Hanoi

Capital municipality of Vietnam

Capital municipality in Vietnam

Hanoi

Capital municipality (special)

Hanoi Municipality
Thành phố Hà Nội

* * *

Hanoi Capital
Thủ đô Hà Nội

File:Hanoi skyline with Ba Vi Mountain.jpg

Hanoi skyline with Ba Vì mountain range

File:Hoan Kiem Lake1.jpg

Turtle Tower

File:Hanoi Temple of Literature.jpg

Temple of Literature

File:Hanoi Opera House, 24 December 2016.jpg

Hanoi Opera House

File:Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg

Imperial Citadel

File:P20230910AS-1839.jpg

Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum

File:Hanoi sjc b.jpg

St. Joseph's Cathedral

File:Hanoi Skyline - NKS.jpg

Hanoi skyline with Nhật Tân Bridge

Official seal of Hanoi

Seal

Nicknames:

City of soaring dragon
(Thành phố rồng bay)[1]
Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation
(Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến)[2]

Location of Hanoi

Hanoi is located in Vietnam

Hanoi

Hanoi

Location in Vietnam

Show map of Vietnam

Hanoi is located in Asia

Hanoi

Hanoi

Location in Asia

Show map of Asia

Coordinates: 21°00′N 105°51′E﻿ / ﻿21.00°N 105.85°E﻿ / 21.00; 105.85Coordinates: 21°00′N 105°51′E﻿ / ﻿21.00°N 105.85°E﻿ / 21.00; 105.85
Country| Vietnam
Region| Red River Delta
Capital establishment| 1010
French occupation| 20 November 1873
Colonial liberation| 10 October 1954
Subdivisions (list)|

* 51 wards
* 75 communes

Government

• Body| Hanoi People's Council
• Secretary of the Party Committee| Nguyễn Duy Ngọc
• Chairwoman of People's Council| Phùng Thị Hồng Hà
• Chairman of People's Committee| Vũ Đại Thắng
• Chairman of Fatherland Front| Bùi Huyền Mai
Area

[3]

• Total| 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)
• Urban

[4]

| 319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi)
• Metro

[5][6]

| 24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi)
Highest elevation

[7]

| 1,296 m (4,252 ft)
Lowest elevation

| 0 m (0 ft)
Population

(2024)[8]

• Total| 8,807,523
• Rank| 2nd
• Density| 2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
• Urban

[9]

| 4,238,500
• Rural

[10]

| 4,348,600
• Metro

[6]

| 19,795,805
Demonym| Hanoian
Ethnic groups

[11]

• Vietnamese[a]| 98.66%
• Mường| 0.77%
• Tày| 0.24%
• Thái| 0.09%
• Nùng| 0.08%
• Others| 0.16%
GDP (Nominal, 2025)[12]

• Total| US$58.6 billion
• Per capita| US$6,823
Time zone| UTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code|

10xxx–14xxx

Area codes| 24
ISO 3166 code| VN-HN
License plate| 29–33, 40
HDI (2023)| Increase 0.845[13]
(1st)
Website| hanoi.gov.vn

Hanoi (/hæˈnɔɪ/ han-OY) is the capital and second-most populous municipality of Vietnam. It encompasses an area of 3,358.6 km2 (1,296.8 sq mi),[14] and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523.[8] Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$48 billion in 2023,[15] behind Ho Chi Minh City.[16] It hosts 78 foreign embassies, the headquarters of the Vietnam People's Army (VPA), its Vietnam National University system, and other governmental organizations. Hanoi has 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.[17] It hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has architectural styles, including French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments and disorganized alleys and tube houses stemming from the city's growth in the 20th century.

In 1010, under the Lý dynasty, king Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial nation Đại Việt in what later is central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long vi, 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, king Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh vi, 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945 and French protectorate of Tonkin from 1883 to 1949. After the August Revolution and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. From 1949 to 1954, Hanoi was part of the State of Vietnam. It was again part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, Hanoi became the capital of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

## Contents

* 1 Names
* 2 Environment
* 2.1 Climate
* 3 History
* 3.1 Pre-Thăng Long
* 3.1.1 Cổ Loa and Nanyue
* 3.1.2 Chinese rule
* 3.2 Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh
* 3.3 Nguyễn dynasty, and French colony
* 3.4 WWII, First Indochina War, and Vietnam War
* 3.5 Socialist Republic
* 4 Demographics
* 5 Economy
* 6 Development
* 6.1 Infrastructure
* 6.2 Civil society
* 7 Landmarks
* 7.1 Old Quarter
* 7.2 Imperial sites
* 7.3 Colonial sites
* 8 Tourism
* 9 Education
* 10 Transportation
* 11 Sports
* 12 UNESCO recognition
* 13 Twin towns – sister cities
* 14 Gallery
* 15 Notes
* 16 References
* 16.1 Bibliography
* 17 Further reading
* 18 External links

## Names[edit | edit source]

File:ThăngLong昇竜.png

Thăng Long 昇竜 written in 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca.

File:KẻChợ仉𢄂.png

Kẻ Chợ 仉𢄂 written in the book, 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca

Hanoi was known as Long Biên (龍編, lit. 'dragons interweaving'), then Tống Bình (宋平, lit. 'Song pacification') and Long Đỗ (龍肚, lit. 'dragon belly'). Long Biên later gave its name to the Long Biên Bridge, built during French colonial times. Some older names of Hanoi feature long (龍, transl. dragon), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.[18]

In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (大羅, lit. 'big net'). This gave it the nickname La Thành (羅城, lit. 'La citadel'). When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long (昇龍).[19][20]

Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), a term derived from Longbian (Middle Chinese: Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.[21][22][23]

## Environment[edit | edit source]

Hanoi sometimes ranks among the "most polluted cities", with days each year when it is the most air-polluted city in the world.[24][25][26] According to the 2018 Global Air Quality Report, Hanoi's fine dust concentration was four times higher than the WHO's recommended limit (40.8 μg/m3 compared to the recommended 10 μg/m3).[27] A report by Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment stated that Hanoi is the most air-polluted city in the country.[28] The rivers flowing through Hanoi (Nhuệ River, Tô Lịch River, Kim Ngưu River, Lừ River, and Sét River) and some lakes are polluted, as 78% of Hanoi's wastewater is discharged directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. Each of these rivers receives tens of thousands of cubic meters of wastewater daily.[29]

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Hanoi, Vietnam

Climate chart (explanation)

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|
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|
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185

253

280

309

228

141

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[30]
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

0.9

1.9

3.6

7.3

5.5

2.6

0.8

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

When using the Köppen climate classification, Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa)[31] with precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.[32] The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.[33] Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with more rainfall, and fewer dry days.[34]: 40 [33] Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rarer.[34]: 40 From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.[33] Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is characterized with some amounts of drizzle and less sunshine due to the activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.[33][34]: 40

The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration).[35][36] Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.[33] The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on 12 January 1955.[33] During a January 2016 cold wave, snow was seen to appear on the nearby Ba Vì mountain range, where the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016.[37]

Climate data for downtown Hanoi (Đống Đa district and Hoàn Kiếm district)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 35.1
(95.2)  | 37.2
(99.0)  | 41.5
(106.7)  | 42.8
(109.0)  | 41.8
(107.2)  | 40.8
(105.4)  | 40.3
(104.5)  | 38.2
(100.8)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 31.9
(89.4)  | 42.8
(109.0)
Average high °C (°F)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 31.9
(89.4)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 32.6
(90.7)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 29.2
(84.6)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 27.6
(81.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 23.9
(75.0)
Average low °C (°F)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 26.1
(79.0)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 21.5
(70.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | 2.7
(36.9)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 20.9
(69.6)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 2.7
(36.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 22.5
(0.89)  | 24.6
(0.97)  | 47.0
(1.85)  | 91.8
(3.61)  | 185.4
(7.30)  | 253.3
(9.97)  | 280.1
(11.03)  | 309.4
(12.18)  | 228.3
(8.99)  | 140.7
(5.54)  | 66.7
(2.63)  | 20.2
(0.80)  | 1,670.1
(65.75)
Average rainy days  | 9.5  | 11.4  | 15.9  | 13.7  | 14.6  | 14.8  | 16.6  | 16.5  | 13.2  | 9.7  | 6.8  | 5.2  | 147.9
Average relative humidity (%)  | 79.9  | 82.5  | 84.5  | 84.7  | 81.1  | 80.0  | 80.7  | 82.7  | 81.0  | 78.5  | 77.1  | 76.2  | 80.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.7  | 48.1  | 45.5  | 87.4  | 173.7  | 167.0  | 181.1  | 163.0  | 162.4  | 150.3  | 131.6  | 113.0  | 1,488.5
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[38]
Source 2: Extremes[b]

Climate data for Hà Đông District

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 39.9
(103.8)  | 41.3
(106.3)  | 42.5
(108.5)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 37.5
(99.5)  | 35.7
(96.3)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 30.7
(87.3)  | 42.5
(108.5)
Average high °C (°F)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 20.8
(69.4)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 27.5
(81.5)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 31.3
(88.3)  | 29.2
(84.6)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 27.5
(81.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 23.7
(74.7)
Average low °C (°F)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 18.7
(65.7)  | 15.3
(59.5)  | 21.1
(70.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 3.6
(38.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 28.2
(1.11)  | 26.5
(1.04)  | 45.0
(1.77)  | 83.1
(3.27)  | 189.4
(7.46)  | 232.5
(9.15)  | 254.6
(10.02)  | 293.5
(11.56)  | 228.8
(9.01)  | 184.8
(7.28)  | 87.4
(3.44)  | 36.9
(1.45)  | 1,687.6
(66.44)
Average rainy days  | 9.6  | 11.7  | 15.2  | 13.6  | 14.5  | 14.4  | 15.6  | 16.3  | 13.7  | 10.8  | 7.6  | 6.2  | 149.8
Average relative humidity (%)  | 83.3  | 85.3  | 86.8  | 88.1  | 85.5  | 82.5  | 82.5  | 85.7  | 86.1  | 82.9  | 81.2  | 80.2  | 84.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 65.7  | 49.7  | 50.1  | 87.8  | 170.2  | 167.1  | 181.9  | 167.0  | 162.4  | 146.1  | 133.2  | 110.3  | 1,477.8
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[44]

Climate data for Sơn Tây

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 40.4
(104.7)  | 40.5
(104.9)  | 41.6
(106.9)  | 40.1
(104.2)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 35.6
(96.1)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 41.6
(106.9)
Average high °C (°F)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 27.6
(81.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 23.6
(74.5)
Average low °C (°F)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 15.3
(59.5)  | 21.1
(70.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 4.5
(40.1)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 4.5
(40.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 25.6
(1.01)  | 24.6
(0.97)  | 43.3
(1.70)  | 96.1
(3.78)  | 216.6
(8.53)  | 262.9
(10.35)  | 311.8
(12.28)  | 314.6
(12.39)  | 224.3
(8.83)  | 158.4
(6.24)  | 63.0
(2.48)  | 22.0
(0.87)  | 1,751.2
(68.94)
Average rainy days  | 9.7  | 11.1  | 14.6  | 13.5  | 15.5  | 15.6  | 16.9  | 16.5  | 13.1  | 9.7  | 6.9  | 6.0  | 149.1
Average relative humidity (%)  | 83.8  | 85.0  | 86.7  | 87.2  | 84.6  | 82.9  | 83.6  | 85.4  | 84.6  | 82.4  | 81.3  | 80.4  | 84.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 65.5  | 48.8  | 49.3  | 91.6  | 172.4  | 165.4  | 181.1  | 173.4  | 170.5  | 151.3  | 130.5  | 108.9  | 1,494.7
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,[44] Nchmf.gov.vn (August record high)[45]

Climate data for Ba Vì District

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 31.9
(89.4)  | 34.8
(94.6)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 41.2
(106.2)  | 41.6
(106.9)  | 40.8
(105.4)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 39.5
(103.1)  | 37.3
(99.1)  | 35.5
(95.9)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 41.6
(106.9)
Average high °C (°F)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 33.1
(91.6)  | 32.9
(91.2)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 27.4
(81.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 24.5
(76.1)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 23.4
(74.1)
Average low °C (°F)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 20.6
(69.1)
Record low °C (°F)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 6.7
(44.1)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 2.8
(37.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 27.4
(1.08)  | 32.8
(1.29)  | 51.9
(2.04)  | 97.2
(3.83)  | 263.4
(10.37)  | 276.1
(10.87)  | 328.0
(12.91)  | 344.9
(13.58)  | 245.4
(9.66)  | 189.9
(7.48)  | 56.2
(2.21)  | 22.4
(0.88)  | 1,935.6
(76.20)
Average rainy days  | 11.0  | 12.0  | 15.5  | 14.6  | 16.5  | 16.5  | 17.4  | 17.0  | 13.2  | 10.6  | 7.1  | 5.9  | 157.6
Average relative humidity (%)  | 84.7  | 86.0  | 86.6  | 86.8  | 84.2  | 82.5  | 83.7  | 85.8  | 84.5  | 83.0  | 81.6  | 81.3  | 84.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.2  | 50.3  | 48.2  | 78.9  | 157.0  | 160.8  | 173.3  | 170.9  | 175.1  | 151.8  | 134.4  | 115.0  | 1,477.2
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,[44] Nchmf.gov.vn (August record high)[45]

## History[edit | edit source]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Hanoi.

See also: History of Vietnam

### Pre-Thăng Long[edit | edit source]

Vestiges of human habitation from the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.[46][47] In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (later is National Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of Đồng Mô Lake [vi] (Sơn Tây, Hanoi), finding relics and objects belonging to the Sơn Vi Culture dating back to the Paleolithic age around 20,000 years ago.[48] During the Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was inundated and was located near Hanoi.[49] Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.[46] It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.[50][51]

#### Cổ Loa and Nanyue[edit | edit source]

In around third century BC, a fortified citadel, later named as Cổ Loa, is constructed in what later is Hanoi,[52] and is the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,[53] with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares. In 179 BC, the area was annexed by Nanyue. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his Nanyue domain, and left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.[54][55][56] For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.[57]

#### Chinese rule[edit | edit source]

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it.[58][59] Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.[60][61]

In March[62] of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of an aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity[63] in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.[62][64][65] It began at the Red River Delta, and spread south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,[65][63] gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.[64] Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.[66][67] In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.[64][66] The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang.[68]

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of what later was Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery.[69] The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.[70] The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (later is Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with a metropolis in what later was inner Hanoi.[71]

By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan (Chinese: 安南; Vietnamese: An Nam; "pacified south"), with Songping as its capital.[72]

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the Tang dynasty, built Luocheng (Chinese: 羅城; Vietnamese: La Thành) to suppress uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what later was Ba Đình district. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng (Vietnamese: Kim Thành). In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao, and local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.[73][74] In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.[74] He renamed the city to Daluocheng (Chinese: 大羅城; Vietnamese: Đại La Thành). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.[75] Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians.[76] It became a trading center of the Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Guangzhou by the Huang Chao Rebellion.[73] By tenth century AD, what later was Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.[77]

### Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh[edit | edit source]

In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍). Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to Thanh Hóa, then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".

* Bản đồ kinh thành Thăng Long, theo Hồng Đức bản đồ sách 洪德版圖冊 (1490).jpg

Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 17th century with Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long located in the north.

* Samuel Baron - The City of CHA-CHO, the Metropolis of TONQUEEN.jpg

A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from Royal Society's archive.

In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan (Chinese: 東關; Vietnamese: Đông Quan; "eastern gate"). In 1428, the Lam Sơn uprising, under the leadership of Lê Lợi, overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or Tonkin. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.[78]

### Nguyễn dynasty, and French colony[edit | edit source]

* Bản vẽ thành Hà Nội.jpg

Map of Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.

* Capture of hanoi 1873.jpg

French troops attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.

* Evacuation of French troops from Hanoi.jpg

French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874.

* I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 386890201-700231668290362-6321874136485636046-n-1696671806.jpg

Ô Quan Chưởng or Đông Hà môn (東河門), built in 1749.

* I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- trie-n-la-m-a-nh-tha-nh-xu-a-pho-cu-1696679091.jpg

Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Gai street).

* I1-giaitri.vnecdn.net-2023-10-07- 384832613-1098962017740420-8654642600285663600-n-1696671808.jpg

Old street of Hanoi in 1884 (Hàng Bông street).

* 9343761968 c113c08f8d o-768x575.jpg

Hanoi street before French colonisation, Hàng Chiếu street in 1870s.

* Pho-Cau-Go-1-1727691706.jpg

Rue du Point en Bois (later is Cầu Gỗ street).

* Pho-Hang-Dao-1-1727770693.jpg

Hàng Đào street and tram railway in 1890s.

* Cua-Bac-Hoang-thanh-1-1727770085.jpg

Northern gate of Hanoi citadel.

When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved the capital to Huế. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its chữ Hán was changed from 昇龍 (lit. 'ascending dragon') to the homophone 昇隆 (lit. 'ascent and prosperity'), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty.[79] In 1831, the Nguyễn king Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was conquered and occupied by the French military in 1873 and passed to them ten years later. As Hanoi, it was located in the protectorate of Tonkin and became the capital of French Indochina in 1902. Nominally it still belonged to the sovereignty of Vietnam (Nguyễn dynasty) under French protectorate in Tonkin, and since 1888 it had been a French concession and had directly been ruled by the French like Cochinchina.[80]

### WWII, First Indochina War, and Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

File:HA 52-140 R5 Foule assistant à la cérémonie de présentation du nouveau gouvernement d'Union nationale à Hanoï.jpg

A crowd gathers in Hanoi for the presentation of a new Vietnamese cabinet, July 1952

File:HA 53-8 R28 Le portique d'entrée de la pagode Ly Trieu Quoc Su le jour des élections municipales d'Hanoï.jpg

Municipal election in Hanoi, Vietnam, 25 January 1953.

French Indochina including Hanoi was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in September 1940, after the Japanese invasion of French Indochina. Japan overthrew the French rule in Hanoi and formed the Empire of Vietnam in March 1945. After the fall of the Empire of Vietnam, it became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) when Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. The French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. After France recognized Vietnam's nominal and partial independence with the Élysée Accords on 14 June 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the State of Vietnam from 1949 to 1954, a unified associated state within the French Union.[81] This state gained full independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954.[82] In January 1953, Hanoi held the free municipal elections of the State of Vietnam. After eight years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of North Vietnam when this territory became a sovereign country and Vietnam became divided at 17th parallel on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew to the South that year and the People's Army of Vietnam of the DRV and International Control Commission occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference.[83][84]

During the Vietnam War between North and South (1955–1975), North Vietnam (including Hanoi) was attacked by the United States and South Vietnamese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the fall of Saigon in 1975, Hanoi became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.[85]

### Socialist Republic[edit | edit source]

File:Police station Hoan Kiem.jpg

A local police station in a French Colonial building by Hoàn Kiếm lake.

After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi.[86] High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.[86] Urban development and rising costs displaced some residential areas in central Hanoi.[86] Following a period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Hanoi resumed its economic growth.[86]

On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province, Vĩnh Phúc Province's Mê Linh District and four communes in Lương Sơn District, Hòa Bình Province be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.[87] Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions[88] with the new population being 6,232,940.[88]

Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake.[86] The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment.[86]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina, Hanoi attracted a number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.[89] In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km2. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km2, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km2, with a population of 2.5 million people.[90] By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km2 (357 sq mi), and the population was still over 2 million people. Hanoi's population reached 2,672,122 people in 1999.[91] After the expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.[92] According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.[93] As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females.[11] There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%.[11]

In the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, some of the street-front stores are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.[94]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

File:Ngân hàng Nhà nước - 2022-09-02 01.jpg

Headquarters of the State Bank of Vietnam.

According to a ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.[95] In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).[96] Industrial production in the city has an average annual growth of 19.1% from 1991 to 1995, 15.9% from 1996 to 2000, and 18.7% during 2001–2005.[97]

File:Newone - Vincom Mega Mall Times City.jpg

A shopping center in Hanoi owned by Vingroup.

Agriculture has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying more modern farming techniques.[98]

Infrastructure is being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.[99] Hanoi has allowed fast-food chains into the city, such as McDonald's, Lotteria, Pizza Hut, KFC, Popeyes, Domino's Pizza, Jolibee and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "fast-food" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.[100] City officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025.[101]

File:Hanoi Stock Exchange (18780216822).jpg

The Hanoi Stock Exchange in downtown Hanoi.

Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.[102] The structure of employment has been changing as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow.[102] Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills to Hanoi's economy.[102] A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.[100] The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "microbusiness" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.[100] In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.[100] Some foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city.[100] The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of Hanoi.[103]

Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[104][105][106]

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam's provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.[107]

## Development[edit | edit source]

### Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, and was partially implemented.[102] The previous relationship between the Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet planners between 1981 and 1984.[108] It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.[102]

Two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.[102] The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the Ministry of Construction.[102] The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to Hà Đông and the Thanh Trì District.[102] The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.[102] In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.[102] It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.[102] A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.[102]

In the 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.[102] The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.[102] The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.[102] Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.[102]

### Civil society[edit | edit source]

Part of the goals of the Đổi Mới economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced poverty alleviation as a result of the market reforms and civil society movements.[109] Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate slower than in Ho Chi Minh City.[110] Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.[110] This marked difference from Ho Chi Minh's civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.[110] Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in Ho Chi Minh City.[110] A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Some of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from statism, a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.[110]

## Landmarks[edit | edit source]

File:One Pillar Pagoda Hanoi.jpg

One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột).

While some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has other cultural and historic monuments. The French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an aesthetic to the city's heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,[111] and has more than 1,000 years of history; that of several hundred years had been preserved.[112]

### Old Quarter[edit | edit source]

Main article: Old Quarter

File:Old Quarter, Hanoi (12) (38496654951).jpg

A street in Hanoi's Old Quarter.

The Old Quarter, near Hoàn Kiếm Lake, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of older Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which later are part of Hoàn Kiếm district.[113] Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or bamboo. The street names reflect these specializations, while some of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.[114]

The city's more than six decades of French colonization, and centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.[115]

### Imperial sites[edit | edit source]

File:Temple of Literature - main gate.jpg

Front gate of the Temple of Literature.

Imperial sites are mostly in Ba Đình District and a bit of Đống Đa District. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest university in Vietnam which was started in 1010, the One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột) which was built based on the dream of king Lý Thái Tông (1028–1054) in 1049, and the Flag Tower of Hanoi (Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a part of the 900-year-old Hanoi Citadel was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of Ba Đình Square.[116]

### Colonial sites[edit | edit source]

File:Hanoi, Vietnam (12036416576).jpg

The Tonkin Palace used to host the French Governor of Tonkin.

File:Hanoï - Théâtre rue Paul Bert.jpg

The Hanoi Opera House, taken in the 20th century, from rue Paul Bert.

Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for French Indochina for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The French colonial architectural style became dominant,[117] and examples remained: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old Indochina Medical College. Gouveneur-Général Paul Doumer (1898–1902) played a role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning.[118]

## Tourism[edit | edit source]

File:Old and French quarters hanoi.png

Approximation of Hanoi's Old Quarter and French Quarters.

According to Mastercard's 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.[119] Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "Paris of the East" for its French influences.[120]

File:Hanoi Train Street (20231225b) (53489076293).jpg

Hanoi Train Street, a tourist destination in Hanoi.

South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has French colonial landmarks, including the Hanoi Opera House, the Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi hotel, the National Museum of Vietnamese History (formerly the École française d'Extrême-Orient), and the St. Joseph's Cathedral. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are later used as foreign embassies. Northwest of the historic center, the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology opened in 1997, and consists of two exhibition halls and an Architecture Garden. Since 2014, Hanoi has been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,[121] fourth in 2015[122] and eighth in 2016.[123]

## Education[edit | edit source]

File:Indochina Medical College.jpg

The Hanoi Medical University was established in 1902 during French colonial rule.

After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, new universities were built, including the Hanoi University of Science and Technology. ULIS (University of Languages and International Studies) was rated as "one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level".[124] Other universities that are not part of Vietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, Electric Power University and University of Transport and Communications. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi.[125] The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, while in years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University was founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France.[126]

Education levels are higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.[102] 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.[102]

## Transportation[edit | edit source]

See also: Buses in Hanoi

File:Ga Hà Nội - NKS.jpg

Hanoi railway station.

Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over 2,300 km (1,429 mi); 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and seven main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including nine main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city has 63 km (39 mi) of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.[127]

Hanoi is the origin or departure point for Vietnam Railways train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of 162 km (101 mi).[127] The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City from Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains depart Hanoi for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period from 1899 to 1936.[128] The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of 1,726 km (1,072 mi) and takes approximately 33 hours.[129]

In decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.[130] On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.[131] The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.[127]

File:Cat Linh station with train.jpg

Cát Linh station with train.

People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route may use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi.[132]

There are two metro lines in Hanoi, as part of the master plan for the future Hanoi Metro system.[133] Line 2A opened on 6 November 2021,[134] while Line 3 began operations on 8 August 2024.[135]

File:Panorama view of Line 3, Hanoi Metro, passing over Xuan Thuy road.jpg

Elevated section of Line 3 of Hanoi Metro passing over Xuan Thuy road in 2024.

## Sports[edit | edit source]

File:My Dinh National Stadium - 31st SEA Games Men's Football Final.jpg

Mỹ Đình National Stadium.

There are gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi, including Mỹ Đình National Stadium (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), Quần Ngựa Sports Palace (Văn Cao Avenue), Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex, Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium, Hàng Đẫy Stadium, Hà Đông Stadium and Thanh Trì Stadium. The third Asian Indoor Games were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium, Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium, Vạn Bảo Sports Complex. Some of these venues held events at the 2003 and 2021 SEA Games, both hosted in Hanoi.[136]

On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA Formula 1 Vietnamese Grand Prix on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city. The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to 2021.[137] The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman Nguyễn Đức Chung on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.[138]

## UNESCO recognition[edit | edit source]

On 16 July 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.[139]

## Twin towns – sister cities[edit | edit source]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam

Hanoi is twinned with:

* Phnom Penh, Cambodia[140]
* File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Jakarta, Indonesia[141]
* File:Flag of Japan.svg Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan[142]
* File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Astana, Kazakhstan[143]
* File:Flag of South Korea.svg Seoul, South Korea[144]
* File:Flag of Poland.svg Warsaw, Poland[145]
* Moscow, Russia[146]
* File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Victoria, Seychelles[147]
* File:Flag of Thailand.svg Bangkok, Thailand[148]
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Beijing, China[149]
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Hangzhou, China[150]
* File:Flag of Turkey.svg Ankara, Turkey[151]
* File:Flag of Belarus.svg Minsk, Belarus[152]
* Palermo, Italy[153]
* File:Flag of South Africa.svg Pretoria, South Africa[154]

## Gallery[edit | edit source]

* Old Quarter street scene, Hanoi (4) (37610074295).jpg

Life on the streets of the Old Quarter.

* Thiên Trù Pagoda.jpg

Thiên Trù Pagoda in the Perfume Pagoda complex.

* Pen Tower in Hanoi.jpg

Tháp Bút (Pen Tower) with a phrase "Tả thanh thiên" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).

* Cau The Huc (Pont du soleil levant).jpg

Thê Húc Bridge on Hoàn Kiếm Lake.

* Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg

Presidential Palace, Hanoi (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina).

* Opera House, Hanoi (4855950685).jpg

Hanoi Opera House, modelled on the Palais Garnier in Paris.

* Tran Quoc Pagoda, Hanoi, Vietnam, 20240123 1217 3314.jpg

Trấn Quốc Pagoda.

* Bâtiments 172.jpg

Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient.

* Bacbophu.jpg

Tonkin Palace serves as State Guest House.

* Bao tang my thuat.jpg

Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts.

* Vietnam national convention center.jpg

Vietnam National Convention Center.

* Nhat Tan Bridge at night 2016.jpg

Nhật Tân Bridge.

* Lotte Tower Hanoi - NKS (9 to 16).jpg

Lotte Center Hanoi in western Ba Đình.

* Tòa nhà Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower, Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội 001.jpg

AON Landmark 72 in Nam Từ Liêm.

* The Garden, Hanoi 07.JPG

Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's buildings.

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Also called Kinh people
2. ^ All-time record high;Vietnamnet.vn (May record high and January record low only),[33] Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),[39] nchmf.gov.vn (August record high only),[40] Nchmf.gov.vn,[41] January record high, November record high, April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina[42][43]

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145. ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl (in Polish). Warsaw. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
146. ^ "Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities". Vbusinessnews.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
147. ^ "Bilateral cooperation between Seychelles and Vietnam takes new heights". statehouse.gov.sc. Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
148. ^ "Relationship with Sister Cities". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
149. ^ "Sister Cities". beijing.gov.cn. Beijing. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
150. ^ "元首外交|盛情迎贵宾，在河内感受中越友好特殊情谊-新华网". news.cn. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
151. ^ "Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri". ankara.bel.tr (in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
152. ^ "Twin towns of Minsk". minsk.gov.by. Minsk. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
153. ^ "Comune di Palermo". comune-italia.it (in Italian). Comune Italia. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
154. ^ "SA grows ties with Vietnam as ally". vukuzenzele.gov.za. Vuk'uzenzele. September 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.

### Bibliography[edit | edit source]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Hanoi

* Boudarel, Georges (2002). Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7425-1655-7.
* Bielestein, Hans (1986), "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 223–290
* Dodd, Jan; Lewis, Mark (2003). Rough Guide to Vietnam. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-095-4.
* Drummond, Lisa; Thomas, Mandy (5 June 2003). Consuming Urban Culture in Contemporary Vietnam. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-98794-0.
* Jamieson, Neil L. (1995). Understanding Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20157-6.
* Buttinger, Joseph (1958). The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. Praeger Publishers.
* Brindley, Erica (2015). Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08478-0.
* Nam C. Kim (2015). The Origins of Ancient Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998089-5.
* Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
* Taylor, Keith Weller (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
* Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.
* Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-005379-6.
* Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-448-9.
* Park, Hyunhee (2012). Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01868-6.
* Boudarel, Georges; Nguyen, Van Ky; Nguyễn, Văn Ký (2002). Duiker, Claire (ed.). Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-1655-7.
* Loewe, Michael (2004), "Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the Shi ji to the Chen shu, a Preliminary Survey", Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang), Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 51–80, ISBN 3-447-05060-8.
* Rutherford, Scott (1 December 2002). Vietnam. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. ISBN 978-981-234-984-2.
* Tran Quoc Vuong & al.; et al. (1977), Hanoi: From the Origins to the 19th Century, Vietnamese Studies, Hanoi: Xunhasaba.
* Turner, Robert F. (1975). Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development. Stanford: Hoover Institution Publications. ISBN 978-0-8179-1431-8.
* Phan, Huy Lê; Nguyễn, Quang Ngọc; Nguyễn, Đình Lễ (1997). The Country Life in the Red River Delta.
* Đào Duy Anh (2016) [1964]. Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Nha Nam. ISBN 978-604-94-8700-2.
* Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). "A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets". Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B006DCCM9Q.
* Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han foreign relations". In Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–463.
* Logan, William S. (2000). Hanoi: Biography of a City. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98014-0.
* Vann, Michael G. (2018). The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Fleming, Tom (2021). "Hà Nội". Việt Nam (PDF) (Report). Cultural Cities Profile East Asia. Hà Nội: British Council Vietnam. pp. 14–51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2025.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Official site of Hanoi Government Archived 20 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* An article in New York Times about Hanoi
* File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg [[voy:Hanoi#Template:Wikidata|Hanoi]] travel guide from Wikivoyage
* File:Openstreetmap logo.svg Geographic data related to Hanoi at OpenStreetMap

Articles related to Hanoi

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of Asia

Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics

| Central Asia| South Asia| Southeast Asia| Western Asia

|
|
|

* Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
* Astana, Kazakhstan
* Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
* Dushanbe, Tajikistan
* Tashkent, Uzbekistan

East Asia

* Beijing, China
* Pyongyang, North Korea
* Seoul, South Korea
* Taipei, Taiwan
* Tokyo, Japan
* Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

* Camp Justice, BIOT (UK) *
* Dhaka, Bangladesh
* Islamabad, Pakistan
* Kabul, Afghanistan
* Kathmandu, Nepal
* Malé, Maldives
* New Delhi, India
* Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Sri Lanka
* Thimphu, Bhutan

* Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
* Bangkok, Thailand
* Dili, East Timor
* Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island (Australia)
* Hanoi, Vietnam
* Jakarta, Indonesia
* Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Manila, Philippines
* Naypyidaw, Myanmar
* Phnom Penh, Cambodia
* Singapore
* Vientiane, Laos
* West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)

* Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
* Amman, Jordan
* Ankara, Turkey
* Baghdad, Iraq
* Baku, Azerbaijan
* Beirut, Lebanon
* Damascus, Syria
* Doha, Qatar
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) *
* Jerusalem, Israel (de facto) *
* Kuwait City, Kuwait
* Manama, Bahrain

* Muscat, Oman
* Nicosia, Cyprus
* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus *
* Ramallah, Palestine (de facto) *
* Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
* Sanaa, Yemen
* Stepanakert, Artsakh *
* Sukhumi, Abkhazia *
* Tbilisi, Georgia
* Tehran, Iran
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia *
* Yerevan, Armenia

* Disputed. See: Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute, Cyprus dispute, Status of Jerusalem, Artsakh-Azerbaijani conflict, Abkhaz-Georgian conflict and Georgian-Ossetian conflict

* v
* t
* e

Cities in Vietnam

Municipalities|

| Special|

* Hanoi
* Ho Chi Minh City

|

Class-1|

* Cần Thơ
* Da Nang
* Haiphong

Municipal cities|

| Class-1|

* Thủ Đức

|

Provincial cities|

| Class-1|

* Bắc Ninh
* Biên Hòa
* Buôn Ma Thuột
* Da Lat
* Hạ Long
* Hải Dương
* Huế
* Long Xuyên
* Mỹ Tho
* Nam Định
* Nha Trang
* Pleiku
* Quy Nhon
* Thái Nguyên
* Thanh Hóa
* Thủ Dầu Một
* Việt Trì
* Vinh
* Vũng Tàu

|

Class-2|

* Bà Rịa
* Bạc Liêu
* Bắc Giang
* Bến Tre
* Cà Mau
* Cao Lãnh
* Cẩm Phả
* Châu Đốc
* Đồng Hới
* Hà Tĩnh
* Lào Cai
* Lạng Sơn
* Móng Cái
* Ninh Bình
* Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm
* Phan Thiết
* Phủ Lý
* Phú Quốc
* Quảng Ngãi
* Rạch Giá
* Sa Đéc
* Sơn La
* Tam Kỳ
* Tân An
* Thái Bình
* Trà Vinh
* Tuy Hòa
* Uông Bí
* Vị Thanh
* Vĩnh Long
* Vĩnh Yên

Class-3|

* Bắc Kạn
* Bảo Lộc
* Cam Ranh
* Cao Bằng
* Chí Linh
* Dĩ An
* Điện Biên Phủ
* Đông Hà
* Đồng Xoài
* Gia Nghĩa
* Hà Giang
* Hà Tiên
* Hòa Bình
* Hội An
* Hưng Yên
* Hồng Ngự
* Kon Tum
* Lai Châu
* Long Khánh
* Ngã Bảy
* Phúc Yên
* Sầm Sơn
* Sóc Trăng
* Sông Công
* Tam Điệp
* Tây Ninh
* Thuận An
* Tuyên Quang
* Từ Sơn
* Yên Bái

District-level towns|

| Class-3|

* An Nhơn
* Bến Cát
* Bỉm Sơn
* Bình Minh
* Cai Lậy
* Cửa Lò
* Đông Triều
* Gò Công
* Kỳ Anh
* La Gi
* Long Mỹ
* Phổ Yên
* Phú Mỹ
* Phú Thọ
* Quảng Yên
* Sông Cầu
* Sơn Tây
* Tân Châu
* Tân Uyên

|

Class-4|

* An Khê
* Ayun Pa
* Ba Đồn
* Bình Long
* Buôn Hồ
* Duy Tiên
* Duyên Hải
* Điện Bàn
* Đức Phổ
* Đông Hòa
* Giá Rai
* Hòa Thành
* Hoài Nhơn
* Hoàng Mai
* Hồng Lĩnh
* Hương Thủy
* Hương Trà
* Kiến Tường
* Kinh Môn
* Mường Lay
* Mỹ Hào
* Ngã Năm
* Nghi Sơn
* Nghĩa Lộ
* Ninh Hòa
* Phước Long
* Quảng Trị
* Sa Pa
* Thái Hòa
* Trảng Bàng
* Vĩnh Châu

* v
* t
* e

Districts of the Red River Delta

Hanoi city|

* Urban districts
* Ba Đình
* Bắc Từ Liêm
* Cầu Giấy
* Đống Đa
* Hà Đông
* Hai Bà Trưng
* Hoàn Kiếm※
* Hoàng Mai
* Long Biên
* Nam Từ Liêm
* Tây Hồ
* Thanh Xuân

* Sơn Tây town
* Ba Vì
* Chương Mỹ
* Đan Phượng
* Đông Anh
* Gia Lâm
* Hoài Đức
* Mê Linh
* Mỹ Đức
* Phú Xuyên
* Phúc Thọ
* Quốc Oai
* Sóc Sơn
* Thanh Oai
* Thạch Thất
* Thanh Trì
* Thường Tín
* Ứng Hòa

File:VietnamRedRiverDeltamap.png

Haiphong city|

* Urban districts
* Đồ Sơn
* Dương Kinh
* Hải An
* Kiến An
* Hồng Bàng※
* Lê Chân
* Ngô Quyền

* An Dương
* An Lão
* Bạch Long Vĩ Island
* Cát Hải Island
* Kiến Thụy
* Tiên Lãng
* Vĩnh Bảo
* Thủy Nguyên

Bắc Ninh province|

* Bắc Ninh city※
* Từ Sơn city
* Gia Bình
* Lương Tài
* Quế Võ
* Thuận Thành
* Tiên Du
* Yên Phong

Hà Nam province|

* Phủ Lý city※
* Duy Tiên town
* Bình Lục
* Kim Bảng
* Lý Nhân
* Thanh Liêm

Hải Dương province|

* Chí Linh city
* Hải Dương city※
* Kinh Môn town
* Bình Giang
* Cẩm Giàng
* Gia Lộc
* Kim Thành
* Nam Sách
* Ninh Giang
* Thanh Hà
* Thanh Miện
* Tứ Kỳ

Hưng Yên province|

* Hưng Yên city※
* Mỹ Hào town
* Ân Thi
* Khoái Châu
* Kim Động
* Phù Cừ
* Tiên Lữ
* Văn Giang
* Văn Lâm
* Yên Mỹ

Nam Định province|

* Nam Định city※
* Giao Thủy
* Hải Hậu
* Mỹ Lộc
* Nam Trực
* Nghĩa Hưng
* Trực Ninh
* Vụ Bản
* Xuân Trường
* Ý Yên

Ninh Bình province|

* Ninh Bình city※
* Tam Điệp city
* Gia Viễn
* Hoa Lư
* Kim Sơn
* Nho Quan
* Yên Khánh
* Yên Mô

Thái Bình province|

* Thái Bình city※
* Đông Hưng
* Hưng Hà
* Kiến Xương
* Quỳnh Phụ
* Thái Thụy
* Tiền Hải
* Vũ Thư

Vĩnh Phúc province|

* Phúc Yên city
* Vĩnh Yên city※
* Bình Xuyên
* Lập Thạch
* Sông Lô
* Tam Đảo
* Tam Dương
* Vĩnh Tường
* Yên Lạc

※ denotes provincial seat.

* v
* t
* e

Hanoi

Urban districts|

* Ba Đình
* Bắc Từ Liêm
* Cầu Giấy
* Đống Đa
* Hà Đông
* Hai Bà Trưng
* Hoàn Kiếm
* Hoàng Mai
* Long Biên
* Nam Từ Liêm
* Tây Hồ
* Thanh Xuân

Hanoi

District-level town|

* Sơn Tây

Rural districts|

* Ba Vì
* Chương Mỹ
* Đan Phượng
* Đông Anh
* Gia Lâm
* Hoài Đức
* Mê Linh
* Mỹ Đức
* Phú Xuyên
* Phúc Thọ
* Quốc Oai
* Sóc Sơn
* Thanh Oai
* Thạch Thất
* Thanh Trì
* Thường Tín
* Ứng Hòa

* v
* t
* e

Host cities of Asian Games

Summer|

* 1951: Delhi
* 1954: Manila
* 1958: Tokyo
* 1962: Jakarta
* 1966: Bangkok
* 1970: Bangkok
* 1974: Tehran
* 1978: Bangkok
* 1982: Delhi
* 1986: Seoul
* 1990: Beijing
* 1994: Hiroshima
* 1998: Bangkok
* 2002: Busan
* 2006: Doha
* 2010: Guangzhou
* 2014: Incheon
* 2018: Jakarta-Palembang
* 2022: Hangzhou
* 2026: Aichi-Nagoya
* 2030: Doha
* 2034: Riyadh

Asian Games logo

Winter|

* 1986: Sapporo
* 1990: Sapporo
* 1996: Harbin
* 1999: Kangwon
* 2003: Aomori
* 2007: Changchun
* 2011: Astana-Almaty
* 2017: Sapporo

* v
* t
* e

Landmarks of Hanoi

Public space|

* Hoàn Kiếm Lake/Turtle Tower/Thê Húc Bridge
* Old Quarter
* Ba Đình Square/Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum

Historical
monuments|

| Feudal|

* Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
* Temple of Literature
* Cổ Loa Citadel
* Đống Đa Mound

|

French
colonial|

* Hanoi Opera House
* Grand Palais
* Long Biên Bridge
* Hôtel Métropole
* Presidential Palace (Historical Site)
* Tonkin Palace
* Hỏa Lò Prison
* State Bank
* Indochina Medical College

Nature and parks|

* Ba Vì National Park
* West Lake
* Trúc Bạch Lake

Religious sites|

| Buddhist|

* Quán Sứ Pagoda
* One Pillar Pagoda
* Perfume Pagoda
* Thầy Pagoda
* Trấn Quốc Pagoda
* Láng Pagoda

|

Catholic|

* St. Joseph's Cathedral
* Cửa Bắc Church
* Hàm Long Church
* Phùng Khoang Church

Taoist|

* Quán Thánh Temple
* Temple of the Jade Mountain

Museums|

* Museum of Ethnology
* Museum of Fine Arts
* Hanoi Museum
* Ho Chi Minh Museum
* Vietnam Military History Museum
* National Museum of Vietnamese History
* Vietnamese Women's Museum

Shopping|

* Đồng Xuân Market
* Bát Tràng ceramic village
* Hàng Trống painting
* Lệ Mật snake village
* Vạn Phúc silk village

Sports|

* Mỹ Đình National Stadium
* Hàng Đẫy Stadium
* Quần Ngựa Sports Palace

Modern structures|

* National Assembly Building
* AON Landmark 72
* Lotte Center Hanoi
* National Convention Center

Transport|

* Noi Bai International Airport
* Hanoi Central Station
* Hanoi Metro

* v
* t
* e

Largest cities and municipalities in Vietnam

Source: 2019 Vietnamese census, National Assembly

|  | Rank | Name | Province |  Pop. | Rank | Name | Province |  Pop. |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City
Hanoi
Hanoi | 1 | Ho Chi Minh City | Municipality | 8,993,082 | 11 | Nha Trang | Khánh Hòa | 422,601  | Haiphong
Haiphong
Cần Thơ
Cần Thơ
2 | Hanoi | Municipality | 8,053,663 | 12 | Dĩ An | Bình Dương | 403,760
3 | Haiphong | Municipality | 2,028,514 | 13 | Buôn Ma Thuột | Đắk Lắk | 375,590
4 | Cần Thơ | Municipality | 1,235,171 | 14 | Thanh Hóa | Thanh Hóa | 359,910
5 | Da Nang | Municipality | 1,134,310 | 15 | Vũng Tàu | Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu | 357,124
6 | Biên Hòa | Đồng Nai | 1,055,414 | 16 | Thái Nguyên | Thái Nguyên | 340,403
7 | Thủ Đức | Ho Chi Minh City | 1,013,795 | 17 | Vinh | Nghệ An | 339,114
8 | Huế | Thừa Thiên Huế | 652,572 | 18 | Thủ Dầu Một | Bình Dương | 321,607
9 | Thuận An | Bình Dương | 508,433 | 19 | Hạ Long | Quảng Ninh | 300,267
10 | Hải Dương | Hải Dương | 508,190 | 20 | Quy Nhon | Bình Định | 290,053

* v
* t
* e

Subdivisions of Vietnam

Regions|

* Northeast
* Northwest
* Red River Delta
* North Central Coast
* South Central Coast
* Central Highlands
* Southeast
* Mekong Delta

Municipalities|

* Cần Thơ
* Da Nang
* Haiphong
* Hanoi
* Ho Chi Minh City

Provinces|

* An Giang
* Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu
* Bắc Giang
* Bắc Kạn
* Bạc Liêu
* Bắc Ninh
* Bến Tre
* Bình Định
* Bình Dương
* Bình Phước
* Bình Thuận
* Cà Mau
* Cao Bằng
* Đắk Lắk
* Đắk Nông
* Điện Biên
* Đồng Nai
* Đồng Tháp
* Gia Lai
* Hà Giang
* Hà Nam
* Hà Tĩnh
* Hải Dương
* Hậu Giang
* Hòa Bình
* Hưng Yên
* Khánh Hòa
* Kiên Giang
* Kon Tum
* Lai Châu
* Lâm Đồng
* Lạng Sơn
* Lào Cai
* Long An
* Nam Định
* Nghệ An
* Ninh Bình
* Ninh Thuận
* Phú Thọ
* Phú Yên
* Quảng Bình
* Quảng Nam
* Quảng Ngãi
* Quảng Ninh
* Quảng Trị
* Sóc Trăng
* Sơn La
* Tây Ninh
* Thái Bình
* Thái Nguyên
* Thanh Hóa
* Thừa Thiên Huế
* Tiền Giang
* Trà Vinh
* Tuyên Quang
* Vĩnh Long
* Vĩnh Phúc
* Yên Bái

* District level subdivisions
* Commune level subdivisions
* List of cities

* v
* t
* e

Vietnam cities with a 200,000+ population

2,000,000 and more|

* Ho Chi Minh City
* Hanoi (capital)
* Haiphong

1,000,000–1,999,999|

* Cần Thơ
* Da Nang
* Biên Hòa
* Thủ Đức

500,000–999,999|

* Huế
* Hải Dương
* Thuận An

200,000–499,999|

* Nha Trang
* Dĩ An
* Buôn Ma Thuột
* Huế
* Thanh Hóa
* Vũng Tàu
* Thái Nguyên
* Vinh
* Thủ Dầu Một
* Hạ Long
* Quy Nhon
* Long Xuyên
* Quảng Ngãi
* Pleiku
* Bắc Ninh
* Nam Định
* Mỹ Tho
* Rạch Giá
* Phan Thiết
* Da Lat
* Cà Mau
* Chí Linh
* Việt Trì
* Thái Bình

Places adjacent to Hanoi

| Vĩnh Phúc Province | Thái Nguyên Province | Bắc Giang Province

|
|

| North |
Phú Thọ Province |

WestHanoiEast

| Bắc Ninh Province
| South |
Hòa Bình Province | Hà Nam Province | Hưng Yên Province
*[lit.]: literal translation
*[transl.]: translation
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