Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

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* Northern Ireland Act 1998
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Scotland

* History of Scottish devolution
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* Welsh devolution
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Administration

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Northern Ireland

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Scotland

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Crown Dependencies

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* v
* t
* e

File:Diplomatic relations of the United Kingdom.svg

Nations with which the United Kingdom has diplomatic relations.

The diplomatic foreign relations of the United Kingdom are conducted by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, headed by the Foreign Secretary. The prime minister and numerous other agencies play a role in setting policy, and many institutions and businesses have a voice and a role.

The United Kingdom was the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably during the so-called "Pax Britannica"—a period of totally unrivaled supremacy and unprecedented international peace during the mid-to-late 1800s. The country continued to be widely considered a superpower until the Suez crisis of 1956, and this embarrassing incident coupled with the loss of the empire left the UK's dominant role in global affairs to be gradually diminished. Nevertheless, the United Kingdom remains a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a founding member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, AUKUS, OECD, WTO, Council of Europe, OSCE, and the Commonwealth of Nations, the latter being a legacy of the British Empire. The UK had been a member state of the European Union (and a member of its predecessors) since 1973. However, due to the outcome of a 2016 membership referendum, proceedings to withdraw from the EU began in 2017 and concluded when the UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020, and the transition period on 31 December 2020 with an EU trade agreement. Since the vote and the conclusion of trade talks with the EU, policymakers have begun pursuing new trade agreements with other global partners.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 1814–1914
* 1.2 First World War
* 1.3 1920s
* 1.4 1930s
* 1.5 Second World War
* 1.6 Postwar
* 1.7 21st century
* 2 Major international disputes since 1945
* 3 Sovereignty disputes
* 4 Commonwealth of Nations
* 5 Africa
* 6 Americas
* 7 Asia
* 8 Europe
* 9 European Union
* 10 Oceania
* 11 Overseas Territories
* 12 International organisations
* 13 See also
* 14 References
* 15 Bibliography
* 15.1 Primary sources
* 16 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Further information: Timeline of British diplomatic history and History of the United Kingdom

File:Battle of Nivelle - November 10th 1813 - Fonds Ancely - B315556101 A HEATH 029.jpg

The Battle of Nivelle \- a Peninsular War battle between the French and the British armies in France in 1813

Following the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain (which united England and Scotland) in 1707, British foreign relations largely continued those of the Kingdom of England. British foreign policy initially focused on achieving a balance of power within Europe, with no one country achieving dominance over the affairs of the continent. This policy remained a major justification for Britain's wars against Napoleon, and for British involvement in the First and Second World Wars. Secondly Britain continued the expansion of its colonial "First British Empire" by migration and investment.

France was the chief enemy until the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. It had a much larger population and a more powerful army, but a weaker navy. The British were generally successful in their many wars. The notable exception, the American War of Independence (1775–1783), saw Britain, without any major allies, defeated by the American colonials who had the support of France, the Netherlands and (indirectly) Spain. A favoured British diplomatic strategy involved subsidising the armies of continental allies (such as Prussia), thereby turning London's enormous financial power to military advantage. Britain relied heavily on its Royal Navy for security, seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat, eventually with a full complement of bases across the globe. British dominance of the seas was vital to the formation and maintaining of the British Empire, which was achieved through the support of a navy larger than the next two largest navies combined, prior to 1920. The British generally stood alone until the early 20th century, when it became friendly with the U.S. and made alliances with Japan, France and Russia. Germany was now the main antagonist.

### 1814–1914[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom § 1814-1914

Further information: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) and Foreign Policy of William Ewart Gladstone

File:Arthur Mees Flags of A Free Empire 1910 Cornell CUL PJM 1167 01.jpg

Map of the British Empire (as of 1910). At its height, it was the largest empire in history.

The 100 years were generally peaceful--a sort of Pax Britannica enforced by the Royal Navy. There were two important wars, both limited in scope. The Crimean War (1853–1856) saw the defeat of Russia and its threat to the Ottoman Empire. The Second Boer War (1899–1902) saw the defeat of the two Boer republics in South Africa. London became the world's financial centre, and commercial enterprise expanded across the globe. The "Second British Empire" was built with a base in Asia (especially India) and Africa.

### First World War[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom § First World War

Further information: Causes of World War I and Treaty of Versailles

### 1920s[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom § 1920s

After 1918 Britain was a "troubled giant" that was less of a dominant diplomatic force in the 1920s than before. It often had to give way to the United States, which frequently exercised its financial superiority.[1] The main themes of British foreign policy included a leading role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920, where Lloyd George worked hard to moderate French demands for revenge on Germany.[2] He was partly successful, but Britain soon had to moderate French policy toward Germany further, as in the Locarno Treaties of 1925.[3][4] Furthermore, Britain obtained "mandates" that allowed it and its dominions to govern most of the former German and Ottoman colonies.[5]

Britain became an active member of the new League of Nations, but its list of major achievements was slight.[6][7]

Disarmament was high on the agenda, and Britain played a major role following the United States in the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 in working toward naval disarmament of the major powers. By 1933 disarmament agreements had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany.[8]

Britain was partially successful in negotiating better terms with United States regarding the large war loans which Britain was obliged to repay.[9] Britain supported the American solution to German reparations through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. Thereby, Germany paid its annual reparations using money borrowed from New York banks, and Britain used the money received to pay Washington.[10] The Great Depression starting in 1929 put enormous pressure on the British economy. Britain revived Imperial Preference, which meant low tariffs within the British Empire and higher barriers to trade with outside countries. The flow of money from New York dried up, and the system of reparations and payment of debt died in 1931.

In domestic British politics, the emerging Labour Party had a distinctive and suspicious foreign policy based on pacifism. Its leaders believed that peace was impossible because of capitalism, secret diplomacy, and the trade in armaments. Labour stressed material factors that ignored the psychological memories of the Great War and the highly emotional tensions regarding nationalism and the boundaries of countries. Nevertheless, party leader Ramsay MacDonald devoted much of his attention to European policies.[11]

### 1930s[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom § 1930s

Further information: Appeasement and Neville Chamberlain's European Policy

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R69173, Münchener Abkommen, Staatschefs.jpg

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini pictured before signing the 1938 Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.

Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the First World War inclined many Britons—and their leaders in all parties—to pacifism in the interwar era. This led directly to the appeasement of dictators (notably of Mussolini and of Hitler) in order to avoid their threats of war.[12]

The challenge came from those dictators, first from Benito Mussolini, Duce of Italy, then from Adolf Hitler, Führer of a much more powerful Nazi Germany. The League of Nations proved disappointing to its supporters; it failed to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators. British policy involved "appeasing" them in the hopes they would be satiated. By 1938 it was clear that war was looming, and that Germany had the world's most powerful military. The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificed Czechoslovakia to Hitler's demands at the Munich Agreement of September 1938.[13] Instead of satiation, Hitler menaced Poland, and at last Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain dropped appeasement and stood firm in promising to defend Poland (31 March 1939). Hitler however cut a deal with Joseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe (23 August 1939); when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war, and the British Commonwealth followed London's lead.[14]

### Second World War[edit | edit source]

Further information: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II and Diplomatic history of World War II

Having signed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in August 1939, Britain and France declared war against Germany in September 1939 in response to Germany's invasion of Poland. This declaration included the Crown colonies and India, which Britain directly controlled. The dominions were independent in foreign policy, though all quickly entered the war against Germany. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941 and attain full strength during 1943. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed on the Atlantic Charter, which proclaimed "the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous and would be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.[15]

Starting in December 1941, Japan overran British possessions in Asia, including Hong Kong, Malaya, and especially the key base at Singapore. Japan then marched into Burma, headed toward India. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the rapid defeats irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power. The realisation that Britain could not defend them pushed Australia and New Zealand into permanent close ties with the United States.[16]

### Postwar[edit | edit source]

Further information: Postwar Britain (1945–1979) and Cold War

File:United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png

Overseas military bases in 2016 (blue) and military interventions since 2000 (red).

Economically in dire straits in 1945 (saddled with debt and dealing with widespread destruction of its infrastructure), Britain systematically reduced its overseas commitments. It pursued an alternate role as an active participant in the Cold War against communism, especially as a founding member of NATO in 1949.[17]

The British had built up a very large worldwide Empire, which peaked in size in 1922, after more than half a century of unchallenged global supremacy. The cumulative costs of fighting two world wars, however, placed a heavy burden upon the home economy, and after 1945 the British Empire rapidly began to disintegrate, with all the major colonies gaining independence. By the mid-to-late 1950s, the UK's status as a superpower was gone in the face of the United States and the Soviet Union. Most former colonies joined the "Commonwealth of Nations", an organisation of fully independent nations now with equal status to the UK. However it attempted no major collective policies.[18][19] The last major colony, Hong Kong, was handed over to China in 1997.[20] Fourteen British Overseas Territories maintain a constitutional link to the UK, but are not part of the country per se.[21]

Britain slashed its involvements in the Middle East after the humiliating Suez Crisis of 1956. However Britain did forge close military ties with the United States, France, and Germany, through the NATO military alliance. After years of debate (and rebuffs), Britain joined the Common Market in 1973; which became the European Union in 1993.[22] However it did not merge financially, and kept the pound separate from the Euro, which partly isolated it from the EU financial crisis of 2011.[23] In June 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU.[24][25]

### 21st century[edit | edit source]

Further information: International relations since 1989 and Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

File:-G7Biarritz (48632272593).jpg

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and U.S. President Donald Trump at the 45th G7 in Biarritz, August 2019.

Foreign policy initiatives of UK governments since the 1990s have included military intervention in conflicts and for peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance programmes and increased aid spending, support for establishment of the International Criminal Court, debt relief for developing countries, prioritisation of initiatives to address climate change, and promotion of free trade.[26] The British approach has been described as "spread the right norms and sustain NATO".[27]

Lunn et al. (2008) argue:[28]

Three key motifs of Tony Blair's 10-year premiership were an activist philosophy of 'interventionism', maintaining a strong alliance with the US and a commitment to placing Britain at the heart of Europe. While the 'special relationship' and the question of Britain's role in Europe have been central to British foreign policy since the Second World War...interventionism was a genuinely new element.

The GREAT campaign of 2012 was one of the most ambitious national promotion efforts ever undertaken by any major nation. It was scheduled take maximum advantage of the worldwide attention to the Summer Olympics in London. The goals were to make British more culture visible in order to stimulate trade, investment and tourism. The government partnered with key leaders in culture, business, diplomacy and education. The campaign unified many themes and targets, including business meetings; scholarly conventions; recreational vehicle dealers; parks and campgrounds; convention and visitors bureaus; hotels; bed and breakfast inns; casinos; and hotels.[29][30]

In 2013, the government of David Cameron described its approach to foreign policy by saying:[31]

For any given foreign policy issue, the UK potentially has a range of options for delivering impact in our national interest. ... [W]e have a complex network of alliances and partnerships through which we can work.... These include – besides the EU – the UN and groupings within it, such as the five permanent members of the Security Council (the “P5”); NATO; the Commonwealth; the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; the G8 and G20 groups of leading industrialised nations; and so on.

The UK began establishing air and naval facilities in the Persian Gulf, located in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Oman in 2014–15.[32][33][34][35] The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 highlighted a range of foreign policy initiatives of the UK government.[36][37] Edward Longinotti notes how current British defence policy is grappling with how to accommodate two major commitments, to Europe and to an ‘east of Suez’ global military strategy, within a modest defence budget that can only fund one. He points out that Britain's December 2014 agreement to open a permanent naval base in Bahrain underlines its gradual re-commitment east of Suez.[38] By some measures, Britain remains the second most powerful country in the world by virtue of its soft power and "logistical capability to deploy, support and sustain [military] forces overseas in large numbers."[39] Although commentators have questioned the need for global power projection,[40] the concept of “Global Britain” put forward by the Conservative government in 2019 signalled more military activity in the Middle East and Pacific, outside of NATO's traditional sphere of influence.[41][42]

At the end of January 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union, with a subsequent trade agreement with the EU in effect from 1 January 2021, setting out the terms of the UK-EU economic relationship and what abilities the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office can use in foreign relations related to trade.

## Major international disputes since 1945[edit | edit source]

* 1946–1949 – involved in Greek Civil War
* 1945–1948 – administration of the Mandate for Palestine, ending with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. British forces often faced conflict with Arab nationalists and Jewish Zionist militia, including those who in 1946 blew up the King David Hotel, which was British administrative and military HQ, killing 91 people.
* 1947–1991 – Cold War with Soviet Union
* 1948–1949 – Berlin Blockade – dispute with USSR over access to West Berlin and general Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe[43]
* 1948–1960 – Malayan Emergency – armed conflict against the politically isolated Communist forces of the Malayan National Liberation Army
* 1950–1953 – Korean War – war with North Korea
* 1951–1954 – Abadan Crisis – dispute with Iran over expropriated oil assets
* 1956–1957 – Suez Crisis – armed conflict with Egypt over its seizure of the Suez Canal Zone, and dispute with most of international community
* 1958 – First Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland
* 1962–1966 – Konfrontasi – war with Indonesia

File:Aden-1967.jpg

British street patrol in Aden in 1967

* 1972–1973 – Second Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland
* 1975–1976 – Third Cod War – fishing dispute with Iceland[44]
* 1982 – Falklands War – war with Argentina over the Falkland Islands and other British South Atlantic territory.
* 1983 – Condemnation of the United States over its invasion of Grenada.[45]
* 1984 – dispute with Libya after a policewoman is shot dead in London by a gunman from within the Libyan embassy and considerable Libyan support for the IRA in Northern Ireland.
* 1988 – further dispute with Libya over the 1988 bombing of a Pan Am flight over the Scottish town of Lockerbie[46]
* 1991 – Gulf War with Iraq[47]
* 1995 – under UN mandate, military involvement in former Yugoslavia (specifically Bosnia)
* 1997 – Hong Kong handover to Chinese rule. Britain secures guarantees for a "special status" that would continue capitalism and protect existing British property.[48]
* 1999 – involvement in NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia over Kosovo
* 2000 – British action in saving the UN peacekeeping force from collapse and defeating the anti-government rebellion during the Sierra Leone Civil War
* 2001 – UN-sponsored war against, and subsequent occupation of, Afghanistan

File:Army Air Corps Lynx Linking up with RAF Regiment Vehicle patrol, patrolling an area south of Basra Airport. MOD 45142952.jpg

A Lynx Helicopter of the British Army Air Corps ready to touch down on a desert road south of Basra Airport, November 2003

* 2003 – Collaborate with US and others in war and occupation of, Iraq Over 46,000 British troops subsequently occupy Basra and Southern Iraq
* 2007 – (ongoing) diplomatic dispute with Russia over the death of Alexander Litvinenko[49] Additional matters have strained British-Russian relations; continued espionage, Russian human rights violations and support of regimes hostile to the west (Syria, Iran)
* 2009 – (ongoing) Dispute with Iran over its alleged nuclear weapons programme, including sanctions and Iranian condemnation of the British government culminating in a 2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran.
* 2011 – under UN mandate, UK Armed Forces participated in enforcing the Libyan No-Fly Zone as part of Operation Ellamy[50]
* 2013 – support to French forces in the Malian civil war, including training and equipment to African peacekeeping and Malian government forces.
* 2015 – support to US-led coalition against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.
* 2016 – P5+1 and EU implement a deal with Iran intended to prevent the country gaining access to nuclear weapons.[51]
* 2018 – Sanctions on Russia following the poisoning of Sergei Skripal using a nerve agent in Salisbury, England included the expulsions of 23 diplomats, the largest ever since the Cold War, an act that was retaliated by Russia. A further war of words entailed and relations are deteriorating.
* 2019 – The sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. In February 2019, the International Court of Justice in The Hague ruled that the United Kingdom must transfer the islands to Mauritius as they were not legally separated from the latter in 1965.[52] On 22 May 2019, the United Nations General Assembly debated and adopted a resolution that affirmed that the Chagos archipelago “forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius.”[53] The UK does not recognise Mauritius' sovereignty claim over the Chagos Islands.[54] Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth described the British and American governments as "hypocrites" and "champions of double talk" over their response to the dispute.[55]
* 2019 – The Persian Gulf crisis escalated in July 2019, when Iranian oil tanker was seized by Britain in the Strait of Gibraltar on the grounds that it was shipping oil to Syria in violation of European Union sanctions. Iran later captured a British oil tanker and its crew members in the Persian Gulf.[56]

## Sovereignty disputes[edit | edit source]

File:Gibraltar National Day 027 (9719742224) (2).jpg

Gibraltar National Day celebrations in 2013

* Spain claims the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.[57]
* The entire Chagos Archipelago in the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and the Maldives. The claim includes the island of Diego Garcia used as a joint UK/US military base since the 1970s when the inhabitants were forcibly removed, Blenheim Reef, Speakers Bank and all the other features.[58][59]
* There are conflicting claims over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, controlled by the United Kingdom but claimed by Argentina. The dispute escalated into the Falklands War in 1982 over the islands' sovereignty, in which Argentina was defeated.
* There is a territorial claim in Antarctica, the British Antarctic Territory, which overlaps with areas claimed by Chile and Argentina.[60]

## Commonwealth of Nations[edit | edit source]

File:Question book-new.svg

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File:Commonwealth of Nations.svg

Members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The UK has varied relationships with the countries that make up the Commonwealth of Nations which originated from the British Empire. Charles III of the United Kingdom is Head of the Commonwealth and is King of 15 of its 56 member states. Those that retain the King as head of state are called Commonwealth realms. Over time several countries have been suspended from the Commonwealth for various reasons. Zimbabwe was suspended because of the authoritarian rule of its President[61] and so too was Pakistan, but it has since returned. Countries which become republics are still eligible for membership of the Commonwealth so long as they are deemed democratic. Commonwealth nations such as Malaysia enjoyed no export duties in trade with the UK before the UK concentrated its economic relationship with EU member states.

The UK was once a dominant colonial power in many countries on the continent of Africa and its multinationals remain large investors in sub-Saharan Africa. Nowadays the UK, as a leading member of the Commonwealth of Nations, seeks to influence Africa through its foreign policies. Current UK disputes are with Zimbabwe over human rights violations. Tony Blair set up the Africa Commission and urged rich countries to cease demanding developing countries repay their large debts. Relationships with developed (often former dominion) nations are strong with numerous cultural, social and political links, mass inter-migration trade links as well as calls for Commonwealth free trade.

From 2016 to 2018, the Windrush scandal occurred, where the UK deported a number British Citizens with Commonwealth heritage back to their Commonwealth country on claims they were "illegal immigrants".[62]

## Africa[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

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File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Algeria
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola | 1975 | See Foreign relations of Angola

* United Kingdom has an embassy in Luanda.
* Angola has an embassy in London.

File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Benin
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana | 1966 | See Foreign relations of Botswana

* United Kingdom has a high commission in Gaborone.
* Botswana has a high commission in London.

File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Burkina Faso
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Burundi
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Cameroon
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde | 1975 | See Foreign relations of Cape Verde
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic | 1960 | See Foreign relations of the Central African Republic
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Chad
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros | 1975 | See Foreign relations of Comoros
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1960 | See Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo | 1960 | See Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti |  | See Foreign relations of Djibouti
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt | 1922 | See Egypt–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea | 1968 | See Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea | 1993 | See Foreign relations of Eritrea
File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini | 1968 | See Foreign relations of Eswatini
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia | 1897 | See Foreign relations of Ethiopia
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Gabon
File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia | 1965 | See Foreign relations of Gambia
Ghana | 1957 | See Foreign relations of Ghana
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea | 1958 | See Foreign relations of Guinea
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau |  | See Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau
File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Ivory Coast
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya | 1960 | See Kenya–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho | 1966 | See Foreign relations of Lesotho
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia | 1847 | See Liberia–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya |  | See Libya–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar |  | See Foreign relations of Madagascar
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi | 1964 | See Malawi–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali |  | See Foreign relations of Mali
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Mauritania
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius |  | See Foreign relations of Mauritius
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco | 1956 | See Morocco–United Kingdom relations

According to some accounts, in the beginning of the 13th century King John of England (1167–1216) sent an embassy to the Almohad Sultan Muhammad al-Nasir (1199–1213), requesting military support and an alliance against France.[63] At home, King John was faced with a dire situation, in which his Barons revolted against him, he had been excommunicated by the Pope, and France was threatening to invade. The embassy of three was led by Bishop Roger, and King John supposedly offered to convert to Islam and pay a tribute to al-Nasir in exchange for his help. Al-Nasir apparently dismissed the proposal.[64]

File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique | 1975 | See Foreign relations of Mozambique
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia | 1990 | See Namibia–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Niger
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Nigeria

Nigeria, formerly a colony, gained independence from Britain in 1960.[65] Large numbers of Nigerians have since emigrated to Britain. The British government played an important role in resolving the Nigerian Civil War. Trade and investment between the two countries are strong, many British multinational companies are active in Nigeria, especially Shell in oil and gas production.

File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Rwanda
File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe | 1975 | See Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal | 1960 | See Foreign relations of Senegal
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles | 1976 | See Foreign relations of Seychelles
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone | 1961 | See Foreign relations of Sierra Leone
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia | 1960 | See Somalia–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa | 1927 | See South Africa–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan | 2011 | See Foreign relations of South Sudan
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan | 1959 | See Sudan–United Kingdom relations

* Sudan has an embassy in London whilst the United Kingdom has an embassy in Khartoum.

File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania | 1964 | See Tanzania–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Togo.svg Togo |  | See Foreign relations of Togo
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia | 1956 | See Foreign relations of Tunisia
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Uganda
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia | 1960 | See United Kingdom–Zambia relations
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe | 1980 | See United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations

## Americas[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda | 1981 | See Antigua and Barbuda–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 1823-12-15 | See Argentina–United Kingdom relations

* Diplomatic relations were cut off before the Falklands War, they were reinstated only in 1990, after the departure of Margaret Thatcher from the post of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
* Argentina has an embassy in London[66]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[67]
* List of Treaties ruling the relations Argentina and United Kingdom (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)

Bahamas | 1973 | See Foreign relations of the Bahamas
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados | 1966 | See Barbados–United Kingdom relations

The two countries are related through common history beginning in the 1620s, the Commonwealth of Nations and until 2021, their sharing of the same Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II as their Monarch. As one of the first English colonies, the initial permanent European settlement took place in the early seventeenth century by English settlers. Barbados thereafter remained as a territory until it negotiated independence in 1966. In recent years, increasing numbers of British nationals have purchased secondary homes in Barbados,[68] and the islands ranked as the Caribbean regions' fourth largest export market of the United Kingdom.[69]

* The British High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in 1966.
* There is a Barbadian High Commission in London.

File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize | 1981 | See Belize–United Kingdom relations

* Belize has a high commission in London.
* United Kingdom has a high commission in Belmopan.

File:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia | 1837 | See Foreign relations of Bolivia

* Bolivia has an embassy in London.
* United Kingdom has an embassy in La Paz.

File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 1826 | See Brazil–United Kingdom relations

* Brazil has an embassy in London and a consulate-general in Edinburgh.
* United Kingdom has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Belo Horizonte, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 1880 | See Canada–United Kingdom relations

Both nations enjoy a cooperative and intimate contact; the two countries are related through history, the Commonwealth of Nations, and their sharing of the same Head of State and monarch.[70] Both countries fought together in both World Wars, the Korean War, and more recently cooperate in the coalition in the War in Afghanistan. Both are founding members of NATO, and also belong to the G7 (and the G8). Winston Churchill said Canada was the "linchpin of the English-speaking world", as it connects two other anglophone countries: the US and the UK. These three countries were the first to share the knowledge of the atom bomb with each other, as all three worked on the Manhattan Project together. Despite this shared history, the UK and Canada have grown apart economically. The UK was Canada's largest trade partner in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but is now well down the list. The two nations now find themselves in separate trade blocs, the EU for the UK and NAFTA for Canada. However relations are still strong, with large migration between the two countries, as well as Canada having the highest favourable public opinion of the UK in the world.

File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile | 1844 | See Chile–United Kingdom relations

Chile provided some assistance to Britain during the Falklands War since it was itself at risk of possible war with Argentina regarding the boundary between the two nations in the Beagle Channel.[71]

* The United Kingdom has embassies in Valparaíso, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas and Santiago.
* Chile has an embassy in London.

File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia | 1825-04-18 | See Colombia–United Kingdom relations

* Colombia has an embassy in London.[72]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Bogotá and two consulates in Cali and Cartagena.[73]
* The United Kingdom helped Colombia to gain independence from Spain.
* Colombia, as well as the United States and Chile, declared Argentina to be the aggressor of the Falklands War.
* See also Colombians in the United Kingdom.
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about the relation with Colombia

File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica | 1849 | See Foreign relations of Costa Rica
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba | 1902 | See Cuba–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica | 1978 | See Foreign relations of Dominica
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic | 1871 | See Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador | 1935 | See Foreign relations of Ecuador

In 2012, relations came under strain when Julian Assange, founder of the WikiLeaks website, entered the Ecuadorian embassy in London and sought asylum; Assange had recently lost a legal case against his extradition to Sweden on charges of sexual assault and rape, but when within the embassy he was on diplomatic territory and beyond the reach of the British police.[74] The United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office delivered a note to the Ecuadorian government in Quito reminding them of the provisions of the Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987 which allow the British government to withdraw recognition of diplomatic protection from embassies; the move was interpreted as a hostile act by Ecuador, with Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño stating that this "explicit threat" would be met with "appropriate responses in accordance with international law".[75] Assange was granted diplomatic asylum on 16 August 2012, with Foreign Minister Patiño stating that Assange's fears of political persecution were "legitimate".[76]

File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador | 1834 | See Foreign relations of El Salvador
File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada | 1974 | See Grenada–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala | 1834 | See Foreign relations of Guatemala
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana | 1966 | See Foreign relations of Guyana

Formerly known as British Guiana (until 1966), it became the U.K.'s largest Commonwealth realm in South America upon the nation's independence the same year. In 1970, the nation transitioned to republic status through newly laid constitution and today both nations continue relations chiefly through the Commonwealth of Nations. Guyana is roughly the same physical size as the U.K. Due to proximity, Guyana predominately associates and identifies culturally with the close by Commonwealth Caribbean area and takes part in the West Indies Cricket Team as national sport. Ninety percent of the nation's population of 800 thousand persons live on ten percent of the nation's mostly coastal area while the nations' interior consists mostly of Amerindians and native rainforests.

* Guyana has a high commission in London.[77]
* United Kingdom has a high commission in Georgetown.[78]

File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti | 1859 | See Foreign relations of Haiti
File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras | 1834 | See Foreign relations of Honduras
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Jamaica
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 27 June 1824 | See Mexico–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom was the first country in Europe to recognize Mexico's Independence.[79] The relationship between the two nations began after the Pastry War when the United Kingdom aided Mexico against France. Also, relations improved when Mexico joined the British alongside the Allies to fight the Japanese forces in the Pacific War.

* Mexico has an embassy in London.[80]
* United Kingdom has an embassy in Mexico City, a consulate-general in Cancún and a consulate in Monterrey.[81]

File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua | 1849 | See Foreign relations of Nicaragua
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama | 1904 | See Foreign relations of Panama

* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Panama City.[82]
* Panama has an embassy in London.[83]
* The UK and Panama have a strong bilateral relationship.

File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay | 1853-03-04 | See Paraguay–United Kingdom relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 4 March 1853, with the signing of a treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation. A dominant view in Paraguay and significant in all the Southern Cone is that the interests of the British Empire played a considerable role during the Paraguayan War.[84]

* The United Kingdom is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and an honorary consulate in Asunción.
* Paraguay has an embassy in London.[85]
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Paraguay
* Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with the United Kingdom

File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru | 1827 | See Foreign relations of Peru
File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1983 | See Foreign relations of Saint Kitts and Nevis
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia | 1979 | See Foreign relations of Saint Lucia
File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1979 | See Foreign relations of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname | 1975 | See Foreign relations of Suriname
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago | 1962 | See Trinidad and Tobago–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 1785-06-01 | See United Kingdom–United States relations

File:Barack Obama and David Cameron on White House South Lawn.jpg

United States President Barack Obama talks to British Prime Minister David Cameron on the South Lawn of the White House, 20 July 2010

The United Kingdom and the United States are close military allies. The two countries share cultural similarities, as well as military research and intelligence facilities. The UK has purchased military technology from the USA such as Trident ballistic missiles, and the US has purchased equipment from Britain (e.g. Harrier jump jet). The USA also maintains a large number of military personnel in the UK. In recent years, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States have often been close friends, for example Tony Blair and Bill Clinton (and later Blair and George W. Bush), and the often like-minded Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Present British policy is that The United Kingdom's relationship with the United States represents Britain's "most important bilateral relationship".[86]

File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay | 1825 | See United Kingdom–Uruguay relations

* The UK played an important role in Uruguay's history until the end of World War II, after which the United States played an increasing role.
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Montevideo.[87]
* Uruguay has an embassy in London.
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about the relation with Uruguay

File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela | 1842 | See Venezuela–United Kingdom relations; Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903

## Asia[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan | 1921 | See Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | 1992-01-02[88] | See Armenia–United Kingdom relations

* Armenia has an embassy in London[89]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Yerevan.[90]

File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan | 1992-03-11 | See Azerbaijan–United Kingdom relations

* Azerbaijan has an embassy in London.[91]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Baku.[92]

Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain | 1971 | See Bahrain–United Kingdom relations

* Bahrain has an embassy in London and the United Kingdom is only one of four European countries to have embassy in Manama. Bahrain gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1971 and has since maintained diplomatic and trade relations.

File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | 1972 | See Bangladesh–United Kingdom relations

Bangladesh is an ally of the United Kingdom. United Kingdom was the third country to recognize Bangladesh as a country after its independence from Pakistan.

File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan | No Relations | See Foreign relations of Bhutan
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei | 1984 | See Brunei–United Kingdom relations

In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, gaining its independence from British rule less than 100 years later in 1984.

The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defence co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07.

The United Kingdom has a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan, and Brunei has a high commission in London. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia | 1953 | See Foreign relations of Cambodia
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 1954 | See China–United Kingdom relations, Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations,

Although on opposing sides of the Cold War, both countries were allies during World War II, and are members of the UN and permanent members of the Security Council. But because of the Cold War, First and Second Opium War, and the status of Hong Kong, and other issues, China-UK relations at some points in history have been complicated, but better at other times.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including United Kingdom, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[93]

File:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor | 2002 | See Foreign relations of East Timor
File:Flag of India.svg India | 1947 | See India–United Kingdom relations

British India was a former colony of the British Empire. India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in Birmingham and Edinburgh.[94] The United Kingdom has a high commission in New Delhi and three deputy high commissions in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.[95] Although the Sterling Area no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in part due to the significant number of people of Indian origin living in the UK. The Asian population in the UK results in steady travel and communication between the two countries. The English language, the railways, the legal and parliamentary systems and cricket have been warmly adopted. Indian cuisines are popular in the UK.[96] The United Kingdom's favourite food is often reported to be Indian cuisine, although no official study reports this.[96]

Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. The UK is the second largest investor in India after the US. India is also the fourth[97] largest investor in Britain after the US.[98][99][100]

File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia | 1949 | See Indonesia–United Kingdom relations

* Indonesia has an embassy in London,[101] the United Kingdom has an embassy in Jakarta.[102]

File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | 1807 | See Iran–United Kingdom relations

Iran, which was known as Persia before 1935, has had political relations with England since the late Ilkhanate period (13th century) when King Edward I of England sent Geoffrey de Langley to the Ilkhanid court to seek an alliance.[103]

File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq | 1920 | See Iraq–United Kingdom relations

Sanctions against Iraq from 1990 to 2003 prevented any form of economic relations with the United Kingdom and any other country for thirteen years. Ties between London and Baghdad are slowly progressing.

File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | 1948 | See Israel–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consul in Eilat.[104] Israel has an embassy and a consulate in London. The UK's closest partner in the Middle East is Israel, and Israel's closest partner in Europe is the UK.[105][106]

File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 1854-10-14 | See Japan–United Kingdom relations

Contact began in 1600 with the arrival of William Adams (Adams the Pilot, Miura Anjin) on the shores of Kyūshū at Usuki in Ōita Prefecture. During the Sakoku period (1641–1853) there were no relations. but with the impact of Industrial Revolution, British thread company launched its business in 1907 and thrived. The treaty of 1854 saw the resumption of ties which, despite the hiatus of the Second World War, remain very strong in the present day.

File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan | 1952 | See Foreign relations of Jordan
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan | 1992-01-19 | See Kazakhstan–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom opened an embassy in Kazakhstan in October 1992 and Kazakhstan opened an embassy in Britain in February 1996.[107] Kazakhstan's relations with the West have greatly improved in the last few years as the Government has closely cooperated in the United States-led War on Terror. See also Counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan

Britain is the third-largest foreign investor in Kazakhstan with British companies making up 14% of foreign direct investment. Over 100 British companies do business in Kazakhstan.[108]

File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait | 1961 | See Foreign relations of Kuwait
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan | 1992 | See Kyrgyzstan–United Kingdom relations
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos | 1952 | See Foreign relations of Laos
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon | 1944 | See Foreign relations of Lebanon
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | 1957 | See Malaysia–United Kingdom relations

File:QueenYangIf74.jpg

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong in a carriage with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the state visit to London, 1974.

The United Kingdom has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a high commission in London. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Both the UK and Malaysia are part of the Five Powers Defence Arrangements. Malaysia is a strong partner of Britain in the Far East. Britain has made numerous military sacrifices in guaranteeing a stable independent Malaysia, for example the Malaysian Emergency and the protection of the country during high tensions with Indonesia-Konfrontasi.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in July 1974.[109] The Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in November 1993.[109] Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid state visits to Malaysia in October 1989, and in September 1998.[110]

File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives | 1965 | See Foreign relations of the Maldives
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia | 1963-01-23 | See Foreign relations of Mongolia
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar | 1948 | See Foreign relations of Myanmar
File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal | 1816-09-01 | See Nepal–United Kingdom relations

Relations between the UK and Nepal have historically been friendly and there have been close links between the Royal Families. The UK is highly regarded in Nepal as a result of historical ties, development assistance and long-term support in the struggle for democratic peace in Nepal.

File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea | 2000 | See North Korea–United Kingdom relations

* North Korea has an embassy in London.
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Pyongyang.

File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman | 1971 | See Oman–United Kingdom relations

The relations between the United Kingdom and Oman are strong and strategic.[111] In April 2010 the government of Oman stated that it wanted to buy Eurofighter Typhoons from the UK.[111] The United Kingdom has an embassy in Mina al Fahal[112] and Oman has an embassy in London.[113]

Pakistan | 1947 | See Pakistan–United Kingdom relations

* Pakistan left the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972 in protest of the organisation's recognition of Bangladeshi independence, before rejoining in 1989.

File:Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine |  | See Palestine–United Kingdom relations

The United Kingdom maintains a consulate in Jerusalem which handles British relations with the Palestinian Authority.[114] The Foreign and Commonwealth Office states the "Consular district covers Jerusalem (West and East), the West Bank and Gaza. As well as work on the Middle East Peace Process and other political issues, the consulate also promotes trade between the UK and the Occupied Palestinian Territories and manages an extensive programme of aid and development work. The latter is undertaken primarily by the DFID office in Jerusalem.".[114]

The Palestinian Authority is represented in London by Manuel Hassassian, the Palestinian General Delegate to the United Kingdom.[114]

File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | 1946-07-04  | See Philippines–United Kingdom relations

* The United Kingdom and the Philippines have good relations.
* The Philippines has been one of the UK's major recruitment countries for nurses and over 80,000 Filipino nurses and care-givers work in the UK. The total Philippine community in the UK is estimated to be about 150,000. There are estimated to be some 15,000 British nationals living in the Philippines. About 180,000 British nationals visit the Philippines annually.

File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar | 1971 | See Qatar–United Kingdom relations

* Bilateral relations between the two countries have expanded since the opening of the British embassy in Doha in 1949, marked by the arrival of British Political Officer John Wilton.
* UK Prime Minister David Cameron visited Qatar in 2011, and the then Emir of Qatar made a 3-day state visit in October 2010.
* The current Emir of Qatar made a state visit to the UK in October 2014.
* In March 2013, Prince Charles and his wife the Duchess of Cornwall, arrived in Qatar for a state visit.
* On 20 September 2019, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson hosted Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani at the Downing Street. Johnson pressed over the fact that the UK's relation with Qatar is going from “strength to strength”.

File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | 1927 | See Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations

The UK has an embassy in Riyadh, consulate in Jeddah and trade office in Al Khobar.[115] Saudi Arabia has an embassy and consulate in London.[116]

Singapore | 1965 | See Singapore–United Kingdom relations

Singapore and the United Kingdom share a friendly relationship since Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1959. Singapore retained the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the final court of appeal up till 1989 (fully abolished in 1994) due to political reasons.

File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 1883-11-26[117] | See South Korea–United Kingdom relations

* Formal relations between South Korea and the United Kingdom commenced on the 18 January 1949[117] although diplomatic ties go back to 1883.[118] British military participation in the Korean War during the 1950s was significant, but relations between the two countries at the time were described as "tenuous", with relatively little known about each other. Commercial and trade relationships grew rapidly during the 1970s. During the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s, the Queen made a state visit to South Korea which was well received at a time of crisis in the country. Today, there are strong economic and diplomatic links between the two countries.[118] The United Kingdom has a visa scheme through which young South Koreans can live and work in the UK for two years.[119] There is a British embassy in Seoul and a South Korean embassy in London.[120][121]

File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka | 1948 | See Sri Lanka–United Kingdom relations

* President Maithripala Sirisena made an official visit to the United Kingdom in 2015 and met Prime Minister David Cameron and the queen.
* Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe made an official visit in 2018 to meet Prime Minister Theresa May.

File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria |  | See Syria–United Kingdom relations

In 2001, positive relations were developed between Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Syrian government, as part of the War on Terror. Since the 2011 civil war, relations have deteriorated, and the UK was one of the first countries to recognise the opposition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people.

File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan | No Relations | See Taiwan–United Kingdom relations

* Due to the One China policy the United Kingdom doesn't recognise the Government of the Republic of China and all diplomatic relations between the two countries take place on an unofficial basis.
* Taiwan maintains the Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. in London with a branch office in Edinburgh.
* The United Kingdom maintains the British Office Taipei in Taipei.

File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan | 1992 | See Foreign relations of Tajikistan
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand | 1855-04-18  | See Thailand–United Kingdom relations

* Thailand is represented in the United Kingdom through the Royal Thai Embassy in London.[122]
* British interests in Thailand are represented through the British Embassy on Witthayu Road, Lumphini, Pathum Wan in Bangkok[123]

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1793 | See Turkey–United Kingdom relations

* Turkey has an embassy and a consulate general in London.[124][125]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul, a vice consulate in Antalya and a consulate in Izmir. The United Kingdom has honorary consulates in Adana, Bodrum, Fethiye and Marmaris.[126][127]

The United Kingdom is the second biggest importer of goods from Turkey, after Germany. Turkey exports around 8% of its total goods to the United Kingdom.[128] Around 1,000,000 Britons take holidays in Turkey every year, while 100,000 Turks travel to the UK for business or pleasure.[129]

The United Kingdom does not recognise the TRNC. The TRNC is only recognised by Turkey. The UK is also a signatory to a treaty with Greece and Turkey concerning the independence of Cyprus, the Treaty of Guarantee, which maintains that Britain is a "guarantor power" of the island's independence.[130] Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan | 1992 | See Foreign relations of Turkmenistan
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates | 1971 | See United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations

* The UAE has an embassy in London.
* The UK maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi and is unique in having another Embassy in Dubai.
* The UAE-UK relations have been described as a "special relationship".
* Queen Elizabeth II has visited the UAE 2 times.
* 100,000 British citizens live in the UAE.

File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan | 1992 | See United Kingdom–Uzbekistan relations

* The United Kingdom maintains an embassy in Tashkent.
* Uzbekistan maintains an embassy in London.

File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam | 1973 | See Foreign relations of Vietnam

* Vietnam is represented in the UK by the Embassy of Vietnam in London.[131]
* The UK entered into a strategic partnership agreement with Vietnam in 2010 to demonstrate the extent of existing cooperation between the countries, as well as showing the two governments ambitions for the future.[132]

File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen | 1970 | See Foreign relations of Yemen

The United Kingdom has one consulate and embassy based in the centre of Sana'a.

## Europe[edit | edit source]

The UK maintained good relations with Western Europe since 1945, and Eastern Europe since end of the Cold War in 1989. After years of dispute with France it joined the European Economic Community in 1973, which eventually evolved into the European Union through the Maastricht Treaty twenty years later.[133] Unlike the majority of European countries, the UK does not use the euro as its currency and is not a member of the Eurozone.[134] During the years of its membership of the European Union, the United Kingdom had often been referred to as a "peculiar" member, due to its occasional dispute in policies with the organisation. The United Kingdom regularly opted out of EU legislation and policies. Through differences in geography, culture and history, national opinion polls have found that of the 28 nationalities in the European Union, British people have historically felt the least European.[135][136] On 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union and formally left on 31 January 2020.

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania | 1920-12 | See Albania–United Kingdom relations

* Albania has an embassy in London.[137]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Tirana.[138]
* FCO Profile

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra | 1994-03-09[139] | See Foreign relations of Andorra

* The United Kingdom's consulate-general in Barcelona handles the United Kingdom's consular activities in Andorra.[140]

File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | 1992 | See Foreign relations of Belarus

* Belarus has an embassy in London.[141]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Minsk.[142]

File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992-04-13 | See Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in London.[143]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Sarajevo and an embassy office in Banja Luka.[144]

File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia | 1919[145] | See Georgia–United Kingdom relations

* Georgia has an embassy in London.[146]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Tbilisi.[147]

File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland | 1944 | See Iceland–United Kingdom relations

* Iceland has an embassy in London and 17 honorary consulates in: Aberdeen, Birmingham, Cardiff, Dover, Edinburgh, Fleetwood, Glasgow, Grimsby, Hull, Jersey, Lerwick, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northern Ireland, and Ormskirk.[148]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Reykjavík and a Honorary Vice-Consulate in Akureyri.[149][150]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo | 2008 | See Kosovo–United Kingdom relations

* Kosovo has a Consular Mission in London.[151]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Pristina.[152]

When Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, the United Kingdom became one of the first countries to officially announce recognition of sovereign Kosovo on 18 February 2008.[153][154] The United Kingdom has had an embassy in Pristina since 5 March 2008.[155] Kosovo has an embassy in London since 1 October 2008.

File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein |  | See Foreign relations of Liechtenstein

* United Kingdom is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.
* Liechtenstein does not have an accreditation to the United Kingdom.

File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova | 1992-01-17[156] | See Foreign relations of Moldova

* Moldova has an embassy in London.[157]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Chişinău.[158]

The number of British and Moldovan citizens in Moldova and the United Kingdom respectively is insignificant. When visiting Moldova no visa obligation exists for British citizens for stays in Moldova less than 90 days, otherwise a visa is required. For Moldovan citizens a visa is required for any border crossing, except for transfer passengers.

* Embassy of The Republic of Moldova to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office
* See also Moldovan diaspora

File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco |  |

* Monaco has an embassy in London.
* United Kingdom is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.

File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro | 2006-06-13 | See Montenegro–United Kingdom relations

* Montenegro has an embassy in London.[159]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Podgorica.[160]
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Montenegro country profile

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia |  | See Foreign relations of North Macedonia

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway | 1905 | See Norway–United Kingdom relations

* Norway has an embassy in London and consulate general in Edinburgh. Norway also has consulates in Aberdeen, Ardrossan, Barrow-on-Furness, Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Douglas, Dundee, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Grimsby, Inverness, Jersey, Kirkwall, Lerwick, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle, Plymouth, Southampton and Stornoway.[161]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Oslo and consulates in Ålesund, Bergen, Stavanger and Trondheim. The United Kingdom also has honorary consulates in Bodø, Kristiansand and Tromsø.[162]

Both countries are members of NATO.

Russia | 1553 | See Russia–United Kingdom relations

* Russia has an embassy in London and a consulate in Edinburgh.[163][164]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Moscow and consulate generals in Ekaterinburg and Saint Petersburg.[165][166]

Spanning nearly five centuries, the relationship has often switched from a state of alliance to rivalry. Both countries were allies during World War I and II. During the Cold War, both countries participated in intense espionage activity against each other. In the early-21st century, especially following the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in 2006, relations became strained again, and since 2014 have grown more unfriendly due to the Russo-Ukrainian War and to activities by Russia such as the suspected 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, seen as hostile by the UK and by many in the Western world. In the wake of the poisoning, 28 countries expelled suspected Russian spies acting as diplomats.[167]

File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino | 1899;1961 | See San Marino–United Kingdom relations

* San Marino has a consulate general in London.[168]
* The United Kingdom has a consulate general to San Marino in Rome.[169]

Serbia | 1837 | See Serbia–United Kingdom relations

* Serbia has an embassy in London.[170]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Belgrade.[171]
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Serbia

File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland | 1900 | See Switzerland–United Kingdom relations

* Switzerland has an embassy in London and consulate general in Edinburgh. Switzerland also has consulates in Belfast, Cardiff, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Hamilton, Manchester and St Peter Port.[172][173]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Bern.[174]

Ukraine | 1991 | See Ukraine–United Kingdom relations

* Ukraine opened an embassy in London in October 1992 and a consulate general in Edinburgh in February 2002.[175]
* The United Kingdom Consulate-General in Kyiv opened in November 1991 and became an embassy in January 1992.[176]
* See also Ukrainian diaspora
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about the relations with Ukraine

File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg Vatican City | 1982 | See Holy See–United Kingdom relations

With the English Reformation, diplomatic links between London and the Holy See, which had been established in 1479, were interrupted in 1536 and again, after a brief restoration in 1553, in 1558. Formal diplomatic ties between the United Kingdom and the Holy See were restored in 1914 and raised to ambassadorial level in 1982.[177][178]

## European Union[edit | edit source]

See also: European Union–United Kingdom relations

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria | 1799 | See Austria–United Kingdom relations

* Austria has an embassy in London and 4 honorary consulates (in Manchester, Edinburgh, Grand Cayman and Hamilton).[179]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Vienna and 4 honorary consulates in Bergenz, Graz, Innsbruck, and Salzburg.[180][181]

Relations between the Austrian Empire and England were established in the Middle Ages. The United Kingdom and Austria continue these relations.

File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium | 1830 | See Belgium–United Kingdom relations

* Belgium has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Belfast, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Gibraltar, Kingston-upon-Hull, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Saint Helier and Southampton.[182]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy and a consulate general in Brussels.[142][183]

The two countries have trading links going back to the 10th century, especially wool trade from England to the County of Flanders.

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | 1879-07 | See Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations

* Bulgaria has an embassy in London and an honorary consulate in Dundee.[184]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Sofia,[185]

Both countries are members of NATO.

Croatia | 1992 | See Croatia–United Kingdom relations

* Croatia has an embassy in London and a consulate in Edinburgh.[186]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Zagreb and consulates in Dubrovnik and Split.[187][188]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus | 1960 | See Cyprus–United Kingdom relations

The UK maintains two sovereign area military bases on the island of Cyprus. The UK is also a signatory to a treaty with Greece and Turkey concerning the independence of Cyprus, the Treaty of Guarantee, which maintains that Britain is a "guarantor power" of the island's independence.[130]

* Cyprus has a High Commission in London and honorary consulates in Birmingham, Bristol, Dunblane, Glasgow, Northern Ireland and West Yorkshire.[189]
* The United Kingdom has a High Commission in Nicosia.[190]

File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic | 1993 | See Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations

* The Czech Republic has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Belfast and Edinburgh.[191][192]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Prague.[193]

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid a state visit to the Czech Republic in March 1996.[194] Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | 1654-10-01 | See Denmark–United Kingdom relations

* Denmark has an embassy in London.
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Copenhagen.

Queen Margrethe II of Denmark paid state visits to the United Kingdom in April/May 1974, and in February 2000.[195] Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid state visits to Denmark in May 1957, and in May 1979.[196] Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia | 1991 | See Foreign relations of Estonia

* Estonia has an embassy in London and honorary consuls in Liverpool, Cheltenham, Paisley and Wales.[197][198]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Tallinn.[199]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland | 1919-05-06[200] | See Foreign relations of Finland

* Finland has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Hamilton, Harwich, Hull, Immingham, Leeds, Lerwick, Liverpool, Manchester, Middlesbrough, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Nottingham, Plymouth, Rochester, Sheffield, Southampton and St Helier.[200]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Helsinki and honorary consulates in Åland, Jyväskylä, Kotka, Kuopio, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Turku, Tampere and Vaasa.[201]

File:Flag of France.svg France | 1505 | See France–United Kingdom relations

* France has an embassy in London and consulates general in London and Edinburgh.[202]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Paris and consulates in Bordeaux, Lyon and Marseille.[203]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 1680 | See Germany–United Kingdom relations

* Germany has an embassy in London and a consulate general in Edinburgh. German also has honorary consulates in Aberdeen, Barrow on Humber, Belfast, Coventry, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Glasgow, Guernsey, Jersey, Kirkwall, Leeds, Lerwick, Liverpool, Middlesbrough, Newcastle upon Tyne, Plymouth and Southampton.[204][205][206]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Berlin and consulates general in Düsseldorf and Munich. The United Kingdom also has honorary consulates in Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Kiel, Nürnberg and Stuttgart.[207][208][209]
* The UK maintains military bases in Germany.

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece | 1832 | See Greece–United Kingdom relations

* Greece has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Belfast, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Gibraltar, Glasgow and Leeds.[210]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Athens and a Honorary Vice Consulate in Patras. The United Kingdom also has honorary consulates in Crete, Corfu, Rhodes, Thessaloniki and Zakynthos.[211][212]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | 1920 |

* Hungary has an embassy in London and a general consulate in Manchester.[213]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Budapest.[214]

Both countries are members of NATO.

* See also Hungary–United Kingdom relations and Foreign relations of Hungary[215]

File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland | 1921 | See Ireland–United Kingdom relations

Despite a long history of conflict from English Tudor plantation in Ireland to the Irish War of independence, the UK presently works closely with the government of the Republic of Ireland in areas concerning the peace process in Northern Ireland as well as on many security issues. In 1949 the Irish Houses of Parliament passed the Republic of Ireland Act, making the Republic of Ireland officially fully independent; the country withdrew from the Commonwealth. Under the Ireland Act 1949 Irish citizens are treated as though they are Commonwealth citizens and not aliens for the purposes of law. Until 1998, the Republic of Ireland claimed Northern Ireland, but this was rescinded under the Belfast Agreement through an amendment of the Irish Constitution, which now states an aspiration to peaceful unity. There is an ongoing dispute that also involves Denmark and Iceland, over the status of the ocean floor surrounding Rockall. However, this is for the most part a trivial issue that rarely makes it onto British-Irish meeting agendas.[216] Ireland has confidential agreements with both the United Kingdom and NATO to defend sovereign Irish airspace from intrusions or attacks.

* Ireland has an embassy in London and a consulate general in Cardiff, Edinburgh and Manchester.[217]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Dublin.[218]

Under the Ireland Act 1949 Irish citizens are treated as though they are Commonwealth citizens and not aliens for the purposes of law. See Commonwealth of Nations & Ireland Section above.

File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | 1861 | See Italy–United Kingdom relations

* Italy has an embassy in London, a consulate general in Edinburgh and a consulate in Manchester.[219]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Rome, a consulate general in Milan and a consulate in Naples.[220][221]

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.[222] There are about 19,000 British nationals living in Italy, and 150,000 Italians living in the UK.[223]

* 'Britalian' - British people of Italian descent.

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia | 1991 | See Foreign relations of Latvia

* Latvia has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Edinburgh, Northern Ireland, Manchester and Wales.[224]
* The United Kingdom has embassy in Riga.[225]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania | 1991-09-04[226] | See Lithuania–United Kingdom relations

* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Vilnius and an honorary consulate in Klaipėda.[227][228]
* Lithuania has an embassy in London and 4 honorary consulates in Northern Ireland, North East England, Wales and the West Midlands.[229]

There are around 100,000 Lithuanians living in the United Kingdom. Both countries are members of NATO. In 2006, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip paid an official state visit to Lithuania.[230][231]

* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Lithuania
* Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Poland (in Lithuanian only) Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg |  | See Foreign relations of Luxembourg

* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
* Luxembourg has an embassy in London.

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta | 1964 | See Malta–United Kingdom relations

In the 1950s and 1960s, serious consideration was given in both countries to the idea of a political union between the United Kingdom and Malta. However, this plan for "Integration with Britain" foundered, and Malta gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. British Monarch Queen Elizabeth II remained Queen of Malta until the country became a Republic in 1974. There is a small Maltese community in the United Kingdom. In addition, the British overseas territory of Gibraltar has been influenced by significant 18th and 19th Century immigration from Malta (see "History of the Maltese in Gibraltar").

* Malta has a High Commission in London and consulates in Gibraltar, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.[232]
* The United Kingdom has a High Commission in Valletta.[233]

Malta is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. See Commonwealth of Nations & Ireland Section above.

File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | 1603 | See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in London and consulates in Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Guernsey, Hamilton, Harwich, Hull, Liverpool, Manchester, Plymouth and Southampton. The Netherlands also has a vice consulate in Dover.[234][235]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in The Hague and consulates in Amsterdam and Willemstad.[236][237]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland | 1919 | See Poland–United Kingdom relations

* Poland has an embassy in London, a consulate general in Edinburgh and Manchester. Poland also has honorary consulates in Bristol, Gibraltar, Hull, Kidderminster, Newry and St Helier.[238][239][240][241]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Warsaw.[242]
* Both countries participate in shared defence and security cooperation.

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal | 1373 | See Portugal–United Kingdom relations

* Portugal has an embassy and consulate general in London and consulates in Edinburgh, Hamilton, Manchester and St Helier.[243]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Lisbon and consulates in Lisbon and Portimão. The United Kingdom also has honorary consulates in Funchal, Oporto and Ponta Delgada.[244][245]

The relationship dates back to the Middle Ages in 1373 with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance.

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania | 1880-02-20 | See Romania–United Kingdom relations

* Romania has an embassy in London and consulates generals in Edinburgh and Manchester. Romania also has honorary consulates in Hirwaun, Leeds, Morpeth-Newcastle and Southampton.[246][247]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Bucharest.[248]
* See also Romanian migration to the United Kingdom
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Romania

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia | 1993 | See Slovakia–United Kingdom relations

* Slovakia has an embassy in London.[249]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Bratislava.[250]
* British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about the relation with Slovakia

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia | 1992 | See Foreign relations of Slovenia

* Slovenia has an embassy in London [251]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Ljubljana.[252]

Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain | 1509 | See Spain–United Kingdom relations

* Spain has an embassy in London and consulates general in Edinburgh and Manchester.[253][254]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Madrid and consulates general in Barcelona and Madrid. The United Kingdom also has consulates in Bilbao, Ibiza, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[255][256]

During the Second World War Spain remained neutral, but was perceived to be closely aligned with Nazi Germany. Following the end of the war, frosty relations continued between the two states until the end of the Franco era and the democratisation of Spain. Both countries are members of NATO.

File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden | 1653 | See Sweden–United Kingdom relations

* Sweden has an embassy in London as well as consulates general in Edinburgh and Gibraltar. Sweden also has consulates in Guernsey and Jersey as well as honorary consulates in Belfast, Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Glasgow, Immingham, Lerwick, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Southampton and Stornonway.[257]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Gothenburg and Malmö.[258][259]

## Oceania[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 1936 | See Australia–United Kingdom relations

Australia–United Kingdom relations are close, marked by shared history, culture, institutions and language, extensive people-to-people links, aligned security interests, and vibrant trade and investment cooperation. The long-standing relationship formally began in 1901 when the six British Crown colonies in Australia federated, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed as a Dominion of the British Empire. Australia fought alongside Britain in World War I, notably at Gallipoli, and again in World War II. Andrew Fisher, Australian prime minister from 1914 to 1916, declared that Australia would defend the United Kingdom "to the last man and the last shilling." Australia's sovereignty, de facto recognised at the end of the First World War, was formalised with the Statute of Westminster of 1931. Until 1949, the United Kingdom and Australia nevertheless shared a common nationality code. The final constitutional ties between United Kingdom and Australia ended in 1986 with the passing of the Australia Act 1986. Currently, more than 4% of the Australian population was born in the UK, giving strong mutual relations. Furthermore, investment and trade between the two countries are still important.

File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji | 1970 | See Foreign relations of Fiji
File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati | 1979 | See Foreign relations of Kiribati
File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands | 1991 | See Foreign relations of Marshall Islands
File:Flag of Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia | 1992-08-31 | See Foreign relations of Micronesia
File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru | 1968 | See Nauru–United Kingdom relations

Nauru was part of the British Western Pacific Territories from September 1914 and June 1921.[260] The British Government had ceased to exercise any direct role in the governance of Nauru by 1968, when the island achieved its independence. The Nauruan government maintains an Hon. Consul, Martin W I Weston. The British High Commission in Suva is responsible for the United Kingdom's bilateral relations with Nauru.[261]

File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand | 1939 | See New Zealand–United Kingdom relations

Up to about the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline as the United Kingdom oriented itself more towards the European Union, with the share of exports going to Britain having fallen to only 6.2 percent in 2000.[262] Historically, some industries, such as dairying, a major economic factor in the former colony, had even more dominant trade links, with 80-100% of all cheese and butter exports going to Britain from around 1890 to 1940.[263] This strong bond also supported the mutual feelings for each other in other areas.

File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau |  | See Foreign relations of Palau
File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea | 1975 | See Papua New Guinea–United Kingdom relations

Papua New Guinea and the United Kingdom share Queen Elizabeth as their head of state. They have had relations since 1975 when Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia.

File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa | 1962 | See Foreign relations of Samoa
File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands | 1978 | See Foreign relations of the Solomon Islands
File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga | 1879; 1970 | The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Tonga established formal mutual diplomatic recognition in 1879.[264] Tonga was then a British protectorate from 1900 to 1970, whereupon diplomatic relations resumed at the level of sovereign states.
See Foreign relations of Tonga
File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu | 1978 | See Foreign relations of Tuvalu
File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu | 1980 | See Foreign relations of Vanuatu

## Overseas Territories[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal relations began  | Notes

|
|

File:The Flag of Ascension Island.svg Ascension Island |  | See Foreign relations of Ascension Island
File:Flag of Anguilla.svg Anguilla |  | See Foreign relations of Anguilla
File:Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda |  | See Foreign relations of Bermuda
File:Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg British Indian Ocean Territory |  | See Foreign relations of British Indian Ocean Territory
File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg British Virgin Islands |  | See Foreign relations of British Virgin Islands
File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg Cayman Islands |  | See Foreign relations of the Cayman Islands
File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg Falkland Islands |  | See Foreign relations of Falkland Islands
File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar |  | See Foreign relations of Gibraltar
File:Flag of Montserrat.svg Montserrat |  | See Foreign relations of Montserrat
File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg Pitcairn Islands |  | See Foreign relations of the Pitcairn Islands
File:Flag of Saint Helena.svg Saint Helena |  | See Foreign relations of Saint Helena
File:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |  | See Foreign relations of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
File:Flag of Tristan da Cunha.svg Tristan da Cunha |  | See Foreign relations of Tristan da Cunha
File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg Turks and Caicos Islands |  | See Foreign relations of Turks and Caicos Islands

## International organisations[edit | edit source]

See also: United Kingdom and the United Nations

The United Kingdom is a member of the following international organisations:[265]

* ADB \- Asian Development Bank (nonregional member)
* AfDB \- African Development Bank (nonregional member)
* Arctic Council (observer)
* Australia Group
* BIS \- Bank for International Settlements
* Commonwealth of Nations
* CBSS \- Council of the Baltic Sea States (observer)
* CDB \- Caribbean Development Bank
* Council of Europe
* CERN \- European Organization for Nuclear Research
* EAPC \- Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
* EBRD \- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
* EIB \- European Investment Bank
* ESA \- European Space Agency
* FAO \- Food and Agriculture Organization
* FATF \- Financial Action Task Force
* G-20 \- Group of Twenty
* G-5 \- Group of Five
* G7 \- Group of Seven
* G8 \- Group of Eight
* G-10 \- Group of Ten (economics)
* IADB \- Inter-American Development Bank
* IAEA \- International Atomic Energy Agency
* IBRD \- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (also known as the World Bank)
* ICAO \- International Civil Aviation Organization
* ICC \- International Chamber of Commerce
* ICCt \- International Criminal Court
* ICRM \- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
* IDA \- International Development Association
* IEA \- International Energy Agency
* IFAD \- International Fund for Agricultural Development
* IFC \- International Finance Corporation
* IFRCS \- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
* IHO \- International Hydrographic Organization
* ILO \- International Labour Organization
* IMF \- International Monetary Fund
* IMO \- International Maritime Organization
* IMSO \- International Mobile Satellite Organization
* Interpol \- International Criminal Police Organization
* IOC \- International Olympic Committee
* IOM \- International Organization for Migration
* IPU \- Inter-Parliamentary Union
* ISO \- International Organization for Standardization
* ITSO \- International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* ITU \- International Telecommunication Union
* ITUC \- International Trade Union Confederation
* MIGA \- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
* MONUSCO \- United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
* NEA \- Nuclear Energy Agency
* NSG \- Nuclear Suppliers Group
* OAS \- Organization of American States (observer)
* OECD \- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
* OPCW \- Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* OSCE \- Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
* Paris Club
* PCA \- Permanent Court of Arbitration
* PIF \- Pacific Islands Forum (partner)
* SECI \- Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (observer)
* UN \- United Nations
* UNSC \- United Nations Security Council
* UNCTAD \- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
* UNESCO \- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
* UNFICYP \- United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
* UNHCR \- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* UNIDO \- United Nations Industrial Development Organization
* UNMIS \- United Nations Mission in Sudan
* UNRWA \- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
* UPU \- Universal Postal Union
* WCO \- World Customs Organization
* WHO \- World Health Organization
* WIPO \- World Intellectual Property Organization
* WMO \- World Meteorological Organization
* WTO \- World Trade Organization
* Zangger Committee \- (also known as the) Nuclear Exporters Committee

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Timeline of British diplomatic history
* Timeline of European imperialism
* Anglophobia
* British diaspora
* History of the United Kingdom
* Soft power#United Kingdom
* Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
* Heads of United Kingdom Missions
* List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom
* European Union–United Kingdom relations
* Latin America–United Kingdom relations
* United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ F.S. Northedge, The troubled giant: Britain among the great powers, 1916-1939 (1966).
2. ^ Erik Goldstein, Winning the peace: British diplomatic strategy, peace planning, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1916-1920 (1991).
3. ^ Frank Magee, "‘Limited Liability’? Britain and the Treaty of Locarno." Twentieth Century British History 6.1 (1995): 1-22.
4. ^ Andrew Barros, "Disarmament as a weapon: Anglo-French relations and the problems of enforcing German disarmament, 1919–28." Journal of Strategic Studies 29#2 (2006): 301-321.
5. ^ Wm Roger Louis, "The United Kingdom and the beginning of the mandates system, 1919–1922." International Organization 23.1 (1969): 73-96.
6. ^ Peter J. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914-1925 (2009).
7. ^ Susan Pedersen, "Back to the League of Nations." American Historical Review 112.4 (2007): 1091-1117. in JSTOR Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ Raymond G. O'Connor, "The 'Yardstick' and Naval Disarmament in the 1920s." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45.3 (1958): 441-463. in JSTOR Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
9. ^ Frank C. Costigliola, "Anglo-American financial rivalry in the 1920s." Journal of Economic History 37.4 (1977): 911-934.
10. ^ Patrick O. Cohrs, The unfinished peace after World War I: America, Britain and the stabilization of Europe, 1919-1932 (Cambridge, 2006).
11. ^ Henry R. Winkler. "The Emergence of a Labor Foreign Policy in Great Britain, 1918-1929." Journal of Modern History 28.3 (1956): 247-258. in JSTOR Archived 7 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
12. ^ Patrick Finney, "The romance of decline: The historiography of appeasement and British national identity." Electronic Journal of International History 1 (2000). online Archived 5 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ David Faber, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2010)
14. ^ Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–39 (1990)
15. ^ Keith Sainsbury, Churchill and Roosevelt at War: the war they fought and the peace they hoped to make (New York University Press, 1994).
16. ^ Alan Warren (2006). Britain's Greatest Defeat: Singapore 1942. Continuum. p. 295\. ISBN 9781852855970. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
17. ^ F.S. Northedge, Desent From Power British Foreign Policy 1945-1973 (1974) online[dead link]
18. ^ Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (2001)
19. ^ Stephen Wall, A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair (2008)
20. ^ "Hong Kong's handover explained". BBC News. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
21. ^ "What's left of the British Empire (and how to see it)". The Telegraph. 4 February 2016. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
22. ^ Andrew Marr, A History of Modern Britain (2009)
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## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

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* Daddow, Oliver, and Jamie Gaskarth, eds. British foreign policy: the New Labour years (Palgrave, 2011)
* Daddow, Oliver. "Constructing a ‘great’ role for Britain in an age of austerity: Interpreting coalition foreign policy, 2010–2015." International Relations 29.3 (2015): 303-318.
* Dickie, John. The New Mandarins: How British Foreign Policy Works (2004)
* Dumbrell, John. A special relationship: Anglo-American relations from the Cold War to Iraq (2006)
* Finlan, Alastair. Contemporary Military Strategy and the Global War on Terror: US and UK Armed Forces in Afghanistan and Iraq 2001-2012 (2014)
* Honeyman, V. C. "From Liberal Interventionism to Liberal Conservatism: the short road in foreign policy from Blair to Cameron." British Politics (2015). abstract
* Lane, Ann. Strategy, Diplomacy and UK Foreign Policy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
* Leech, Philip, and Jamie Gaskarth. "British Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring." Diplomacy & Statecraft 26#1 (2015).
* Lunn, Jon, Vaughne Miller, Ben Smith. "British foreign policy since 1997 - Commons Library Research Paper RP08/56" (UK House of Commons, 2008) 123pp online[permanent dead link]
* Magyarics, Tamas. Balancing in Central Europe: Great Britain and Hungary in the 1920s
* Seah, Daniel. "The CFSP as an aspect of conducting foreign relations by the United Kingdom: With Special Reference to the Treaty of Amity & Cooperation in Southeast Asia]" International Review of Law (2015) "online
* Seton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe (1789–1914): A Survey of Foreign Policy (1937) online

* Stephens, Philip.  Britain Alone: The Path from Suez to Brexit (2021) excerpted

* Whitman, Richard G. "The calm after the storm? Foreign and security policy from Blair to Brown." Parliamentary Affairs 63.4 (2010): 834–848. online
* Williams, Paul. British Foreign Policy under New Labour (2005)

### Primary sources[edit | edit source]

* Blair, Tony. A Journey: My Political Life (2010)

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