Holocaust denial

Denial of the genocide of Jews in World War II

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Antisemitism

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Antisemitic canards

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Antisemitic publications

* The Barnes Review
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* La France juive
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter (William Luther Pierce)
* The International Jew
* La Libre Parole
* Mein Kampf
* On the Jews and Their Lies
* Our Race Will Rule
Undisputed Over The World

* Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* The Secret Relationship
Between Blacks and Jews

* Siege
* The Turner Diaries

Antisemitism on the Internet

* 4chan
* 8chan
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* Jew Watch
* Metapedia
* Occidental Observer
* Reddit
* Renegade Tribune
* The Unz Review
* Stormfront
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* The Right Stuff
* Triple parentheses
* TruNews
* Wikipedia
* Croatian Wikipedia
* Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Prominent figures

* Andrew Anglin
* Ion Antonescu
* Baked Alaska
* Louis Beam
* Don Black
* James von Brunn
* Gheorghe Buzatu
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
* Nichifor Crainic
* A. C. Cuza
* Édouard Drumont
* David Duke
* Adolf Eichmann
* Mike Enoch
* Louis Farrakhan
* László Ferenczy
* Henry Ford
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* Joseph Goebbels
* Octavian Goga
* Heinrich Himmler
* Adolf Hitler
* Arthur J. Jones
* Jason Kessler
* Osama bin Laden
* David Lane
* Ernest G. Liebold
* Martin Luther
* Dieudonné M'bala M'bala
* Kevin MacDonald
* Eustace Mullins
* Philippe Pétain
* Symon Petliura
* William Luther Pierce
* Ezra Pound
* George Lincoln Rockwell
* Horia Sima
* Richard Spencer
* Joseph Stalin
* Steven Anderson
* Voltaire
* Fred Phelps
* Julius Streicher
* Kevin Alfred Strom
* Rick Wiles
* Ernst Zündel

Persecution

* Black Death persecutions
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* Displacement of Israelis after the October 7 attacks
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* Jewish quarter
* Ghettos in Europe
* Mellah
* The Holocaust
* Jewish hat
* Jewish quota
* Judensau
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* Pale of Settlement
* Pogroms
* Russian Empire
* Russian Civil War
* Refuseniks
* Rhineland massacres
* Sexual violence against Israeli hostages in the Gaza war
* Spanish Inquisition
* Yellow badge

Opposition

* Anti-Defamation League
* Campaign Against Antisemitism

* Community Security Trust
* Fundamental Rights Agency
* International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
* Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
* Simon Wiesenthal Center
* Southern Poverty Law Center
* Stephen Roth Institute
* StopAntisemitism
* Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
* Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
* UN Watch
* Wiener Holocaust Library
* Working Definition of Antisemitism
* Yad Vashem

Anti-Jewish laws

* Antisemitic legislation in Muslim-majority countries
* Nazi Germany
* Arab League
* Council of Representatives of Iraq
* Hamas Covenant
* Iraq Anti-Normalization Law
* Lebanon Law for the Boycott of Israel

Category

* v
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Part of a series on

Denial of mass killings

Instances of denial

* 1971 Bangladesh genocide
* Armenian genocide
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* Cambodian genocide
* Congo Free State
* The Holocaust
* distortion
* distortion on Wikipedia
* inversion
* trivialization
* uniqueness debate
* Wikipedia and antisemitism
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* Holodomor
* Indonesian mass killings
* Khojaly massacre
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* Rohingya genocide
* Romani genocide
* Rwandan genocide
* Uyghur genocide

Scholarly controversy over mass killings

* Holodomor
* Joseph Stalin
* Colonization of Australia
* Mao Zedong
* Mongol conquest
* Native American population decline
* 1944–1950 expulsion of Germans

Related topics

* Genocide justification
* Historical negationism
* Historical revisionism

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Part of a series on

The Holocaust

Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944

Responsibility

|  Nazi Germany

People

* Major perpetrators
* Adolf Hitler
* Heinrich Himmler
* Heinrich Müller
* Reinhard Heydrich
* Adolf Eichmann
* Odilo Globocnik
* Theodor Eicke
* Richard Glücks
* Ernst Kaltenbrunner
* Rudolf Höss
* Christian Wirth
* Joseph Goebbels
* Ion Antonescu
* László Ferenczy
* Philippe Pétain

Organizations

* Nazi Party
* Gestapo
* Schutzstaffel (SS)
* Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV)
* Einsatzgruppen
* Sturmabteilung (SA)
* Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)
* Wehrmacht
* Trawniki men

Collaborators during World War II

Nazi ideologues

Early policies

* Racial policy
* Nazi eugenics
* Nuremberg Laws
* Haavara Agreement
* Madagascar Plan
* Forced euthanasia

Victims

* Jews
* Romani people (Gypsies)
* Poles
* Soviet POWs
* Slavs in Eastern Europe
* Homosexuals
* People with disabilities

Ghettos

* Białystok
* Budapest
* Kaunas
* Kraków
* Łódź
* Lublin
* Lwów
* Minsk
* Riga
* Warsaw
* Vilnius

* * *

Jewish ghettos in
German-occupied Poland

* List of selected ghettos

Camps

|  Nazi extermination camps

* Auschwitz II-Birkenau
* Bełżec
* Chełmno
* Jasenovac
* Majdanek
* Sajmište
* Sobibor
* Treblinka

Nazi concentration camps

* Auschwitz I
* Bergen-Belsen
* Bogdanovka
* Buchenwald
* Dachau
* Dora
* Gonars (Italy)
* Gross-Rosen
* Herzogenbusch
* Janowska
* Kaiserwald
* Mauthausen-Gusen
* Neuengamme
* Rab
* Ravensbrück
* Sachsenhausen
* Salaspils
* Stutthof
* Transnistria (Romania)
* Theresienstadt
* Uckermark
* Warsaw

Transit and collection camps

Belgium

* Breendonk
* Mechelen

France

* Gurs
* Drancy

Italy

* Bolzano

Netherlands

* Amersfoort
* Westerbork

Slovakia

* Sereď

Divisions

* SS-Totenkopfverbände
* Concentration Camps Inspectorate
* Politische Abteilung
* Sanitätswesen

Extermination methods

* Gas van
* Gas chamber
* Extermination through labour
* Einsatzgruppen
* Human medical experimentation

Atrocities

|  Pogroms

* Kristallnacht
* Bucharest
* Dorohoi
* Iaşi
* Izieu
* Szczuczyn
* Jedwabne
* Plungė
* Kaunas
* Lviv (Lvov)
* Marseille
* Tykocin
* Vel' d'Hiv
* Wąsosz

Einsatzgruppen

* Babi Yar
* Bydgoszcz
* Częstochowa
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Ninth Fort
* Odessa
* Piaśnica
* Ponary
* Rumbula
* Erntefest

"Final Solution"

* Wannsee Conference
* Mogilev Conference
* Operation "Reinhard"
* Holocaust trains
* Extermination camps

End of World War II

* Wola massacre
* Death marches

Resistance

* Auschwitz Protocols
* Vrba–Wetzler report
* Czesław Mordowicz
* Jerzy Tabeau
* Rudolf Vrba
* Alfréd Wetzler
* Bricha
* Jewish partisans
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* Witold Pilecki
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* Związek Organizacji Wojskowej
* Witold's Report

Ghetto uprisings

* Warsaw
* Białystok
* Łachwa
* Częstochowa

International response

Joint Declaration by Members of
the United Nations

* Auschwitz bombing debate
* MS St. Louis
* Nuremberg trials
* Denazification

Aftermath

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Bricha
* Central Committee of the Liberated Jews
* Survivors
* Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
* Revisionism
* denial
* distortion
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* inversion
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* uniqueness debate
* Wikipedia and antisemitism
* Displaced persons

Reparations Agreement between
Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany

Lists

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Deportations of French Jews
to death camps

* Survivors of Sobibor
* Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp
* Victims of Nazism
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Resources

* Bibliography
* List of books about Nazi Germany

The Destruction of the
European Jews

* Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos

Functionalism versus
intentionalism

Remembrance

* Days of remembrance
* Memorials and museums
* Righteous Among the Nations

* v
* t
* e

Holocaust denial is a form of genocide denial drawing on antisemitic[a] conspiracy theories[1] that asserts that the Nazi genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, is a myth, fabrication, or exaggeration.[2][3][4] Holocaust deniers make one or more of the following false statements:[5][6][7]

* Nazi Germany's Final Solution was aimed only at deporting Jews and did not include their extermination.
* Nazi authorities did not use extermination camps and gas chambers for the genocidal mass murder of Jews.
* The actual number of Jews murdered is significantly lower than the accepted figure of approximately 6 million, typically around a tenth of that figure.
* The Holocaust is a hoax perpetrated by the Allies, Jews, and/or Soviet Union.[3][8]

The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores overwhelming historical evidence to the contrary.[9] Scholars use the term denial to describe the views and methodology of Holocaust deniers in order to distinguish them from legitimate historical revisionists, who challenge orthodox interpretations of history using established historical methodologies.[10] Holocaust deniers generally do not accept denial as an appropriate description of their activities and use the euphemism revisionism instead.[11] In some former Eastern Bloc countries, Holocaust deniers do not deny the mass murder of Jews but deny the participation of their own nationals in the Holocaust.[12]

Holocaust denial is considered a serious societal problem in many places where it occurs, and it is illegal in Israel and many European countries.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Background
* 2.1 Denial as a means of genocide
* 2.2 Efforts to conceal the historical record
* 2.2.1 German efforts
* 2.2.2 French collaboration in archive destruction
* 2.3 Efforts to preserve the historical record
* 2.3.1 During the war
* 2.3.2 Immediate post-war period
* 2.3.3 Nuremberg trials
* 2.3.4 Trial of Adolf Eichmann
* 3 Significant individuals and organizations
* 3.1 Maurice Bardèche
* 3.2 Harry Elmer Barnes
* 3.3 Beginnings of modern denialism
* 3.4 Institute for Historical Review
* 3.5 James Keegstra
* 3.6 Zündel trials
* 3.7 Bradley Smith and the CODOH
* 3.8 Ernst Nolte
* 3.9 Mayer controversy
* 4 False equivalence and effect
* 4.1 Denialist focus on Allied war crimes
* 4.2 Propaganda
* 5 Middle East
* 5.1 General
* 5.2 Palestinian territories
* 5.3 Iran
* 5.4 Turkey
* 6 Eastern Europe
* 7 Western Europe
* 8 Other
* 9 Reactions to Holocaust denial
* 9.1 Scholars
* 9.2 Public figures
* 9.3 Former Auschwitz SS personnel
* 9.4 Holocaust denial and antisemitism
* 10 Examination of claims
* 11 Laws against Holocaust denial
* 11.1 David Irving conviction
* 12 Genocide denials
* 13 See also
* 14 Footnotes
* 15 References
* 15.1 Citations
* 15.2 Bibliography
* 16 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

Holocaust deniers prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism, and object to being referred to as "deniers".[11] Emory University professor Deborah Lipstadt has written that: "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past."[13] Scholars consider this misleading since the methods of Holocaust denial differ from those of legitimate historical revision.[14] Legitimate historical revisionism is explained in a resolution adopted by the Duke University History Department, November 8, 1991, and reprinted in Duke Chronicle, November 13, 1991 in response to an advertisement produced by Bradley R Smith's Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust:[15]

> That historians are constantly engaged in historical revision is certainly correct; however, what historians do is very different from this advertisement. Historical revision of major events ... is not concerned with the actuality of these events; rather, it concerns their historical interpretation – their causes and consequences generally.

Lipstadt writes that modern Holocaust denial draws its inspiration from various sources, including a school of thought which used an established method to question government policies.[16]

In 1992, Donald L. Niewyk gave some examples of how legitimate historical revisionism—the re-examination of accepted history and its updating with newly discovered, more accurate, or less-biased information—may be applied to the study of the Holocaust as new facts emerge to change the historical understanding of it:

> With the main features of the Holocaust clearly visible to all but the willfully blind, historians have turned their attention to aspects of the story for which the evidence is incomplete or ambiguous. These are not minor matters by any means, but turn on such issues as Hitler's role in the event, Jewish responses to persecution, and reactions by onlookers both inside and outside Nazi-controlled Europe.[17]

In contrast, the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach on the predetermined idea that the Holocaust, as understood by mainstream historiography, did not occur.[9] Sometimes referred to as "negationism", from the French term négationnisme introduced by Henry Rousso,[18] Holocaust deniers attempt to rewrite history by minimizing, denying, or simply ignoring essential facts. Koenraad Elst writes:

> Negationism means the denial of historical crimes against humanity. It is not a reinterpretation of known facts, but the denial of known facts. The term negationism has gained currency as the name of a movement to deny a specific crime against humanity, the Nazi genocide on the Jews in 1941–45, also known as the Holocaust (Greek: complete burning) or the Shoah (Hebrew: disaster). Negationism is mostly identified with the effort at re-writing history in such a way that the fact of the Holocaust is omitted.[19]

In "Secondary Anti-Semitism: From Hard-Core to Soft-Core Denial of the Shoah", Clemens Heni [de] writes:

> Contrary to the hard-core version, soft-core denial is often not easily identifiable. Often it is tolerated, or even encouraged and reproduced in the mainstream, not only in Germany. Scholars have only recently begun to unravel this disturbing phenomenon. Manfred Gerstenfeld discusses Holocaust trivialization in an article published in 2008. In Germany in 2007 two scholars, Thorsten Eitz and Georg Stötzel, published a voluminous dictionary of German language and discourse regarding National Socialism and the Holocaust. It includes chapters on Holocaust trivialization and contrived comparisons, such as the infamous "atomic Holocaust", "Babycaust," "Holocaust of abortion", "red Holocaust" or "biological Holocaust."[20]

## Background[edit | edit source]

### Denial as a means of genocide[edit | edit source]

Lawrence Douglas argues that denial was invented by the perpetrators and employed as a means of genocide. For example, trucks of Zyklon B were labeled with Red Cross symbols and victims were told that they would be "resettled". Douglas also cites the Posen speeches as an example of denial while genocide was ongoing, with Himmler referring to the Holocaust as "an unnamed and never to be named page of glory". Denial of the mass murder of gas chambers, according to Douglas, repeats the Nazi efforts to persuade the victims that they were actually harmless showers.[21]

### Efforts to conceal the historical record[edit | edit source]

#### German efforts[edit | edit source]

Further information: Sonderaktion 1005

File:Jewish prisoners forced to work for a Sonderkommando 1005 unit pose next to a bone crushing machine in the Janowska concentration camp.jpg

Members of a Sonderkommando 1005 unit pose next to a bone-crushing machine in the Janowska concentration camp (photo taken in August 1944, after camp's liberation).

While the Second World War was still underway, the Nazis had already formed a contingency plan that if defeat was imminent they would carry out the total destruction of German records.[22] Historians have documented evidence that as Germany's defeat became imminent and Nazi leaders realized they would most likely be captured and brought to trial, great effort was made to destroy all evidence of mass extermination. Heinrich Himmler instructed his camp commandants to destroy records, crematoria, and other signs of mass extermination.[23] As one of many examples, the bodies of the 25,000 mostly Latvian Jews whom Friedrich Jeckeln and the soldiers under his command had shot at Rumbula (near Riga) in late 1941 were dug up and burned in 1943.[24] Similar operations were undertaken at Belzec, Treblinka and other death camps.[23]

#### French collaboration in archive destruction[edit | edit source]

In occupied France, the situation with respect to preserving war records was not much better, partly as a result of French state secrecy rules dating back to well before the war aimed at protecting the French government and the state from embarrassing revelations, and partly to avoid culpability. For example, at Liberation, the Prefecture of Police destroyed nearly all of the massive archive of Jewish arrest and deportation.[22]

### Efforts to preserve the historical record[edit | edit source]

#### During the war[edit | edit source]

One of the earliest efforts to save historical record of the Holocaust occurred during the war, in France, where Drancy internment camp records were carefully preserved and turned over to the new National Office for Veterans and Victims of War; however, the bureau then held them in secret, refusing to release copies later, even to the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation.[citation needed]

In 1943, Isaac Schneersohn, anticipating the need for a center to document and preserve the memory of the persecution for historical reasons and also support claims post-war, gathered together 40 representatives from Jewish organizations in Grenoble which was under Italian occupation at the time[25] in order to form a centre de documentation.[26] Exposure meant the death penalty, and as a result little actually happened before liberation.[27] Serious work began after the center moved to Paris in late 1944 and was renamed the CDJC.[26][27]

#### Immediate post-war period[edit | edit source]

File:Ohrdruf Corpses Eisenhower.jpg

April 12, 1945: Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley and George S. Patton inspect an improvised crematory pyre at Ohrdruf concentration camp.

In 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize the documentation of Nazi crimes as propaganda and took steps against it.[28] Eisenhower, upon finding the victims of Nazi concentration camps, ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and made to bury the dead.[29][30]

#### Nuremberg trials[edit | edit source]

File:Evidence in Nuremberg trials.jpg

United States Army clerks with evidence collected for the Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg trials took place in Germany after the war in 1945–1946. The stated aim was to dispense justice in retribution for atrocities of the German government. This Allied intention to administer justice post-war was first announced in 1943 in the Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe and reiterated at the Yalta Conference and at Berlin in 1945.[31] While the intention was not specifically to preserve the historical record of the Holocaust, some of the core documents required to prosecute the cases were provided to them by the CDJC, and much of the huge trove of archives were then transferred to the CDJC after the trials and became the core of future Holocaust historiography.[32]

The Nuremberg trials were important historically, but the events were still very recent, television was in its infancy and not present, and there was little public impact. There were isolated moments of limited public awareness from Hollywood films such as The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) or the 1961 Judgment at Nuremberg which had some newsreel footage of actual scenes from liberated Nazi concentration camps including scenes of piles of naked corpses laid out in rows and bulldozed into large pits, which was considered exceptionally graphic for the time. Public awareness changed when the Eichmann trial riveted the world's attention fifteen years after Nuremberg.[33][34]

#### Trial of Adolf Eichmann[edit | edit source]

Main article: Eichmann trial

In 1961, the Israeli government captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial for war crimes. Chief prosecutor Gideon Hausner's intentions were not only to demonstrate Eichmann's guilt personally but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record.[35]

The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage.[36] Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story.[35] Israelis had the opportunity to watch live television broadcasts of the proceedings, and videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day.[35][37]

## Significant individuals and organizations[edit | edit source]

See also: Category:Holocaust deniers

In the immediate aftermath of the war, prior to the extensive documentation efforts by the Allied forces, a sense of disbelief caused many to deny the initial reports of the Holocaust.[38][clarification needed] Compounding this disbelief was the memory of forged newspaper accounts of the German Corpse Factory, an anti-German atrocity propaganda campaign during WWI, which was widely known to be false by 1945.[39]

During the 1930s, the Nazi government used this propaganda against the British, claiming allegations of concentration camps were malicious lies put forward by the British government, and historians Joachim Neander and Randal Marlin note that this story "encouraged later disbelief when early reports circulated about the Holocaust under Hitler".[39] Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee, noted that these reports were similar to "stories of employment of human corpses during the last war for the manufacture of fat which was a grotesque lie"; likewise, The Christian Century commented that "The parallel between this story and the 'corpse factory' atrocity tale of the First World War is too striking to be overlooked."[40] Neander notes that "There can be no doubt that the reported commercial use of the corpses of the murdered Jews undermined the credibility of the news coming from Poland and delayed action that might have rescued many Jewish lives."[40]

The Neo-Nazi movement has been revitalized by Holocaust denial. Small but vocal numbers of Neo-Nazis realized that recreation of a Hitlerite-style regime may be impossible, but a replica might be produced in the future; the rehabilitation of Nazism, they concluded, required the discrediting of the Holocaust.[41]

### Maurice Bardèche[edit | edit source]

The first person to openly write after the end of World War II that he doubted the reality of the Holocaust was French journalist Maurice Bardèche in his 1948 book Nuremberg ou la Terre promise ("Nuremberg or the Promised Land").[42] Viewed as "the father-figure of Holocaust denial", Bardèche introduced in his works many aspects of neo-fascist and Holocaust denial propaganda techniques and ideological structures; his work is deemed influential in regenerating post-war European far-right ideas at a time of identity crisis in the 1950–1960s.[43][44][45] His arguments formed the basis of numerous works of Holocaust denial that followed: "testimonies are not reliable, essentially coming from the mouth of Jews and communists", "atrocities committed in camps were the fact of deportees [essentially the kapos]", "disorganization occurred in Nazi camps following the first German defeats", "the high mortality is due to the 'weakening' of prisoners and epidemics", "only lice were gassed in Auschwitz", etc.[46]

### Harry Elmer Barnes[edit | edit source]

Harry Elmer Barnes, at one time a mainstream American historian, assumed a Holocaust-denial stance in his later years. Between World War I and World War II, Barnes was an anti-war writer and a leader of the historical revisionism movement. Starting in 1924, Barnes worked closely with the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War, a German government-funded think tank whose sole purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was the victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the Versailles Treaty was morally invalid.[47] Headed by Major Alfred von Wegerer, a völkisch activist, the organization portrayed itself as a scholarly society, but historians later described it as "a clearinghouse for officially desirable views on the outbreak of the war."[48]

Following World War II, Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and Japan, including the Holocaust, were wartime propaganda that had been used to justify the United States' involvement in World War II. Barnes claimed that there were two false claims made about World War II, namely that Germany started the war in 1939, and the Holocaust, which Barnes claimed did not happen.[49]

In his 1962 pamphlet, Revisionism and Brainwashing, Barnes claimed that there was a "lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct".[50] Barnes argued that there was "a failure to point out the atrocities of the Allies were more brutal, painful, mortal and numerous than the most extreme allegations made against the Germans".[51] He claimed that in order to justify the "horrors and evils of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazis the "scapegoat" for their own misdeeds.[49]

Barnes cited the French Holocaust denier Paul Rassinier, whom Barnes called a "distinguished French historian" who had exposed the "exaggerations of the atrocity stories".[51] In a 1964 article, "Zionist Fraud", published in the American Mercury, Barnes wrote: "The courageous author [Rassinier] lays the chief blame for misrepresentation on those whom we must call the swindlers of the crematoria, the Israeli politicians who derive billions of marks from nonexistent, mythical and imaginary cadavers, whose numbers have been reckoned in an unusually distorted and dishonest manner."[51] Using Rassinier as his source, Barnes claimed that Germany was the victim of aggression in both 1914 and 1939 and that reports of the Holocaust were propaganda to justify a war of aggression against Germany.[51]

### Beginnings of modern denialism[edit | edit source]

In 1961, a protégé of Barnes, David Hoggan, published Der erzwungene Krieg (The Forced War) in West Germany, which claimed that Germany had been the victim of an Anglo-Polish conspiracy in 1939. Though Der erzwungene Krieg was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also down-played or justified the effects of Nazi antisemitic measures in the pre-1939 period.[52] For example, Hoggan justified the huge one billion Reichsmark fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews were murdered in the Kristallnacht).[52] Subsequently, Hoggan explicitly denied the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled The Myth of the Six Million, which was published by the Noontide Press, a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemitic literature.[53]

In 1964, Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews. Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor (he was held in Buchenwald for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis), and modern-day deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust. Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors.[54][page needed]

Austin App, a La Salle University medieval English literature professor, is considered the first major mainstream American holocaust denier.[55][56] App defended the Germans and Nazi Germany during World War II. He published numerous articles, letters, and books on Holocaust denial, quickly building a loyal following. App's work inspired the Institute for Historical Review, a California center founded in 1978 whose sole task is the denial of the Holocaust.[57]

The publication of Arthur Butz's The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry in 1976; and David Irving's Hitler's War in 1977 brought other similarly inclined individuals into the fold.[58][page needed] Butz was a tenured associate professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University. In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a French professor of literature at the University of Lyon, wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chambers used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist. A colleague of Faurisson, Jean-Claude Pressac, who initially shared Faurisson's views, later became convinced of the Holocaust's evidence while investigating documents at Auschwitz in 1979. He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book, Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers.[59]

Henry Bienen, the former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as an "embarrassment to Northwestern".[60] In 2006, sixty of Butz's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz's Holocaust denial as "an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars".[61] The letter also called for Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".[61]

### Institute for Historical Review[edit | edit source]

In 1978 the American far-right activist Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), an organization dedicated to publicly challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust.[62] The IHR's founding was inspired by Austin App, a La Salle professor of medieval English literature and considered the first major American holocaust denier.[56] The IHR sought from the beginning to establish itself within the broad tradition of historical revisionism, by soliciting token supporters who were not from a neo-Nazi background such as James J. Martin and Samuel Edward Konkin III, and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and American anti-war historian Harry Elmer Barnes, in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial had a base of support beyond neo-Nazis. The IHR republished most of Barnes's writings, which had been out of print since his death. While it included articles on other topics and sold books by mainstream historians, the majority of material published and distributed by IHR was devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust.[63][page needed]

In 1980, the IHR promised a $50,000 reward to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. Mel Mermelstein wrote a letter to the editors of the Los Angeles Times and others including The Jerusalem Post. The IHR wrote back, offering him $50,000 for proof that Jews were, in fact, gassed in the gas chambers at Auschwitz. Mermelstein, in turn, submitted a notarized account of his internment at Auschwitz and how he witnessed Nazi guards ushering his mother and two sisters and others towards (as he learned later) gas chamber number five. Despite this, the IHR refused to pay the reward. Represented by public interest attorney William John Cox, Mermelstein subsequently sued the IHR in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County for breach of contract, anticipatory repudiation, libel, injurious denial of established fact, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and declaratory relief. On October 9, 1981, both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for summary judgment in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County took "judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944,"[64][65] judicial notice meaning that the court treated the gas chambers as common knowledge, and therefore did not require evidence that the gas chambers existed. On August 5, 1985, Judge Robert A. Wenke entered a judgment based upon the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment agreed upon by the parties on July 22, 1985. The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other survivors of Auschwitz" for "pain, anguish and suffering" caused to them.[65]

In the "About the IHR" statement on their website, the IHR states, "The IHR does not 'deny' the Holocaust. Indeed, the IHR as such has no 'position' on any specific event...."[66] British historian Richard J. Evans wrote that the Institute's acknowledgment "that a relatively small number of Jews were killed" was a means to draw attention away from its primary beliefs, i.e. that the number of victims was not in the millions and that Jews were not systematically murdered in gas chambers.[67]

### James Keegstra[edit | edit source]

Further information: R. v. Keegstra

In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high-school teacher, was charged under the Canadian Criminal Code for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had "created the Holocaust to gain sympathy." He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews.[68]

Keegstra was charged under s 281.2(2) of the Criminal Code[citation needed] (now s 319(2)), which provides that "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group" commits a criminal offence.[69] He was convicted at trial before the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench. The court rejected the argument, advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer, Doug Christie, that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per s 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Keegstra appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. That court agreed with Keegstra, and he was acquitted. The Crown then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled by a 4–3 majority that promoting hatred could be justifiably restricted under s 1 of the Charter. The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction.[70] He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterward.[71]

### Zündel trials[edit | edit source]

Further information: Leuchter report

The Toronto-based photo retoucher Ernst Zündel operated a small-press called Samisdat Publishers, which published and distributed Holocaust-denial material such as Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood (a pseudonym of Richard Verrall – a British neo-Nazi). In 1985, he was tried in R. v. Zundel and convicted under a "false news" law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontario court for "disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust".[72] The Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial. Zündel's conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, leading to a second trial in 1988, in which he was again convicted. The 1988 trial included, as witnesses for the defence, Fred A. Leuchter, David Irving and Robert Faurisson. The pseudo-scientific Leuchter report was presented as a defence document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel's Samisdat Publishers, and in Britain in 1989 by Irving's Focal Point Publishing. In both of his trials, Zündel was defended by Douglas Christie and Barbara Kulaszka. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the "false news" law unconstitutional.[72]

Zündel had a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which publicises his viewpoints.[73] In January 2002, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling in a complaint involving his website, in which it was found to be contravening the Canadian Human Rights Act. The court ordered Zündel to cease communicating hate messages. In February 2003, the American INS arrested him in Tennessee, US, on an immigration violations matter, and few days later, Zündel was sent back to Canada, where he tried to gain refugee status. Zündel remained in prison until March 1, 2005, when he was deported to Germany and prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda. On February 15, 2007, Zündel was convicted on 14 counts of incitement under Germany's Volksverhetzung law, which bans the incitement of hatred against a portion of the population and given the maximum sentence of five years in prison.[74]

### Bradley Smith and the CODOH[edit | edit source]

In 1987, Bradley R. Smith, a former media director of the Institute for Historical Review,[75] founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH).[76] In the United States, CODOH has repeatedly attempted to place advertisements questioning whether the Holocaust happened, especially in college campus newspapers.[77]

Bradley Smith took his message to college students—with little success. Smith referred to his tactics as the CODOH campus project. He said, "I don't want to spend time with adults anymore, I want to go to students. They are superficial. They are empty vessels to be filled." "What I wanted to do was I wanted to set forth three or four ideas that students might be interested in, that might cause them to think about things or to have questions about things. And I wanted to make it as simple as possible, and to set it up in a way that could not really be debated."[78] Holocaust deniers have placed "Full page advertisements in college and university newspapers, including those of Brandeis University, Boston College, Pennsylvania State University, and Queens College (part of CUNY). Some of these ads arguing that the Holocaust never happened ran without comment; others generated op-ed pieces by professors and students".[79] On September 8, 2009, student newspaper The Harvard Crimson ran a paid ad from Bradley R Smith. It was quickly criticized and the editor issued an apology, saying publishing the ad was a mistake.[80]

### Ernst Nolte[edit | edit source]

The German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte, starting in the 1980s, advanced a set of theories, which though not denying the Holocaust appeared to flirt with an Italian Holocaust denier, Carlo Mattogno, as a serious historian.[81] In a letter to the Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka of December 8, 1986, Nolte criticized the work of the French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson on the ground that the Holocaust did occur, but went on to argue that Faurisson's work was motivated by what Nolte claimed were the admirable motives of sympathy towards the Palestinians and opposition to Israel.[82] In his 1987 book Der europäische Bürgerkrieg (The European Civil War), Nolte claimed that the intentions of Holocaust deniers are "often honourable", and that some of their claims are "not obviously without foundation".[81][83] Nolte himself, though he has never denied the occurrence of the Holocaust, has claimed that the Wannsee Conference of 1942 never happened and that the minutes of the conference were post-war forgeries done by "biased" Jewish historians designed to discredit Germany.[83]

The British historian Ian Kershaw has argued that Nolte was operating on the borderlines of Holocaust denial with his implied claim that the "negative myth" of Nazi Germany was created by Jewish historians, his allegations of the domination of Holocaust scholarship by "biased" Jewish historians, and his statements that one should withhold judgment on Holocaust deniers, whom Nolte takes considerable pains to stress are not exclusively Germans or fascists.[84] In Kershaw's opinion, Nolte is attempting to imply that perhaps Holocaust deniers are on to something.[84]

In a 1990 interview, Nolte implied that there was something to the Leuchter report: "If the revisionists [Holocaust deniers] and Leuchter among them have made it clear to the public that even 'Auschwitz' must be an object of scientific inquiry and controversy then they should be given credit for this. Even if it finally turned out that the number of victims was even greater and the procedures were even more horrific than has been assumed until now."[85] In his 1993 book Streitpunkte (Points of Contention), Nolte praised the work of Holocaust deniers as superior to "mainstream scholars".[86] Nolte wrote that "radical revisionists have presented research which, if one is familiar with the source material and the critique of the sources, is probably superior to that of the established historians of Germany".[86][87] In a 1994 interview with Der Spiegel magazine, Nolte stated "I cannot rule out the importance of the investigation of the gas chambers in which they looked for remnants of the [chemical process engendered by Zyklon B]", and that "'Of course, I am against revisionists, but Fred Leuchter's 'study' of the Nazi gas ovens has to be given attention because one has to stay open to 'other' ideas."[88]

The British historian Richard J. Evans in his 1989 book In Hitler's Shadow expressed the view that Nolte's reputation as a scholar was in ruins as a result of these and other controversial statements on his part.[89] The American historian Deborah Lipstadt in a 2003 interview stated:

> Historians such as the German Ernst Nolte are, in some ways, even more dangerous than the deniers. Nolte is an anti-Semite of the first order, who attempts to rehabilitate Hitler by saying that he was no worse than Stalin; but he is careful not to deny the Holocaust. Holocaust-deniers make Nolte's life more comfortable. They have, with their radical argumentation, pulled the center a little more to their side. Consequently, a less radical extremist, such as Nolte, finds himself closer to the middle ground, which makes him more dangerous.[90]

### Mayer controversy[edit | edit source]

In 1988, the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book entitled Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, which did not explicitly deny the Holocaust, but according to Lucy Dawidowicz lent support to Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were the victims of "natural causes" such as disease, not gassing.[91] Dawidowicz argued that Mayer's statements about Auschwitz were "a breathtaking assertion".[92] Holocaust historian Robert Jan van Pelt has written that Mayer's book is as close as a mainstream historian has ever come to supporting Holocaust denial.[93] Holocaust deniers such as David Irving have often cited Mayer's book as one reason for embracing Holocaust denial.[93] Though Mayer has been often condemned for his statement about the reasons for the Auschwitz death toll, his book does not deny the use of gas chambers at Auschwitz, as Holocaust deniers often claim.[94]

Some mainstream Holocaust historians have labeled Mayer a denier. The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer wrote that Mayer "popularizes the nonsense that the Nazis saw in Marxism and Bolshevism their main enemy, and the Jews unfortunately got caught up in this; when he links the destruction of the Jews to the ups and downs of German warfare in the Soviet Union, in a book that is so cocksure of itself that it does not need a proper scientific apparatus, he is really engaging in a much more subtle form of Holocaust denial".[95]

Defenders of Mayer argue that his statement that "Sources for the study of the gas chambers are at once rare and unreliable" has been taken out of context, particularly by Holocaust deniers.[96] Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman observe that the paragraph from which the statement is taken asserts that the SS destroyed the majority of the documentation relating to the operation of the gas chambers in the death camps, which is why Mayer feels that sources for the operation of the gas chambers are "rare" and "unreliable".[97]

## False equivalence and effect[edit | edit source]

### Denialist focus on Allied war crimes[edit | edit source]

The focus on so-called Allied atrocities during the war has been a theme in Holocaust denial literature, particularly in countries where outright denial of the Holocaust is illegal.[98] According to historian Deborah Lipstadt, the concept of "comparable Allied wrongs", such as the expulsion of Germans after World War II and the bombing of Dresden,[99] is at the center of, and a continuously repeated theme of, contemporary Holocaust denial; a phenomenon she calls "immoral equivalencies".[100] Pierre Vidal-Naquet pointed out the same phenomenon in the earlier version of Les Assassins de la mémoire under the title Auschwitz et le tiers monde (Les Assassins de la mémoire, Paris, 2005, pp. 170–180), and accurately about the declarations of Klaus Barbie's lawyer Jacques Vergès. In 1977, Martin Broszat, in a review of David Irving's book Hitler's War, maintained that the picture of World War II drawn by Irving was done in a such way to imply moral equivalence between the actions of the Axis and Allied states with both sides equally guilty of terrible crimes, leading to Hitler's "fanatical, destructive will to annihilate" being downgraded to being "no longer an exceptional phenomenon".[101]

### Propaganda[edit | edit source]

According to James Najarian,[who?] Holocaust deniers working for the Institute for Historical Review are not trained in history and "put out sham scholarly articles in the mock-academic publication, the Journal of Historical Review".[102] They appeal to "our objectivity, our sense of fair play, and our distrust of figurative language".[103] Thus, they rely on facts to grab the readers' attention. These facts, however, are strung by what Najarian calls "fabricated decorum" and are re-interpreted for their use. For example, they pay particular attention to inconsistencies in numbers.[104][clarification needed]

Holocaust denial propaganda in all forms has been shown to influence the audiences that it reaches. In fact, even the well-educated—that is, college graduates and current university students alike—are susceptible to such propaganda when it is presented before them. This stems from the growing disbelief that audiences feel after being exposed to such information, especially since Holocaust witnesses themselves are decreasing in number.[105] Studies centered on the psychological effects of Holocaust denial propaganda confirm this assertion. Linda M. Yelland and William F. Stone, in particular, show that Denial essays decrease readers' belief in the Holocaust, regardless of their prior Holocaust awareness.[106]

## Middle East[edit | edit source]

### General[edit | edit source]

Gamal Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt, told a German newspaper in 1964 that "no person, not even the most simple one, takes seriously the lie of the six million Jews that were murdered [in the Holocaust]."[107][108]

Denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern figures and media. Holocaust denial is sponsored by some Middle Eastern governments, including Iran[109] and Syria.[110] In 2006 Robert Satloff writing in The Washington Post, reported that "A respected Holocaust research institution recently reported that Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia all promote Holocaust denial and protect Holocaust deniers."[111]

Prominent figures from the Middle East have rarely made publicized visits to Auschwitz—Israel's Arab community being the exception. In 2010, Hadash MK Mohammed Barakeh visited, following a previous visit of two other Arab-Israeli lawmakers, and a group of about 100 Arab-Israeli writers and clerics in 2003.[112]

### Palestinian territories[edit | edit source]

Further information: Racism in the Palestinian territories

Individuals from the Palestinian Authority, Hamas, and a number of Palestinian groups have engaged in various aspects of Holocaust denial.[113] Hamas have promoted Holocaust denial;[114] Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi held that the Holocaust never occurred, that Zionists were behind the action of Nazis, and that Zionists funded Nazism.[115] A press release by Hamas in April 2000 decried "the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis".[116] In August 2009, Hamas' told UNRWA that it would "refuse" to allow Palestinian children to study the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime".[117] Hamas continued to hold this position in 2011, when the organization's Ministry for Refugee Affairs said that Holocaust education was "intended to poison the minds of our children."[118]

The thesis of the 1982 doctoral dissertation of Mahmoud Abbas, a co-founder of Fatah and president of the Palestinian National Authority, was "The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement".[119][120][115] In his 1983 book The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism based on the dissertation, Abbas denied that six million Jews had died in the Holocaust; dismissing it as a "myth" and a "fantastic lie".[121] At most, he wrote, 890,000 Jews were murdered by the Germans. Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure [six million] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand."[115][122][123][124][125]

In his March 2006 interview with Haaretz, Abbas stated, "I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss numbers. I quoted an argument between historians in which various numbers of casualties were mentioned. One wrote there were 12 million victims and another wrote there were 800,000. I have no desire to argue with the figures. The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind. The Holocaust was a terrible thing and nobody can claim I denied it."[126] While acknowledging the existence of the Holocaust in 2006 and 2014,[127] Abbas has defended the position that Zionists collaborated with the Nazis to perpetrate it. In 2012, Abbas told Al Mayadeen, a Beirut TV station affiliated with Iran and Hezbollah, that he "challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had ties with the Nazis before World War II".[128]

Surveys conducted by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa found that the fraction of Israeli Arabs denying that millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis increased from 28% in 2006 to 40% in 2008.[129] Smooha commented:

> In Arab eyes disbelief in the very happening of the Shoah is not hate of Jews (embedded in the denial of the Shoah in the West) but rather a form of protest. Arabs not believing in the event of Shoah intend to express strong objection to the portrayal of the Jews as the ultimate victim and to the underrating of the Palestinians as a victim. They deny Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to. Arab disbelief in the Shoah is a component of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, unlike the ideological and anti-Semitic denial of the Holocaust and the desire to escape guilt in the West.[129]

### Iran[edit | edit source]

File:Rio does not welcome Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.jpg

Protest in Brazil against former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, criticising his Holocaust denial

Former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad frequently denied the Holocaust,[130] formally 'questioning' the reliability of the historical evidence,[131] although he on occasion confirmed belief in it.[132][133] In a December 2005 speech, Ahmadinejad said that a legend was fabricated and had been promoted to protect Israel. He said:

> They have fabricated a legend, under the name of the Massacre of the Jews, and they hold it higher than God himself, religion itself and the prophets themselves.... If somebody in their country questions God, nobody says anything, but if somebody denies the myth of the massacre of Jews, the Zionist loudspeakers and the governments in the pay of Zionism will start to scream.[134]

The remarks immediately provoked international controversy as well as swift condemnation from government officials in Israel, Europe, and the United States. All six political parties in the German parliament signed a joint resolution condemning Ahmadinejad's Holocaust denial.[135] In contrast, Hamas political leader Khaled Mashaal described Ahmadinejad's comments as "courageous" and stated, "Muslim people will defend Iran because it voices what they have in their hearts, in particular the Palestinian people."[136] In the United States, the Muslim Public Affairs Council condemned Ahmadinejad's remarks.[137] In 2005, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust" in defending Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust.[138]

On December 11, 2006, the Iranian state-sponsored "International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust" began to widespread condemnation.[139] The conference, called for and held at the behest of Ahmadinejad,[140] was widely described as a "Holocaust denial conference" or a "meeting of Holocaust deniers",[141] though Iran denied it was a Holocaust denial conference.[142] A few months before it opened, the Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi stated: "The Holocaust is not a sacred issue that one can't touch. I have visited the Nazi camps in Eastern Europe. I think it is exaggerated."[143]

In 2013, in an interview with CNN, newly elected Iranian President Hassan Rouhani condemned the Holocaust, stating: "I can tell you that any crime that happens in history against humanity, including the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non-Jews is reprehensible and condemnable. Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews, we condemn."[144] Iranian media later accused CNN of fabricating Rouhani's comments.[145]

In his official 2013 Nowruz address, Supreme Leader of Iran Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei questioned the veracity of the Holocaust, remarking that "The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened."[146][147] This was consistent with Khamenei's previous comments regarding the Holocaust.[148]

In 2015, the House of Cartoon and the Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran organized the Second International Holocaust Cartoon Competition,[149] a competition in which artists were encouraged to submit cartoons on the theme of Holocaust denial. The winner of the contest will receive $12,000. Hamshahri, a popular Iranian newspaper, held a similar contest in 2006.[150]

### Turkey[edit | edit source]

In Turkey, in 1996, the Islamic preacher Adnan Oktar under the pen name of Harun Yahya, distributed thousands of copies of a book which was originally published the previous year, entitled Soykırım Yalanı ("The Genocide Lie", referring to the Holocaust) and mailed unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges.[151] The publication of Soykırım Yalanı sparked much public debate.[152] This book claims, "what is presented as Holocaust is the death of some Jews due to the typhus plague during the war and the famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans."[153] In March 1996, a Turkish painter and intellectual, Bedri Baykam, published a strongly worded critique of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper Siyah-Beyaz ("Black and White"). A legal suit for slander was brought against him. During the trial in September, Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar.[152] The suit was withdrawn in March 1997.[154][155]

## Eastern Europe[edit | edit source]

In some Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, and Romania, Holocaust deniers do not deny the very fact of mass murder of Jews, but deny some national or regional elements of the Holocaust.[12]

According to Zvi Gitelman, Soviet writers tended either to ignore or downplay the Holocaust, treating it as one small part of a larger phenomenon of 20 million dead Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War. According to Gitelman, Soviet authorities were concerned about raising the consciousness of Soviet Jews and retarding their assimilation to the greater Soviet population. The Holocaust also raised the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, an uncomfortable topic for Soviet historiography.[156]

In 2018, the United States Department of State warned about "the glorification of the Ustasha regime and denial of the Holocaust" in Croatia, citing the placement of a plaque with the Ustasha-era salute 'Za dom spremni' on the grounds of a concentration camp memorial site, far-right rallies and the concert of the controversial band Thompson among other events.[157] Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center describes Croatia as a "cradle of Holocaust distortion".[158] Holocaust denial in Croatia typically involves the downplaying or denial of the Holocaust carried out by the Ustasha regime, particularly against Serbs and Jews at the Jasenovac concentration camp and it is done by public figures, though the regime's victims also included Roma and anti-fascist Croats.[158][159][160] The Society for Research of the Threefold Jasenovac Camp in Croatia, an NGO with authors and academics among its members, claims that Jasenovac was a labour camp during World War II and that it was later used by Yugoslav Communists to imprison Ustasha members and regular Croatian Home Guard army troops until 1948, then alleged Stalinists until 1951.[161] Following a series of book publications denying the Ustashe regime's crimes, the Simon Wiesenthal Center urged Croatian authorities in 2019 to ban such works, noting that they "would immediately be banned in Germany and Austria and rightfully so".[162][163]

In Hungary, Holocaust distortion and denial take place in the form of downplaying the country’s role in the killing and deportation of Jews. The Arrow Cross Party committed numerous crimes and killed or deported Jews. A total of 437,000 Jews were deported by Miklós Horthy's government in the Kingdom of Hungary, an Axis collaborator.[164][165]

In Serbia, Holocaust distortion and denial is manifested in the downplaying of Milan Nedić and Dimitrije Ljotić's roles in the extermination of Serbia's Jews in concentration camps in Nedić’s Serbia, by a number of Serbian historians.[166][167] Serb collaborationist armed forces, including the Chetniks, were involved, either directly or indirectly, in the mass killings of mainly Jews and Roma as well as Croats, Muslims and those Serbs who sided with any anti-German resistance.[168][169] Since the end of the war, Serbian collaboration in the Holocaust has been the subject of historical revisionism by Serbian leaders.[170]

In Slovakia, some anti-communist writers claim that Jozef Tiso was a savior of Jews or that the Slovak State was not responsible for the Holocaust in Slovakia.[171][172]

The post-Soviet radical right activists do not question the existence of Nazi death camps or Jewish ghettos. However, they deny the participation of local population in anti-Jewish pogroms or the contribution of national paramilitary organizations in capture and execution of Jews.[12] Thus, denial of the antisemitic nature and participation in the Holocaust of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army has become a central component of the intellectual history of the Ukrainian diaspora and nationalists.[173]

## Western Europe[edit | edit source]

In France, Holocaust denial became more prominent in the 1990s as négationnisme, though the movement has existed in ultra-left French politics since at least the 1960s, led by figures such as Pierre Guillaume (who was involved in the bookshop La Vieille Taupe during the 1960s). Elements of the extreme far-right in France have begun to build on each other's negationist arguments, which often span beyond the Holocaust to cover a range of antisemitic views, incorporating attempts to tie the Holocaust to the Biblical massacre of the Canaanites, critiques of Zionism, and other material fanning what has been called a "conspiratorial Judeo-phobia" designed to legitimize and "banalize" antisemitism.[174]

In Belgium in 2001, Roeland Raes, the ideologue and vice-president of one of the country's largest political parties, the Vlaams Blok, gave an interview on Dutch TV where he cast doubt over the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In the same interview, he questioned the scale of the Nazis' use of gas chambers and the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary. In response to the media assault following the interview, Raes was forced to resign his position but vowed to remain active within the party.[175] Three years later, the Vlaams Blok was convicted of racism and chose to disband. Immediately afterwards, it legally reformed under the new name Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) with the same leaders and the same membership.[176]

The trial of a Canadian woman, Monika Schaefer, and her German-Canadian brother, Alfred Schaefer started in Germany in early July 2018. They were charged with Volksverhetzung, "incitement to hatred". The pair had published video clips on YouTube of their denial of the genocide of Jews. In the clips, Alfred Schaefer said that Jews wanted to destroy Germans, blamed them for starting both World Wars, and referred to the Holocaust as a "Jewish fantasy".[177] Monika Schaefer was arrested in January 2018 in Germany while attending a court hearing of Sylvia Stolz.[178][179][180] Schaefer had been the Green Party candidate in the Alberta riding of Yellowhead during the federal elections in 2006, 2008, and 2011, but was expelled from the party after news reports surfaced of a July 2016 video[181] where she describes the Holocaust as "the most persistent lie in all of history" and insisted that those in concentration camps had been kept as healthy and as well-fed as possible.[182][183] In late October 2018, Monika Schaefer was convicted of the charge of "incitement of the people" (often reworded as incitement of hatred by the news media). She was sentenced to ten months while Alfred Schaefer, also convicted, received a sentence of three years and two months.[184]

In January 2019, a survey conducted by Opinion Matters, on behalf of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust found that 5% of UK adults did not believe the Holocaust took place and one in 12 (8%) believed its scale has been exaggerated. One in five respondents incorrectly answered that less than 2 million Jews were murdered, and 45% couldn't say how many people were murdered in the Holocaust. Speaking in light of the survey's findings, Karen Pollock, chief executive of the Holocaust Educational Trust, said: "One person questioning the truth of the Holocaust is one too many, and so it is up to us to redouble our efforts to ensure future generations know that it did happen and become witnesses to one of the darkest episodes in our history."[185] The BBC Radio 4 More or Less programme, specialising on statistics, investigated the survey finding it was unlikely to be accurate. Participants were incentivised to complete the online survey by shopping vouchers encouraging speedy answering, and the principal question was a "reverse question" with most participants having to give the reverse answer to surrounding questions requiring careful answering. Another question asked how many Jewish people had been murdered in the holocaust with only 0.2% of participants giving the answer zero, which was considered to be a closer estimate of the number of UK adults that did not believe the Holocaust took place.[186]

## Other[edit | edit source]

Japanese Holocaust denial first appeared in 1989 and reached its peak in 1995 with the publication in February 1995 by the Japanese magazine Marco Polo [ja], a 250,000-circulation monthly published by Bungei Shunju, of a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka[187] which stated: "The 'Holocaust' is a fabrication. There were no execution gas chambers in Auschwitz or in any other concentration camp. Today, what is displayed as 'gas chambers' at the remains of the Auschwitz camp in Poland are a post-war fabrication by the Polish communist regime or by the Soviet Union, which controlled the country. Not once, neither at Auschwitz nor in any territory controlled by the Germans during the Second World War, was there 'mass murder of Jews' in 'gas chambers."[188] The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center instigated a boycott of Bungei Shunju advertisers, including Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, and Cartier. Within days, Bungei Shunju shut down Marco Polo and its editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, quit, as did the president of Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka.[189]

According to a 2020 survey of American adult Millennials and Generation Z members, 24% said the Holocaust might be a myth or had been exaggerated.[190][191]

## Reactions to Holocaust denial[edit | edit source]

In 2022, the United Nations adopted a resolution aimed at combating Holocaust denial and antisemitism. The resolution was proposed by Germany and Israel.[192]

### Scholars[edit | edit source]

Further information: Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt

Scholarly response to Holocaust denial can be roughly divided into three categories. Some academics refuse to engage Holocaust deniers or their arguments at all, on grounds that doing so lends them unwarranted legitimacy.[193] The second group of scholars, typified by the American historian Deborah Lipstadt, have tried to raise awareness of the methods and motivations of Holocaust denial without legitimizing the deniers themselves. "We need not waste time or effort answering the deniers' contentions," Lipstadt wrote. "It would be never-ending.... Their commitment is to an ideology and their 'findings' are shaped to support it."[194] A third group, typified by the Nizkor Project, responds to arguments and claims made by Holocaust denial groups by pointing out inaccuracies and errors in their evidence.[195][196][197]

In December 1991 the American Historical Association, the oldest and largest society of historians and teachers of history in the United States, issued the following statement: "The American Historical Association Council strongly deplores the publicly reported attempts to deny the fact of the Holocaust. No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place."[198] This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near-unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged. The association's May 1991 statement was in response to an incident where certain of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust. The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts.[198] The AHA has also stated that Holocaust denial is "at best, a form of academic fraud".[199]

Literary theorist Jean Baudrillard described Holocaust denial as "part of the extermination itself".[200] Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel, during a 1999 discussion at the White House in Washington, D.C., called the Holocaust "the most documented tragedy in recorded history. Never before has a tragedy elicited so much witness from the killers, from the victims and even from the bystanders—millions of pieces here in the museum what you have, all other museums, archives in the thousands, in the millions."[201]

Deborah Lipstadt's 1993 book, Denying the Holocaust, sharply criticized various Holocaust deniers, including British author David Irving, for deliberately misrepresenting evidence to justify their preconceived conclusions. In the book, Lipstadt named Irving as "one of the more dangerous" Holocaust deniers, because he was a published author, and was viewed by some as a legitimate military historian. He was "familiar with historical evidence", she wrote, and "bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings and political agenda". In 1996, Irving filed a libel suit against Lipstadt and her publisher, Penguin Books. Irving, who appeared as a defense witness in Ernst Zündel's trial in Canada, and once declared at a rally of Holocaust deniers that "more women died in the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car than ever died in a gas chamber at Auschwitz,"[202] claimed that Lipstadt's allegation damaged his reputation. American historian Christopher Browning, an expert witness for the defense, wrote a comprehensive essay for the court summarizing the voluminous evidence for the reality of the Holocaust, and under cross-examination, effectively countered all of Irving's principal arguments to the contrary.[96] Cambridge historian Richard J. Evans, another defense expert witness, spent two years examining Irving's writings and confirmed his misrepresentations, including evidence that he had knowingly used forged documents as source material. After a two-month trial in London the trial judge, Justice Charles Gray, issued a 333-page ruling against Irving, which referred to him as a "Holocaust denier" and "right-wing pro-Nazi polemicist."[203]

Ken McVay, an American resident in Canada, was disturbed by the efforts of organizations like the Simon Wiesenthal Center to suppress the speech of the Holocaust deniers, feeling that it was better to confront them openly than to try to censor them. On the Usenet newsgroup alt.revisionism he began a campaign of "truth, fact, and evidence", working with other participants on the newsgroup to uncover factual information about the Holocaust and counter the arguments of the deniers by proving them to be based upon misleading evidence, false statements, and outright lies. He founded the Nizkor Project to expose the activities of the Holocaust deniers, who responded to McVay with personal attacks, slander, and death threats.[204]

### Public figures[edit | edit source]

A number of public figures have spoken out against Holocaust denial. In 2006, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said: "Remembering is a necessary rebuke to those who say the Holocaust never happened or has been exaggerated. Holocaust denial is the work of bigots; we must reject their false claims whenever, wherever and by whomever they are made."[205] In January 2007, the United Nations General Assembly condemned "without reservation any denial of the Holocaust", though Iran disassociated itself from the resolution.[206]

In July 2013, Iran's then president-elect Hassan Rohani described Ahmadinejad's remarks about the Holocaust and Israel as "hate rhetoric"[207] and in September 2013 Rohani stated that "The Nazis carried out a massacre that cannot be denied, especially against the Jewish people" and "The massacre by the Nazis was condemnable. We never want to sit by side with the Nazis...They committed a crime against Jews — which is a crime against ... all of humanity."[208] While declining to give a specific number of Jewish victims, Iranian analysts suggested that "Rouhani pushed the envelope as far as it could go ... without infuriating the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and other conservatives back home."[144]

### Former Auschwitz SS personnel[edit | edit source]

Critics of Holocaust denial also include members of the Auschwitz SS. Camp physician and SS-Untersturmführer Hans Münch considered the facts of Auschwitz "so firmly determined that one cannot have any doubt at all", and described those who negate what happened at the camp as "malevolent" people who have "personal interest to want to bury in silence things that cannot be buried in silence".[209] Zyklon B handler and SS-Oberscharführer Josef Klehr said that anyone who maintains that nobody was gassed at Auschwitz must be "crazy or in the wrong".[210] SS-Unterscharführer Oswald Kaduk stated that he did not consider those who maintain such a thing as normal people.[211] Hearing about Holocaust denial compelled former SS-Rottenführer Oskar Gröning to publicly speak about what he witnessed at Auschwitz, and denounce Holocaust deniers,[212] stating:

> I would like you to believe me. I saw the gas chambers. I saw the crematoria. I saw the open fires. I was on the ramp when the selections took place. I would like you to believe that these atrocities happened because I was there.[213][214]

### Holocaust denial and antisemitism[edit | edit source]

Holocaust denial is given as an example of antisemitism in the Working Definition of Antisemitism,[215] adopted by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance as well as the United Kingdom, Israel, Austria, Scotland, Romania, Germany and Bulgaria. The European Parliament voted in favor of a resolution calling for member states to adopt the definition on June 1, 2017.[216][217]

The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity defines Holocaust denial as "a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs".[218] The Anti-Defamation League has stated that "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy"[219] and French historian Valérie Igounet has written that "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism."[220]

According to Walter Reich, psychiatrist and then a senior scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, one-time director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and now professor of international affairs at George Washington University:

> The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened—indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?[221]

The French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet described the motivation of deniers more succinctly, explaining, "One revives the dead in order the better to strike the living."[222] German political scientist Matthias Küntzel has argued, "Every denial of the Holocaust... contains an appeal to repeat it."[223]

## Examination of claims[edit | edit source]

Main article: Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust

The key claims, which cause Holocaust denial to differ from established fact, are:[6][7]

* The Nazis had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews.
* The Nazis did not use gas chambers to mass murder Jews.[224]
* The figure of 5 to 6 million Jewish deaths is a gross exaggeration, and the actual number is an order of magnitude lower.

Other claims include the following:

* Stories of the Holocaust were a myth initially created by the Allies of World War II to demonize Germans,[7] Jews having spread this myth as part of a grander plot intended to enable the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and now to garner continuing support for the state of Israel.[225]
* Documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs to The Diary of Anne Frank, is fabricated.[7]
* Survivor testimonies are filled with errors and inconsistencies, and are thus unreliable.[7]
* Interrogators obtained Nazi prisoners' confessions of war crimes through the use of torture.[7]
* The Nazi treatment of Jews was no different from what the Allies did to their enemies in World War II.[226]

Holocaust denial is widely viewed as failing to adhere to principles for the treatment of evidence that mainstream historians (as well as scholars in other fields) regard as basic to rational inquiry.[227]

The Holocaust was well documented by the bureaucracy of the Nazi government itself.[228][229] It was further witnessed by the Allied forces who entered Germany and its associated Axis states towards the end of World War II.[230][231][232] It was also witnessed from the inside by non-Jewish captives such as Catholic French Resistance member André Rogerie who wrote extensively and testified about his experiences in seven camps including Auschwitz-Birkenau[233] and also produced the oldest contemporary sketch of a camp crematorium.[234]

According to researchers Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, there is a "convergence of evidence" that proves that the Holocaust happened. This evidence includes:[235]

File:Jew demogr.png

Jewish World Population without Holocaust (mln people) by Sergio Della Pergola

>   1. Written documents—hundreds of thousands of letters, memos, blueprints, orders, bills, speeches, articles, memoirs, and confessions.
>   2. Eyewitness testimony—accounts from survivors, Jewish Sonderkommandos (who helped load bodies from the gas chambers into the crematoria in exchange for a chance of survival), SS guards, commandants, local townspeople, and even high-ranking Nazis who spoke openly about the mass murder of the Jews.
>   3. Photographs—including official military and press photographs, civilian photographs, secret photographs taken by survivors, aerial photographs, German and Allied film footage, and unofficial photographs taken by the German military.
>   4. The camps themselves—concentration camps, work camps, and extermination camps that still exist in varying degrees of originality and reconstruction.
>   5. Inferential evidence or argument from silence—population demographics, reconstructed from the pre–World War II era; if six million Jews were not murdered, what happened to them?

Much of the controversy surrounding the claims of Holocaust deniers centers on the methods used to present arguments that the Holocaust allegedly never happened as commonly accepted. Numerous accounts have been given by Holocaust deniers (including evidence presented in court cases) of claimed facts and evidence; however, independent research has shown these claims to be based upon flawed research, biassed statements, or even deliberately falsified evidence. Opponents of Holocaust denial have documented numerous instances in which such evidence was altered or manufactured (see Nizkor Project and David Irving). According to Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "in our society of image and spectacle, extermination on paper leads to extermination in reality."[236]

## Laws against Holocaust denial[edit | edit source]

Main article: Laws against Holocaust denial

File:Countries with laws against the denial of Holocaust.png

Countries where Holocaust denial is illegal

Holocaust denial is explicitly or implicitly illegal in 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Switzerland.[237][238] Romania officially denied the Holocaust occurred on its territory up until the Wiesel Commission in 2004.[239][240] The European Union's Framework decision on Racism and Xenophobia states that denying or grossly trivializing "crimes of genocide" should be made "punishable in all EU Member States".[241]

Such legislation remains controversial. In October 2007, a tribunal declared Spain's genocide denial law unconstitutional.[242] In 2007 Italy rejected a denial law proposing a prison sentence of up to four years. In 2006 the Netherlands rejected a draft law proposing a maximum sentence of one year on denial of genocidal acts in general, although specifically denying the Holocaust remains a criminal offense there. The United Kingdom has twice rejected Holocaust denial laws. Denmark and Sweden have also rejected such legislation.[243]

A number of deniers have been prosecuted under various countries' denial laws. French literature professor Robert Faurisson, for example, was convicted and punished under the Gayssot Act in 1990. Some historians oppose such laws, among them Pierre Vidal-Naquet, an outspoken critic of Faurisson, on the grounds that denial legislation imposes "historical truth as legal truth".[244] Other academics favor criminalization. Holocaust denial, they contend, is "the worst form of racism and its most respectable version because it pretends to be a research".[245] Holocaust historian Deborah E. Lipstadt expressed her opposition to laws against expressing Holocaust denial, saying, "I don’t think they work. I think they turn whatever is being outlawed into forbidden fruit." She also said that politicians should not be able to decide what can and cannot be said.[246]

### David Irving conviction[edit | edit source]

In February 2006, Irving was convicted in Austria, where Holocaust denial is illegal, for a speech he had made in 1989 in which he denied the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz.[247] Irving was aware of the outstanding arrest warrant, but chose to go to Austria anyway "to give a lecture to a far-right student fraternity".[247] Although he pleaded guilty to the charge, Irving said he had been "mistaken", and had changed his opinions on the Holocaust. "I said that then, based on my knowledge at the time, but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers, I wasn't saying that anymore and I wouldn't say that now. The Nazis did murder millions of Jews."[248] Irving served 13 months of a 3-year sentence in an Austrian prison, including the period between his arrest and conviction, and was deported in early 2007.[247] The episode sparked intense international debate over the limits of freedom of speech. Upon hearing of Irving's sentence, Lipstadt said, "I am not happy when censorship wins, and I don't believe in winning battles via censorship.... The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth."[248]

According to CNN, upon Irving's return to the UK, he "vow[ed] to repeat views denying the Holocaust that led to his conviction" stating he felt "no need any longer to show remorse" for his Holocaust views.[249]

## Genocide denials[edit | edit source]

Main article: Genocide denial

Part of a series on

Denial of mass killings

Instances of denial

* 1971 Bangladesh genocide
* Armenian genocide
* Bosnian genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Congo Free State
* The Holocaust
* distortion
* distortion on Wikipedia
* inversion
* trivialization
* uniqueness debate
* Wikipedia and antisemitism
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* Holodomor
* Indonesian mass killings
* Khojaly massacre
* Nanjing Massacre
* Tiananmen Square massacre
* Rohingya genocide
* Romani genocide
* Rwandan genocide
* Uyghur genocide

Scholarly controversy over mass killings

* Holodomor
* Joseph Stalin
* Colonization of Australia
* Mao Zedong
* Mongol conquest
* Native American population decline
* 1944–1950 expulsion of Germans

Related topics

* Genocide justification
* Historical negationism
* Historical revisionism

* v
* t
* e

Other acts of genocide have met similar attempts to deny and minimize them. Gregory H. Stanton, formerly of the US State Department and the founder of Genocide Watch, lists denial as the final stage of a genocide development: "Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims."[250]

Holocaust denial is often compared to Armenian genocide denial because of similar tactics of misrepresenting evidence, false equivalence, claiming that atrocities were invented by war propaganda and that powerful lobbies manufacture genocide allegations for their own profit, subsuming one-sided systematic extermination into war deaths, and shifting blame from the perpetrators to the victims of genocide. Both forms of negationism share the goal of rehabilitating the ideologies which brought genocide about.[251][252]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Anti-Judaism and antisemitism
* Comparative analysis of Black Hebrew Israelites and the Nation of Islam
* Louis Farrakhan
* Nostra aetate
* Polish memory law

## Footnotes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
* Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
* Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
* Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
* Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
* Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
* Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
* Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
* Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
* Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
* Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
* Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.

* "AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes" (PDF). American Jewish Committee. 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
* "Magnifying glass
Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
* "500 years of antisemitic propaganda". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 4, 2024.

## References[edit | edit source]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Conspiracy theory:
* "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups...." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial.'" Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
* "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
2. ^ Coady, David (2019). "Conspiracy Theories and Official Stories *". Conspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-25957-4. "Holocaust denial is one, unfortunately widespread, example of a conspiracy theory."
3. ^ a b "Holocaust Deniers and Public Misinformation". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
4. ^ *"Holocaust Denial and Distortion", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website. Accessed September 28, 2017. "Holocaust denial is an attempt to negate the established facts of the Nazi genocide of European Jewry. Holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. They are generally motivated by hatred of Jews and build on the claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests."
5. ^ "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names? The Holocaust Resource Center Faqs". Yad Vashem website. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. See also appropriate section of the Holocaust article for the death toll.
6. ^ a b Key elements of Holocaust denial:
* "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'. Holocaust deniers, or 'revisionists', as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
* "In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including ... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; ... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; ... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 3.
* "Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." What is Holocaust Denial Archived February 16, 2005, at archive.today, Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
* "Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." Holocaust Denial Archived April 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
* "In general, Holocaust denial consists of four central points: minimization of numbers killed, denial of use of gassing, denial of the systematic nature of the genocide, and claims that the evidence was fabricated, above all after the war." Mark M. Hull, Vera Moynes. Masquerade: Treason, the Holocaust, and an Irish Impostor, University of Oklahoma Press, 2017, p. 181. ISBN 978-0-80615836-5
* "According to the deniers, the Nazis did not murder six million Jews, the notion of homicidal gas chambers is a myth, and any deaths of Jews that did occur under the Nazis were the result of wartime privations, not of systematic persecution and state-organised mass murder." Deborah Lipstadt. "Denying the Holocaust", History, BBC Online. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
7. ^ a b c d e f "The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following:
* Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war.
* Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.
* The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.
* Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.
* Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease (most died to the unavailability of food due to allied bombings). The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.
* Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability.
* Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank's diary, is fabricated.
* The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
8. ^ A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
* "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
* Another belief of deniers is the death of the millions of Jews was caused by sickness and disease."Holocaust Denial and Distortion". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
* "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
* "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
* "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
* "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
* "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled...." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism Archived September 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445
9. ^ a b Predetermined conclusion:
* "'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't", The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
* Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
10. ^ Denial vs. "revisionism":
* "This is the phenomenon of what has come to be known as 'revisionism', 'negationism', or 'Holocaust denial,' whose main characteristic is either an outright rejection of the very veracity of the Nazi genocide of the Jews, or at least a concerted attempt to minimize both its scale and importance.... It is just as crucial, however, to distinguish between the wholly objectionable politics of denial and the fully legitimate scholarly revision of previously accepted conventional interpretations of any historical event, including the Holocaust." Bartov, Omer. The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation and Aftermath, Routledge, pp.11–12. Bartov is John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History at the Watson Institute, and is regarded as one of the world's leading authorities on genocide ("Omer Bartov" Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Watson Institute for International Studies).
* "The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about an historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event—like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust—did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence...." Ronald J. Berger. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach, Aldine Transaction, 2002, ISBN 0-202-30670-4, p. 154.
* "At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as 'revisionism') had begun to raise its head in Australia...." Bartrop, Paul R. "A Little More Understanding: The Experience of a Holocaust Educator in Australia" in Samuel Totten, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Paul R Bartrop. Teaching about the Holocaust, Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, p. xix. ISBN 0-275-98232-7
* "Pierre Vidal-Naquet urges that denial of the Holocaust should not be called 'revisionism' because 'to deny history is not to revise it'. Les Assassins de la Memoire. Un Eichmann de papier et autres essays sur le revisionisme (The Assassins of Memory—A Paper-Eichmann and Other Essays on Revisionism) 15 (1987)." Cited in Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215.
* "This essay describes, from a methodological perspective, some of the inherent flaws in the 'revisionist' approach to the history of the Holocaust. It is not intended as a polemic, nor does it attempt to ascribe motives. Rather, it seeks to explain the fundamental error in the 'revisionist' approach, as well as why that approach of necessity leaves no other choice. It concludes that 'revisionism' is a misnomer because the facts do not accord with the position it puts forward and, more importantly, its methodology reverses the appropriate approach to historical investigation.... 'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit, because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result; it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred; and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't", The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
* "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review). Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
* "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past. For historians, in fact, the name revisionism has a resonance that is perfectly legitimate – it recalls the controversial historical school known as World War I 'revisionists', who argued that the Germans were unjustly held responsible for the war and that consequently the Versailles treaty was a politically misguided document based on a false premise. Thus the deniers link themselves to a specific historiographic tradition of reevaluating the past. Claiming the mantle of the World War I revisionists and denying they have any objective other than the dissemination of the truth constitute a tactical attempt to acquire an intellectual credibility that would otherwise elude them." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 25.
11. ^ a b Refer to themselves as revisionists:
* "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust—The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 25.
* "Dressing themselves in pseudo-academic garb, they have adopted the term 'revisionism' in order to mask and legitimate their enterprise." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
12. ^ a b c Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (2012). "Debating, obfuscating and disciplining the Holocaust: Post-Soviet historical discourses on the OUN–UPA and other nationalist movements". East European Jewish Affairs. 42 (3): 199–241. doi:10.1080/13501674.2012.730732. S2CID 154067506. "In general, post-Soviet Holocaust denial has differed from Holocaust denial in the style of David Irving or Ernst Zündel. In post-Soviet space, the Holocaust has not usually been denied as such and post-Soviet radical right activists did not question the existence of gas chambers in Auschwitz, or the anti-Jewish politics of Nazi Germany. Instead, nationalist post-Soviet discourses denied some of the national or regional elements of the Holocaust, like, for example, the contribution of different nationalist organizations or armies to it, or very frequently the participation of local populations in pogroms and other forms of anti-Jewish violence."
13. ^ Lipstadt, Deborah (1993) Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory New York: Penguin Books p.25. ISBN 0-452-27274-2
14. ^ "The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a 'certain body of irrefutable evidence' or a 'convergence of evidence' that suggest that an event—like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust—did, in fact, occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence...."
15. ^ Lipstadt, Deborah E. (1994). Denying the Holocaust: the growing assault on truth and memory (reprint ed.). Plume. ISBN 978-0-452-27274-3.
16. ^ Deborah E. Lipstadt (December 18, 2012). Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-2748-6. "Modern Holocaust denial draws inspiration from a variety of sources. Among them is a legitimate historical tradition that was highly critical of government policies and believed that history was being used to justify these policies. The deniers consider themselves heirs of a group of influential American historians who were deeply disturbed by American involvement in World War I. These respected scholars, who called themselves revisionists, would have been appalled to learn of the purposes to which their arguments were put."
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19. ^ Koenraad Elst. Chapter One – Negationism in General Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam, The Voice of India, 2002.
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122. ^ A Holocaust-Denier as Prime Minister of "Palestine"? by Dr. Rafael Medoff (The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies)
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126. ^ Akiva Eldar (May 28, 2003). "U.S. told us to ignore Israeli map reservations". Haaretz. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
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128. ^ Myers, David N. (January 23, 2013). "Abbas Alleges Link Between Zionists And Nazis". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
129. ^ a b Sammy Smooha (2009). "The 2008 Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel: Main Findings and Trends of Change" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
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* "Annan: 'Dismay' over Iranian comments on Israel" Archived December 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. CNN. Accessed September 27, 2007.
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131. ^ "Spiegel Interview with Iran's President Ahmadinejad: 'We Are Determined'", Der Spiegel (May 30, 2006). Retrieved 07sep2013.
132. ^ Transcript of his speech on September 24, 2007. "However, I believe the Holocaust, from what we read, happened during World War II after 1930 in the 1940s."
133. ^ "Video of his speech on September 24, 2007. Timecode 22:28 to 22:37". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011.
134. ^ "Ahmadinejad: Holocaust a myth". Al Jazeera.
135. ^ German parliament slams Ahmadinejad remarks, Expatica, December 16, 2005.
136. ^ Al Jazeera,"Hamas springs to Iran's defense". Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
137. ^ "MPAC Rebukes Iranian President's Comments". December 8, 2005. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
138. ^ Egyptian Islamists deny Holocaust, December 23, 2005.
139. ^ "Iran hosts Holocaust conference". CNN. December 11, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
140. ^ "Iran: Holocaust Conference Soon in Tehran". Adnkronos International (AKI). January 5, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
141. ^ *"Holocaust denial outrages Europe", The Washington Times, December 13, 2006.
* "Holocaust deniers gather in Iran" Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Edmonton Journal, December 13, 2006.
* "Holocaust deniers rebuked". Los Angeles Times, December 13, 2006.
* "Canadian prof attends Tehran's gathering of Holocaust deniers" Archived January 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Globe and Mail, December 13, 2006.
* "The conference for Holocaust deniers hosted by Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is a transparent polemical stunt." "Iran's great pretender", The Boston Globe, December 13, 2006.
* "What's the perfect way to top off a Holocaust denial conference featuring input from the likes of such scholars as former KKK Grand Wizard David Duke?" "Holocaust denial can be dangerous", Los Angeles Times, December 13, 2006.
* "Across Europe, outrage over meeting of holocaust deniers", Zee News, December 13, 2006.
* "World reacts with outrage over meeting of Holocaust deniers in Iran", Calgary Sun, December 13, 2006.
* "Holocaust deniers' meeting spurs outrage", Houston Chronicle, December 12, 2006.
* "Across Europe, outrage over meeting of Holocaust deniers in Iran", International Herald Tribune, December 12, 2006.
* "Holocaust deniers gather in Iran for 'scientific' conference", The Guardian, December 12, 2006.
* "Revisionist fringe gathers for Iran's Holocaust denial jamboree" Archived January 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, December 12, 2006.
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* "Holocaust Deniers and Skeptics Gather in Iran", The New York Times, December 11, 2006.
* "Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, speaking at a Tehran conference denying the existence of the Holocaust, said Israel will disappear like the Soviet Union." "Iran students rebel over Holocaust denial", United Press International, December 12, 2006.
142. ^ "Berlin Counters Holocaust Conference". Der Spiegel. December 11, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
143. ^ "Iran to Host Autumn Conference on Holocaust". Fox News. Associated Press. September 3, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
144. ^ a b Saeed Kamali Dehghan (September 25, 2013). "Iranian president Hassan Rouhani recognises 'reprehensible' Holocaust". The Guardian.
145. ^ "Iranian press accuses CNN of 'fabricating' Rouhani Holocaust remarks". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
146. ^ "Khamenei.ir". Twitter.
147. ^ "In Iran new year's address, Khamenei questions Holocaust". al-monitor.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
148. ^ "What does Iran's Supreme Leader really think about the Holocaust?". News – Telegraph Blogs. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02.
149. ^ "Timeline: Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Resources (1998–2016)" (PDF). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. September 12, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
150. ^ "Iran to host Holocaust denial cartoon competition." Ynetnews. February 1, 2015. February 1, 2015.
151. ^ Michael Hopkins, "Harun Yahya and Holocaust Revisionism", The TalkOrigins Archive [Posted: draft: December 7, 2003].
152. ^ a b "Turkey". axt.org.uk. 1996. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012.
153. ^ "The Holocaust Deception". December 8, 2008. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008.
154. ^ "Turkey". axt.org.uk. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012.
155. ^ Udesky, Laurie (March 27, 1997). "American Jewish organization sees emergence of 'Holocaust denial' in Turkey". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Alt URL[permanent dead link]
156. ^ Dobroszycki, Lucjan; Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1993). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the Ussr, 1941–1945. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 3–29. ISBN 1563241730.
157. ^ "US Warns about Ustasha Glorification and Holocaust Denial". Croatian News Agency (HINA). May 30, 2018.
158. ^ a b Opačić, Tamara (November 24, 2017). "Selective Amnesia: Croatia's Holocaust Deniers". BalkanInsight. BIRN.
159. ^ "Croatia Must Not Whitewash the Horrors of Jasenovac". Balkan Insight. August 27, 2018.
160. ^ Rosensaft, Menachem Z. (October 9, 2017). "Croatia Is Brazenly Attempting to Rewrite its Holocaust Crimes Out of History". Tablet Magazine.
161. ^ Vladisavljevic, Anja (January 7, 2019). "Book Event Questioning WWII Crimes Planned for Zagreb Church". Balkan Insight. BIRN.
162. ^ "Simon Wiesenthal Centre urges Croatia to ban Jasenovac revisionist works". hr.n1info.com. N1 Zagreb. January 9, 2019. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
163. ^ "Jewish rights group urges Croatia to ban pro-Nazi book". Associated Press. January 9, 2019.
164. ^ Mansky, Jackie. "Why It Matters That Hungary's Prime Minister Denounced His Country's Role in the Holocaust". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
165. ^ "Hungary: Holocaust Denial, Incitement and Intimidation". Israel National News. January 14, 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
166. ^ Perica 2002, p. 151. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPerica2002 (help)
167. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2007). "The denial syndrome and its consequences: Serbian political culture since 2000". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 40: 41–58. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2006.12.004. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
168. ^ Ridgeway, James; Udovickii, Jasminka (2000). Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press. p. 133\. ISBN 978-0-82232-590-1.
169. ^ Cohen 1996, pp. 76–81. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen1996 (help)
170. ^ Cohen 1996, p. 113. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen1996 (help)
171. ^ Sniegon, Tomas (2014). Vanished History: The Holocaust in Czech and Slovak Historical Culture. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 77–78). ISBN 978-1-78238-294-2. "As far back as during the Cold War, the SWC had adapted its ideological history usage to fit its main goal – to fight for a ‘Slovak Slovakia’.8 The Holocaust was used in the narrative, but to a small degree and without much attention from the surrounding world. The use of history was focused, above all, on defending the memory of Jozef Tiso. What was most important, it seemed, was not to question the Holocaust as such, but rather to present it as a German crime which in Slovakia was supported solely by a few German-friendly radicals whom Tiso, against his will, was forced to keep in the government so as not to enrage the Germans too much."
172. ^ Paulovičová, Nina (2013). "The "Unmasterable Past"? The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Slovakia". In Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.). Bringing the Dark Past to Light. The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 549–590. ISBN 978-0-8032-2544-2. "Because of [anti-Communist] émigrés’ attempts to whitewash history and degrade historical scholarship in order to sustain the reservoir of national mythologization, liberal historians denounce the émigrés as “misinformers” and “misinterpreters.” The claims that fascism never occurred in Slovakia (František Vnuk), that the deportation of Jews was an “evacuation” (Milan S. Durica), that Tiso (whose anti-Semitic invectives fueled the radicalism against the Jewish minority) was a “martyr” and a “savior” of the Jews, and that the Holocaust should be omitted from the context of the Slovak national identity discourse are the key markers of the émigré historians’ views. (p. 564)"
173. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (2011). "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (2107). doi:10.5195/CBP.2011.164. ISSN 2163-839X.
174. ^ Richard Joseph Golsan, Vichy's Afterlife, University of Nevada Press, 2003, p. 130.
175. ^ Belgium's far right party in Holocaust controversy, The Guardian, Friday, March 9, 2001.
176. ^ Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist, BBC News, November 9, 2004.
177. ^ Cohen, Reut (May 8, 2018) "Canadian Alfred Schaefer Convicted of Holocaust Denial in Germany" B'Nal Brith Canada
178. ^ Roberta (July 6, 2018) "Canadian Holocaust denier on trial in Germany for 'incitement to hatred'" CBC News
179. ^ Staff (January 4, 2018) "Canadian Holocaust denier arrested in Germany: Report" Edmonton Sun
180. ^ JTA (January 9, 2018) "Canadian Holocaust denier arrested in Germany"The Times of Israel
181. ^ Alfred S. "Sorry Mom, I was wrong about the Holocaust" (video) YouTube
182. ^ Staff (January 5, 2018) "Alberta Holocaust denier reportedly arrested in Germany" CBC News
183. ^ Fishman, Aidan (January 4, 2018) "Canadian Holocaust Denier Arrested in Germany Following B’nai Brith Complaint" B'Nal Brith Canada
184. ^ "Alberta Holocaust denier guilty of inciting hatred in German court". National Post. October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
185. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (January 27, 2019). "One in 20 Britons does not believe Holocaust took place, poll finds". The Guardian. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
186. ^ Tim Harford, Peter Lynn (Professor of Survey Methodology) (February 1, 2019). Holocaust deniers, Venezuelan hyperinflation, Tinder likes. More or Less. BBC Radio 4. Event occurs at 0m27s. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
187. ^ Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-Semitism: a History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 106\. ISBN 978-0-313-35384-0.
188. ^ [ Masanori Nishioka, "The Greatest Taboo of Postwar World History: There Were No Nazi 'Gas Chambers'" Marco Polo, February 1995.]
189. ^ "The IHR Denounces Campaign Against Japanese Publishing Company". www.ihr.org.
190. ^ Conference, Claims (August 13, 2020). "FIRST-EVER 50-STATE SURVEY ON HOLOCAUST KNOWLEDGE OF AMERICAN MILLENNIALS AND GEN Z REVEALS SHOCKING RESULTS". Claims Conference. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
191. ^ "Nearly two-thirds of US young adults unaware 6m Jews killed in the Holocaust". The Guardian. 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
192. ^ "UN defines Holocaust denial in new resolution". BBC News. 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
193. ^ Wilhelm Heitmeyer and John Hagan, International Handbook of Violence Research, Springer: 2003
194. ^ Deborah Lipstadt, 1992 interview with Ken Stern of the American Jewish Committee
195. ^ "Holocaust denial – The IHR's Questions & Answers, and Nizkor's Responses". Nizkor Project. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
196. ^ Robert L. Hilliard & Michael C. Keith. Waves of Rancor: tuning in the radical right, M.E. Sharpe, 1999, ISBN 0-7656-0131-1, p. 250
197. ^ Daniel Wolfish & Gordon S. Smith. Who Is Afraid of the State?: Canada in a World of Multiple Centres of Power, University of Toronto Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8020-8388-9, p. 108.
198. ^ a b "AHA Statement on Holocaust Denial" Archived February 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, American Historical Association website. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
199. ^ Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B.; Grant, Diana Ruth (2004). Crimes of hate: selected readings. p. 190.: SAGE. p. 391\. ISBN 0-7619-2943-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
200. ^ Golsan, 130
201. ^ "Millennium Evening with Elie Wiesel". pbs.org.
202. ^ Holocaust Denial on Trial HDOT.org. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
203. ^ Bazyler, Prof. Michael J: Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism. International Institute for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
204. ^ "O.B.C Biography – Kenneth McVay". Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
205. ^ BBC News, Annan condemns Holocaust denial, January 2006
206. ^ UN Assembly condemns Holocaust denial by consensus; Iran disassociates itself, U.N. News Centre, January 26, 2007.
207. ^ "Ahmadinejad touts Holocaust denial as great success of his tenure". Haaretz. DPA. July 7, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
208. ^ Andrea Mitchell and Tracy Connor, NBC News. "Iran's Rouhani on Holocaust: 'A massacre that cannot be denied'". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
209. ^ Frankfurter, Bernhard. Die Begegnung. Auschwitz-Ein Opfer und ein Täter im Gespräch. Vienna, Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, 1995, p. 102. cited in Jan van Pelt, Robert. The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial. Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 291.
210. ^ Demant, Ebbo (Hg.): Auschwitz – "Direkt von der Rampe weg...." Kaduk, Erber, Klehr: Drei Täter geben zu Protokoll, p. 114. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1979 ISBN 3-499-14438-7
211. ^ Drei Deutsche Mörder. Aufzeichnungen über die Banalität des Bösen, Germany 1998 (filmed in 1978). Directed by Ebbo Demant, produced by Südwestrundfunk.
212. ^ Rees, Laurence. Auschwitz: The Nazis & The "Final Solution", p. 300. London: BBC Books, 2005. ISBN 0-563-52117-1
213. ^ Rees, p. 301
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215. ^ "Holocaust Remembrance Press Release" (PDF). Romanian Chairmanship. May 26, 2016.
216. ^ "EU Parliament votes in favor of adopting antisemitism definition – Diaspora – Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com.
217. ^ "Defining Anti-Semitism: A Conversation With the EU Coordinator on Combating Anti-Semitism". June 28, 2017. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
218. ^ "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
219. ^ "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League website. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
220. ^ Igounet, Valérie. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy", Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998.
221. ^ Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, July 11, 1993.
222. ^ Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, "A Paper Eichmann (1980) – Anatomy of a Lie: On the Revisionist Method", in Assassins of Memory, Columbia University Press, 1992.
223. ^ Küntzel, Matthias (2012). "Judeophobia and the Denial of the Holocaust in Iran". Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-028821-6.
224. ^ "Response to Holocaust denial on the existence of Gas Chambers and Crematoria". Nizkor Project. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
225. ^ A plot designed to garner support of Israel:
* "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, p. 27. ISBN 0-452-27274-2.
* "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
* "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
* "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
* "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
226. ^ Shermer & Grobman, 2002, pp. 103–14.
227. ^ "(H)istory is the attempt to describe events of the past and move from description to analysis, in accordance with certain agreed rules of evidence, of analysis of language, and of logic." "Yehuda Bauer, Historian of the Holocaust – Portrait of an Historian" – Online Dimensions, a Journal of Holocaust Studies, Fall, 2004
228. ^ "... the German bureaucrats' collective actions are relatively well-documented for the historian...." Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide: essays on launching the final solution, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-55878-6, p. 125.
229. ^ "According to the historian Raul Hilberg, the United States alone captured forty thousand linear feet of documents on the murder of European Jews ... we can say that the Holocaust is a uniquely well-documented historical event." Deák, István. Essays on Hitler's Europe, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-1716-1, p. 67
230. ^ Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, DK Publishing in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p. 146. "There our troops found sights, sounds, and stenches horrible beyond belief, cruelties so enormous as to be incomprehensible to the normal mind."
231. ^ Kelly Oliver. Witnessing: beyond recognition, University of Minnesota Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8166-3627-3, p. 90.
232. ^ Shelley Hornstein and Florence Jacobowitz. Image and remembrance: representation and the Holocaust, 2003, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34188-4, pp. 205–206.
233. ^ INA, Major Interviews, General André Rogerie; audio recording
234. ^ Annette Wieviorka, Déportation et génocide. Entre la mémoire et l'oubli, Plon, 1992, p. 249.
235. ^ Shermer & Grobman, 2002, p. 33.
236. ^ Pierre Vidal-Naquet, French "une tentative d'extermination sur le papier qui relaie l'extermination réelle" in Les assassins de la mémoire, Un Eichmann de papier, Postface de Gisèle Sapiro, Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée, La Découverte, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-7071-4545-9.
237. ^ Lechtholz-Zey, Jacqueline: Laws Banning Holocaust Denial. Genocide Prevention Now.. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
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239. ^ "Romania holds first Holocaust Day". BBC News. October 12, 2004. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
240. ^ "Romania sparks Holocaust row". BBC News. June 17, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
241. ^ "See Luxembourg, April 19, 2007, 8665/07 (Presse 84)" (PDF).
242. ^ By way of judgment of November 7, 2007 Archived February 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine of the Constitutional Court of Spain, which ruled the criminalization to be unconstitutional and void.
243. ^ EU adopts measure outlawing Holocaust denial. By Dan Bilefsky. The New York Times, April 19, 2007 .
244. ^ To live with Faurisson? Any other attitude would imply that we were imposing historical truth as legal truth, which is a dangerous attitude available to other fields of application. Pierre Vidal-Naquet: A Paper Eichmann (1980) – Anatomy of a Lie (10)
245. ^ François de Smet, Philosopher of the ULB: Le négationnisme est l'une des pires formes de racisme. Elle en est aussi sa version la plus « respectable », se parant des oripeaux de la science. C'est pour cela qu'il faut continuer à le sanctionner, in La Libre Belgique, on April 28, 2006
246. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (January 24, 2019) "Looking at Anti-Semitism on the Left and the Right: An Interview with Deborah E. Lipstadt" The New Yorker
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249. ^ "Holocaust denier: 'No need to show remorse'". CNN. Archived from the original on January 16, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
250. ^ Gregory Stanton, Eight Stages of Genocide Denial, Genocide Watch
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### Bibliography[edit | edit source]

About Holocaust denial

* Richard J. Evans, In Defense of History, New York: Norton, 1999.
* Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial, Basic Books, 2002 (ISBN 0-465-02153-0). As well as the story of the Irving case, this is an excellent case study on historical research.
* Charles Gray, The Irving Judgment, Penguin, 2000 (ISBN 0-14-029899-1). Actual text of the judgment in the Irving case.
* D. D. Guttenplan, The Holocaust on Trial, Norton 2002
* Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Plume (The Penguin Group), 1994. Debunking Holocaust revisionism.
* Donald L. Niewyk, ed. The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, D.C. Heath and Company, 1992.
* Robert Jan van Pelt, The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial (ISBN 0-253-34016-0).
* Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? University of California Press (ISBN 0-520-23469-3).
* Michael Shermer, Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time, Freeman, New York 1997 (ISBN 0-8050-7089-3).
* Shermer, Michael (1998). "Holocaust Revisionism Update: David Cole Recants/David Irving Says Churchill Knew About Pearl Harbor". Skeptic. 6 (1): 23–25.
* Mr. Death, a documentary by Errol Morris.
* Abbot, A (1994). "Holocaust Denial Research Disclaimed". Nature. 368 (6471): 483. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..483A. doi:10.1038/368483a0.
* John C. Zimmerman, Holocaust denial: demographics, testimonies, and ideologies Lanham, Md., University Press of America, 2000.
* John C. Zimmerman, "Holocaust Denial". Los Angeles Times, January 16, 2000, M4
* Jean Claude Pressac: "Les carences et incohérences du Rapport Leuchter" Jour J., la lettre télégraphique juive, December 12, 1988.
* Jean Claude Pressac, "Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers", The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York 1989
* Jean Claude Pressac, Les Crématoires d'Auschwitz: La Machinerie Du Meurtre De Masse, CNRS editions, Paris, 1993.
* Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "Les assassins de la mémoire", Un Eichman de papier, Postface de Gisèle Sapiro, Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée, La Découverte, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-7071-4545-9.
* Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "Qui sont les assassins de la mémoire?" in Réflexions sur le génocide. Les juifs, la mémoire et le présent, vol. III. La Découverte 1995.
* Brigitte Bailer-Galanda, Wilhelm Lasek, Amoklauf gegen die Wirklichkeit. NS-Verbrechen und revisionistische Geschichtsschreibung. Wien, 1992.
* Wellers, George (1989). "A propos du "Rapport Leuchter" et les chambres à gaz d'Auschwitz". Le Monde Juif. 134.
* Till Bastian, "Auschwitz und die «Auschwitz-Lüge». Massenmord und Geschichtsfälschung", Beck'sche Reihe München, 1994.
* Francesco Germinario, Estranei alla democrazia. Negazionismo e antisemitismo nella destra radicale italiana BFS Editore, Pisa, 2001.
* Francesco Rotondi, Luna di miele ad Auschwitz. Riflessioni sul negazionismo della Shoah, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli, 2005.
* Flores M., Storia, Verità e Giustizia, Mondadori, Milano, 2001.
* Valentina Pisanty, L'irritante questione delle camere a gas. Logica del negazionismo, Bompiani, Milano, 1998.
* Ted Gottfried, Deniers of the Holocaust: Who They Are, What They Do, Why They Do It, Brookfield Conn Twenty-First Century Books, 2001.
* Henry Rousso, Le dossier Lyon III: le rapport sur le racisme et le négationnisme à l'université Jean-Moulin, Paris, 2004.
* Nadine Fresco "Les redresseurs de morts. Chambres à gaz: la bonne nouvelle. Comment on révise l'histoire", Les Temps Modernes, 407, June 1980.
* Nadine Fresco, The Denial of the Dead On the Faurisson Affair 1981.
* Georges Bensoussan "Négationnisme et antisionnisme: récurrences et convergences des discours du rejet", Revue d'histoire de la Shoah, 166, May–August 1999. Centre de documentation juive contemporaine 1999.
* Valérie Igounet, "Dossier «Les terroirs de l'extrême-droite»: Un négationnisme stratégique", Le Monde diplomatique (May 1998).
* Valérie Igounet, Histoire du négationnisme en France, Paris, Le Seuil, 2000
* Pierre Bridonneau, Oui, il faut parler des négationnistes, Éditions du Cerf 1997.
* Yehuda Bauer "A Past that Will Not Go Away". in The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck. Bloomington: Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum by Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 12–22.
* Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?" in Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas. Ed. Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, pp. 31–45.
* Joseph Dan, "Four Ways of Holocaust Denial". in Bruch und Kontinuität: Jüdisches Denken in der europäischen Geistesgeschichte. Ed. Eveline Goodman-Thau and Michael Daxner. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1995, pp. 39–46.
* Patrick Finney "Ethics, Historical Relativism and Holocaust Denial." Rethinking History 2 (1998), pp. 359–369.
* Markiewicz, Jan; Gubala, Wojciech; Labedz, Jerzy (1994). "A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz & Birkenau Concentration Camps". Z Zagadnien Sqdowych. XXX.
* Wayne Klein, "Truth's Turning: History and the Holocaust". In Postmodernism and the Holocaust. Ed. Alan Milchman and Alan Rosenberg. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 1998, pp. 53–83.
* Jonathan Petropoulos, "Holocaust Denial: A Generational Typology." In Lessons and Legacies III: Memory, Memorialization, and Denial. Ed. Peter Hayes. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999.
* Werner Wegner: "Keine Massenvergasungen in Auschwitz? Zur Kritik des Leuchter-Gutachtens", in: Die Schatten der Vergangenheit. Impulse zur Historisierung der Vergangenheit, hg. v. Uwe Backes, Eckhard Jesse und Rainer Zitelmann, Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 1990, S. pp. 450–476 (ISBN 3-549-07407-7).
* Wicken, Stephen (2006). "Views of the Holocaust in Arab Media and Public Discourse" (PDF). Yale Journal of International Affairs: 103–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
* Jürgen Zarusky: "Leugnung des Holocaust. Die antisemitische Strategie nach Auschwitz. Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Schriften Aktuell – Amtliches Mitteilungsblatt". Jahrestagung 9./10. Nov. 1999, Marburg. Auch als Internet-Veröffentlichung (pdf-Dokument) erhältlich.
* Martin Finkenberger/Horst Junginger (Hrsg.): Im Dienste der Lügen. Herbert Grabert (1901–1978) und seine Verlage. Aschaffenburg: Alibri-Verl., 2004 (ISBN 3-932710-76-2).
* Thomas Wandres: Die Strafbarkeit des Auschwitz-Leugnens. Berlin 2000 (ISBN 3-428-10055-7).
* "Holocaust Denial Literature: A Bibliography". Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
* "Who Denies the Holocaust And Why Do They Deny It?". Retrieved February 9, 2009.
* Algazy, Joseph (1984). La tentation néo-fasciste en France: de 1944 à 1965. Fayard. ISBN 978-2213014265.
* Barnes, Ian R. (2002). "I am a Fascist Writer: Maurice Bardèche–Ideologist and Defender of French Fascism". The European Legacy. 7 (2): 195–209. doi:10.1080/10848770220119659. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 144988319.
* Bar-On, Tamir (2016). Where Have All The Fascists Gone?. Routledge. ISBN 9781351873130.

By Holocaust deniers

* Arthur R. Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry, Newport Beach: Institute for Historical Review, 1994 (ISBN 0-9679856-9-2).
* Faurisson, Robert, My Life As a Revisionist, The Journal of Historical Review, volume 9 no. 1 (Spring 1989), p. 5.
* Ernst Gauss (Ed.), Dissecting the Holocaust: The Growing Critique of 'Truth' and 'Memory', Alabama: Theses & Dissertations Press, 2000 \\(ISBN 0-9679856-0-9). "Gauss" is a pseudonym for Germar Rudolf, the founder of "Theses & Dissertations Press."
* Jürgen Graf, Der Holocaust auf dem Prüfstand, 1992.
* Richard E. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, Noontide Press.
* Michael Hoffman II, The Great Holocaust Trial, (June 1985, 2nd Edition) (ISBN 0-939484-22-6).
* Fred A. Leuchter, Robert Faurisson, Germar Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports: Critical Edition, Chicago, Theses & Dissertations Press, 2005 (ISBN 1-59148-015-9).
* Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. is a 1999 documentary film by Errol Morris about execution technician Fred A. Leuchter.
* Germar Rudolf, The Rudolf Report: Expert Report on Chemical and Technical Aspects of the 'Gas Chambers' of Auschwitz, Chicago: Theses & Dissertations Press, 2001.
* "Syrian Holocaust Denial" by Mohammad Daoud, Syria Times September 6, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2005.
* "Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial in the Iranian Media" MEMRI Special Dispatch Series no 855, January 28, 2005. Retrieved November 8, 2005.
* "Palestinian Holocaust Denial" Reuven Paz, Peacewatch April 21, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2005. At Archive.org

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holocaust denial.

* an online lecture by Ephraim Kaye, of Yad Vashem
* When Denying History is Incitement to Violence, By Robert Rozett of Yad Vashem
* The Wiener Holocaust Library – The World's Oldest Holocaust Memorial Institution
* The Nizkor Project – responses to Holocaust denial
* 66 questions and answers on Holocaust denial—the Nizkor Project
* The Holocaust History Project – documents and essays on the Holocaust and its denial
* Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (HEART)
* Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda Published by the Anti-Defamation League
* Holocaust Denial on Trial, Documents and resources relating to the David Irving vs. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt trial
* United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
* Absence of Humanity Exhibit – The Breman Museum
* Denial of the Holocaust and the genocide in Auschwitz from the online web site
* Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism by Prof. Michael J. Bazyler

Articles and topics related to Holocaust denial

* v
* t
* e

Antisemitism

Core topics|

* Canards
* Economics
* Geography
* History
* Religious antisemitism
* Persecution of Jews
* Nazism
* Adolf Hitler
* Americas
* Propaganda
* New antisemitism
* Three Ds
* Working Definition
* Racial antisemitism
* Rootless cosmopolitan
* Secondary antisemitism
* Stereotypes of Jews
* Timeline
* 19th C.
* 20th
* 21st

Antisemitism and|

* Christianity
* New Testament
* Islam
* Middle Ages
* Nation of Islam
* Olympic Games
* Reddit
* Soviet mathematics
* Universities

Related topics|

* Anti-Zionism
* Christian Identity
* Cultural Marxism
* Double genocide theory
* International Jewish conspiracy
* The International Jew
* Jewish Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Khazar theory
* Ku Klux Klan
* Mein Kampf
* in Arabic
* in English
* Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
* On the Jews and Their Lies
* Philo-Semitism
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Contemporary imprints
* The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews
* Self-hating Jew
* Xenophobia
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Zionist antisemitism

Religious antisemitism|

* Anti-Judaism
* Jewish deicide
* Catholic Inquisition
* Portuguese Inquisition
* Roman Inquisition
* Spanish Inquisition
* Rhineland massacres
* Martin Luther
* Blood curse
* Blood libel
* Host desecration
* Judensau
* Pogrom

Antisemitic laws, policies
and government actions

* Ghetto benches
* Hep-Hep riots
* Pogroms in the Russian Empire
* May Laws
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Jewish Anti-Zionist League
* Leo Frank trial (USA)
* Dreyfus Affair (France)
* Beilis trial (Russian Empire)
* Farhud (Iraq)
* Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)
* General Order No. 11 (USA, 1862)
* Racial policy of Nazi Germany
* Final Solution
* The Holocaust
* Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
* Night of the Murdered Poets
* Slánský trial
* Doctors' plot
* Holocaust denial
* Yellow badge
* ZOG conspiracy

Antisemitic websites|

* Bible Believers
* The Daily Stormer
* Institute for Historical Review
* Jew Watch
* Metapedia
* Podblanc
* Radio Islam
* Redwatch
* The Right Stuff
* Stormfront

Persecution|

* Rhineland massacres
* Black Death persecutions
* Boycotts
* Expulsions
* Jewish quarter
* Ghettos in Europe
* Mellah
* The Holocaust
* Jewish hat
* Jewish quota
* Judensau
* Martyrdom in Judaism
* Nuremberg Laws
* Pale of Settlement
* Pogroms
* Refuseniks
* Segregation
* Spanish Inquisition
* Expulsion
* Yellow badge

Organizations working
against antisemitism

* Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
* Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)
* Community Security Trust
* Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)
* Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)
* Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
* Stephen Roth Institute
* Yad Vashem

By region|

* Arab world
* Saudi Arabia
* Argentina
* Canada
* Chile
* Costa Rica
* Europe
* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* 21st century
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Italy
* Norway
* Russia
* Imperial
* Soviet
* Spain
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Conservative Party
* Labour Party
* Japan
* Palestinian Territories
* Pakistan
* South Africa
* Turkey
* United States
* History
* 21st century
* Venezuela

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics|

* Antiscience
* Cabals
* Civil
* Criminal
* Deception
* Espionage
* Fiction
* Political
* Pseudoscience
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legend

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Locus of control
* Machiavellianism
* Mass hysteria
* Moral panic
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Deaths and
disappearances|

| Assassinations /
avoidable accidents|

* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Yasser Arafat (2004)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)

|

Other cases|

* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Great Kantō earthquake (1923)
* Adolf Hitler (1945)
* Yemenite children (1948–54)
* Cairo Fire (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s / 1960s)
* Elvis Presley (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)
* Satanic ritual abuse (1980s / 90s)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Lahad Datu, Malaysia standoff (2013)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* John McAfee (2021)

Body double hoax|

* Paul McCartney (1966)
* Avril Lavigne (2003)

Energy,
environment

* Climate change denial
* False theories about climate change
* Free energy suppression

False flag attacks|

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* Advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)

Gender and
sexuality|

* Alpha / beta males
* Anti-LGBT rhetoric
* Anti-gender movement
* Gay agenda
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* United States
* Homintern
* Homosexual recruitment
* Grooming
* Incel ideology
* Soy and masculinity

Health

* Anti-vaccination
* in chiropractic
* Vaccines and autism
* MMR
* Misinformation
* Aspartame controversy
* Big Pharma
* Chemtrails
* COVID-19
* Ivermectin
* Lab leak
* Vaccines
* Ebola
* Electronic harassment
* GMOs
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* origins theories
* oral polio AIDS hypothesis
* Lepers' plot (1321)
* SARS (2003)
* Water fluoridation

Race, religion
and/or ethnicity|

* Anti-Catholic
* Jesuits
* Popish Plot
* Vatican
* Bible
* Counter-jihad
* COVID-19 and xenophobia
* Cow vigilante violence in India
* Freemasons
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* German POWs post-WWII (1940s)
* Greater Bangladesh
* Knights Templar
* Love jihad
* Priory of Sion
* Product labeling
* Halal
* Kosher
* Siri thesis
* War against Islam
* White genocide

| Antisemitic|

* Andinia Plan
* Blood libel
* Doctors' plot
* during the Black Death
* George Soros
* Holocaust denial
* Trivialization
* International Jewish conspiracy
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Jewish Bolshevism
* Judeopolonia
* World War II
* Z.O.G.
* Killing of Jesus
* Kalergi Plan
* New World Order
* Rothschilds
* Stab-in-the-back myth

|

Genocide denial (list)|

* Armenian
* Bosnian
* Cambodian
* The Holocaust
* Holodomor
* Rwandan
* Serbs during WWII

By region|

* Arab world
* 10 agorot
* Israeli animal theories
* Europe
* Eurabia
* Great Replacement
* Turkey

UFOs|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Bermuda Triangle
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
* Extraterrestrial hypothesis
* Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Project Serpo

| Incidents|

* Tunguska (1908)
* Foo Fighters (1940s)
* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ghost Rockets (1946)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mantell (1948)
* McMinnville (1950)
* Lubbock (1951)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Barney and Betty Hill Abduction (1961)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Frederick Valentich (1978)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Cash-Landrum (1980)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)
* USS Nimitz (2004)
* Chicago (2006)

|

United States
politics

* 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
* Apollo Moon landings
* Barack Obama
* citizenship
* religion
* parentage
* Biden–Ukraine
* Black helicopter
* Business Plot
* Clinton Body Count
* CIA and JFK
* Cultural Marxism
* CIA assistance to bin Laden
* Dulles' Plan
* FEMA concentration camps
* HAARP
* Jade Helm 15 (2015)
* Litter box hoax
* Melania Trump replacement (2017)
* Montauk Project
* October Surprise (1980)
* Pizzagate (2016)
* Philadelphia Experiment (1943)
* The Plan (Washington, D.C.)
* Project Azorian (1974)
* QAnon
* Pastel
* incidents
* Saddam–al-Qaeda
* Sandy Hook (2012)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement
* Spygate (2018)
* Trump–Ukraine scandal (2019)
* Ukraine bioweapons
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Vietnam War
* POW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth

| 2020 Election|

* Italygate
* "Pence Card"
* Maricopa County ballot audit
* Stop the Steal

|

Other|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Birds Aren't Real
* Cancellation of the Avro Arrow (1959)
* Clockwork Orange (1970s)
* Freeman on the land
* Illuminati
* Larries
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet (1987)
* New Coke (1985)
* Phantom time / New Chronology
* Pseudolaw
* Strawman theory
* Red mercury
* Reptilians
* Voting pencil

See also|

* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Falsifiability
* Fringe science
* Historical negationism
* Paranormal
* Prejudice
* Hate speech
* Superstition

* v
* t
* e

Pseudoscience

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Terminology|

* Cargo cult science
* Charlatan
* Crank
* Fringe theory
* Fringe science
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Junk science
* Paranormal
* Pathological science
* Quackery
* Snake oil
* Superseded scientific theory
* True-believer syndrome
* Voodoo Science

Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience|

| Medicine|

* Acupuncture
* Aromatherapy
* Adrenal fatigue
* Alternative medicine
* Anthroposophic medicine
* Applied kinesiology
* Ayurveda
* Bates method
* Biorhythms
* Bloodletting
* Body memory
* Chiropractic
* Chromotherapy
* Correactology
* Cryonics
* Crystal healing
* Cupping
* Detoxification
* Colon cleansing
* Doctrine of signatures
* Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
* Ear candling
* Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
* Energy medicine
* Germ theory denialism
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Homeopathy
* Humorism
* Iridology
* Leaky gut syndrome
* Lunar effect
* Magnet therapy
* Miracle Mineral Supplement
* Naturopathy
* Palmistry
* Panchagavya
* Patent medicine
* Phrenology
* Primal therapy
* Radionics
* Reiki
* Traditional medicine
* Traditional Chinese medicine
* Trepanning
* Vertebral subluxation
* Wind turbine syndrome

|

Social science|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Ancient astronauts
* Catastrophism
* Conspiracy theory
* 5G conspiracy
* 9/11 conspiracy theories
* Chemtrail conspiracy theory
* Climate change denial
* COVID-19 misinformation
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Conversion therapy
* Hollow Earth theory
* Indigo children
* Japhetic theory
* Mediumship
* Nazi archaeology
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Parapsychology
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Genocide denial
* Historical negationism
* Holocaust denial
* Pseudolaw
* Recovered-memory therapy
* Past life regression
* Scientific racism
* Aryan race
* Melanin theory
* Generational theory
* Generationism
* Strauss–Howe generational theory

Other|

* Alchemy
* Aquatic ape hypothesis
* Astrology
* Biodynamic agriculture
* Creation science
* Cryptozoology
* Dianetics
* Auditing
* Dowsing
* Electronic voice phenomenon
* Eugenics
* Facilitated communication
* Feng shui
* Flat Earth theory
* Graphology
* Intelligent design
* Laundry ball
* Levitation
* Lysenkoism
* Numerology
* Orgone
* Perpetual motion
* Polygraph
* Pseudoscientific metrology
* Quantum mysticism
* Rapid prompting method
* Statement analysis
* Ufology
* Voice stress analysis
* Water memory

Promoters of
pseudoscience|

* Mehmet Oz
* Joseph Mercola
* Deepak Chopra
* Sucharit Bhakdi
* Gaia, Inc.
* Max Gerson
* Goop (company)
* Nicholas Gonzalez
* William Donald Kelley
* Mike Lindell
* Jenny McCarthy
* Theodor Morell
* Hans Alfred Nieper
* Randolph Stone
* Andrew Wakefield
* Ministry of Ayush
* Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff

Related topics|

* Bogdanov affair
* Bourgeois pseudoscience
* Demarcation problem
* Scientific method
* Suppressed research in the Soviet Union

Resources|

* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* Cults of Unreason
* Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
* Fortean Times
* JREF
* Quackwatch
* Skeptical Inquirer
* The Natural History of Quackery
* The Psychology of the Occult
* The Ragged Edge of Science
* The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* The Skeptic's Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

Historical negationism

* Denialism
* Rationalization
* Victim blaming
* Historiography
* school textbook controversies
* Genocide justification

Genocide denial|

* Armenian genocide
* Bosnian genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Holocaust
* trivialization
* Holodomor
* Rwandan genocide
* Serbian genocide

Other manifestations|

* Austria victim theory
* Clean Wehrmacht
* Italiani brava gente
* Katyn massacre
* Nanjing massacre
* Neo-Stalinism
* Srebrenica massacre
* Stab-in-the-back myth
* Temple denial
* Vukovar massacre

Organizations|

* Adelaide Institute
* Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War
* CODOH
* FactCheckArmenia.com
* Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung
* HIAG
* Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
* Institute for Armenian Research
* Institute for Historical Review
* Institute of Turkish Studies
* Nippon Kaigi
* Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt

Publications|

* A Town Betrayed
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* Falsifiers of History
* Folk og Land
* The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
* Journal of Historical Review
* Leuchter report
* Living Marxism
* The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
* Report about Case Srebrenica

Conferences|

* International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
* Bali Holocaust Conference

Publishing houses|

* Arndt Verlag
* J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
* Munin Verlag
* Nation Europa Verlag

Legal status|

| Statute law|

* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* Germany

|

Case law|

* R v Zundel (1992)
* Lehideux and Isorni v France (1998)
* Irving v Penguin Books Ltd (2000)
* Perinçek v. Switzerland (2013)

International law|

* Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
* Right to truth

* v
* t
* e

Genocide

Genocides
(list by death toll)|

* Gallic genocide (50s BC)
* Dzungar Mongols (1750s)
* Moriori (1835)
* California (1846–1873)
* Circassian (1860s)
* Selk'nam (1890s–1900s)
* Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907)
* Greek (1914–1922)
* Sayfo (1915–1919)
* Armenian (1915–1917)
* Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
* Kazakh (1931–1933)
* Holodomor (1932–1933)
* Crimean Tatars (1944–1989)
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)
* Sook Ching (1942)
* Romani Holocaust (1941–1944)
* Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
* Arabs in Zanzibar (1964)
* Bangladesh (1971)
* Burundian (1972, 1993)
* East Timor (1974–1999)
* Cambodian (1975–1979)
* Guatemalan (1981–1983)
* Isaaq (1982–1989)
* Anfal (1986–1989)
* Amhara (1990–)
* Rwandan (1994)
* Bosnian (1992–1995)
* Darfur (2003–)
* War in Darfur
* Yazidis (2014)
* Uyghur (2014–)
* Rohingya (2017–)

Terms|

* Democide
* Autogenocide
* Politicide
* Classicide
* Eliticide
* Ethnocide
* Cultural genocide
* Eugenics
* Gendercide
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Policide
* Utilitarian genocide
* Mass killing

Methods|

* Rape
* Extermination camp
* Massacres
* Killing Fields
* Pogroms
* Death marches
* Death squads
* Incitement

Denial|

* The Holocaust
* Trivialization
* Armenian
* Serbian
* Bosnian
* Rwandan
* Holodomor
* Cambodian

Issues|

* Definitions
* Names of the Holocaust
* Terminology of the Armenian genocide
* Holocaust terminology
* Genocide law
* Prevention
* Effects on young survivors
* Politics of recognition
* Justification
* Mass killings under communist regimes

Legal proceedings|

* Nuremberg trials
* subsequent Nuremberg trials
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
* Radovan Karadžić
* Ratko Mladić
* Slobodan Milošević
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
* Khmer Rouge Tribunal

* v
* t
* e

Alt-right

Ideas|

| Core|

* American nationalism
* Anti-communism
* Antifeminism
* Anti-immigration
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Zionism
* "Blood and soil"
* Cultural racism
* Fourteen Words
* Ghost skin
* Gun rights
* Homophobia
* Increase in birth rates
* Islamophobia
* Isolationism
* Large families
* Nativism
* Protectionism
* Racism
* Right-wing populism
* Scientific racism
* Transphobia
* White ethnostate
* White nationalism
* White supremacy
* Xenophobia

|

Conspiracy
theories|

* 9/11 denial
* Crisis actors
* Cultural Marxism
* Eurabia
* George Soros
* Great Replacement
* Homosexual agenda
* Kalergi Plan
* Murder of Seth Rich
* New World Order
* Pizzagate
* QAnon
* Sandy Hook shooting
* USS Liberty incident
* White genocide
* Zionist Occupation Government

Related|

* Accelerationism
* Alt-lite
* Alt-right pipeline
* Alternative media
* Boogaloo movement
* Christian Identity
* Creativity
* DezNat
* Holocaust denial
* Identitarian movement
* Incel
* Kinism
* Manosphere
* Men Going Their Own Way
* National Socialist black metal
* Neo-Confederate
* Neo-fascism
* Neo-nationalism
* Neo-Nazism
* Northwest Territorial Imperative
* Nordic racial paganism/Odalism
* Nouvelle Droite
* Paleoconservatism
* Paleolibertarianism
* Radical right
* Reactionary
* Dark Enlightenment
* Third Position

Online
culture|

| Alt-tech|

* 4chan
* /pol/
* 8chan
* BitChute
* Epik
* Gab
* Gettr
* Minds
* Parler
* Voat (defunct)

|

Websites|

* American Renaissance
* Breitbart News
* The Daily Stormer
* InfoWars
* Kingdom Identity Ministries
* Kuruc.info
* Metapedia
* Occidental Observer
* The Occidental Quarterly
* Rebel News
* Red Ice
* Reddit (r/The_Donald)
* Renegade Tribune
* The Right Stuff
* Stormfront
* TruNews
* Vanguard News Network
* VDARE
* WorldNetDaily

Memes|

* "Basket of deplorables"
* "Beta male"
* "Cuckservative"
* "Deus vult"
* Fashwave
* Happy Merchant
* "It's okay to be white"
* Moon Man
* NPC
* OK gesture
* "Owning the libs"
* Pepe the Frog
* "Red pill and blue pill"
* "Remove Kebab"
* "Shadilay"
* "Snowflake"
* "Social justice warrior"
* Trash Doves
* Triple parentheses
* Undercut

Groups|

* AltRight Corporation
* American Freedom Party
* Anti-Communist Action
* Antipodean Resistance
* Arktos Media
* Asatru Folk Assembly
* Atomwaffen Division
* The Base
* Deplorable Pride
* GRECE
* Groypers
* Gruppe S
* Hundred-Handers
* Identity Evropa (defunct)
* Identitarian Movement of Austria
* Imperium Europa
* Lads Society
* League of the South
* Les Identitaires
* London Forum
* National Justice Party
* National Policy Institute
* Nationalist Front
* New Century Foundation
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Oath Keepers
* Patriot Front
* Patriot Prayer
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Three Percenters
* Thule-Seminar
* Traditionalist Worker Party (defunct)
* True Blue Crew
* Vanguard America
* Washington Summit Publishers
* Wolves of Vinland
* Wotansvolk

Events|

| Specific
events and
incidents|

* Asgardsrei festival
* Berkeley protests
* Canada convoy protest
* DeploraBall
* End Domestic Terrorism rally
* Gamergate controversy
* Justice for J6 rally
* Lorraine Higgins trolling incident
* Macron e-mail leaks
* Unite the Right rally
* Unite the Right 2

|

Attacks and
thwarted
plots|

* Assault of DeAndre Harris
* Attack on Paul Pelosi
* Aztec High School shooting
* Bærum mosque shooting
* Boogaloo murders
* Bratislava shooting
* Buffalo shooting
* 2019 San Diego County attacks
* Escondido mosque fire
* Poway synagogue shooting
* Charleston church shooting
* Charlottesville car attack
* Christchurch mosque shootings
* Dallas courthouse shooting
* El Paso shooting
* Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* Murder of Blaze Bernstein
* Murder of Timothy Caughman
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
* Portland train attack
* Singapore mosque attacks plot
* United States Capitol attack
* Zagreb shooting

Lists|

* List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges
* Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys
* Timeline of incidents involving QAnon

People|

* Virginia Abernethy
* James Allsup
* Jake Angeli
* Andrew Anglin
* Andrew "weev" Auernheimer
* Steve Bannon
* Theodore "Vox Day" Beale
* Carl "Sargon of Akkad" Benjamin
* Owen Benjamin
* Joe Biggs
* Don Black
* Peter Brimelow
* Tor "CatboyKami" Gustafsson Brookes
* Christopher Cantwell
* Mike Cernovich
* Mark Collett
* Alain de Benoist
* John Derbyshire
* Jack Donovan
* David Duke
* Mike Enoch
* Guillaume Faye
* Haakon Forwald
* Daniel Friberg
* Robert "Rob Darken" Fudali
* Nick Fuentes
* Jean-François Gariépy
* Ben Garrison
* Austin "Augustus Sol Invictus" Gillespie
* Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
* Faith Goldy
* Paul Gottfried
* Yevhen "Knjaz Varggoth" Hapon
* Christopher Paul Hasson
* Matthew Heimbach
* Michael Hill
* Michael A. Hoffman II
* Charles C. Johnson
* Greg Johnson
* William Daniel Johnson
* Alex Jones
* Arthur J. Jones
* Jason Jorjani
* Tom Kawcyznski
* Jason Kessler
* Steve King
* Elliot Kline
* Nick Land
* Alex Linder
* Lana Lokteff
* Laura Loomer
* Norman Lowell
* Klas Lund
* Kevin MacDonald
* James Mason
* Stephen McNallen
* Merlin Miller
* Stephen Miller
* Hendrik Mobus
* Stefan Molyneux
* Paul Nehlen
* Paul "GypsyCrusader" Nicholas Miller
* Ethan Nordean
* Jack Posobiec
* Paul Ray Ramsey
* William Regnery II
* Jack Renshaw
* Thomas Robb
* Colin "Millennial Woes" Robertson
* Steve Sailer
* Jeff Schoep
* Martin Sellner
* Simon Sheppard
* Lauren Southern
* Richard B. Spencer
* Brett Stevens
* Jared Taylor
* Tila Tequila
* Hal Turner
* Daryush "Roosh V" Valizadeh
* Ludovic "Famine" Van Alst
* Varg Vikernes
* Paul Joseph Watson
* Rick Wiles
* Lucian Wintrich
* Curtis Yarvin
* Milo Yiannopoulos

Opposition
and
criticism|

| People|

* Antifa
* Steven "Destiny" Bonnell II
* Ian "Vaush" Kochinski
* Harris "Hbomberguy" Brewis
* Ian "Innuendo Studios" Danskin
* Robert Evans
* Emily Gorcenski
* Daryle Lamont Jenkins
* Angela Nagle
* David Neiwert
* Shaun
* Abigail "Philosophy Tube" Thorn
* Natalie "ContraPoints" Wynn
* Donna Zuckerberg

|

Media|

* Alt-America
* Culture Warlords
* Devil's Bargain
* Feels Good Man
* I Don't Speak German
* It Came From Something Awful
* Kill All Normies
* White Right: Meeting the Enemy

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