. Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaite has stated Israel as model of innovation in which is one of the reasons that Lithuania is interested in enhancing its bilateral relations.[309][310][311][312]

In 2011 alone, Israeli tourism to Lithuania grew by 62 percent, and Lithuanian exports to Israel increased by 54 percent. Israel's leading pharmaceutical company, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, has a manufacturing plant in Lithuania and TEVA recently invested in "Sicor Biotech", a Lithuanian biotechnological pharmaceutical company, further signifying economic cooperation and encourages the development of such sciences as biotechnology and genetic engineering in Lithuanian universities.[313]

Israeli companies have taken a very active interest in possibilities for carrying out clinical research in Lithuania; many of them are already in cooperation with Lithuanian medical institutions and have invested in Lithuania's burgeoning life sciences sector. In 2013, Lithuanian biotechnology company ProBioSanus signed a representation agreement with Bharat Israel where ProBioSanus' natural, probiotic-based cleaning and personal care products will be available for sale in Israel for the first time. The company already opened stores in Lithuania and Scandinavia. Mr Andrejauskas, head of ProBioSanus spoke of this agreement saying that "We have a strong scientific base and intellectual potential in Lithuania, so we are allocating particular attention to the creation of new formulas and products."[314] Besides Israeli investments in the Lithuanian life science's sector, Lithuanian presence in Israel in the food industry remains strong as Israeli supermarkets sell Lithuanian cheese, curd desserts, Vilnius mayonnaise, Žemaitijos Pienas butter, Panevėžys ice cream, Švyturys-Utenos Alus beers and various styles of Lithuanian liquors. According to Vadimas Ivanovas, a business and financial analyst at Enterprise Lithuania, says that Israeli retail chains are very interested in Lithuanian sweets, pastries, canned vegetables, various sauces, alcoholic beverages, mineral water. "Veal is particularly popular."[308]

### Luxembourg[edit | edit source]

In November 1947, Luxembourg voted in favor of the partition plan to create a Jewish state. Israel and Luxembourg established full diplomatic relations in 1949. Due to Luxembourg's small size, the Israeli embassy is located in Brussels and Luxembourg is represented politically by the Dutch embassy and economically by the Belgian embassy.[315][better source needed]

### Moldova[edit | edit source]

Moldovan Embassy in Tel Aviv.

Relations between Moldova and Israel were established on 6 June 1992. Israel recognized Moldova on 25 December 1991. Israel is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Chisinau and Moldova has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Haifa. Relations between the two countries are friendly and a warm one based on mutual support. A myriad of efforts are primarily focused on the realization of achieved accords on cooperation in the fields of economy, medicine, industry, agriculture, social and cultural issues. Though the volume of trade between Israel and Moldova is low, Larisa Miculet, the Ambassador of Moldova to Israel has stated that there numerous untapped potential of increasing bilateral trade. For Israeli entrepreneurs and investors, Moldova is geopolitically convenient because of its location in the center of Europe, its high transparency between public authorities and foreign investors and due to its having eliminated most of the bureaucratic barriers that hinder business activities. Various business sectors of cooperation between Israel and Moldova range from pharmaceuticals, energy, information technology and software, electronics and electronic equipment, power engineering, metal and plastics processing and construction materials but Moldova has stressed foreign Israeli investments in all segments of the Moldovan economy.[316][317][318]

### Netherlands[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Netherlands relations

Netherlands delegation, Jerusalem March

In 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the establishing Israel and established diplomatic relation in 1949. Israel has an embassy in The Hague and The Netherlands has an embassy in Tel Aviv.

### North Macedonia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–North Macedonia relations

### Norway[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Norway relations

With Israel for Peace (MIFF), Oslo

Norway was one of the first countries to recognize Israel on 4 February 1949. Both countries established diplomatic relations later that year. Israel has an embassy which serves Norway and Iceland in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 2 honorary consulates (in Eilat and Haifa). Israels Venner på Stortinget (Friends of Israel in the Parliament of Norway) is a pro-Israel caucus group consisting of members of the Parliament of Norway (Stortinget).

### Poland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Poland relations

Following the severing of relations after the Six-Day War, Poland was the first Eastern Bloc country to restore relations with Israel in 1986. Full diplomatic relations were reestablished in 1990, after the fall of Communism in Poland.

### Portugal[edit | edit source]

The Estado Novo regime did not recognize Israel. Full diplomatic relations with the Portuguese government were established on 12 May 1977, following the Portuguese revolution of 1974.[319]

### Romania[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Romania relations

Romania and Israel established full diplomatic relations on 11 June 1948. Israel has an embassy in Bucharest.[320] Romania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 3 honorary consulates (in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv).[321] The two countries have signed many bilateral treaties and agreements and both of them are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and many other international organizations.

### Russia and the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Russia relations

See also: Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict and Russia and the Arab–Israeli conflict

Benjamin Netanyahu and Vladimir Putin at the 2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade

The Soviet Union voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, which paved the way for the creation of the State of Israel. On 17 May 1948, on the third day of Israel's independence, the Soviet Union granted de jure recognition to the State of Israel, becoming only the second country to recognise Israel (preceded only by the United States' de facto recognition) and the first country to grant Israel de jure recognition.[322]

The Soviet Union and the other communist states of Eastern Europe (with the exception of Romania) cut diplomatic ties with Israel during the Six-Day War. Relations were restored on 19 October 1991, a few months before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, despite the fact that hostile Arab countries such as Syria also maintain close ties with Russia. Russia is known to supply Syria with weapons.[323]

In September 2010, Israel and Russia signed a comprehensive military agreement that will "increase cooperation on combating terrorism" and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak met with his Russian counterpart, Anatoly Serdyukov and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, and signed the agreement during a ceremony in Moscow. The Russian military plans on purchasing additional Israeli unmanned aerial vehicles. Russia previously bought 12 drones from the Israel Aerospace Industries following the war in South Ossetia.[324]

### Serbia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Serbia relations

Diplomatic relations between Israel and Serbia's predecessor state, Yugoslavia, were severed for twenty-four years, from 1967 until 1991, when they were officially renewed, by which time Yugoslavia was in the process of disintegration. Diplomatic relations continued when, in April 1992, the two remaining Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro, formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed to Serbia and Montenegro in February 2003). On 3 June 2006, Montenegro and Serbia dissolved the union.

### Slovakia[edit | edit source]

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993. Israel has an embassy in Bratislava, with its first resident ambassador in Slovakia being Yael Rubinstein.[325] Slovakia has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[326] In May 2008, Slovakian Prime Minister Robert Fico called Ehud Olmert and Shimon Peres for the strengthening of diplomatic relations between Israel and Slovakia. An Israel – Slovakia Chamber of Commerce and Industry also exists to facilitate further economic and business cooperation between the two countries.[327][328]

### Slovenia[edit | edit source]

Israel and Slovenia established full diplomatic relations when Israel officially recognized Slovenia on 16 April 1992 and on 28 April 1992 when the countries signed the Protocol establishing diplomatic relations between each other. The Slovenian-Israeli Chamber of Commerce was established in 2010 signifying a strengthening of ties and both countries have discussed bilateral cooperation in business, tourism, science and technology, and agriculture.[329][330]

#### Slovenian Jews in Israel[edit | edit source]

A sizable Slovenian Jewish community was presently in the Gush Dan area.

### Spain[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Spain relations

Francoist Spain did not recognize Israel, citing an international conspiracy of Jews and Freemasons against Spain. Israel and Spain have maintained diplomatic ties since 1986. Nevertheless, Israeli exports to Spain are on the rise, totalling $870 million in 2006, and Israeli firms doing business with Spain include the Dead Sea Works, Haifa Chemicals, Amdocs, Comverse and Teva Pharmaceuticals.[331] The Spanish foreign minister visited Israel for an official visit in May 2008.[332]

### Sweden[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Sweden relations

Sweden voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. Relations between Sweden and Israel were good during the 1950s and 1960s, and Sweden expressed strong support for Israel during the Six-Day War.[333] However, from 1969, Sweden became more critical of Israel.[334][335] In October 2014 Sweden officially recognized the State of Palestine as the first European Union country.[336]

### Switzerland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Switzerland relations

The Chief of the Swiss Armed Forces, André Blattmann, visiting Israel as a guest of IDF Chief of General Staff, Benny Gantz, 27 November 2011.

The First Zionist Congress was held in Basel in 1897, and 15 out of a total of 22 congresses were held in Switzerland. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Switzerland maintained a consulate in Jerusalem and a consular agency in Tel Aviv. It recognized the new state in 1949 and opened a consulate in Tel Aviv, which was upgraded to an embassy in 1958. The Swiss community in Israel is the largest in the Asian region, totalling around 12,000 persons.[337]

After escalation of the Middle East conflict, Switzerland halted arms sales and military cooperation with Israel from 2002 to 2005. Since 2004, there has been regular political dialogue between Switzerland and Israel.[337]

Switzerland has represented Israel's interests in numerous countries (Hungary (1967–1989), Guinea (1967–1973), Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1970–1976), Madagascar (1973–1994), Liberia (1973–1983) and Ghana (1973–2002)). Conversely, it has represented the interests of Iran (1958–1987) and Ivory Coast (1973–1986) in Israel. It also lobbied successfully for inclusion of Magen David Adom in the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement.[337]

On 21 April 2009, Israel recalled its ambassador for consultations due to events that occurred at the UN anti-racism conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Israeli officials, angered by a meeting between Swiss President Hans-Rudolf Merz and the Iranian president, recalled its ambassador to Switzerland, Ilan Elgar "for consultations" amid ongoing controversy over an anti-racism conference being held in Geneva.[338][339]

### Ukraine[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1991. Israel has an embassy in Kiev. Ukraine has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Haifa. In July 2010 the foreign ministers of two countries sign an agreement of non-visa traffic between Israel and Ukraine. This came into effect on 9 February 2011 and since then Ukrainians and Israelis may enter territory, travel through it or stay on Ukraine/Israel without having to obtain visas for 90 days within a period of 180 days.

### United Kingdom[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–United Kingdom relations

Relations between the Israel and the UK began as hostile. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, Britain detained 8,000 Jewish men of military age attempting to make aliyah to Israel in Cyprus, so they could not participate in the fighting. Britain supplied weapons to the Arab states, and almost went to war with Israel. When Israel captured the Negev, the British Ministry of Defence began to draw up plans for a possible invasion of Israel. British planes spied on Israeli positions, and war between the two countries became even more possible when four British planes were shot down by Israel. However, the two countries began to soften later on, and trade began. In 1956 Israel invaded Sinai Peninsula in agreement with France and the UK that invaded Suez. Nevertheless, Anglo-Israeli relations became turbulent in the summer of 2006 when Prime Minister Tony Blair, along with many other European leaders criticized IDF airstrikes against Hezbollah targets in Lebanon, which had high civilian casualties. During the Cameron premiership, relations between the two countries continued to remain close.

## Central America[edit | edit source]

### Belize[edit | edit source]

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1983.[340]
* Belize is represented in Israel through its embassy in London.[341]
* Israel is represented in Belize through its embassy in San Salvador.[342]
* Since 2011, both countries have an agreement on visa exemption for holders of diplomatic, service and national passports.[343]

### Costa Rica[edit | edit source]

Costa Rica was one of the first countries to vote in favor of the establishment of the State of Israel. It maintained its embassy in Jerusalem until August 2006, when it finally relocated to Tel Aviv in order to bolster its ties with the Arab world.[344] In December 2011, Rodrigo Carreras became the Costa Rican ambassador to Israel for the second time, after his posting there in the 1980s. Carreras' father, Benjamin Nunez, also served as the Costa Rican ambassador to Israel.[345]

### Guatemala[edit | edit source]

Following Israel's independence, Guatemala was the first country to open an embassy in Jerusalem in 1959. The embassy was later relocated to Tel Aviv. However, on 16 May 2018 Guatemala again moved its embassy back to Jerusalem. The move to Jerusalem followed two days after the opening of the United States' Embassy to Israel in the city.[346]

### Haiti[edit | edit source]

Israeli rescue workers in Haiti

Haiti and Israel maintain full diplomatic relations. In 1947, Haiti voted for the UN Partition Plan and the creation of the State of Israel.[347][better source needed] Israel was among the first to send both personnel and aid to Haiti following the devastating earthquake in 2010.[348]

### Dominican Republic[edit | edit source]

* Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1979.
* Israel is represented in Dominican Republic through its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
* Both countries have an agreement on visa abolition.[349]

### Panama[edit | edit source]

Panama formally recognized the State of Israel on 18 June 1948. The two countries first exchanged in 1960.

Panama voted with Israel against UN resolution 67/19,[350] as well as UN resolution 70/70,[351] and in 2012 had a 30% voting coincidence with Israel.[352][better source needed]

### Nicaragua[edit | edit source]

1974–1978: Israel sold arms to Somoza régime.[353][354]

On 1 June 2010 Nicaragua suspended diplomatic ties with Israel in response to the Gaza flotilla raid.[355] Relations were restored in March 2017.[356]

## North America[edit | edit source]

### Canada[edit | edit source]

Main article: Canada–Israel relations

Canada's relationship with Israel began in 1947, when Canada was represented on the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). Canada was one of the 33 countries (including only four Commonwealth members) that voted in favour of the 1947 UN partition Plan, thus beginning a longstanding relationship with the Jewish state based on a shared commitment to democratic values, understanding, and mutual respect.

### Cuba[edit | edit source]

Main article: Cuba–Israel relations

Cuban ambassador to Israel with Golda Meir, 1960

Cuba sent troops to fight against Israel during the War of Attrition. Cuba also joined the expeditionary forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and broke diplomatic relations with Israel the same year.

As Cuba's enemy and a very close United States ally, Israel was the only country in the world that consistently sided with the U.S. blockade against Cuba.

In late 2010, Fidel Castro, who at this time no longer held office in Cuba's government, stated that he believes Israel has a 'right to exist', which is a shift from his régime's earlier policy.[357]

### Mexico[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Mexico relations

Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu meeting with Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto in Jerusalem; 2016.

Mexico and Israel have had diplomatic relations since January 1950. Throughout the years, they have maintained close relations with each other. In 2000, a free trade agreement was signed between the two nations. Mexico has also purchased weapons from Israel and is one of Israel's closest allies in the Americas.[358]

### United States[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–United States relations

See also: Israel–United States military relations

Yitzhak Shamir with U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, 1982

The relations between Israel and the United States have evolved from an initial United States policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish state in 1948 (It was the first country to recognize the establishment of the State) to an unusual partnership that links Israel with the United States trying to balance competing interests in the Middle East region. The United States has been considered Israel's most powerful and supportive ally and hosts the annual Salute to Israel Parade in New York City. From 1948 to 2012, the United States has provided Israel with $233.7 billion in aid (after adjusting for inflation). In addition, the US has provided Israel with $19 billion in loan guarantees.[359]

The United States is Israel's largest trading partner, accounting for 22.4 percent of Israel's $43.19 billion in imports, and 42.1 percent of Israel's $40.14 billion in exports annually (2005).[360] The U.S. also provides Israel with $2.4 billion in military assistance annually, which is equivalent to 24.5 percent of Israel's military expenditures. (2005).[360]

## Oceania[edit | edit source]

### Australia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Australia–Israel relations

Australian Light Horse Monument in Australian Soldier Park, Beersheba.

Australia was one of the four Commonwealth nations to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution. Australia and Israel established full diplomatic relations in January 1949.[361] Australia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel likewise in Canberra. In May 2010, the Australian government expelled an Israeli diplomat over the misuse of Australian passports in the assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh, which Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said was "not the act of a friend."[362]

### Marshall Islands[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Marshall Islands relations

The Marshall Islands is one of the most consistent supporters of Israel international affairs, along with the United States, Micronesia and Palau. The Marshall Islands is a country in free association with the United States, and thus consistently vote in favor of the United States.

### Micronesia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Federated States of Micronesia relations

The Federated States of Micronesia is one of the most consistent supporters of Israel. Throughout the history of the United Nations General Assembly, there has always been an "automatic majority" against Israel. The United States has often voted in favour of Israel and in recent years,[363][364] one other nation has joined Israel's defense – Micronesia.

The foreign policy goals of the Micronesia are primarily linked to achieving economic development and protecting their vast marine environment. Israel was one of the first to welcome Micronesia into the family of nations, even before it became a member of the UN. According to Micronesia's U.N. deputy ambassador, the country has since sought close bilateral relations with Israel in areas such as agriculture, technical training and health care training. Israel assisted Micronesia in its early development. As one Micronesian diplomat said, "We need Israeli expertise, so I don't see a change in our policy anytime soon."[365][better source needed]

In January 2010, the President of the Federated States of Micronesia, Emanuel Mori, and the President of the Republic of Nauru, Marcus Stephen, with their foreign ministers, visited Israel to expand ties on issues such as healthcare, solar energy, water conservation, clean technologies and other areas in which Israel can provide expertise. They met with Israeli leaders including the Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Shimon Peres and Minister of Foreign Affairs Avigdor Lieberman.[366]

### Nauru[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Nauru relations

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Israel and the Republic of Nauru established official diplomatic relations in 2013 and collaborated on various subjects.[which?] Nauru, like other Pacific islands such as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau, is a consistent supporter of Israel in international bodies, including the United Nations.

### New Zealand[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–New Zealand relations

New Zealand was one of the four Commonwealth nations to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution. Since then, most New Zealand governments have been supportive of Israel. After 53 years of full diplomatic relations, the Israeli Embassy in Wellington closed in 2004 due to $5.4 million in cost-cuts by the Israeli Foreign Ministry. It was speculated that trade with Arab countries were a major factor. In June 2004, the New Zealand Government criticized Israel's policy of bulldozing Palestinian homes and donated $534,000 to aid homeless Palestinians. At one time there were four missions in the South Pacific area in Canberra, Sydney, Wellington and Suva in Fiji. Following the closure, only Canberra remained open, which was responsible for New Zealand-Israeli Relations. In 2009, the Israel Foreign Ministry announced the reopening of the embassy in Wellington.[235]

In mid-2004, two suspected Mossad agents were jailed for three months and paid a $35,000 fine for trying on false grounds to obtain a New Zealand passport. High-level visits between the two countries were cancelled, visa restrictions imposed for Israeli officials, and an expected visit to New Zealand by Israeli president Moshe Katsav was cancelled. More than a year later, Israel apologized and New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark announced that it was time to resume friendly diplomatic relations with Israel.

### Palau[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Palau relations

Palau is one of the most consistent supporters of Israel in the United Nations and other international affairs along with the United States, Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. In 2006, Palau had the highest voting coincidence with Israel in the United Nations.

### Papua New Guinea[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Papua New Guinea relations

### Tuvalu[edit | edit source]

Israel maintains a non-resident embassy to Tuvalu in Jerusalem and Tuvalu has voted together with Israel against UN resolutions furthering Palestinian sovereignty on occasion.[367][368]

## South America[edit | edit source]

### Argentina[edit | edit source]

Main article: Argentina–Israel relations

Golda Meir with Eva Perón.

In 1992, three Israeli diplomats were killed in the bombing of the Israeli Embassy which left 29 people dead and 240 wounded. Two years later, another bombing took place at the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, killing 85 people and wounding 300. The investigation was never completed.[369] Néstor Kirchner called this a national disgrace, and reopened the files.

### Bolivia[edit | edit source]

In January 2009, Bolivia limited its foreign relationship with Israel in the wake of strikes in Gaza by Israel. Bolivian President Evo Morales has reportedly promised to take Israel to an international court for alleged war crimes committed in Gaza.[370] Bolivia originally granted visa free access to Israeli citizens. However, as a result of Israel's 2014 military operation in Gaza, which it opposed, President Evo Morales declared Israel a "terrorist state" and his government will now require Israeli citizens to obtain a visa to visit Bolivia.[371] Morales has called Israel's treatment of Palestinians "a genocide".[372]

Following Morales's resignation and fleeing to Mexico in November 2019, relations were restored to their previous status.[373]

### Brazil[edit | edit source]

Main article: Brazil–Israel relations

Shimon Peres and Foreign Minister of Brazil, Celso Amorim

Brazil played a large role in the establishment of the State of Israel. Brazil held the Presidency office of the UN General Assembly in 1947, which proclaimed the Partition Plan for Palestine. The Brazilian delegation to the U.N., supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of the State of Israel. Brazil was also one of the first countries to recognize the State of Israel, on 7 February 1949, less than one year after Israeli Declaration of Independence.

Nowadays, Brazil and Israel maintain close political, economic and military ties. Brazil is a full member state of Israel Allies Caucus,[374] a political advocacy organization that mobilizes pro-Israel parliamentarians in governments worldwide. The two nations enjoy a degree of arms cooperation as Brazil is a key buyer of Israeli weapons and military technology.[375] Also, Brazil is Israel's largest trading partner in Latin America.[376] Israel has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Sao Paulo and Brazil has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Haifa.[377] A longstanding dispute between Israel and Brazil is ongoing over Brazil's official rejection of a new Israeli ambassador because of his ties to the West Bank.[378]

Brazil-Israel relations have improved significantly during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro since 2019. Brazilian president Bolsonaro has expressed his love for Israel several times.[379] He has even said to have turned Brazil into Israel's new best friend.[380] In December 2019, Brazil opened a trade office in Jerusalem. Brazil also considered to move its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[381]

Brazil has the ninth largest Jewish community in the world, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the IBGE census.[382] The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates to more than 120,000.[383]

### Chile[edit | edit source]

Main article: Chile–Israel relations

Chile recognized Israel's independence in February 1949. Israel sent its first ambassador to Chile in May 1950, and Chile sent its first ambassador to Israel in June 1952. Prime Minister Golda Meir visited Chile during her term in office. In March 2005, the Chilean minister of foreign affairs Ignacio Walker made an official visit to Israel. Chile is home to the largest Palestinian community outside the Middle East, approximately 500,000.[384][385]

### Colombia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Colombia–Israel relations

Colombia and Israel established formal relations in the mid-1950s. In recent years, Colombia has purchased planes, drones, weapons and intelligence systems from Israel. An Israeli company, Global CST won a $10 million contract in Colombia.[386]

### Guyana[edit | edit source]

Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1992.[387]

### Paraguay[edit | edit source]

In September 2018, Paraguay announced that it was moving its embassy in Israel out of Jerusalem and back to Tel Aviv, just months after a previous Paraguayan administration had opened the new mission. The US, Guatemala and Paraguay, all moved their embassies to Jerusalem in May 2018. Paraguay said it had officially recognized the military wings of Palestinian group Hamas and Lebanon's Hezbollah as terrorist organizations, drawing praise from Israel. President Mario Abdo Benitez made the declaration in an official document in August 2019.[388]

### Peru[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Peru relations

Israel and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1957. In 1998 the two countries began talks on a free-trade agreement.[389] Israel sent rescue teams and medical aid to Peru after earthquakes in 1970, 2005 and 2007.[390][391] In 2001, Eliane Karp, a former Israeli, became the First Lady of Peru.[392]

### Uruguay[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Uruguay relations

Israel has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 2 honorary consulates in Ashdod and Haifa. Uruguay was one of the first nations to recognise Israel as independent.

### Venezuela[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israel–Venezuela relations

Relations were once strong, but the bilateral ties soured under the Presidency of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela.[393] The Jewish population in Venezuela, which peaked at 45,000,[394] is now below 15,000 "as a result of severe instability in the country", according to the Israeli Stephen Roth Institute.[395] The Miami Herald, Jewish Times, and Jewish organizations have reported large-scale emigration of Jewish people from Venezuela during the Chávez administration.[396][397] As a result of the June/July 2006 battles in the Gaza Strip, Venezuela withdrew its ambassador to Israel. The embassy itself remains open and operational[398][verification needed]Following the Israeli attack on Gaza in December 2008 and January 2009, Venezuela cut its diplomatic ties with Israel. Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez called the attack "genocidal", and urged that Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert be tried for war crimes.

## Israeli foreign aid[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israeli foreign aid

Israeli foreign aid comprises primarily development assistance and humanitarian aid provided by Israel to foreign countries. Israel provides assistance to developing countries to alleviate and solve economic and social problems through its international cooperation program of technical assistance, based on its own recent and ongoing experience in developing human and material resources. Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation, established as an agency of the Israeli Foreign Ministry in 1958 and known by its Hebrew acronym, MASHAV, is the primary vehicle for providing this aid.[399]

Israel has provided humanitarian assistance to developing countries in Asia, Africa, South America, Oceania, and Central Europe through the activities of Mashav,[400] with the goal to give developing countries the knowledge, tools, and expertise that Israel gained in its own development, and its ability to "make the desert flourish". This center trains course participants from approximately 140 countries on healthcare, as well as emergency and disaster medicine, and has participated in dozens of projects worldwide in fields economic fields such as agriculture, education, development, employment, and healthcare, as well as humanitarian fields such as disaster relief, reconstruction, and refugee absorption.[401]

In the 1970s, Israel broadened its aid agenda by granting safe haven to refugees and foreign nationals in distress from around the world. Since the 1980s, Israel has also provided humanitarian aid to places affected by natural disasters and terrorist attacks. In 1995, the Israeli Foreign Ministry and Israel Defense Forces established a permanent humanitarian and emergency aid unit, which has carried out humanitarian operations worldwide. In addition to providing humanitarian supplies, Israel has also sent rescue teams and medical personnel and set up mobile field hospitals in disaster-stricken areas worldwide.[402]

Non-government Israeli humanitarian aid organizations, such as IsraAid (The Israel Forum for International Humanitarian Aid), Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team (FIRST), Israeli Flying Aid (IFA), Save a Child's Heart (SACH) and Latet (Hebrew for "to give") provide various types of aid in foreign countries, complementing or in coordination with the official government aid. They provide humanitarian aid such as search and rescue teams to disaster zones, life saving aid to people affected by natural or man-made disasters, medical aid, disease prevention, urgent pediatric heart surgery and follow-up care for children from developing countries, and food aid.[403]

## See also[edit | edit source]

General

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)
* Jerusalem Embassy Act
* List of Israeli ambassadors
* List of diplomatic missions in Israel
* List of diplomatic missions of Israel
* International recognition of Israel
* Visa policy of Israel
* Visa requirements for Israeli citizens
* Aliyah
* Jewish diaspora
* IsraAid
* History of Israel

Arab–Israeli peace diplomacy

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
* Israel and the United Nations
* Palestine and the United Nations
* Israeli–Palestinian peace process
* Faisal–Weizmann Agreement
* 1949 Armistice Agreements
* Camp David Accords
* Madrid Conference of 1991
* Oslo Accords
* Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace
* 2000 Camp David Summit
* List of Middle East peace proposals

|

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b c d e f Israel's diplomatic missions abroad: status of relations, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This source lists diplomatic relations with 156 UN member states, in addition to the Holy See, the Cook Islands and Niue. Not included in the list are the recent resumption or establishment of diplomatic relations with five UN member states (Bahrain, Bolivia, Guinea, Nicaragua and the United Arab Emirates), in addition to Kosovo.
2. ^ United States Congress (5 June 2008). "H. RES. 1249" (PDF). Since the publication of this document, Mauritania and Venezuela severed relations with Israel, and Bahrain, Chad, Guinea and the United Arab Emirates resumed or established relations.
3. ^ Chapin Metz, Helen, ed. (1988). Israel: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress.
4. ^ "Timeline of Turkish-Israeli Relations, 1949–2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009.
5. ^ "Turkey and Israel". Smi.uib.no. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
6. ^ "Israel Seeks To Raise Profile of African Aid". Forward.com. 29 September 2006.
7. ^ a b Lin, Christina (26 July 2014). "Will the Middle Kingdom Join the Middle East Peace Quartet?". Times of Israel. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
8. ^ a b c d e f "China learns Israeli agri-tech". Consulate of Israel in Hong Kong and Macau. 3 May 2012.
9. ^ a b c Keeley, Sean (24 January 2017). "The Eight Great Powers of 2017". The American Interest.
10. ^ a b c d Evron, Yoram (18 April 2015). "Ynetnews Opinion – US alienation leading to Israeli-Chinese renaissance". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
11. ^ "Report claims Israel and Europe could be on collision course". The Daily Times. 15 October 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2006.
12. ^ Leslie Susser (25 March 2009). "Israel-Europe ties showing strains". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
13. ^ "Pentagon chief laments growing Israeli 'isolation' from Turkey, Egypt". Associated Press. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
14. ^ Callick, Rowan (27 February 2012). "Israel making Asian inroads". The Australian. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
15. ^ Government, International Organizations (countriesquest.com)
16. ^ Ahren, Raphael. "69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
17. ^ Daniel Bar-Elli. "Biennial Report 2006–2007" (PDF). Israeli National Commission for UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
18. ^ תפקידי הוועד הישראלי לאונסקו [Functions of the Israeli National Commission for UNESCO] (in Hebrew). Israeli National Commission for UNESCO. Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
19. ^ האיחוד האירופי [European Union] (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Science & Technology. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
20. ^ "CERN – The European Organization for Nuclear Research" (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Science & Technology. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
21. ^ אירגונים בינלאומיים [International Organizations] (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Science & Technology. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
22. ^ "Bank for International Settlement – profile" (PDF). (23.9 KB)
23. ^ "Accession: Estonia, Israel and Slovenia invited to join OECD". OECD. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
24. ^ "NATO Topics: NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue – Linking regions together". Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
25. ^ "Israel joins Paris Club of rich creditor nations". Business Week. AP. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
26. ^ a b Qatar, Mauritania cut Israel ties Al Jazeera. Date: Friday, 16 January 2009
27. ^ "Israel signs condolence book to Algeria bombing victims despite no diplomatic relations – AP Worldstream | Encyclopedia.com".
28. ^ "Libya Complains of Israeli High Sea 'Piracy' to UN Council". CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
29. ^ American Universities Field Staff (1966). AUFS reports: Northeast Africa series. p. 5: "Somalia does not recognise Israel, and generally sides with the Arab cause in the Near Eastern controversy."
30. ^ Dizard, Wilson. "Columbus Council on World Affairs Welcomes President Ahmed". The Somali Link. Somalilink.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
31. ^ Itamar Rabinovich (2008). Israel in the Middle East: documents and readings on society, politics, and foreign relations, pre-1948 to the present. UPNE. p. 200\. ISBN 978-0-87451-962-4.
32. ^ a b c d e f g h i "'Reply' Online Book Chapter 1". Mythsandfacts.org.
33. ^ enduring alliance with the Palestine Liberation Organization.
34. ^ "Reuters". 14 January 2009.
35. ^ non-Muslim country, enduring alliance with the Palestine Liberation Organization.
36. ^ a b Haggard, M (1965). "North Korea's International Position". Asian Survey. 5 (8): 375–388. doi:10.2307/2642410. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642410. OCLC 48536955.
37. ^ Iran Says Israel Stops Its Aid Ship To Gaza – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2009, Iran recognised Israel and had ties with it prior to the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
38. ^ "Bill Presses Iraq To Recognize Israel –". Forward.com. 13 June 2008.
39. ^ Roee Nahmias (4 September 2008). "Assad: We won't recognize Israel". Ynetnews.
40. ^ a b As regime changes in Maldives, Israel loses a rare Muslim ally, The Times of Israel, 14 February 2012.
41. ^ Staff writers (9 January 2006). "Kabul will forge Israel ties if Palestinians form State: Karzai". Pak Tribune. Pakistan News Service. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
42. ^ a b "Israeli troops shoot Hezbollah militants". CNN. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
43. ^ Israel alarm at UN force members, BBC
44. ^ "Comoros – Introducation". Country-data.com. 31 May 1995.
45. ^ A report in Hebrew by Sarah Ozacky-Lazar about her visit to the Kumgang County, Haaretz, 17 November 2006
46. ^ "Developments related to the Middle East peace process" (PDF). 1994.
47. ^ Yossi Melman (8 April 2011). "Haaretz Wikileaks exclusive / Bahrain King boasted of intelligence ties with Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
48. ^ "Trump announces 'peace deal' between Bahrain and Israel". bbc.com. 11 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
49. ^ Ronen, Joshua. "Poll: 58% of Israelis back Oslo process." Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Tel Aviv University.
50. ^ "Denmark 'Egypt's foe', says poll" BBC News. 1 November 2006. 28 April 2008.
51. ^ Pipes, Daniel. "Time to Recognize the Failure OF Israel-Egypt Treaty." The New York Sun. 21 November 2006. 28 April 2008.
52. ^ a b Zvi Bar'el (18 October 2009). "Comment / How do Turkey and Israel measure each other's love?". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
53. ^ Roxana Saberi and How Journalism Works in Iran, by Azadeh Moaveni, "Time", 1 June 2009
54. ^ Peterson, Scott (22 June 2010). "Why Iran vs. Israel rhetoric could escalate into war". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
55. ^ "Iranians visit Israel's Holocaust Web site". Reuters. 30 January 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007. "Jews are alarmed by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who since coming to power in 2005 has drawn international condemnation by describing the Holocaust as "a myth" and calling for Israel to be "wiped off the map.""
56. ^ "Iranians say Israel spat is really about nukes". NBC News. 30 October 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2006. "President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's remark on Wednesday that Israel should be 'wiped off the map' sparked international condemnation, including a rebuke from the U.N. Security Council."
57. ^ "The European Union and Russia have joined condemnation of the Iranian president's public call for Israel to be 'wiped off the map'.""Iran leader's comments attacked". BBC News. 27 October 2005.
58. ^ "Iranian President Mahmud Ahmadinejad – who in October called for Israel to be 'wiped off the map' – has now questioned the extent of the Holocaust and suggested that the Jewish state be moved to Europe. Ahmadinejad's comments, made on the sidelines of a summit of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), have again sparked international condemnation." Golnaz Esfandiari."Iran: President's Latest Comments About Israel Spark Further Condemnation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 December 2005.
59. ^ "Iran's president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was condemned in the West when he called the Holocaust a myth." Michael Slackman. In Tehran, a riposte to the Danish cartoons The New York Times, 24 August 2006.
60. ^ "In October 2005, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was condemned for calling for Israel to be "wiped off the map" and followed up with comments downplaying the Holocaust." Israel planning tactical nuclear strike on Iran Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Daily News Sri Lanka, 8 January 2007.
61. ^ "Mr Ahmadinejad has been condemned for calling for Israel's destruction and saying the Nazi Holocaust was a 'myth'." Bayern Munich deny backing Iran, BBC News, 13 January 2006.
62. ^ "Repeat Offenders. Iran Says It Wants to Destroy Israel". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007.
63. ^ "Little fanfare in Iraq". Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007. "Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called for the destruction of Israel, saying it was the only way to solve the problems of the Middle East." CNN, 1 January 2000
64. ^ "European Parliament rips Iran leader's remarks". Iranfocus.com. 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
65. ^ "European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood policy: Statement on recent declarations by the President of Iran". Europa (web portal).
66. ^ "Iraq not to establish diplomatic ties with Israel: Allawi". People's Daily. 27 July 2004.
67. ^ Abdelhadi, Magdi (20 September 2006). "Israelis 'train Kurdish forces'". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2011. "A report on the BBC TV programme Newsnight showed Israeli experts in northern Iraq, drilling Kurdish militias in shooting techniques."
68. ^ al-Shibeeb, Dina (1 July 2012). "Baghdad welcomes all relations but rejects ties with Israel: Iraqi PM". Al Arabiya News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2012. "...the presence of documents that prove the smuggling of Iraqi oil to Israel via Kurdistan, and that the revenues were collected by high-ranking Kurdish officials."
69. ^ "Kuwait against normalization of ties with Israel". Kuwait Times. 16 February 2019.
70. ^ Hatoum, Leila (31 August 2006). "Siniora vows to be last in making peace with Israel". The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
71. ^ Maher Abukhater (17 April 2014). "Israeli arrest of Arab citizen over Lebanon visit angers rights groups". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
72. ^ Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the increase in Europe Archived 18 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Pew Global Attitudes Research 17 September 2008, page 10
73. ^ "Muslim-Western Tensions Persist". PEW Global Attitudes Report. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
74. ^ Mahjoub Tobji (2006). Les officiers de Sa Majesté : Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006. 107: Fayard. ISBN 978-2213630151.
75. ^ "Peres Hails Morocco Link". The Guardian. 2 September 1994.
76. ^ "Moroccan Berber-Jewish alliance sparks alarm". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
77. ^ "Azoulay to Represent Morocco in Shimon Perez Funeral". 29 September 2016.
78. ^ Sadeh, Danny (20 June 1995). "Moroccans fume over Israeli travel alert". Ynetnews.
79. ^ "Exclusive: U.S. nears sale of four sophisticated drones to Morocco – sources". Reuters. 10 December 2020 - via www.reuters.com.
80. ^ "Oman recognizes Israel as a state". Retrieved 27 October 2018.
81. ^ ELI LAKE (21 June 2006). "Saudi Ambassador Says Trade Boycott of Israel Will Not End". New York Sun.
82. ^ "Arab League Boycott of Israel" (PDF). (42.1 KB) CRS Report for Congress by Martin A. Weiss. Order Code RS22424. 19 April 2006
83. ^ Ashkenazi, Eli (3 March 2010). "Israeli trucks cross into Syria in annual 'apple invasion'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
84. ^ "Opinion: The Fourth round — A Critical Review of 1973 Arab-Israeli War A Critical Review of 1973 Arab-Israeli War" Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine defencejournal.com
85. ^ Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics
86. ^ Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb
87. ^ Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza. Al Jazeera (29 January 2009)
88. ^ Erdogan Clashes With Peres, Storms Out of Davos Panel (Update1) Archived 26 June 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive Bloomberg
89. ^ Traynor, Ian (1 June 2010). "Gaza flotilla raid draws furious response from Turkey's prime minister". The Guardian. London.
90. ^ Turkey downgrades ties with Israel, Al Jazeera, 2 September 2011
91. ^ "Emirates: No Entry for Suspected Israelis". The Times of Israel. 1 March 2010.
92. ^ "Exclusive: Israel to Open First Diplomatic Mission in Abu Dhabi – Israel News – Israel News – Haaretz Israeli News Source". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
93. ^ Weinglass, Simona. "In diplomatic first, Israel to open mission in Abu Dhabi". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
94. ^ "Israel, UAE reach historic peace deal: 'We can make a wonderful future'". The Jerusalem Post.
95. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "UAE opens embassy in Israel to improve trade | DW | 14.07.2021". DW.COM.
96. ^ Israel, North Korea Present Credentials Archived 3 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine iBotswana
97. ^ Yad Vashem Symposium announcement: 70 Years Since the Wannsee Conference: the Organization of the Mass Murder of the Jews and Its Significance; Jerusalem, 23 January 2012
98. ^ Youssef, Nancy A. (25 February 2015). "Boko Haram Are Finally Losing. And That Makes Them Extra Dangerous". The Daily Beast.
99. ^ "Fourth Committee Forwards 28 Drafts to General Assembly for Adoption, Concluding Work for Session | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". Un.org. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
100. ^ "President of Chad makes unannounced historic visit – Israel News – Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com.
101. ^ "Israel in 'new partnership' with Chad". BBC News. 20 January 2019.
102. ^ "Djibouti established good relation with the successor transitional Government, after the overthrow of the Ethiopian President". Arab.de. 11 February 2007.
103. ^ Segal, Naomi. "Eritrea-Israel relations". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.
104. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (30 December 2008). "Press Statement". shabait.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
105. ^ a b c Israel Among the Nations:Africa Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 October 2010
106. ^ "Ethiopia Israel's closest continental ally". The Economist. 4 February 2010.
107. ^ Ravid, Barak (28 February 2012). "Foreign Ministry Names First Israeli of Ethiopian Origin as Ambassador". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
108. ^ a b "Diplomatic cable from US Department of State, 29 October 1973".
109. ^ "FM Liberman visits Ghana". Mfa.gov.il. 7 September 2009.
110. ^ ""Ghana and Israel sign Aquaculture agreement" Ghanaweb, 9 September 2009". Ghanaweb.com. 7 September 2009.
111. ^ "Israel reopens embassy in Ghana". Mfa.gov.il. 14 September 2011.
112. ^ "Israel and Guinea renew diplomatic relations after 49 years". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
113. ^ "Israel and Republic of Guinea sign agreement renewing diplomatic ties". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
114. ^ "Kenya seeks Israel's help in solar energy". Panafrican News Agency via Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 29 September 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
115. ^ "Israel Aids Victims of Kenya Disaster". Jewish Telegraphic Agency in the Jewish Exponent. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
116. ^ "Bilateral Relations: Latest Developments". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
117. ^ Gershoni, Yekutiel (1989). "Liberia and Israel: The Evolution of a Relationship". Liberian Studies Journal. 14 (1): 7. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
118. ^ "Events 1971 - 2000". PBS. 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
119. ^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 712–713.
120. ^ a b c "Bilateral Treaties". Archived from the original on 7 August 2013.
121. ^ a b War and its Legacy Amos Oz interview with Phillip Adams, 10 September 1991, re-broadcast on ABC Radio National 23 December 2011
122. ^ The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1 A-H, Spencer Tucker, ABC-CLIO Inc, 2008, p127. Retrieved 25 December 2011
123. ^ a b Historical Dictionary of Mauritania, Anthony G. Pazzanita, Scarecrow Press Inc, Lanham, Maryland USA, 2008, p216. Retrieved 25 December 2011
124. ^ A political chronology of Africa, David Lea, Annamarie Rowe, Europa Publications Ltd, London, 2001, ISBN o-203-40309-6, p289. Retrieved 25 December 2011
125. ^ " Israel closes Mauritania embassy", BBC News, 6 March 2009
126. ^ "Mauritania expelled the Israeli embassy personnel" Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz, 6 March 2006, in Hebrew
127. ^ "Nigeria; Economic, Security Ties With Israel Influenced Nigeria – Dr. Naniya". Africa News. 1 January 2015.
128. ^ "Nigeria; 15,000 Nigerians Plan to Perform Pilgrimage". Africa News. 19 September 2005.
129. ^ "US diplomatic cable announcing the break in relations between Israel and Rwanda".
130. ^ Bachner, Michael (7 January 2019). "Israel, Rwanda to open direct flight between countries 'within months'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
131. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (1 April 2019). "Israel Opens First Embassy in Rwanda". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
132. ^ staff, T. O. I.; Ahren, Raphael. "Israel and Senegal mend fences after UN resolution spat". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
133. ^ "Israel Makes Every Drop Count in Africa!". UWI. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
134. ^ Israel recognizes South Sudan, offers economic aid Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 10 July 2011
135. ^ "South Sudan will have relations with Israel-official". Reuters. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
136. ^ Ravid, Barak (28 July 2011). "Israel announces full diplomatic ties with South Sudan". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
137. ^ "Sudan-Israel relations agreed, Donald Trump announces". BBC News. 24 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
138. ^ Steinhauser, Gabriele; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 October 2020). "Israel-Sudan Deal: Sudan Removed From U.S. Terrorism List". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
139. ^ "Israel and Togo sign cooperation pact". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
140. ^ a b Azoulay, Yuval (5 February 2010). "Israeli professor helps solve food crisis spawned by Nile perch". Haaretz.
141. ^ "Zimbabwe: Israel to sell heavy riot control vehicles to Mugabe government". Southern African Documentation and Cooperation Centre Dokumentations. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
142. ^ Verinder Grover (1 January 2000). Bangladesh: Government and Politics. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 674\. ISBN 978-81-7100-928-2.
143. ^ "Statement by Her Excellency Ms. Dipu Moni, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh at the Ministerial Segment of the XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 14 July 2009". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dhaka. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.
144. ^ a b "Israel, China in Talks to Become Major Financial Allies". Israel National News. 7 July 2015.
145. ^ Chester, Sam (28 June 2013). "As Chinese-Israeli Relations Enjoy a Second Honeymoon, America Frets". Tablet.
146. ^ Tepper, Aryeh (September 2015). "China's Deepening Interest in Israel". The Tower.
147. ^ a b c d Katz, Yaakov (15 May 2017). "How Israel Used Weapons and Technology to Become an Ally of China". NewsWeek.
148. ^ Zhao Jun (ambassador). "Israel-Asia Center". Retrieved 6 October 2013.
149. ^ "Chinese foreign minister's visit to Israel clouded by terrorism case against Bank of China". Fox News. 25 March 2015.
150. ^ Benmeleh, Yaacov (19 May 2014). "Israel's Tech Industry Is Becoming All About 'China, China, China". Bloomberg.
151. ^ Gregory Noddin Poulin. "Sino-Israeli Economic Ties Blossoming". The Diplomat.
152. ^ "China-Israel relations are bound to blossom H.E. GAO YANPING". The Jerusalem Post.
153. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Stop and smell the blossoming ties between Israel and China". Jewish News of Northern California. 22 June 2012.
154. ^ a b c d e f g Walgrove, Amanda (25 March 2011). "Jewish History in China Boosting Sino-Israeli Relations". Moment.
155. ^ a b Bolton, Kerry (18 August 2010). "Chinese TV Series Lauds Israel: The Alliance Between China and Zionism". Foreign Policy Journal.
156. ^ a b c "China's ambassador to Israel, Zhao Jun, is in love". Zionist Council of NSW. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
157. ^ a b c d Khlystov, Yuri (29 June 2016). "Similarities Between Chinese People and Jewish People". Lao Wai Career.
158. ^ Levitt, Joshua (24 March 2014). "Israel-China Alliance Moves Forward With $2 Billion 'Red-Med' Freight Rail Link Alternative to Suez Canal". Algemeiner.
159. ^ a b Gregory Noddin Poulin (1 December 2014). "Sino-Israeli Economic Ties Blossoming". The Diplomat. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
160. ^ a b c d e "U.S. up in arms over Sino-Israeli ties". Asia Times. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
161. ^ a b Friedman, Thomas L. (22 July 1985). "Israel and China quietly form trade bonds (pg. 2)". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
162. ^ "China's weapon chase". BBC News. 12 July 2000. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
163. ^ David Isenberg (4 December 2002). "Israel's role in China's new warplane". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 3 December 2002.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
164. ^ Watson, Roland; Elliott, Francis; Coates, Sam (11 June 2006). "China's hi-tech military disaster". The Times. London.[dead link]
165. ^ Wu, Vicky (16 March 2009). "Israel's image in China". The Jerusalem Post.
166. ^ a b c Gerstenfeld, Manfred (28 March 2012). "China, Israel and the Jewish People". Arut Sheva.
167. ^ Leichman, Abigail (30 May 2011). "Noa – still searching for another way". Israel21C.
168. ^ Sebag-Montefiore, Clarissa (27 March 2014). "The Chinese Believe That the Jews Control America. Is That a Good Thing?". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
169. ^ a b "Stopping the crackdown on China's Jews". Jerusalem Post. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
170. ^ "Revitalizing the silk route". Biubogrim.org.il. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
171. ^ Olds, Dorri (23 March 2015). "Israeli Woman in China Gets Respect, Not Anti-Semitism". Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
172. ^ Wald, Shalom Salomon (2004). China and the Jewish People. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute / GefenPublishing House. p. 63\. ISBN 978-965-229-347-3.
173. ^ Eikenburg, Jocelyn (28 February 2011). "Are Jewish Women More Likely to Marry Chinese Men?". Speaking of China.
174. ^ "Common traits bind Jews and Chinese". Asia Times Online. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
175. ^ "Misconceptions and lessons about Chinese and Jewish entrepreneurs". Lifestyle. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
176. ^ "The Common Ground between China and Israel". iLookChina. 7 June 2017.
177. ^ BUCKLEY, CHRIS (25 September 2016). "Jewish and Chinese: Explaining a Shared Identity". New York Times.
178. ^ China. "Brief_History". Kehilalinks.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
179. ^ at 07:25h (20 June 2017). "Why do the Chinese admire the Jews?". Shavei.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
180. ^ Levitt, Joshua (24 March 2014). "Israel-China Alliance Moves Forward With $2 Billion 'Red-Med' Freight Rail Link Alternative to Suez Canal". Algemeiner.
181. ^ Yarowsky, Maya (3 May 2017). "Israel; China's New Best Economic Friend". NoCamels.
182. ^ "Israel, China in Talks to Become Major Financial Allies". Jewish BusinessNews. 7 July 2015.
183. ^ Maya Yarowsky (3 May 2015). "With Strong Tech Ties, Is Israel China's New Best Friend?". No Camels. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
184. ^ "China seeks strategic foothold in Israel". DW. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
185. ^ a b "Chinese-Israeli Economic Alliance Is Going on And Strong | The Kaipule Blog". Blog.kaipule.co. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
186. ^ a b "China – Israel, Why China is interested fostering economic relationships with Israel ? | Eyes on Europe & Middle East". Middleeastnewsservice.com. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
187. ^ Stub, Sara Toth (31 January 2017). "Through Trade and Tourism, China Turns Its Attention to Israel". The Tower Magazine.
188. ^ "Netanyahu: Israel has strong relationships with China, India". Israel National News. 29 January 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
189. ^ "The uncertain future of China-Israel relations". Al Arabiya Network. 4 April 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
190. ^ a b Wald, Shalom Salomon (2004). China and the Jewish People. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute / GefenPublishing House. p. 19\. ISBN 978-965-229-347-3.
191. ^ Wald, Shalom Salomon (2004). China and the Jewish People. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute / GefenPublishing House. p. 79\. ISBN 978-965-229-347-3.
192. ^ Miller, Yvette (9 May 2015). "Jewish-Chinese Connections".
193. ^ a b Cukierman, Edouard (11 October 2016). "China and Israel's tale of love and high-tech". Asia Times. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
194. ^ Wald, Shalom Salomon (2004). China and the Jewish People. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute / GefenPublishing House. pp. 11, 18, & 45\. ISBN 978-965-229-347-3.
195. ^ "PM: Strong ties with China, India thanks to 'diplomacy of technology'". Jerusalem Post. 29 January 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
196. ^ "Israel Leaps into China with the New Borderless Alliance". Borderlessminders. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
197. ^ "India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
198. ^ סיקולר, נעמה (20 June 1995). "ישראל הפכה ליצואנית הנשק המובילה להודו". Ynet. Ynet.co.il.
199. ^ "India replaces Korea as top Asian market for Israel". World Tourism Directory. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015.
200. ^ Boudreaux, Richard (29 November 2008). "Israel has 'no doubt' citizens were targeted". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
201. ^ "From India with love". Ynet.co.il. 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
202. ^ "World Snap – Today's News of India". News.worldsnap.com. 13 December 2010.
203. ^ Bose, Sumantra (15 February 2019). "Here's why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel's "ethnic democracy"". Quartz.
204. ^ "India-Israel Ties Set to Blossom Under Modi". 22 May 2014.
205. ^ "Israel's Arms Sales to India: Bedrock of a Strategic Partnership – Analysis". 9 September 2019.
206. ^ "Trainer Jets for Israel: Skyhawk Scandal Leads to End of an Era". Defenseindustrydaily.com. 16 January 2013.
207. ^ Ahren, Raphael (6 July 2012). "Indonesia to informally upgrade its relations with Israel via ambassador-ranked diplomat in Ramallah". The Times of Israel.
208. ^ "Table D 1.–Trade Countries–Imports and Exports". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
209. ^ "Israel's Trade With Main Partners (2010)". European Commission. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
210. ^ Israel and Maldives move to normalize relations, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 25 September 2009.
211. ^ a b Seeing eye to eye in the Maldives, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 22 March 2011.
212. ^ The Maldive Islands – Recommendation for travelers, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 11 November 2015. (in Hebrew)
213. ^ "Maldives to ban Israeli goods, revoke 3 pacts". Haveeru. 21 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
214. ^ "Embassy of Israel – Yangon. Bilateral Relations: Relations Overview". Yangon.mfa.gov.il. 26 March 2012.
215. ^ File:UNu-Dayan.jpg
216. ^ Visit to Israel of Honorable Mrs. Sahana Pradhan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
217. ^ Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, 2004. Page 318.
218. ^ Kashan Arshad (31 December 2013). "I entered Jerusalem as a Pakistani Muslim". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
219. ^ "Bhutto wanted ties with Israel, sought Mossad protection". israel today. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
220. ^ "Pakistan biggest threat to Israel: Israeli FM – Thaindian News". Thaindian.com. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
221. ^ Somini Sengupta and Eric Schmitt (3 December 2008). "Ex-US Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attackers". The New York Times.
222. ^ "UN General Assembly Resolution 181". Mfa.gov.il.
223. ^ "Stock estimate of overseas filipinos" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
224. ^ "Catholic News". American Catholic. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
225. ^ "Israel, S'pore perfect examples of what small nations can achieve". Today (Singapore newspaper). 28 November 2015.
226. ^ "The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Singapore.mfa.gov.il. 26 March 2012.
227. ^ "After 53 years of ties with Israel, Singapore to open embassy in Tel Aviv".
228. ^ a b Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 May 2010
229. ^ RoK Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 May 2010
230. ^ "S. Korea, Israel ink US$150 mln venture fund deal" (in Korean). English.yonhapnews.co.kr. 23 August 2010.
231. ^ Algemeiner, The. "How Israel Helped Sri Lanka Defeat the Tamil Tigers". Algemeiner.com.
232. ^ "Israeli agriculture minister visits Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 5 April 2012.
233. ^ Schechter, Asher (5 December 2010). "Israelis ignoring Bangkok travel warning – for now". English.themarker.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.
234. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Thailand". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
235. ^ a b Keinon, Herb (21 May 2009). "Foreign Ministry: New embassy in Turkmenistan, consulate in Sao Paulo, reopening of NZ embassy". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011.
236. ^ "- / nrg -". NRG. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
237. ^ "VIETNAM-ISRAEL RELATIONS – Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mofa.gov.vn.
238. ^ "Vietnamese embassy to open in Israel for the first time". Israeli Foreign Ministry. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
239. ^ "Relations: Relations Overview – Israeli Embassy in Hanoi". Hanoi.mfa.gov.il. 26 March 2012.
240. ^ "Albania and Israel in Accord To Establish Diplomatic Ties". The New York Times. 20 August 1991.
241. ^ "Armenian Embassy officially opens in Israel".
242. ^ "Israel – Consulates". www.mfa.am.
243. ^ "Advocates on Behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Eurasia: Armenia and Jews". Archived from the original on 22 May 2012.
244. ^ "Austrian embassy in Tel Aviv". Bmeia.gv.at.
245. ^ "Israeli embassy in Vienna (in German only)". Vienna.mfa.gov.il. 26 March 2012.
246. ^ "www.bmeia.gv.at" (in German). bmeia.gv.at. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
247. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Azerbaijan". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
248. ^ "Belarusian embassy in Israel". Archived from the original on 1 November 2009.
249. ^ "2BackToHomePage3". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
250. ^ "Anniversary of establishment of Belarus-Israel diplomatic relations stamp". 19 December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
251. ^ "Makei hails momentum in Belarus-Israel relations". Belarusian Telegraphic Agency. 9 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
252. ^ "Belarus-Israel Secret Affairs". Belarus Digest. 8 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
253. ^ "Belarus invites Israel to sign agreement on short-term visa-free travel". Naviny. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
254. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
255. ^ "Президентът на Държавата Израел Шимон Перес благодари на българската еврейска общност". Shalompr.org.
256. ^ [1] Archived 2 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
257. ^ "Relations with Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
258. ^ "Security is top priority in Bulgaria-Israel relations Копирано от standartnews.com". Стандарт Нюз. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
259. ^ "Economic ties, security on agenda as Israeli foreign minister Lieberman visits Bulgaria". The Sofia Globe. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
260. ^ "Relations between Bulgaria and Israel enter new phase". Radio Bulgaria. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
261. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Cyprus". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
262. ^ "Getting friendly". The Economist. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
263. ^ Yiftachel, Oren (1 January 1992). "The State, Ethnic Relations and Democratic Stability: Lebanon, Cyprus and Israel". GeoJournal. 28 (3): 319–332. doi:10.1007/BF00817909. JSTOR 41145604. S2CID 189880356.
264. ^ "Czech pilots train in Israel for Afghan mission – ČeskéNoviny.cz". Ceskenoviny.cz.
265. ^ "Estonia Opens Embassy in Israel | Välisministeerium". vm.ee (in Russian).
266. ^ "Estonia and Israel". Välisministeerium. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
267. ^ a b "Finland's trade relations with Israel get a new boost". Agenda Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
268. ^ Jay Cristol. "History of Israel-France Relations". Hnn.us.
269. ^ CIA: Special Assessments on the Middle East Situation, Page 1, 29 June 1967 CIA FOIA Document Page Viewer Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
270. ^ "Israel – Western Europe". Countrystudies.us.
271. ^ Around 2,000 French Jews to move to Israel this year[permanent dead link] AFP
272. ^ a b c Arnaud de Borchgrave (4 September 2008). "Israel of the Caucasus?". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
273. ^ Michael Cecire (21 November 2013). "Israel Rapprochement Reflects Georgia's Continued Relevance to West". World Politics Review. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
274. ^ Christopher Walker (24 September 2008). "Israel arming of Georgia sours Russian relations". The Week. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
275. ^ "Bilateral Relations' Overview". Israeli Diplomatic Network. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
276. ^ HERB KEINON (20 June 2013). "Georgia's PM: My dream is for Israel as a strategic partner". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
277. ^ "TBC Invest". TBC Invest. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
278. ^ "Israel's foreign relations. The Israel-German special relationship". Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre. 23 November 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
279. ^ "Germany and Israel". Background Papers. German Embassy. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
280. ^ Israel welcomes new Germany to a celebration of its 60th birthday Archived 5 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
281. ^ "Greek-Israel Relations". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
282. ^ Israel woos Greece after rift with Turkey BBC, 16 October 2010
283. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (12 December 2011). "Israel hosts Greek Air Force for joint exercise". Haaretz.
284. ^ "Turkey, Greece discuss exploration off Cyprus". Haaretz. Associated Press. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
285. ^ "Group proposes electricity link between Israel, Greece and Cyprus". Haaretz. Reuters. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
286. ^ "Rep. Bilirakis and Deutch launch Congressional Hellenic-Israeli partnership". Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
287. ^ "Ambassador hosts congressional Hellenic-Israel caucus". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
288. ^ "New Greek-Israeli Committee in U.S Congress". 15 February 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
289. ^ "Israel's US envoy hosts meeting on Israeli-Greek-Cypriot ties". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
290. ^ "Meeting of the Israel-Vatican Bilateral Commission held in Jerusalem 30-Apr-2009". Mfa.gov.il.
291. ^ "Hungarian embassy in Tel Aviv". Archived from the original on 26 October 2008.
292. ^ "Error-2010-f3". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
293. ^ "Hungary". European Jewish Congress. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
294. ^ "Hungary Re-establishe Full Ties with Israel, Ending 22-year Breach". JTA. 19 September 1989. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
295. ^ Gellért Rajcsányi (4 June 2013). "Israeli Ambassador: Hungary And Israel Are in Many Ways Similar". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
296. ^ "Israeli PM Thanks PM Orbán for Hungarian Govt's Consistent International Support". Hungary Today. 11 January 2022.
297. ^ "Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations". Government of Israel. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
298. ^ "Taoiseach condemns killing of 4 UN Observers in Southern Lebanon". Government of Ireland. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
299. ^ "Flights protest targets Prestwick". BBC News. 30 July 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
300. ^ Press conference with FM Liberman in Belgrade, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 16 September 2009.
301. ^ Sources: Israel won't recognize Kosovo, for now Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Jerusalem Post, 19 February 2008.
302. ^ "Kosovo will open an embassy in Jerusalem if Israel recognizes it". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
303. ^ Serbian embassy to relocate to Jerusalem, Israel and Kosovo to establish diplomatic relations, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 5 September 2020.
304. ^ Pristina, Agence France-Presse in (14 March 2021). "Kosovo opens embassy in Jerusalem after Israel recognises its independence". the Guardian.
305. ^ a b "Rinkevics calls for development of economic relations and support for Latvia's OECD membership". Baltic Export. October 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
306. ^ NIV ELIS (20 November 2013). "Growing Lithuanian business ties beget political support". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
307. ^ "Lithuanian-Israeli cooperation agreement promotes the development of innovation". 19 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
308. ^ a b Dovilė Jablonskaitė (15 January 2013). "Lithuania – Israel – South Africa: Untapped potential". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
309. ^ "Peres in Lithuania Highlights Reasons for Strong Ties to Israel". Israel National News. August 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
310. ^ "Lithuania and Israel reach a new level of constructive partnership". 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
311. ^ Danuta Pavilenene (31 July 2013). "Grybauskaite: there are many perspective areas in which Lithuania-Israeli relations could be expanded". The Baltic Times. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
312. ^ "Relations between Lithuanian and Israeli youths should be strengthened, says head of Litvak organization Skaitykite daugiau". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
313. ^ "Ažubalis in Jerusalem: Lithuania and Israel are simila". en.15min.lt. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
314. ^ Jorūnė Juodžbalytė (10 June 2013). "Lithuanian Biotech Start-Up Enters the Israeli Market with the Help of Enterprise Lithuania". Life Sciences Baltics. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
315. ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Luxembourg". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
316. ^ GREER FAY CASHMAN (3 April 2006). "Investing in bilateral relations". Retrieved 2 April 2014.
317. ^ "SRAELI CORPORATIONS INTERESTED TO INVEST IN MOLDOVA – AMBASSADOR MICULET". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
318. ^ "Economical Relations Trade and Economic Cooperation". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
319. ^ "Communiqué issued on 18 July 1977 by the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
320. ^ "Error-2010-f3". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
321. ^ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Statul Israel". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
322. ^ Brown, Philip Marshall (1 January 1948). "The Recognition of Israel". The American Journal of International Law. 42 (3): 620–627. doi:10.2307/2193961. JSTOR 2193961. S2CID 147342045.
323. ^ Israel slams Russia for arming Syria. 2 March 2007
324. ^ Katz, Yaakov. "Barak signs military deal with Russia". The Jerusalem Post.
325. ^ "2BackToHomePage3". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
326. ^ "Slovak embassy in Tel Aviv". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.
327. ^ "Israel – Slovakia Chamber of Commerce and Industry". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
328. ^ Yehuda Lahav (16 May 2008). "Slovak PM hopes to turn page, urges closer ties with Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
329. ^ "Slovenia and Israel Strengthening Ties". Republic of Slovenia Government Office. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
330. ^ "Twenty years of diplomatic relations between Slovenia and Israel". Diplomacy Israel. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
331. ^ Eldar, Akiva (30 October 2007). "Border Control / The Spanish conquest – Haaretz – Israel News". Haaretz.
332. ^ "Breaking News – Haaretz – Israel News". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010.
333. ^ Per Ahlmark (1997). Det öppna såret : om massmord och medlöperi (in Swedish). Stockholm: Timbro. p. 195\. ISBN 978-91-7566-326-5.
334. ^ Ahlmark 1997, p. 196
335. ^ "Anförande vid TCO kongressen" (PDF).
336. ^ "Sweden officially recognises state of Palestine". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 30 October 2014.
337. ^ a b c "Bilateral relations between Switzerland and Israel". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.
338. ^ Israel protests at racism talks, BBC News
339. ^ Williams, Dan (20 April 2009). "Israel recalls Switzerland envoy over racism parley". Reuters.
340. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
341. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
342. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
343. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
344. ^ "Costa Rica Opens Official Ties With 'State of Palestine'". Forward.com. 28 February 2008.
345. ^ "Peres: Israel has fantastic respect for Egyptian president". Costaricanewssite.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
346. ^ TOI staff and Raphael Ahern (15 May 2018). "Guatemala set to open Jerusalem embassy, days after US". Times of Israel.
347. ^ "Virtual history tour:Haiti". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 22 March 2010.
348. ^ "Fehler". israelnetz.com. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012.
349. ^ "Israel Foreign ministry" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2017.
350. ^ "General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations" (Press release). UN. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
351. ^ http://www.unwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Special-committees-work-4th.pdf[bare URL PDF]
352. ^ "United Nations Member States Voting Coincidence with Israel". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
353. ^ Robert Cullen. U.S. won't attempt to prevent Israeli arms sales to Somoza // "Miami Herald", 18 November 1978
354. ^ Nicaragua: Israel helps out // "Newsweek", 20 November 1978
355. ^ "Nicaragua suspends diplomatic ties with Israel – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynet. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
356. ^ Ahren, Raphael (29 March 2017). "Israel and Nicaragua renew ties after seven-year freeze". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
357. ^ "Fidel Castro reconoce el derecho de Israel a la existencia como un Estado judío | Cuba". El Mundo. Spain. 22 September 2010.
358. ^ "Israel and Mexico Sign Free Trade Agreement". Mfa.gov.il.
359. ^ Coren, Ora and Feldman, Nadan 'U.S. aid to Israel totals $233.7b over six decades', Haaretz, 20 March 2013.
360. ^ a b U.S. Department of State (February 2007). "Background Note: Israel". Retrieved 20 July 2007.
361. ^ Danny Ben-Moshe; Zohar Segev (2007). Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity. Sussex Academic Press. p. 262\. ISBN 978-1-84519-189-4. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
362. ^ "Rudd government to expel Israeli diplomat over forged passports used in Hamas hit". The Australian. 28 September 2012.
363. ^ "junge Welt – die linke Tageszeitung. Nachrichten und Hintergründe". Junge Welt. 10 July 2004.
364. ^ "junge Welt – die linke Tageszeitung. Nachrichten und Hintergründe". Junge Welt. 22 September 2003.
365. ^ "Micronesia-Israel Relations, in: jewishvirtuallibrary.org". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 7 September 1998.
366. ^ Pacific nations, Israel expand ties (20 January 2010) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service. Retrieved 20 January 2010
367. ^ "State of Palestine Flag to Fly at United Nations Headquarters, Offices as General Assembly Adopts Resolution on Non-Member Observer States | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". Un.org. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
368. ^ Finkelstein, Norman G. (1 January 2003). Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-442-7.
369. ^ Keinon, Herb (30 March 2011). "Israel, Argentina face crisis over alleged deal with Tehran". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011.
370. ^ Bolivia cuts Israel ties over Gaza Al Jazeera, 14 January 2009
371. ^ "International News". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
372. ^ "Bolivia declares Israel a 'terrorist state'". USA Today. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
373. ^ "Bolivia Renews Diplomatic Relations With Israel After Over Decade of Severed Ties". Haaretz. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
374. ^ "Member Nations" Archived 4 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Israel Allies Foundation. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
375. ^ "Briefing: Brazil's economic and military relationship with Israel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
376. ^ "Commercial Relations: Brazil and Israel". The Brazil Business. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
377. ^ "Brazil-Israel" Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Brazilian Embassy in Tel Aviv. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
378. ^ "Brazil rejects Dani Dayan as ambassador, official says". The Times of Israel.
379. ^ "The Improving Relations between Brazil and Israel and Its Impact on US Foreign Policy". 20 May 2019.
380. ^ "Bolsonaro has turned Brazil into Israel's new best friend". 15 June 2020.
381. ^ "Brazil opens trade office in Jerusalem, hailed as harbinger of embassy move". The Times of Israel.
382. ^ 2010 Brazilian census Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
383. ^ "Brazil". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
384. ^ "Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome". Adnkronos.com. 7 April 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
385. ^ "500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile". Laventana.casa.cult.cu. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009.
386. ^ Melman, Yossi (4 July 2008). "Colombia hostage rescue: the Israeli angle". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
387. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
388. ^ Associated Press and Times of Israel staff. "Israel appoints ambassador to Paraguay after embassy dispute". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
389. ^ "Israel, Peru Agree to Begin Talks on Starting Free Trade". Dow Jones Newswires in Wall Street Journal. 26 May 1998. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
390. ^ Mandel, Roi (20 June 1995). "Israeli mission to aid Peru". Ynetnews.
391. ^ "Israeli Humanitarian Relief Operations". Mfa.gov.il.
392. ^ "Don't cry for me, Peru". Ynet. 2006. Retrieved 24 June 2009. "It's been only five years since Eliane Karp-Toledo, a former Israeli, became First Lady of Peru, but in that time period her life has changed completely."
393. ^ "Venezuela 'to sever Israel ties'". BBC News. 9 August 2006.
394. ^ Halvorssen, Thor. Hurricane Hugo. The Weekly Standard, 8 August 2005, Volume 010, Issue 44. Also available at LookSmart.
395. ^ Stephen Roth Institute. Annual Report 2004: Venezuela. Archived 23 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
396. ^ Berrios, Jerry. S. Fla. Venezuelans: Chavez incites anti-Semitism.[dead link] The Miami Herald (10 August 2006).
397. ^ Jewish Federation of Palm Beach County. JCRC expresses concern with Venezuelan unrest. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
398. ^ Berman, Daphna (29 September 2006). "Irish embassy rejects call by academics for a boycott of Israel institutions". Haaretz.
399. ^ Benad, Avital (2007). "International Aid and Cooperation". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10 (2nd th ed.). Keter Publishing House Ltd. pp. 179–282.
400. ^ The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 3 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
401. ^ see Dayan Yoni, Le Mashav – Centre de Coopération International Israélien, 118 p., 2006, available in Irice center for international studies in Paris 1 University and soon in Internet
402. ^ "Israeli Humanitarian Relief: Mashav – Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
403. ^ "Israel on the Frontline of International Aid". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to International relations of Israel.

* Official website of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Recognize Israel, Initiative for international diplomatic relations with Israel
* Israel's relations with the Third World and Africa, reports by Tel Aviv University and The Africa Institute American Jewish Committee
* EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Israel

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Israel

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Kenya
* Liberia
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

* Argentina
* Barbados
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* military
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* Hong Kong
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Tonga

Former|

* East Germany
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* Arab League
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Arab–Israeli coalition
* European Union
* United Nations

Diplomacy|

* Camp David Accords
* Egypt
* Jordan
* Palestine
* Abraham Accords
* United Arab Emirates
* Bahrain
* Sudan
* Morocco
* Diplomatic missions of Israel / in Israel
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* International recognition
* Legitimacy / Right to exist

* v
* t
* e

Israel articles

History|

* Antiquity
* Second Temple period
* Middle Ages
* Ottoman Syria
* Old Yishuv
* Zionism
* Yishuv
* British mandate
* Independence
* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Peace process
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Timeline
* by year

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Districts
* Lakes
* Dead Sea
* Sea of Galilee
* Land of Israel
* National parks and nature reserves
* Rivers
* Jordan River
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Cabinet
* Prime Minister
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Knesset (parliament)
* Parties
* Law
* Basic Laws
* Judiciary
* President
* System of government

Security|

* Censorship
* Civil defense
* Intelligence Community
* Aman
* Mossad
* Shin Bet
* Israel Defense Forces
* Conscription
* Structure
* Police
* Wars
* West Bank barrier

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Banking
* Companies
* Diamond industry
* Energy
* Science and technology
* Taxation
* Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
* Tourism
* Transport
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Crime
* Demographics
* Aliyah
* People
* Education
* Healthcare
* Human rights
* Kibbutz
* Languages
* Hebrew
* Arabic
* Religion
* Standard of living
* Women
* Feminism

Culture|

* Archaeology
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Literature
* Media
* Museums
* Music
* National symbols
* Public holidays
* Sport
* Visual arts
* World Heritage Sites

* Outline
* Index

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Artsakh
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template