Haryana

State in northern India

For the Bollywood film, see Haryana (film).

State in India

Haryana

State

File:Cyber City View.jpg

File:Pinjore Garden Chandigarh India (8).JPG

File:Sheikh-chili ka makhbara.jpg

File:Most Beautiful Lake in Faridabad.jpg

From top, left to right: Cyber City, Gurugram, Pinjore Gardens, bronze chariot of Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, Asigarh Fort, Sheikh Chilli's Tomb, Lake in Surajkund.

Official seal of Haryana

Seal

Location of Haryana in India

Location of Haryana in India

Coordinates (Chandigarh): 30°44′N 76°47′E﻿ / ﻿30.73°N 76.78°E﻿ / 30.73; 76.78Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E﻿ / ﻿30.73°N 76.78°E﻿ / 30.73; 76.78
Country|  India
Statehood| 1 November 1966
Capital| Chandigarh†
Largest city| Faridabad
Smart cities| Karnal and Faridabad
Districts| 22
Government

• Body| Government of Haryana
• Governor| Bandaru Dattatreya
• Chief Minister| Manohar Lal Khattar (BJP)
• Legislature| Unicameral

* Assembly

(90 seats)
• Parliamentary constituency| Rajya Sabha (5 seats)
Lok Sabha (10 seats)
• High Court| Punjab and Haryana High Court
Area

[1]

• Total| 44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi)
• Rank| 21st
Population

(2011)

• Total| 25,351,462
• Rank| 18th
• Density| 573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)
• Rank| 10
Demonym| Haryanvi
Languages[2][3]

• Official| Hindi
• Additional official|

* English
* Punjabi

• Regional|

* Haryanvi
* Ahirwati
* Mewati
* Bagri

[4][5][6][7][8]
GSDP (2020–21)

[9]

• Total| ₹7.65 trillion (US$96 billion)
• Per capita| ₹239,535 (US$3,000)
Time zone| UTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 code| IN-HR
Vehicle registration| HR-xx
HDI (2019)|  0.708 [10] (High)
HDI rank| 12th
Sex ratio| 0.910♀/♂[11]
Literacy| 83.78%
Website| haryana.gov.in
Symbols of Haryana
Emblem| Emblem of Haryana
Mammal|

File:Antilope cervicapra from velavadar.JPG

Black buck
Bird|

File:Black Francolin.jpg

Black francolin
Flower|

File:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg

Lotus
Tree|

File:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg

Peepal
^† Joint Capital with Punjab
†† Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.

Haryana (/hʌriˈɑːnə/; Hindi: [ɦəɾɪˈjɑːɳɑː]) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% (44,212 km2 or 17,070 sq mi) of India's land area.[1][12] The state capital is Chandigarh, which it shares with the neighboring state of Punjab, and the most populous city is Faridabad, which is a part of the National Capital Region. The city of Gurugram is among India's largest financial and technology hubs.[13] Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.[12][14]

Haryana contains 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region.[12][15] Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India.[16][17] Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index.[10] The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹7.65 trillion (US$96 billion) and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹240,000 (US$3,000).[9]

The state is rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna and tourism, with a well developed economy, national highways and state roads. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south, while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Ancient period
* 2.2 Medieval period
* 2.3 British Period
* 2.4 Partition and aftermath
* 2.5 Formation of Haryana
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 Religion
* 3.2 Languages
* 4 Culture
* 4.1 Music
* 4.1.1 Folk dances
* 4.1.2 Folk music and songs
* 4.1.2.1 Classical Haryanvi folk music
* 4.1.2.2 Desi Haryanvi folk music
* 4.1.2.3 Socially normative-cohesive impact
* 4.2 Cuisine
* 4.3 Society
* 5 Geography
* 5.1 Plains and mountains
* 5.2 Hydrography
* 5.3 Climate
* 5.4 Flora and fauna
* 5.4.1 Forests
* 5.4.2 Wildlife
* 5.5 Environmental and ecological issues
* 6 Administration
* 6.1 Divisions
* 6.2 Districts
* 6.3 Law and order
* 6.4 Governance and e-governance
* 7 Economy
* 7.1 Agriculture
* 7.1.1 Crops
* 7.1.2 Fruits, vegetables and spices
* 7.1.3 Flowers and medicinal plants
* 7.1.4 Livestock
* 7.1.5 Research
* 7.2 Industrial sector
* 7.2.1 Manufacturing
* 7.2.2 Utilities
* 7.3 Services sector
* 7.3.1 Transport
* 7.3.1.1 Aviation
* 7.3.1.2 Roads and Highways
* 7.3.1.3 Railway
* 7.3.1.4 Metro
* 7.3.1.5 Sky Way
* 7.3.2 Communication and media
* 8 Healthcare
* 9 Education
* 9.1 Literacy
* 9.2 Schools
* 9.3 Universities and higher education
* 10 Sports
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 Sources
* 14 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post- Mahabharata period here lived the Abhiras[18] who developed special skills in the art of agriculture.[19] According to Pran Nath Chopra Haryana got its name from Abhirayana-Ahirayana-Hirayana-Haryana.[20]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main articles: History, National monuments, and State monuments

### Ancient period[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization

A skeleton from Rakhigarhi, possibly the largest Indus Valley civilisation site and dated at over 9,000 years old.[21] The skeleton is on display in the National Museum.

0px

Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, which is a war described in the Indian epic poem Mahābhārata. The conflict arose from a dynastic succession struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and Pandavas, for the throne of Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru.

The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to the largest and one of the world's oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites, dated at over 9,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) have been uncovered. According to archaeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation, which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus Valley.[22]

During the Vedic era, Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom, one of India's great Mahajanapadas. The south of Haryana is the claimed location of the Manu's state of Brahmavarta.[23][better source needed] The area surrounding Dhosi Hill has Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, Manusmriti, Brahmanas and Puranas. [24] As per Manusmriti[25] Manu was the king of Brahmavarta, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

### Medieval period[edit | edit source]

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon (Gurugram ), Hansi, Hisar, Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.[26]

File:Harsha Ka Tila.jpg

Harsha Ka Tila mound west of Sheikh Chilli's Tomb complex, with ruins from the reign of 7th century ruler Harsha.

Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar. Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.[27]

After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose Jat inhabitants were stated to be robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh whose residents were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.[28][29]

File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg

Portrait of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, who fought and won across North India from the Punjab to Bengal, winning 22 straight battles.[30]

Hem Chandra Vikramaditya also called Hemu claimed royal status and throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya. The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India during 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal, defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[31]

### British Period[edit | edit source]

File:Punjab 1909.jpg

Map of British Punjab province; Haryana formed the southeastern areas of the province

The state was part of the British Punjab province. The Delhi division of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind, Kalsia, Loharu, Dujana and Pataudi, as well as parts of the Patiala State.

### Partition and aftermath[edit | edit source]

During the Partition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab. Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

### Formation of Haryana[edit | edit source]

Main article: Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.[32]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However Kharar was given to Punjab.[33] The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[34]

Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana.[35]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1901| 4,623,064| —
1911| 4,174,677| −1.02%
1921| 4,255,892| +0.19%
1931| 4,559,917| +0.69%
1941| 5,272,829| +1.46%
1951| 5,673,597| +0.74%
1961| 7,590,524| +2.95%
1971| 10,036,431| +2.83%
1981| 12,922,119| +2.56%
1991| 16,463,648| +2.45%
2001| 21,144,564| +2.53%
2011| 25,351,462| +1.83%
source:[36]

See also: List of people from Haryana

### Religion[edit | edit source]

Religion in Haryana (2011)[37]

Hinduism (87.46%)

Islam (7.03%)

Sikhism (4.91%)

Jainism (0.21%)

Christianity (0.20%)

Buddhism (0.03%)

Others (0.18%)

According to the 2011 census, of total 25,351,462 population of Haryana, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meos) and Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.[37]

Muslims are mainly found in the Nuh. Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after Punjab, and they mostly live in the districts adjoining Punjab, such as Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala and Panchkula.[38][39]

### Languages[edit | edit source]

Languages of Haryana (2011)[40]

Hindi (47.96%)

Haryanvi (37.17%)

Punjabi (7.36%)

Bagri (2.11%)

Mewati (1.66%)

Urdu (1.48%)

Baghati (1.28%)

The official language of Haryana is Hindi.[41] Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in the state. Predominant among them is Haryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana. Hindustani is spoken in the northeast, Bagri in the west, and Ahirwati, Mewati and Braj Bhasha in the south.[8]

Punjabi is the most spoken language after Hindi and Haryanvi,[41] and it was recognised as a second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010.[3] There are also many speakers of Multani and Urdu in the state. After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught.[42] Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show the state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time.[43] In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.[43]

There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like Bengali, Bhojpuri, Marwari, Mewari, and Nepali,[44] as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions, like Bauria, Bazigar, Gujari, Gade Lohar, Oadki, and Sansi.[45]

## Culture[edit | edit source]

### Music[edit | edit source]

Main article: Music of Haryana

Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music, folk dances, saang (folk theatre),[46] cinema,[47] belief system such as Jathera (ancestral worship),[48][49] and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery.[49]

#### Folk dances[edit | edit source]

Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.[50]

Haryanvi musical folk theatre main types are Saang, Rasa lila and Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand.[50]

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are: festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji/Gugga, Holi, Phaag, Sawan, Teej. The devotional dances and songs are Chaupaiya, Holi, Manjira, Ras Leela, Raginis). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery (Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance (Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and Ragini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Ragini).[48]

#### Folk music and songs[edit | edit source]

Haryanvi folk music is based on day to day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs.[48] Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana),[51] and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of parting of lovers.[50][51][52]

##### Classical Haryanvi folk music[edit | edit source]

Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music.[51] Hindustani classical ragas, learnt in gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand (1163–1202 CE) about the bravery of Alha and Udal, Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi).[51][52] Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.[50]

##### Desi Haryanvi folk music[edit | edit source]

Desi Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based on Raag Bhairvi, Raag Bhairav, Raag Kafi, Raag Jaijaivanti, Raag Jhinjhoti and Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs, ballads, ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as Puran Bhagat.[51][52] Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch.[50] Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship related songs such as Phagan (song for eponymous season/month), Katak (songs for the eponymous season/month), Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month), bande-bandi (male-female duet songs), sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends).[50] Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Sagai, Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi festival.[50]

##### Socially normative-cohesive impact[edit | edit source]

Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a great way of demolishing societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for the events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, dialects. These songs do transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen from the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.[50]

With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon (Gurugram) Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.[53]

### Cuisine[edit | edit source]

See also: North Indian cuisine

As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian.[54] The regional cuisine features the staples of roti, saag, vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee, milk, lassi and kheer.[55]

### Society[edit | edit source]

Haryanvi people have a concept of inclusive society involving the "36 Jātis" or communities. Castes such as Lohar, Jat, Rajput, Gurjar, Saini, Pasi, Ahirs, Ror, Mev, Charan, Bishnoi, Harijan, Aggarwal, Brahmin, Khatri and Tyagi are some of the notable of these 36 Jātis.[56][57]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

File:Mustard field near Chandigarh.jpg

A mustard field in Haryana, near the state capital of Chandigarh

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.[58] The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.[59] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[60] Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests.[12] Karoh Peak, a 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is highest point in Haryana.[61][62][63][64] Most of the state sits atop the fertile Punjab Plain, a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Haryana[65] has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

### Plains and mountains[edit | edit source]

Haryana has four main geographical features.[66]

* The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab consisting of Sutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in north in Punjab and Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river and Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River) and Hakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
* The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
* The Bagar tract semi-desert dry sandy plain to the south-west. See also: Bangar and Khadir.
* The Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south

### Hydrography[edit | edit source]

File:YamunaRiver.jpg

Yamuna River near the Haryana Border

The Yamuna, tributary of Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.[67]

Northern Haryana has several north-east to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar-Hakra (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),[68] Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of Ghagghar),[69][70] Tangri river (tributary of Ghagghar),[69][70] Kaushalya river (tributary of Ghagghar),[71] Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar),[69][70] Sarsuti,[69][70] Dangri,[69][70] Somb river.[72] Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,[68] rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.[73] The seasonal Markanda River, known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[73]

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River[74][75][76][77] (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi),[78][79][80][81][82] Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),[75][77] Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river)[75][77] and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[83][84][85]

File:Kaushalya Dam.jpg

Kaushalya Dam

Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal,[86][87][88] Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus),[87][88] and Indira Gandhi Canal.[89]

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district,[90] Hathnikund Barrage[86][91] and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district,[86][91][92] Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district,[86][92] ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district,[93][94] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.[95][96][97]

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,[98][99] holy Brahma Sarovar[100][101] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[102] Blue Bird Lake in Hisar,[103][104] Damdama Lake at Sohna in Gurgram district,[105][106] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district,[86][91] Karna Lake at Karnal,[107] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[93][108][109] and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.[110][111][112]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for rejuvenation of 14,000 Johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[113][114]

Only hot spring of Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district.[115][116] Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur pond of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund.[117]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on outskirts of Faridabad.

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest December and January.[83] The climate is arid to semi-arid with average rainfall of 354.5 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the Monsoon, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the Western Disturbance.[59]

Climate data for Gurgaon (1981–2010, extremes 1965–2000)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 33.5
(92.3)  | 39.5
(103.1)  | 44.8
(112.6)  | 49.0
(120.2)  | 47.5
(117.5)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 41.2
(106.2)  | 39.3
(102.7)  | 38.4
(101.1)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 49.0
(120.2)
Average high °C (°F)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 29.6
(85.3)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 40.2
(104.4)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 35.5
(95.9)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 32.8
(91.0)  | 28.3
(82.9)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 31.5
(88.7)
Average low °C (°F)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 11.3
(52.3)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 17.5
(63.5)
Record low °C (°F)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 0.7
(33.3)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | −0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 15.0
(0.59)  | 21.4
(0.84)  | 12.3
(0.48)  | 18.2
(0.72)  | 34.3
(1.35)  | 57.3
(2.26)  | 171.4
(6.75)  | 190.7
(7.51)  | 93.8
(3.69)  | 12.0
(0.47)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 9.9
(0.39)  | 657.0
(25.87)
Average rainy days  | 1.2  | 1.6  | 1.2  | 1.1  | 2.2  | 3.6  | 7.6  | 8.3  | 4.6  | 1.0  | 0.8  | 0.8  | 34.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 54  | 45  | 37  | 28  | 31  | 40  | 63  | 69  | 59  | 45  | 47  | 55  | 48
Source: India Meteorological Department[118][119]

Climate data for Rohtak (1981–2010, extremes 1967–2012)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 45.0
(113.0)  | 46.8
(116.2)  | 47.2
(117.0)  | 44.9
(112.8)  | 41.3
(106.3)  | 40.5
(104.9)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 47.2
(117.0)
Average high °C (°F)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 29.7
(85.5)  | 36.9
(98.4)  | 39.9
(103.8)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 36.2
(97.2)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 34.6
(94.3)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 31.8
(89.2)
Average low °C (°F)  | 6.9
(44.4)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 11.9
(53.4)  | 7.5
(45.5)  | 18.1
(64.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | −0.5
(31.1)  | 0.2
(32.4)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 2.9
(37.2)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | −0.5
(31.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 14.0
(0.55)  | 16.6
(0.65)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 14.2
(0.56)  | 34.8
(1.37)  | 66.5
(2.62)  | 150.8
(5.94)  | 192.4
(7.57)  | 76.4
(3.01)  | 12.8
(0.50)  | 2.2
(0.09)  | 5.5
(0.22)  | 597.0
(23.50)
Average rainy days  | 1.2  | 1.6  | 1.3  | 1.0  | 2.1  | 3.4  | 6.9  | 6.5  | 3.6  | 0.7  | 0.3  | 0.6  | 29.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 60  | 50  | 43  | 27  | 29  | 42  | 64  | 70  | 59  | 47  | 51  | 57  | 50
Source: India Meteorological Department[118]

[119]

### Flora and fauna[edit | edit source]

State symbols of Haryana Formation day | 1 November (Day of
separation from Punjab)

|

State mammal | Black buck[120]
State bird | Black francolin
State tree | Peepal[120]
State flower | Lotus[120]

#### Forests[edit | edit source]

Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.[121] In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[12] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[122][123][124]

####  Wildlife[edit | edit source]

File:Watercock (41632546090).jpg

Watercock

See also: List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[125][126] Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurugram District

### Environmental and ecological issues[edit | edit source]

See also: Air pollution in India

Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most polluted. During smog of November 2017, Air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of Fine particulates (2.5 PM diameter) was an average of 400 PM and monthly average of Haryana was 60 pm. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and Brick Kiln. Haryana has 7.5 million old vehicles, of which 40% are old more polluting vehicles, besides 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar.[127]

## Administration[edit | edit source]

Main article: Administrative divisions of Haryana

### Divisions[edit | edit source]

Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana

See also: List of cities in Haryana by population

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police Ranges and 3 Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).[128][129][130][131] Six revenue divisions are: Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Karnal and Faridabad.[128] Haryana has 11 municipal corporations (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonepat, and Manesar[132]), 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities.[133]

Within these there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[14]

### Districts[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of districts of Haryana

Divisions | Districts

|

Ambala | Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar
Faridabad | Faridabad, Palwal, Nuh
Gurgaon | Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Rewari,
Hisar | Fatehabad, Jind, Hisar, Sirsa,
Rohtak | Jhajjar, Charkhi Dadri, Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani[66]
Karnal | Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal

### Law and order[edit | edit source]

Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.[134] Three Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon and Panchkula.[128] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[135]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with next higher right of appeal to Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.[136]

### Governance and e-governance[edit | edit source]

See also: CMs, Assembly, Assembly constituencies, Lok Sabha constituencies, and Political dynasties

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications of new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, result of HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry.[137] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[137] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative.[138][139]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

File:Sahara Mall Gurgaon.jpg

A Shopping Mall in Gurugram

Main articles: Economy of Haryana, SEZs in Haryana, HSIDC estates, Companies in Gurugram, and Tourism in Haryana

Haryana's 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR[15] estimated 2017-18 GSDP of US$95 billion[12] is split in to 52% services, 30% industries and 18% agriculture.[12]

Services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and hospitality, 15% state and central govt employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.[12] In IT services, Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and number 2 in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[140]

Industries sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[12] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces India's 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators.[12]

Services and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 in-principal approval) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Western Peripheral Expressway.[12]

Agriculture sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.[12] Agriculture sector of Haryana, with only less than 1.4% area of India, contributes 15% food grains to the central food security public distribution system,[12] and 7% of total national agricultural exports including 60% of total national Basmati rice export.[12]

### Agriculture[edit | edit source]

#### Crops[edit | edit source]

Green farms in Haryana

Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars (owner-cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged in agriculture.[141] The Green Revolution in Haryana of the 1960s[142] combined with completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963[143] and Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.[142] As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains [144] In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 tonne wheat, 4,145,000 tonne rice, 7,169,000 tonne sugarcane, 993,000 tonne cotton and 855,000 tonne oilseeds (mustard seed, sunflower, etc.).

#### Fruits, vegetables and spices[edit | edit source]

Vegetable production was: potato 853,806 tonnes, onion 705,795 tonnes, tomato 675,384 tonnes, cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, leafy vegetables 370,646 tonnes, brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793 tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[12]

Fruits production was: citrus 301,764 tonnes, guava 152,184 tonnes, mango 89,965 tonnes, chikoo 16,022 tonnes, aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[12]

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.[12]

#### Flowers and medicinal plants[edit | edit source]

Cut flowers production was: marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.[12]

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.[12]

#### Livestock[edit | edit source]

See also: Dairying in Haryana

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo.[145][146][147][148] Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[149]

#### Research[edit | edit source]

See also: Research institutes in Haryana

To support its agrarian economy, both central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, Central Institute of Fisheries, National Dairy Research Institute, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and state government (CCS HAU, LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[150][151][152]

### Industrial sector[edit | edit source]

#### Manufacturing[edit | edit source]

See also: Automotive industry in Haryana

File:Larsen & Toubro Office.png

Larsen & Toubro Office at Faridabad.

File:DLF Gateway Tower.png

The headquarters of DLF Limited, India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana.

* Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial cities of Haryana as well as North India.[153] The city is home to large-scale MNC companies like India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd., Havells India Limited,[154] JCB India Limited, Escorts Group, Indian Oil (R&D),[155] and Larsen & Toubro (L&T).[156] Eyewear e-tailer Lenskart and healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Faridabad.[157][158]
* Hissar, a NCR Counter Magnet city known as steel and cotton spinning hub as well as upcoming integrated industrial aerocity and aero MRO hub at Hisar Airport,[159][160][161] is a fast developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame. Savitri Jindal, Navin Jindal's mother, has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in the world.[162]
* Panipat has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation, a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant. It is known for its woven modhas or round stools.[163]
* Sonipat: IMT Kundli, Nathupur, Rai and Barhi are industrial areas with several Small and medium-sized enterprises, including come large ones such as Atlas cycles, E.C.E., Birla factory, OSRAM[164][165][166]
* Gurgaon: IMT Minesar, Dundahera and Sohna are industrial and logistics hubs,[167][168][169] that also has National Security Guards, Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs, National Brain Research Centre and National Bomb Data Centre.[170]

#### Utilities[edit | edit source]

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[171][better source needed]

Power in the state are:

* Renewable and non-polluting sources
* Hydroelectricity
* Bhakra-Nangal Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant
* WYC Hydro Electric Station, 62.4 MW, Yamunanagar[172]
* Solar power stations
* Faridabad Solar Power Plant: being set up by HPGCL Faridabad (c.2016).[173]
* Nuclear power stations
* Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant, 2800MW, Fatehabad, Phase-I 1400MW by 2021[174][175]
* Coal-fired thermal power stations
* Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station, 600MW, Yamunanagar[172]
* Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project, 1500MW, Jhajjar[172]
* Jhajjar Power Station, 1500MW[172]
* Panipat Thermal Power Station I, 440MW[172]
* Panipat Thermal Power Station II, 920MW[172]
* Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station, 1200MW, Hisar[172]

### Services sector[edit | edit source]

#### Transport[edit | edit source]

File:Administrative map of Haryana with RTO codes for vehicle registration.png

Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes

##### Aviation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Aviation in Haryana

##### Roads and Highways[edit | edit source]

Main article: Highways in Haryana

Haryana has a total road length of 26,062 kilometres (16,194 mi), including 2,482 kilometres (1,542 mi) 29 national highways, 1,801 kilometres (1,119 mi) state highways,[176] 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) Major District Roads (MDR) and 20,344 kilometres (12,641 mi) Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).[177] A fleet of 3,864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[178]

Ancient Delhi Multan Road and Grand Trunk Road, South Asia's oldest and longest major roads, pass through Haryana. GT Road passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The 135.6 kilometres (84.3 mi) Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat, Gurgaon, and Faridabad.[179]

The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from current four lanes.[180] It will further boost Faridabad's connectivity with Delhi.

##### Railway[edit | edit source]

See also: Railway in Haryana, Railway stations in Haryana, NWR history, NR history, and NCR history

Rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones. Diamond Quadrilateral High-speed rail network,[181] Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (72 km)[182] and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (177 km)[183] pass through Haryana.

Bikaner railway division of North Western Railway zone manages rail network in western and southern Haryana covering Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line, Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line, Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.[184][185] Jaipur railway division of North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in south-west Haryana covering Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line, Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.[186]

Delhi railway division of Northern Railway zone manages the rail network in north and east and central Haryana covering Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line, Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line, Rewari–Rohtak line, Jind-Sonepat line and Delhi-Rewari line.[187][188][189][190][191] Agra railway division of North Central Railway zone manages another very small part of the network in south-east Haryana covering Palwal-Mathura line only.[192][193]

Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone manages a small part of the rail network in north-east Haryana covering Ambala-Yamunanagar line, Ambala-Kurukshetra line and UNESCO World Heritage Kalka–Shimla Railway.[194]

##### Metro[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Delhi Metro and Gurgaon Metro

Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with NCR cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and track length being 17 km.[195]

##### Sky Way[edit | edit source]

File:Delhi Faridabad Skyway.png

Delhi Faridabad Skyway

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway, the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.[196]

#### Communication and media[edit | edit source]

Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[197][198][199] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Two biggest cities of Haryana, Faridabad and Gurgaon which are part of National Capital Region come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana comes under Haryana Telecommunication System.

Electronic media channels include, MTV, 9XM, Star Group, SET Max, News Time, NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group. The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations.

Panipat, Hisar, Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed and circulated throughout Haryana, in which Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Punjab Kesari, The Tribune, Aaj Samaj, Hari Bhoomi[200] and Amar Ujala are prominent.

## Healthcare[edit | edit source]

See also: Haryana Civil Medical Services, Teaching hospitals, and NRHM

File:Academic Block, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad.jpg

ESIC Medical College, Faridabad

The total fertility rate of Haryana is 2.3. The infant mortality rate is 41 (SRS 2013) and maternal mortality ratio is 146 (SRS 2010–2012).[201] The state of Haryana has various Medical Colleges including Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak, Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College in District Sonipat, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad along with notable private medical institutes like Medanta, Max Hospital, Fortis Healthcare

## Education[edit | edit source]

### Literacy[edit | edit source]

Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38 per cent, while female literacy is at 66.67 per cent. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91 per cent of which male and female were 78.49 per cent and 55.73 per cent literate respectively.[202] As of 2013[update], Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 per cent.[203] In terms of districts, as of 2012[update] Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 79%, and female 67%.[204]

### Schools[edit | edit source]

Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over 700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[205] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor's degree level.

In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior secondary schools),[206] 7,635 private schools (200 aided,[207] 6,612 recognised unaided,[208] and 821 unrecognised unaided private schools[209]) and several hundred other central government and private schools such as Kendriya Vidyalaya, Indian Army Public Schools, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and DAV schools affiliated to central government's CBSE and ICSE school boards.

### Universities and higher education[edit | edit source]

MRIU

See also: List of institutions of higher education in Haryana

Haryana has 48 universities and 1,038 colleges,[210] including 115 government colleges, 88 government-aided colleges and 96 self-finance colleges.[211] Hisar has three universities: Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University – Asia's largest agricultural university,[212] Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences); several national agricultural and veterinary research centres (National Research Centre on Equines),[213] Central Sheep Breeding Farm,[214] National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research,[215] Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute[216] and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB);[217] and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha.[218]

Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher education. There are more 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.[210]

Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23.[219] Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.[220]

## Sports[edit | edit source]

See also: Stadiums in Haryana

File:Bajrang Punia receiving Arjuna Award-2015 (cropped).jpg

Wrestler Bajrang Punia

Cricketer Kapil Dev

File:The Beijing Olympic bronze medal winner, boxer Vijender Kumar at Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport, in New Delhi on August 25, 2008.jpg

Boxer Vijender Singh

Badminton player Saina Nehwal

In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana.[221] During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation[222] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.

The 1983 World Cup winning captain Kapil Dev made his domestic-cricket debut playing for Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators.[223] Tejli Sports Complex is an ultra-modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar. Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex.[224]

Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."[225][226]

Haryana is home to Haryana Gold, one of India's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the country's UBA Pro Basketball League.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country.

Notable Badminton Player, Saina Nehwal is from Hisar in Haryana.[227]

Notable Athlete, Neeraj Chopra , who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana. Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana as 2 medals won in wrestling at 2020 Tokyo Olympics were from Haryana.

Notable Athlete, Ravi Dahiya, who was born in Nahri village of Sonipat District. Won Silver Medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India.

Bajrang Punia-Bronze Medal. Ravi Kumar,[2] is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two-time Asian champion.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana
* List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana
* List of people from Haryana
* Outline of Haryana
* Politics of Haryana
* Tourism in Haryana
* Haryanvi cinema
* List of earthquakes in Haryana

## References[edit | edit source]

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## Sources[edit | edit source]

* Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy (PDF), Government of Haryana, 12 January 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015, retrieved 13 November 2015
* Atul Kumar Sinha; Abhay Kumar Singh, eds. (2007), Udayana New Horizons in History, Classics and Inter-Cultural studies, Anamika Publishers, ISBN 978-81-7975-168-8
* National Disaster Risk Reduction Portal - Haryana (PDF), National Institute of Disaster Management, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2016, retrieved 12 November 2015
* Sharma, Suresh K (2006). Haryana: Past and Present. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 763\. ISBN 81-8324-046-1. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Khanna, C. L. (2008). Haryana General Knowledge. Agra: Upkar Prakashan. p. 75\. ISBN 978-81-7482-383-0. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Yadav, Ram B. (2008). Folk Tales & Legends of Haryana. Gurgaon: Pinnacle Technology. p. 305\. ISBN 978-81-7871-162-1. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Mittal, Satish Chandra (1986). Haryana, a Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 183. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Singh, Mandeep; Kaur, Harvinder (2004). Economic Development of Haryana. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. p. 234\. ISBN 81-7629-558-2. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Gandhi, Mahatma (1977). Gandhiji and Haryana: A collection of his speeches and writings pertaining to Haryana. Usha Publications. p. 158. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Phadke, H. A. (1990). Haryana, ancient and medieval. Harman Publishing House. p. 256\. ISBN 81-85151-34-2. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Singh, Chattar (2004). Social and economic change in Haryana. National Book Organisation. p. 252\. ISBN 81-87521-10-4. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Yadav, Kripal Chandra (2002). Modern Haryana: History and culture, 1803–1966. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 320\. ISBN 81-7304-371-X. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Rai, Gulshan (1987). Formation of Haryana. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 223\. ISBN 81-7018-412-6. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Handa, Devendra (2004). Buddhist remains from Haryana. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 97\. ISBN 81-7574-153-8. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Haryana at a glance: Statistical overview & development indicators. Jagran Research Centre. 2007. p. 157\. ISBN 9788186821428. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Singh, Chander Pal (2003). Early medieval art of Haryana. Koshal Book Depot. p. 168\. ISBN 81-86049-07-X. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Handa, Devendra (2006). Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and style. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 286\. ISBN 81-7305-307-3. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Journal of Haryana Studies. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
* Harvey, Bill; Harvey, William; Devasar, Nikhil; Grewal, Bikram; Oriental Bird Club (2006). Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana. Rupa & Co. p. 352\. ISBN 81-291-0954-9. Retrieved 11 July 2012.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Government

* The Official Site of the Government of Haryana
* Official Tourism Site of Haryana, India
* Haryana Community website

General information

* Geographic data related to Haryana at OpenStreetMap

* v
* t
* e

File:..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png State of Haryana

Capital: Chandigarh

Topics|

* Divisions of Haryana
* Outline
* History
* Tourism
* Geography
* Politics
* Government
* Governors
* Economy
* Sports

Districts and divisions|

| Ambala division|

* Ambala
* Kurukshetra
* Panchkula
* Yamuna Nagar

|

Faridabad division|

* Faridabad
* Nuh
* Palwal

Gurgaon division|

* Gurgaon
* Mahendragarh
* Rewari

Hisar division|

* Fatehabad
* Hisar
* Jind
* Sirsa

Karnal division|

* Kaithal
* Karnal
* Panipat

Rohtak division|

* Bhiwani
* Charkhi Dadri
* Jhajjar
* Rohtak
* Sonipat

Major cities|

* Faridabad
* Gurgaon
* Panipat
* Yamunanagar
* Rohtak
* Hisar
* Karnal
* Sonipat
* Panchkula
* Bhiwani
* Sirsa
* Bahadurgarh
* Jind
* Kurukshetra
* Kaithal
* Rewari
* Palwal
* Charkhi Dadri

Culture|

* Haryanvi culture
* Cinema

List of films, Chandrawal, Jagat Jakhar)

* Music
* Folk dance
* Swang)
* Haryanvi language
* Ahirwati
* Bagri
* Braj Bhasha
* Bangru
* Deshwali
* Khadar
* Loarki
* Mewati
* Pahari)
* Haryanvi people

Economy|

* Power stations and power organisations

Places of interest

Sarasvati civilization (Indus Valley civilization – IVC)|

* Adi Badri
* Balu, Haryana
* Banawali
* Bhirrana
* Farmana
* Jognakhera
* Kanwari
* Kunal
* Lohari Ragho
* Mitathal
* Rakhigarhi
* Siswal
* Sothi

Archaeological|

* National monuments
* State monuments

Baoli (Stepwells)s|

* Kaithal (Bhai ki Baoli)
* Fatehabad (Rania,_Sirsa#History"Rania)
* Gurugram (Akhara Baoli, Badshahpur Baoli, Dhumaspur Baoli)
* Meham in Rohtak (Choron ki Baoli)
* Narnaul (Alijaan ki Bawdi)

Buddhist and HIndu Sites|

* Buddhist mounds (Agroha Mound, Sugh Ancient Mound)
* Buddhist stupas ([Adi Badri, Haryana

Haveli|

* Nangal Sirohi
* Hemu Ki Haveli in Rewari
* Noor Mahal in Karnal
* Gurugram: (Sikanderpur, Mohammadpur Jharsa, 12 Biswa haveli in Gurgaon gaon, Mahalwala haveli in 8 Biswa of Gurgaon gaon)

Forts|

* Asigarh Fort (Hansi)
* Badhshapur Fort
* Buria Fort
* Chhachhrauli Fort
* Dhosi Hill Fort
* Fatehabad Fort
* Farrukhnagar Fort
* Hisar-e-Firoza
* Fort Kotla
* Indor Fort
* Jind Fort
* Kaithal Fort
* Gajpat Singh Fort at Karnal
* Loharu Fort
* Madhogarh Fort
* Mahendragarh Fort
* Meham Fort
* Nahar Singh Fort at Ballabhgargh
* Pinjore Fort
* Raipur Rani Fort
* Fort of King Saras of Sirsa
* Tosham Hill Fort

Hills|

* Dhosi Hill near Narnaul
* Kotla Hill in Mewat
* Indor Hill in Mewat
* Madhogarh Hill near Mahendragarh
* Mahendragarh Hill
* Morni Hills in Yamuna Nagar
* Tosham Hill in Bhiwani

Caves|

* Chyvan Rishi Cave at Dhosi Hill
* Tosham Hill Caverns
* Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar

Historical|

* Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore
* Dhosi Hill
* Farrukhnagar
* Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex
* Mughal Bridge at Kernal
* Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra
* Nahar Singh Mahal
* Narnaul
* Pataudi Palace
* Pinjore Gardens
* Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
* Surajkund
* Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal
* Tosham rock inscription
* State Protected Monuments
* Monuments of National Importance

National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana|

* Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary
* Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
* Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary
* Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary
* Kalesar National Park
* Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
* Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary
* Morni
* Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary
* Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary
* Sohna
* Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary

Endangered Wildlife Breeding|

* Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani
* Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra
* Deer Park, Hisar
* Kalesar Elephant Rehabilitation Centre
* Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni
* Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala
* Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre, Jhabua in Rewari district
* Sparrow Conservation Centre, Pinjore
* Vulture and Sparrow Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore

Zoos in Haryana|

* Bhiwani Zoo
* Hisar Deer Park
* Rohtak Zoo
* Pipli Zoo

Herbal Parks|

* Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar
* Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham
* Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu
* Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park

Lakes|

* Badkhal Lake
* Blue Bird Lake at Hisar
* Damdama Lake
* Karna Lake
* Tilyar Lake at Rohtak

Dams|

* Anagpur Dam
* Hathnikund Barrage
* Kaushalya Dam
* Masani barrage
* Ottu barrage
* Palla barrage
* Pathrala barrage
* Tajewala Barrage

Rivers|

* Chautang
* Ghaggar-Hakra
* Markanda River
* Najafgarh
* Sahibi River
* Sarasvati River
* Yamuna

Religious|

* Adi Badri (Haryana) Sarsvati udgam sthal
* Agroha Dham
* Baba Thakur
* Banbhori Devi
* Brahma Sarovar
* Bhuteshwar Temple
* Jayanti Devi Temple
* Jyotisar
* Kartikeya Temple
* Markandeshwar
* Mata Mansa Devi Mandir
* Nada Sahib
* Naugaja Peer
* Pindara Temple
* Sannihit Sarovar
* Sita Mai Temple
* Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
* Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon
* St. Thomas' Church at Hisar

Offices|

* High Court
* Legislative Assembly
* Raj Bhavan

Public places|

* Kingdom of Dreams
* Mall of India
* The Oberoi

Extreme Corners of Haryana|

* Eastern-most point: Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamuna Nagar District

* Western-most point: Chautala-Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district

* Southern-most point: Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district

* Northern-most point: Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh-Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district

Highest-lowest of Haryana|

* Highest point: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district

* Lowest natural Surface elevation point:

* Deepest Underground Cave:

* Coldest avg temp: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district

* Hottest avg temp: Hisar

* Wettest avg rainfall: Morni hills in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district

* Driest avg rainfall: Bhiwani

Oldest of Haryana|

* Oldest archaeological site: Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley civilization in Hisar district

* Oldest archaeological mine site: Kaliyana hill Indus Valley civilization stone mine (3000 BC or 5000 years old) west of Charkhi Dadri

Government and Politics

Elections|

* Elections in Haryana
* 1991
* 1996
* 1998
* 1999
* 2004
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019

Chief Ministers|

* Banarsi Das Gupta
* Rao Birender Singh
* Bansi Lal
* Bhagwat Dayal Sharma
* Bhajan Lal
* Devi Lal
* Om Prakash Chautala
* Hukam Singh
* Bhupinder Singh Hooda
* Manohar Lal Khattar

Governors|

* Dharma Vira
* Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
* Ranjit Singh Narula
* Jaisukh Lal Hathi
* Harcharan Singh Brar
* Surjit Singh Sandhawalia
* Ganpatrao Devji Tapase
* Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney
* Hari Anand Barari
* Dhanik Lal Mandal
* Mahaveer Prasad
* Babu Parmanand
* Om Prakash Verma
* Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
* Jagannath Pahadia
* Kaptan Singh Solanki

State agencies|

* Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam
* Debt Conciliation Board
* Doordarshan Haryana
* Foreign Investment and NRI Cell
* Forests Department, Haryana
* Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana
* Department of Environment, Haryana
* Department of Excise & Taxation, Haryana
* Department of Finance, Haryana
* Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana
* Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana
* Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana
* Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana
* Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana
* Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana
* Department of Rehabilitation, Haryana
* Department of Higher Education, Haryana
* Department of School Education, Haryana
* Department of Elementary Education, Haryana
* Haryana Board of School Education
* Haryana Civil Medical Services
* Haryana Environment Protection Council
* Haryana Land Record Information System
* Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited
* Haryana Police
* Haryana Roadways
* Haryana Seeds Development Corporation
* Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums
* Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana
* Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited
* Haryana Urban Development Authority
* Haryana Waqf Board
* State Counselling Board, Haryana
* Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam

Sports

Venues|

* Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium
* Nahar Singh Stadium
* Tau Devi Lal Stadium
* Sector 16 Stadium
* Mahabir Stadium

Associations|

* Haryana Archery Association
* Haryana Cricket Association

Teams|

* Haryana cricket team
* Haryana football team
* Bhiwani Boxing Club

* Portal:India
* Category: Haryana
* Wikiproject: Haryana

* v
* t
* e

States and union territories of India

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Union territories|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Chandigarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Puducherry

* Capitals in India
* Autonomous administrative divisions of India
* Proposed states and union territories
* Historical Regions
* British Provinces

*[Pop.]: Population
*[±% p.a.]: Per annum growth rate
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