Homosexuality and religion

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Attitudes of religions to homosexuality

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Conservative Christian protesters at a 2006 San Francisco Pride event

The relationship between religion and homosexuality has varied greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and denominations, with regard to different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality. The present-day doctrines of the world's major religions and their denominations vary vastly in their attitudes toward these sexual orientations.

Homosexuality was considered a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973, when activists pushed the organization to change this designation. It was only in 1987 that homosexuality was completely removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It was in the wake of the AIDS epidemic, which began in 1981, that the acceptance of homosexuality in the wider culture began to increase from something which previously had been close to non-existent.[not verified in body]

Among the religious denominations which generally reject these orientations, there are many different types of opposition, ranging from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among their adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality, supporting criminal sanctions up to capital punishment, and even to condoning extrajudicial killings. Religious fundamentalism often correlates with anti-homosexual bias.[1] Psychological research has connected religiosity with homophobic attitudes[2] and physical antigay hostility,[3] and has traced religious opposition to gay adoption to collectivistic values (loyalty, authority, purity) and low flexibility in existential issues, rather than to high prosocial inclinations for the weak.[4] Attitudes toward homosexuality have been found to be determined not only by personal religious beliefs, but by the interaction of those beliefs with the predominant national religious context—even for people who are less religious or who do not share their local dominant religious context.[5] Many argue that it is homosexual actions which are sinful, rather than same-sex attraction itself. To this end, some discourage labeling individuals according to sexual orientation.[6] Several organizations assert that conversion therapy can help diminish same-sex attraction.

However, some adherents of many religions view homosexuality and bisexuality positively, and some denominations routinely bless same-sex marriages and support LGBT rights, a growing trend as much of the developed world enacts laws supporting LGBT rights.

Historically, some cultures and religions accommodated, institutionalized, or revered same-sex love and sexuality;[7][8] such mythologies and traditions can be found around the world.[9] The status of homosexuality in Hinduism is ambiguous. Hindu texts contain few specific references to same-sex relations, though some punish it.[10] Ayoni sex, which includes oral and anal sex, was not seen as a serious crime, and could be practiced in some cases.[11] Sikh wedding ceremonies are non-gender specific, and so same-sex marriage is possible within Sikhism.[12]

Regardless of their position on homosexuality, many people of faith look to both sacred texts and tradition for guidance on this issue. However, the authority of various traditions or scriptural passages and the correctness of translations and interpretations are continually disputed.

## Contents

* 1 Specific religious groups
* 1.1 Abrahamic religions
* 1.1.1 Judaism
* 1.1.2 Christianity
* 1.1.2.1 Catholic Church
* 1.1.2.2 Latter-day Saints
* 1.1.3 Islam
* 1.1.4 Bahá'í Faith
* 1.2 Indian religions
* 1.2.1 Hinduism
* 1.2.2 Buddhism
* 1.2.3 Sikhism
* 1.3 Zoroastrianism
* 1.4 East Asian religions
* 1.4.1 Confucianism
* 1.4.2 Taoism
* 1.5 Paganism
* 1.5.1 Radical Faeries
* 1.5.2 Wicca
* 1.6 Satanism
* 1.7 Unitarian Universalism
* 1.8 Humanism
* 1.9 Candomblé
* 1.10 Unification Church
* 2 Religious groups and public policy
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 4.1 Notes
* 4.2 Citations
* 4.3 Sources

## Specific religious groups[edit | edit source]

### Abrahamic religions[edit | edit source]

The Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, have traditionally forbidden sodomy, believing and teaching that such behavior is sinful.[13][14] Today some denominations within these religions are accepting of homosexuality and inclusive of homosexual people, such as Reform Judaism, the United Church of Christ and the Metropolitan Community Church. Some Presbyterian and Anglican churches welcome members regardless of same-sex sexual practices, with some provinces allowing for the ordination and inclusion of gay and lesbian clerics, and affirmation of same-sex unions. Reform Judaism incorporates lesbian and gay rabbis and same-sex marriage liturgies, while Reconstructionist Judaism and Conservative Judaism in the US allows for lesbian and gay rabbis and same-sex unions.[15]

#### Judaism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Homosexuality and Judaism

The Torah (first five books of the Hebrew Bible) is the primary source for Jewish views on homosexuality. It states that: "[A man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is a תועבה (toeba, "abomination")" (Leviticus 18:22).[16] (Like many similar commandments, the stated punishment for willful violation is the death penalty, although in practice rabbinic Judaism no longer believes it has the authority to implement death penalties.)

Orthodox Judaism views homosexual acts as sinful. In recent years, there have been approaches claiming that only the sexual anal act is forbidden and considered an abomination by the Torah, while sexual orientation and even other sexual activities are not considered a sin. Conservative Judaism has engaged in an in-depth study of homosexuality since the 1990s, with various rabbis presenting a wide array of responsa (papers with legal arguments) for communal consideration. The official position of the movement is to welcome homosexual Jews into their synagogues, and also campaign against any discrimination in civil law and public society, but also to uphold a ban on anal sex as a religious requirement.

Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism in North America and Liberal Judaism in the United Kingdom view homosexuality to be acceptable on the same basis as heterosexuality. Progressive Jewish authorities believe either that traditional laws against homosexuality are no longer binding or that they are subject to changes that reflect a new understanding of human sexuality.[17] Some of these authorities rely on modern biblical scholarship suggesting that the prohibition in the Torah was intended to ban coercive or ritualized homosexual sex, such as those practices ascribed to Egyptian and Canaanite fertility cults and temple prostitution.[18][19]

#### Christianity[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Christianity and homosexuality and Christianity and sexual orientation

Christian denominations hold a variety of views on homosexual activity, ranging from outright condemnation to complete acceptance. Most Christian denominations welcome people attracted to the same sex, but teach that homosexual acts are sinful.[20][21] These denominations include the Roman Catholic Church,[21] the Eastern Orthodox church,[22] the Oriental Orthodox churches,[23] Confessional Lutheran denominations such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod[24][25] and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod,[26][27] the United Methodist Church,[20][28][29][30] and some other mainline denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[31] and the American Baptist Church,[32] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance,[33] and fundamentalist groups and churches, such as the Southern Baptist Convention.[34][35][36] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[37] as well as Restorationist churches, like Iglesia ni Cristo, the Jehovah's Witnesses and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[38][39]

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Religious protest against homosexuality in San Francisco

Liberal Christians are generally supportive of homosexuals. Some Christian denominations do not view monogamous same sex relationships as bad or evil. These include the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ,[40] the Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the churches of the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Church of Sweden, the Lutheran, reformed and united churches in Evangelical Church of Germany, the Church of Denmark, the Icelandic Church, the Church of Norway and the Protestant Church of the Netherlands. In particular, the Metropolitan Community Church, a denomination of 40,000 members, was founded specifically to serve the Christian LGBT community, and is devoted to being open and affirming to LGBT people. The United Church of Christ and the Alliance of Baptists also condone gay marriage, and some parts of the Anglican and Lutheran churches allow for the blessing of gay unions. Within the Anglican communion there are openly gay clergy; for example, Gene Robinson and Mary Glasspool are openly homosexual bishops in the US Episcopal Church and Eva Brunne in Lutheran Church of Sweden. The Episcopal Church's recent actions vis-a-vis homosexuality have brought about increased ethical debate and tension within the Church of England and worldwide Anglican churches. In the United States and many other nations, the religious people are becoming more affirming of same-sex relationships. Even those in denominations with official stances are liberalizing, though not as quickly as those in more affirming religious groups.[41]

Passages from the Mosaic Covenant and its broader Old Testament context have been interpreted to mean that anyone who is engaging in homosexual practices should be punished with death (Leviticus 20:13;[42] cf. Genesis 19:4–25;[43] Judges 19:22–20:48;[44] 2 Peter 2:6–10;[45] Jude 7).[46] HIV/AIDS has also been portrayed by some Christian fundamentalists such as Fred Phelps and Jerry Falwell as a punishment by God against homosexuals.[47] In the 20th century, theologians like Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, Hans Küng, John Robinson, Bishop David Jenkins, Don Cupitt, and Bishop Jack Spong challenged traditional theological positions and understandings of the Bible; following these developments some have suggested that passages have been mistranslated, are taken out of context, or that they do not refer to what is generally understood as "homosexuality."[48][49]

Conservative denominations[50] generally oppose same-sex sexual relations based on Old Testament and New Testament texts that describe human sexual relations as strictly heterosexual by God's design.[a] As such, it is argued that sexual desires and actions that contradict God's design are deemed sinful and are condemned by God (e.g. Leviticus 18:22; cf. Leviticus 20:13). Since love does not rejoice in unrighteousness or iniquity (cf. 1 Corinthians 13:6),[56] and since homosexual desires and actions are believed to remain contrary to God's design and condemned by God as sinful/iniquity (e.g. in general, Romans 1:26–27; passively, 1 Corinthians 6:9;[57] actively, including but not limited to pederasty, 1 Corinthians 6:9; 1 Timothy 1:9–11;[58][59] considered sexually immoral, Galatians 5:19–21; Colossians 3:5–7; Ephesians 5:3[60]), adherents of conservative denominations believe that genuine love for God and humanity is best expressed by following God rather than the world (Acts 5:29; cf. Jeremiah 23:1–40; Romans 12:9).

Where the Catholic view is founded on a natural law argument informed by scripture and proposed by Thomas Aquinas,[21] the traditional conservative Protestant view is based on an interpretation of scripture alone. Protestant conservatives also see homosexual relationships as an impediment to heterosexual relationships. They interpret some Biblical passages to be commandments to be heterosexually married.[61] Catholics, on the other hand, have accommodated unmarried people as priests, monks, nuns and single lay people for over 1,000 years. A number of self-described gay and 'ex-gay' Christians have reported satisfaction in mixed-orientation marriages.[62][63][64]

##### Catholic Church[edit | edit source]

Main article: Catholic Church and homosexuality

The Catholic Church teaches that those who are attracted to persons of the same sex are called to practice chastity,[21] just like everyone else has to before they get married.[21] The Catholic Church does not regard homosexual activity as an expression of the marital sacrament, which it teaches is only possible within a lifelong commitment of a marriage between a man and a woman. According to the Church's sexual ethics, homosexual activity falls short in the complementarity (male and female organs complement each other) and fecundity (openness to new life) of the sexual act. Few studies of parishioners' individual views are sometimes at variance with the church's non-acceptance of homosexuality.[65]

##### Latter-day Saints[edit | edit source]

Main article: Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

An LGBT Pride flag in front of the iconic temple.

All homosexual or same-sex sexual activity is forbidden by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in its law of chastity, and the church teaches that God does not approve of same-sex marriage and may punish same-sex sexual behavior with a disciplinary council.[66] Members of the church who experience homosexual attractions, including those who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual remain in good standing in the church if they abstain from same-sex marriage and all sexual relations outside an opposite-sex marriage,[67][68][69] but all, including those participating in same-sex activity and relationships, are allowed to attend weekly church worship services.[70] However, in order to receive church ordinances such as baptism, and to enter church temples, adherents are required to abstain from same-sex relations.[71][72] Additionally, in the church's plan of salvation noncelibate gay and lesbian individuals will not be allowed in the top tier of heaven to receive exaltation unless they repent, and a heterosexual marriage is a requirement for exaltation.[73][74]

The LDS Church previously taught that homosexuality was a curable condition[75][76] and counseled members that they could and should change their attractions and provided therapy and programs with that goal.[77][78]: 13–19 [79]: 377–379 From 1976 until 1989 the Church Handbook called for church discipline for members attracted to the same sex equating merely being homosexual with the seriousness of acts of adultery and child molestation—even celibate gay people were subject to excommunication.[80]: 16, 43 [79]: 382, 422 [81]: 139 Church publications now state that "individuals do not choose to have such attractions", its church-run therapy services no longer provides sexual orientation change efforts, and the church has no official stance on the causes of homosexuality.[82][83][84] These current teachings and policies leave homosexual members with the option of potentially harmful attempts to change their sexual orientation, entering a mixed-orientation opposite-sex marriage, or living a celibate lifestyle without any sexual expression (including masturbation).[85][86]: 11 [87]: 20–21

#### Islam[edit | edit source]

Main article: LGBT in Islam

> Do you approach males among the worlds And leave what your Lord has created for you as mates? But you are a people transgressing.

> — Quran, Surah 26 (165-166), trans. Sahih International

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Same-sex intercourse illegal:

Death penalty for homosexuality

Death penalty on books but not applied

According to the ILGA seven countries still retain capital punishment for homosexual behavior: Saudi Arabia, Yemen (for adultery), Iran, Brunei Afghanistan, Mauritania, and northern Nigeria.[88]

All of the major Islamic schools disapprove of homosexuality.[89] Islam views same-sex desires as an unnatural temptation, and sexual relations are seen as a transgression of the natural role and aim of sexual activity.[90] Islamic teachings (in the hadith tradition) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the Qur'an) condemn consummation.

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadiths that mention homosexual behavior among women.[citation needed] Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, al-Tabari records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the harem of al-Hadi in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that Caliph's actions as ruler.[91]

#### Bahá'í Faith[edit | edit source]

Main article: Homosexuality and the Baháʼí Faith

Bahá'í law limits permissible sexual relations to those between a man and a woman in marriage. Believers are expected to abstain from sex outside matrimony.[92] Bahá'ís do not, however, attempt to impose their moral standards on those who have not accepted the Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh. The Bahá'í Faith takes no position on the sexual practices of those who are not adherents.[93] While requiring uprightness in all matters of morality, whether sexual or otherwise, the Bahá’í teachings also take account of human frailty and call for tolerance and understanding in regard to human failings. In this context, to regard homosexuals with prejudice would be contrary to the spirit of the Bahá’í teachings. [94]

### Indian religions[edit | edit source]

Among the religions that originated in ancient and medieval India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions, and religious authorities voice diverse opinions. In 2005, an authority figure of Sikhism condemned same-sex marriage and the practice of homosexuality. However, many people in Sikhism do not oppose gay marriage.[95] Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body, but the majority of swamis opposed same-sex relationships in a 2004 survey, and a minority supported them.[96] Ancient religious texts such as the Vedas often refer to people of a third gender known as hijra, who are neither female nor male. Some see this third gender as an ancient parallel to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex identities.

#### Hinduism[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Hinduism and LGBT topics, Kama, and LGBT themes in Hindu mythology

Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati in the form of Ardhanarisvara (half-man, half-woman)

Hinduism does not have a central authority. Many Hindu sects have taken various positions on homosexuality, ranging from positive to neutral or antagonistic. Referring to the nature of Samsara, the Rigveda, one of the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism says 'Vikruti Evam Prakriti' (Perversity/diversity is what nature is all about, or, What seems unnatural is also natural).[97] A "third gender" has been acknowledged within Hinduism since Vedic times. Several Hindu texts, such as Manu Smriti[98] and Sushruta Samhita, assert that some people are born with either mixed male and female natures, or sexually neuter, as a matter of natural biology (while at the same time there are examples of speaking negatively in regards to male homosexuality as shown by the Manu Smrititi and Arthashastra). In addition, each Hindu denomination had developed distinct rules regarding sexuality, as Hinduism is not unified and is decentralized in essence.

Hindu groups are historically not unified regarding the issue of homosexuality, each one having a distinct doctrinal view.[99][100][101]

The Indian Kama Sutra, written around 150 BC,[102] contains passages describing eunuchs or "third-sex" males performing oral sex on men.[103][104] The text describes Kama as one of the three objectives to be achieved in life.[105] Though it forbids the educated Brahmins, bureaucrats and wisemen from practicing Auparishtaka (oral sex).[106]

Similarly, some medieval Hindu temples and artifacts openly depict both male homosexuality and lesbianism within their carvings, such as the temple walls at Khajuraho. Some infer from these images that at least part of the Hindu society and religion were previously more open to variations in human sexuality than they are at present.

Khajoraho scene of three women and one man.

Ayoni sex, which includes oral and anal sex, never came to be viewed as much of a sin like in Christianity nor a serious crime and could be practiced in some cases. Close friendship between people of same genders has also been seen as permissible in Hindu texts.[11]

Several Hindu priests have performed same-sex marriages, arguing that love is the result of attachments from previous births and that marriage, as a union of spirit, is transcendental to gender.[107][108]

#### Buddhism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Buddhism and sexual orientation

The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the Five Precepts and the Eightfold Path, one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct."[109] However, "sexual misconduct" is a broad term, and is subjected to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers. The determination of whether or not same-gender relations is appropriate for a layperson is not considered a religious matter by many Buddhists.[110]

According to the Pāli Canon and Āgama (the Early Buddhist scriptures), there is not any saying that same or opposite gender relations have anything to do with sexual misconduct,[111][112] and some Theravada monks express that same-gender relations do not violate the rule to avoid sexual misconduct, which means not having sex with someone under age (thus protected by their parents or guardians), someone betrothed or married or who has taken vows of religious celibacy.[113]

Some later traditions gradually began to add new restrictions on sexual misconduct, like non-vagina sex, though some academics argue it usually involves situations seem as coerced sex.[114][115][116] This non-vagina sex as sexual misconduct view is not based on what Buddha's said, but from some later Abhidharma texts.[117][118]

Buddhism is often characterized as distrustful of sensual enjoyment and sexuality in general.[119] Traditionally, sex and lust are seen as hindering to spiritual progress in most schools of Buddhism; as such monks are expected to refrain from all sexual activity, and the Vinaya (the first book of the Tripitaka) specifically prohibits sexual intercourse, then further explain that anal, oral, and vaginal intercourse amount to sexual intercourse, which will result in permanent exclusion from Sangha.[120] A notable exception in the history of Buddhism occurred in Japan during the Edo period, in which male homosexuality, or more specifically, love between young novices and older monks, were celebrated.[121]

References to pandaka, a eunuch/impotence category that is sometimes interpreted to include homosexual males, can be found throughout the Pali canon as well as other Sanskrit scriptures.[122][123] In the Chinese version of Sarvastivada Vinaya, the pandaka is mentioned as also trying to have sex with women, not just men.[124] Leonard Zwilling refers extensively to Buddhaghosa's Samantapasadika, where pandaka are described as being filled with defiled passions and insatiable lusts, and are dominated by their libido. Some texts of the Abhidharma state that a pandaka cannot achieve enlightenment in their own lifetime, (but must wait for rebirth) and Asanga and Vasubandhu discussed if a pandaka was able to be enlightened or not. According to one scriptural story, Ananda—Buddha's cousin and disciple—was a pandaka in one of his many previous lives.

Some later classic Buddhist masters and texts disallow contact between monks/Bodhisattva and pandakas/women and classify non-vagina sex as sexual misconduct, including for lay followers.[125][126][114][127][128][129]

The third of the five precepts of Buddhism states that one is to refrain from sexual misconduct; this precept has sometimes been interpreted to include homosexuality. The Dalai Lama of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism previously interpreted sexual misconduct to include lesbian and gay sex, and indeed any sex other than penis-vagina intercourse, including oral sex, anal sex, and masturbation or other sexual activity with the hand; the only time sex is acceptable is when it performed for its purpose of procreation.[130][131][132] In 2009, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on CBC News: Sunday about whether or not homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct."[133] However, the Dalai Lama supports human rights for all, "regardless of sexual orientation."[134] In the most recent interview on this topic (March 10, 2014), the Dalai Lama said gay marriage is "OK", provided it's not in contradiction with the values of one's chosen religion.[135][136] Also in an Indian and Tibetan tradition, the Nalandabodhi sangha has stated that they are welcoming of all sexual orientations.[137]

In Thailand, some accounts propose that "homosexuality arises as a karmic consequence of violating Buddhist proscriptions against heterosexual misconduct. These karmic accounts describe homosexuality as a congenital condition which cannot be altered, at least in a homosexual person's current lifetime, and have been linked with calls for compassion and understanding from the non-homosexual populace."[119] However, Buddhist leaders in Thailand have also condemned homosexuality,[119] ousted monks accused of homosexual acts, and banned kathoey from ordination. In 2009, Senior monk Phra Maha Wudhijaya Vajiramedh introduced a "good manners" curriculum for novices in the monkhood, stating to the BBC that he was concerned by "the flamboyant behaviour of gay and transgender monks, who can often be seen wearing revealingly tight robes, carrying pink purses and having effeminately-shaped eyebrows."[138] However, in Thailand, several leaders in the Theravada tradition including Phra Payom Kalayano have expressed support for LGBT rights.[139][140][141]

A later popular Japanese legend attributed the introduction of monastic homosexuality to Japan to Shingon founder Kukai, although scholars now dismiss the veracity of this assertion, pointing out his strict adherence to the Vinaya.[142][143][144] Nonetheless, the legend served to "affirm same sex relation between men and boys in seventeenth century Japan."[144][145] However, Japanese Buddhist scholar and author of "Wild Azaleas" Kitamura Kigin argued that there was a tendency in monasteries to avoid heterosexuality and to encourage homosexuality.[146]

Although Mahayana Buddhism has some texts against homosexuality (from later Abhidharma texts and Buddhist apocrypha), the majority of its teachings assert that all beings who correctly practice the dharma may reach enlightenment, since all possess an innate Buddha nature. Enlightenment being achievable even in a single life.[147][148] Some Mahayana Buddhist leaders were active in the movement for same-sex marriage rights in Taiwan which legalized same-sex marriages in 2019.[149][150][151][152]

Well known Zen Buddhist, Thich Nhat Hanh, notes the spirit of Buddhism is inclusiveness and states "when you look at the ocean, you see different kinds of waves, many sizes and shapes, but all the waves have water as their foundation and substance. If you are born gay or lesbian, your ground of being in the same as mine. We are different, but we share the same ground of being."[153]

The capacity of Buddhism to reform itself and its great variety of distinct beliefs and schools, provide many liberal streams of Buddhism, which are accepting of all sexual orientations. Reformists of Buddhism are mainly predominant in cosmopolitan cities. In global traditions, there is a widescale support for LGBT rights including the European Buddhist Union,[154] the Buddhist Churches of America,[155][156][157] many Shin Buddhist groups,[158] and Zen leaders such as Thich Nhat Hanh.[159] The Federation of Australian Buddhist Councils (FABC), representing Buddhist laypeople, and the Australian Sangha Association vocally supported same-sex marriage in Australia.[160] Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is the most diverse Buddhist community in the United States with more than 500 chapters and some 100 centers throughout the country supports LGBT rights.[161] In a PEW research poll, 88% of American Buddhists stated that homosexuality should be accepted.[162] This was a higher level of support than any other religious group studied.[162]

#### Sikhism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Sikhism and sexual orientation

Sikhism has no written view on the matter, but in 2005, a Sikh religious authority described homosexuality as "against the Sikh religion and the Sikh code of conduct and totally against the laws of nature," and called on Sikhs to support laws against gay marriage.[163] Many Sikhs are against this view, however,[164] and state that the Sikh Scriptures promote equality and do not condemn homosexuality.[165]

In Sikh Scripture

In Guru Granth Sahib, marriage is seen as a union of souls. In Sikhism, the soul is seen as genderless, and the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) is a temporary state. Same-sex marriage advocates refer to this fact.[165]

### Zoroastrianism[edit | edit source]

> The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is a man that is a Daeva [demon]; this man is a worshipper of the Daevas, a male paramour of the Daevas

> — Vendidad

The Vendidad, one of the later Zoroastrian texts composed in the Artificial Young Avestan language, has not been dated precisely. It is thought that some concepts of law, uncleanliness, dualism, and salvation were shared between the religions, and subsequent interactions between the religions are documented by events such as the release of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity by Zoroastrian Cyrus the Great in 537 BC, and the Biblical account of the Magi visiting the infant Jesus.

The Vendidad generally promotes procreation: "the man who has a wife is far above him who lives in continence; he who keeps a house is far above him who has none; he who has children is far above the childless man; he who has riches is far above him who has none." It details the penance for a worshipper who submits to sodomy under force as "Eight hundred stripes with the Aspahe-astra, eight hundred stripes with the Sraosho-charana." (equal to the penalty for breaking a contract with the value of an ox),[166] and declares that for those participating voluntarily "For that deed there is nothing that can pay, nothing that can atone, nothing that can cleanse from it; it is a trespass for which there is no atonement, for ever and ever". However, those not practicing the Religion of Mazda were pardoned for past actions upon conversion.[167] It has been argued that, in ancient times, those prohibitions against sodomy didn't apply to eunuchs.[168]

### East Asian religions[edit | edit source]

Among the Taoic religions of East Asia, such as Taoism, passionate homosexual expression is usually discouraged because it is believed to not lead to human fulfillment.[169]

#### Confucianism[edit | edit source]

Confucianism, being primarily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sexuality; whether homosexual or heterosexual. However, the ideology did emphasize male friendships, and Louis Crompton has argued that the "closeness of the master-disciple bond it fostered may have subtly facilitated homosexuality".[170] Homosexuality is not mentioned in the Analects of Confucius.[171]

#### Taoism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Homosexuality and Taoism

There is no single official position on homosexuality in Taoism, as the term Taoism is used to describe a number of disparate religious traditions encompassing a variety of views. Although Taoist alchemy generally emphasized that ejaculation in heterosexual relationships represented a draining of the male's "life essence," this concept was not generally extended to non-heterosexual sex.

In a similar way to Buddhism, Taoist schools sought throughout history to define what would be sexual misconduct. Broadly speaking, the precept against "sexual misconduct" in Taoism relates to extramarital sex. The term for a married couple (夫婦) usually in Chinese suggests a male with a female, though Taoist scripture itself does not explicitly say anything against same-sex relations.[172][173] Many sorts of precepts mentioned in the Yunji Qiqian (雲笈七籤), The Mini Daoist Canon, does not explicitly say anything against same-gender relations as well.[174]

Homosexuality is not unknown in Taoist history, such as during the Tang dynasty when Taoist nuns exchanged love poems.[175] As a sexual misconduct however would depend on what sect or school they were from as some traditions considered homosexuality to be misconduct and others did not mention it at all. There are also certain talismans recorded in different traditions that claim to "cure" a person of the "homosexual disease/desire". Attitudes about homosexuality within Taoism often reflect the values and sexual norms of broader Chinese society and what region of China the sect resided in (see Homosexuality in China).

### Paganism[edit | edit source]

Main article: LGBT themes in ancient myths

Main article: Modern pagan views on LGBTQ+ people

#### Radical Faeries[edit | edit source]

The Radical Faeries are a worldwide queer spiritual movement, founded in 1979 in the United States.

#### Wicca[edit | edit source]

The Wiccan Charge of the Goddess, one of the most famous texts in Neopaganism, states in the words of the Goddess, "all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals".[176] In traditional forms of Wicca, such as Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca, magic is often performed between a man and a woman, and the "Great Rite" is a sex ritual performed between a Priest and Priestess representing the God and Goddess;[177] however, this is not generally seen as excluding homosexuals or magic between same-sex couples. Most groups still insist, however, that initiations be conferred from man to woman or woman to man.

### Satanism[edit | edit source]

Both major Satanic traditions, The Satanic Temple and the Church of Satan,[178] emphasise the right of the individual to free sexual expression. Lucien Greaves, spokesperson of The Satanic Temple, has stated the Temple "will always fight… to the death to ensure that there are equal rights for the gay community."[179]

### Unitarian Universalism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Unitarian Universalism and LGBTQ people

The first ordained minister of a major religious sect in the U.S. or Canada to come out as gay was the UU Minister James Stoll in 1969.[180] There have been denominational resolutions supporting LGBTQ people since 1970, when a resolution was passed that condemned discrimination against homosexuals. Unitarian Universalism was the first denomination to accept openly transgender people as full members with eligibility to become clergy; in 1988 the first openly transgender person was ordained by the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA).[181][182][183]

The UUA has supported the marriage equality since 1996[184] and compared those who resisted such equality to the resistance to the abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, and the end of anti-miscegenation laws.[185] Three-quarters of all UU congregations have undertaken a series of organizational, procedural, and practical steps to become acknowledged as a "Welcoming Congregation": a congregation that is intentionally welcoming and inclusive of LGBTQ members.[186] On June 29, 1984, the UUA became the first major denomination "to approve religious blessings on homosexual unions." Unitarian Universalists were in the forefront of the work to make same-sex marriages legal in their local states and provinces, as well as on the national level. In May 2004, Arlington Street Church, Boston, was the site of the first state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States. LGBTQ people are regularly ordained as ministers, and have also served at the highest levels of leadership in the denomination, including as president of the Canadian Unitarian Council, interim co-president of the Unitarian Universalist Association, and co-moderator of the UUA.[187][188][189]

### Humanism[edit | edit source]

Humanism is a non-religious, non-theistic approach to life that supports full equality for LGBTQ individuals,[190][191] including the right to marry.[192][193] Humanism and Its Aspirations, a statement of humanist principles from the American Humanist Association, states that "humanists are concerned for the well being of all, are committed to diversity, and respect those of differing yet humane views...work to uphold the equal enjoyment of human rights and civil liberties in an open, secular society and maintain it is a civic duty to participate in the democratic process and a planetary duty to protect nature's integrity, diversity, and beauty in a secure, sustainable manner."[194] The American Humanist Association provides a LGBT Humanist Pride award[195] and has funded a LGBT-inclusive prom for Itawamba County Agricultural High School in Mississippi.[196] The organisation LGBT Humanists UK "is a United Kingdom-based not-for-profit that campaigns for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) equality and human rights and promotes Humanism as an ethical worldview." It was formerly an independent group, but since 2012 has been a part of the charity Humanists UK. In 2009 they gave Stephen Fry an award "for his services to humanism and gay rights."[197][198]

Humanists UK Chief Executive Andrew Copson, who is gay, once wrote that "humanists have always been champions of LGBT rights" and cited his organisation's many years campaigning for decriminalisation and LGBT equality in the UK, including legal same-sex marriages. He pointed out the large number of LGBT people in the movement, including Stephen Fry, Christian Jessen, and Peter Tatchell, as well as historical associations with humanism like the writer Virginia Woolf and E M Forster.[199] In a statement following the Orlando nightclub shooting for the International Humanist and Ethical Union, of which Copson is also President, he went further, saying "Humanism is the ultimate, long-standing and unfaltering ally of LGBTI people everywhere".[200]

### Candomblé[edit | edit source]

In Candomblé, homosexuality is usually accepted and explained by the sex of one's orisha.[201] Homosexuality would be more probable in a man with a female orisha, a woman with a male orisha, or any of them with an androgynous orisha (such as Olokun).

### Unification Church[edit | edit source]

Unification Church views heterosexual marriage which becomes "fruitful" by raising their children as God's ideal. Any other sexual relationship, than between husband and wife, is considered a sin. Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon opposed homosexuality and free sex and in some of his speeches compared such relationships to "dirty dung filled water" and that "Satan and dirty dung-eating dogs go after that".[202] He prophesied that "gays will be eliminated" in a "purge on God's orders".[203]

## Religious groups and public policy[edit | edit source]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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Opposition to same-sex marriage and LGBT rights is often associated with conservative religious views. The American Family Association and other religious groups have promoted boycotts of corporations whose policies support the LGBT community.

In conservative Islamic nations, laws generally prohibit same-sex sexual behaviour, and interpretation of Sharia Law on male homosexuality carries the death penalty. This has been condemned as a violation of human rights by human rights organisation Amnesty International and by the writers of the Yogyakarta principles. With the signature of the US in 2009, the proposed UN declaration on LGBT rights has now been signed by every European secular state and all western nations, as well as other countries—67 members of the UN in total. An opposing statement put forward by Muslim nations was signed by 57 member states, mostly in Africa and Asia. 68 out of the total 192 countries have not yet signed either statement. In 2011 the United Nations Human Rights Council passed a landmark resolution initiated by South Africa supporting LGBT rights (See Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity at the United Nations)

## See also[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homosexuality and religion.

* Culture war
* LGBT rights by country or territory
* Religion and sexuality
* Religious trauma syndrome
* The Bible and homosexuality

## References[edit | edit source]

### Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Passages used to support this view include Genesis 2:18–24;[51] Genesis 1:26–28;[52] Matthew 19:4–6;[53] 1 Corinthians 7:1–40;[54] and Ephesians 5:22–33.[55]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

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2. ^ Whitley, B. E. Jr (2009). "Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis". The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 19: 21–38. doi:10.1080/10508610802471104. S2CID 144916048.
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10. ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, p. 1344, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition
11. ^ a b Jeffrey S. Siker, p. 126, Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia
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16. ^ Leviticus 18:22
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39. ^ "Interview With Elder Dallin H. Oaks and Elder Lance B. Wickman: "Same-Gender At". www.mormonnewsroom.org. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
40. ^ Dewan, Shaila (5 July 2005). "United Church of Christ Backs Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
41. ^ Schnabel, Landon (1 January 2016). "Gender and homosexuality attitudes across religious groups from the 1970s to 2014: Similarity, distinction, and adaptation". Social Science Research. 55: 31–47. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.012. PMID 26680286.
42. ^ Leviticus 20:13
43. ^ Genesis 19:4–25
44. ^ Judges 19:22–20:48
45. ^ 2 Peter 2:6–10
46. ^ Jude 7
47. ^ Bass, Ellen and Kate Kaufman. Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth and their Allies. New York: HarperPerennial, 1996.
48. ^ "Judeo-Christianity and homosexuality". Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
49. ^ "Homosexuality and the Bible, Rev. Clay Witt, Holy Redeemer M.C.C., 1995". Archived from the original on 2 August 2012.
50. ^ Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod: Resources on Sexuality: Articles, Audios, and Documents (2013); Theological Implications of the 2009 ELCA Decisions (2010) Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine; To Develop a Plan for Ministry to Homosexuals and Their Families (1999) Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine; Human Sexuality: A Theological Perspective (1981) Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
51. ^ Genesis 2:18–24
52. ^ Genesis 1:26–28
53. ^ Matthew 19:4–6
54. ^ 1 Corinthians 7:1–40
55. ^ Ephesians 5:22–33
56. ^ 1 Corinthians 13:6
57. ^ BDAG, "μαλακός, ή, όν."
58. ^ BDAG, "ἀρσενοκοίτης, ου, ὁ."
59. ^ Schumacher, Robin (6 October 2012). "Does Paul Condemn Homosexuality in 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy?". The Christian Post. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
60. ^ BDAG, "ἀκαθαρσία, ας, ἡ."
61. ^ Dew, Sheri L. "It Is Not Good for Man or Woman to Be Alone". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
62. ^ Moore, Carrie A. (30 March 2007). "Gay LDS men detail challenges". Deseret Morning News. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
63. ^ "No Easy Victory". Christianity Today. 11 March 2002.
64. ^ Cooper, Anderson (5 April 2007). "Sex and Salvation". Anderson Cooper 360°.
65. ^ "Ranking religions on acceptance of homosexuality and reactions to SCOTUS ruling". 30 June 2015.
66. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage". LDS Church.
67. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Mormon and Gay. LDS Church. October 2016. "If you experience same-sex attraction, you may choose to use a sexual orientation label to describe yourself. ... If you decide to ... openly identify as gay, you should be supported."
68. ^ Oaks, Dallin H.; Wickman, Lance B. (September 2006). "Same-Gender Attraction". Newsroom (Interview: Transcript). Interviewed by LDS Church Public Affairs staffers. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. See also the Salt Lake Tribune archived transcript here.
69. ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (November 1998). "What Are People Asking about Us?". Ensign. LDS Church.
70. ^ "Worship with Us: What to Expect". mormon.org. LDS Church. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
71. ^ "Gospel Topics: Temples", churchofjesuschrist.org, LDS Church, retrieved 2 July 2014
72. ^ "Gospel Topics: Church Disciplinary Councils", churchofjesuschrist.org, LDS Church, retrieved 2 July 2014
73. ^ Beaver, Michelle (11 March 2011). "Mormon church has a fractured history with gays". The Mercury News. San Jose, CA: MediaNews Group, Inc. Bay Area News Group. "There are three levels to the heaven in which Mormons believe, and to make it to the highest level, one must be married. Perhaps the most sacred church ordinance is the temple marriage, a "sealing" between a man and a woman that is believed to be eternal, according to Richley Crapo, a Utah State University professor. There is no place for homosexuality in Mormon marriages, and no place for noncelibate homosexuals in the top level of Mormon heaven, unless that person has repented accordingly in the afterlife."
74. ^ Petrey, Taylor G. (4 February 2015). "My Husband's Not Gay: Homosexuality and the LDS Church". Religion & Politics. Washington University in St. Louis. John C. Danforth Center on Religion and Politics. "In the Mormon cosmos, as presently understood, there is simply no room for same-sex relationships. For Mormons, the afterlife consists of heterosexual pairs of divinized men and women. Often church leaders have counseled Mormons who experience same-sex attraction that their unwelcome feelings will disappear in the afterlife. ... [T]he very structure of heaven can only accommodate opposite-sex marriages."
75. ^ Kimball, Spencer W. (1969), The Miracle of Forgiveness, Bookcraft, ISBN 978-0-88494-192-7, "[Homosexuality] is curable and forgivable. ... Certainly it can be overcome .... [T]o those who say that this practice ... is incurable, I respond: 'How can you say the door cannot be opened until your knuckles are bloody ...? It can be done.'" Quoted on page 31 of "Conservative Christian Identity & Same-Sex Orientation: The Case of Gay Mormons."
76. ^ Kimball, Spencer W. (10 July 1964). A Counselling Problem in the Church. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. pp. 13–14. "We know such a disease [homosexuality] is curable."
77. ^ Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems. LDS Church. 1992. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 3 November 2016. "[S]uch thoughts and feelings, regardless of their causes, can and should be overcome and sinful behavior should be eliminated. ... Change is possible."
78. ^ Prince, Gregory A. (27 September 2017). "Science vs. Dogma: Biology Challenges the LDS Paradigm of Homosexuality" (PDF). thc.utah.edu. University of Utah Tanner Humanities Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2022. Video of the presentation.
79. ^ a b Quinn, D. Michael (1996). Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252022050.
80. ^ Prince, Gregory A. (2019). Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607816638.
81. ^ Schow, Ron (Fall 2005). "Homosexual Attractions and LDS Marriage Decisions" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 38 (3). Retrieved 18 June 2017.
82. ^ "Love One Another: A Discussion on Same-Sex Attraction". Mormons and Gays. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
83. ^ "Interview With Elder Dallin H. Oaks and Elder Lance B. Wickman: "Same-Gender Attraction"". Mormon Newsroom. LDS Church. September 2006. "The Church does not have a position on the causes of any of ... same-gender attraction. Those are scientific questions ...."
84. ^ Jones, Morgan (7 February 2018). "The Weeds' story is one of many stories of LGBT Latter-day Saints that continue to be written". Deseret News. LDS Church. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2022. "Today, [LDS] Family Services says it offers the following: 'We assist individuals and families as they respond to same-sex attraction. Our therapists do not provide what is commonly referred to as 'reparative therapy' or 'sexual orientation change efforts'.'"
85. ^ Fish, Jessica N.; Russell, Stephen T. (August 2020). "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts are Unethical and Harmful". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (8): 1113–1114. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305765. PMC 7349462. PMID 32639919. "With substantial evidence of serious harms associated with exposure to [sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE)] particularly for minors, 21 states (and multiple cities and counties) have passed bipartisan laws or regulations prohibiting SOGICE. ... Furthermore, compared with LGBTQ youths with no exposure, those exposed to SOGICE showed 1.76 times greater odds of seriously considering suicide, 2.23 times greater odds of having attempted suicide, and 2.54 times greater odds of multiple suicide attempts in the previous year."
86. ^ Phillips, Rick (2005). Conservative Christian Identity & Same-Sex Orientation: The Case of Gay Mormons (PDF). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-0820474809. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
87. ^ Cook, Bryce (Summer 2017). "What Do We Know of God's Will for His LGBT Children? An Examination of the LDS Church's Current Position on Homosexuality". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 50 (2). doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.50.2.0001. S2CID 190443414. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
88. ^ "7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts". ILGA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
89. ^ "Al Jumuah, Shaban 1416 AH". The True Religion. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
90. ^ "Homosexuality in the Light of Islam". Madrassah In' Aamiyyah Camperdown. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
91. ^ Bosworth, C.E. (1989). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887065644.
92. ^ "A selection of extracts from the Bahá'í writings on family life and marriage". www.bahai.org.
93. ^ "Office of Community Administration, ed. (9 July 2015), Compilation: Concerning issues related to homosexuality (PDF), National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States" (PDF).
94. ^ "The Baha'i Teachings and Homosexuality". Baha’is of the United States.
95. ^ "World Sikh group against gay marriage bill". CBC News. 29 March 2005.
96. ^ Malik, Rajiv (October–December 2004). "Discussions on Dharma". Hinduism Today Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
97. ^ 'Expose the Hindu Taliban!' by Ashok Row Kavi
98. ^ Manu Smriti, 3.49
99. ^ Lariviere. Naradasmriti, (Part One). Philadelphia, 1989.
100. ^ Vanita & Kidwai 2001, p. 25
101. ^ Mahabharata, book 5, Chapter 191-5.
102. ^ GradeSaver. "Vatsyayana Biography - List of Works, Study Guides & Essays". Retrieved 22 August 2015.
103. ^ Kama Sutra, Chapter 9, "Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress". Text online Archived 13 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
104. ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). Homosexuality in Ancient India, Debonair 2000 or 2001. Essay available online Archived 22 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine from GayBombay.org.
105. ^ Ruth Vanita, Saleem Kidwai, p. 47 Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature
106. ^ FM. Krishna Kumari, p. 151 Sermons from Stones: Contribution of Andhras to Art, Culture, and Thought
107. ^ Gay couple hold Hindu wedding Tuesday, 29 May 2001, 11:29 GMT, BBC News
108. ^ As Tide Turns on Same-Sex Marriage, Churches Lag Behind Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine New America Media, News Feature, Sandip Roy
109. ^ Higgins, Winton. "Buddhist Sexual Ethics". BuddhaNet Magazine. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
110. ^ GLBT in World Religions, Sermon by Rev. Gabriele Parks, along with Phil Manos and Bill Weber. Tpuuf.org Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
111. ^ "Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta" [To Cunda the Silversmith]. Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight. 1997. AN 10.176. Retrieved 14 March 2011. "Abandoning sensual misconduct, he abstains from sensual misconduct. He does not get sexually involved with those who are protected by their mothers, their fathers, their brothers, their sisters, their relatives, or their Dhamma; those with husbands, those who entail punishments, or even those crowned with flowers by another man"`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
112. ^ 優婆塞經 Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine(Upāsaka Sutra from Madhyam āgama):復次，舍梨子！白衣聖弟子離邪婬、斷邪婬，彼或有父所護，或母所護，或父母所護，或兄弟所護，或姉妹所護，或婦父母所護，或親親所護，或同姓所護，或為他婦女，有鞭罰恐怖，及有名雇債至華鬘親，不犯如是女。彼於邪淫淨除其心，白衣聖弟子善護行，此第三法
113. ^
* Ajahn Punnadhammo. "Same Sex Marriage". "The lay man is told to abstain from sex with "unsuitable partners" defined as girls under age, women betrothed or married and women who have taken vows of religious celibacy. This is clear, sound advice and seems to suggest that sexual misconduct is that which would disrupt existing family or love relationships. This is consonant with the general Buddhist principle that that which causes suffering for oneself or others is unethical behaviour. ("Unskillful behaviour" would be closer to the original.) There is no good reason to assume that homosexual relations which do not violate this principle should be treated differently."
* Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya (1993). Uposatha Sila The Eight-Precept Observance.There are four factors of the third precept (kamesu micchacara)
1. agamaniya vatthu — that which should not be visited (the 20 groups of women).
2. asmim sevana-cittam — the intention to have intercourse with anyone included in the above-mentioned groups.
3. sevanap-payogo — the effort at sexual intercourse.
4. maggena maggappatipatti — sexual contact through that adhivasanam effort.
* Bhikkhu Bodhi (1981). Going for Refuge & Taking the Precepts (The Five Precepts). Buddhist Publication Society.
114. ^ a b harvey, peter (2000). An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 421–. ISBN 9780511800801.
115. ^ Huifeng. "Re: Gay Marriage: What Would Buddha Do?". Dharma Wheel. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
116. ^ 《Great Treatise on the Perfection of Wisdom》（Sanskrit: Mahā-prajñāpāramitā-śāstra; 中文: 大智度論）卷13：非道之處，則非女根，女心不樂，強以非理，故名邪婬。（The wrong orifice is not through the female organ, the lady does not like this, and so forcing it [upon her] is inappropriate, therefore it is said to be "sexual misconduct）
117. ^ Thubten Chodron. Dealing With Life's Issues (PDF). "The Pali scriptures make no mention of homosexuality being unwise sexual conduct. For monastics, all sexual intercourse is a root downfall. It doesn't specify the gender of one's partner. Vasubandhu, a teacher who came several centuries after the Buddha, discouraged homosexuality. Personally speaking, I think what's most important is the motivation behind how we use our sexuality. In other words, if people use their sexuality unkindly or unwisely, it doesn't matter if it is directed to someone of their own sex or the opposite sex."
118. ^ José Ignacio Cabezón. "Thinking through Texts: Toward a Critical Buddhist Theology of Sexuality". Retrieved 17 February 2017. "Now the obvious historical question then becomes this: If the early doctrine of sexual misconduct is so simple and elegant, when and why did it get so complex and restrictive – that is, when do we find the transition to “organ/orifice mode”? The answer to the “when” question is simple. We don’t find any examples of the more elaborate formulation of sexual misconduct before the third century CE."
119. ^ a b c Jackson, Peter Anthony (December 1995). "Thai Buddhist accounts of male homosexuality and AIDS in the 1980s". The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 6 (3): 140–53. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1995.tb00276.x. PMID 12291560.
120. ^ See, for example, the Pandakavatthu section of the Mahavagga. 1:61, 68, 69; Vinaya: Mahavagga, 1:71, 76. Additionally, "The Story of the Prohibition of the Ordination of Pandaka" justifies the ban by giving an example of a monk with an insatiable desire to be sexually penetrated by men, thus bringing shame upon the Buddhist community. Vinaya, Vol. 4, pp. 141–142.
121. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (1995). Male Colors, the Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. Berkeley: The University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-585-10603-8.
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### Sources[edit | edit source]

* John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century, University Of Chicago Press, 1st ed. 1980 ISBN 0-226-06710-6, paperback November 2005 ISBN 0-226-06711-4
* Claussen, D. S. 2002\. Sex, Religion, Media. Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 0-7425-1558-3
* Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C., (2015). Clinicians’ perspectives of religious families’ and gay men’s negotiation of sexual orientation disclosure and prejudice, Journal of Homosexuality, 62(3), 394-426.
* Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C. (2014). Family Members’ Uses of Religion in Post–Coming-Out Conflicts With Their Gay Relative. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 6(1), 33-43. doi:10.1037/a0035198
* Hurteau, P. (2013). Male Homosexualities and World Religions, Palgrave. ISBN 978-1349475117.
* Johnson, P. and Vanderbeck, R.M. (2014) Law, Religion and Homosexuality, Abingdon: Routledge.
* Mathew Kuefler (editor), The Boswell Thesis : Essays on Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, University Of Chicago Press, November 2005 ISBN 0-226-45741-9
* Macnutt, Francis (2006) "Can Homosexuality Be Healed?" publisher 'Chosen Books', ISBN 0-8007-9409-5
* Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" NYU Press New York 1997
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* Arlene Swidler: Homosexuality and World Religions. Valley Forge 1993. ISBN 1-56338-051-X
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* Wafer, Jim (1991) "The Taste of Blood: Spirit Possession in Brazilian Candomblé" UPP Philadelphia
* Wafer, Jim (1997) "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York
* Wafer, Jim (1997) "The Symbolism of Male Love in Islamic Mysthical Literature" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York 1997

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(Some topic...) and religion|

* Anarchism
* Astronomy
* Cannabis
* Disability
* Fertility
* Gender
* Homosexuality
* Hittite mythology
* Law
* Magic
* Marxism
* Morality
* Slavery
* Subud
* Transgender people
* Vaccination
* Vegetarianism
* Women
* World War I

Religion and (some topic)|

* abortion
* agriculture
* AIDS
* alcohol
* animal rights
* authoritarianism
* birth control
* business
* capital punishment
* child marriage
* children
* climate change
* communism
* coping with trauma
* coronavirus
* corruption
* crime
* death penalty
* disability
* divorce
* domestic violence
* drugs
* education in Pakistan
* environmentalism
* ethics
* ethnicity
* executions
* gambling
* gender
* geography
* government
* happiness
* health
* HIV/AIDS
* human migration
* identity
* intelligence
* the internet
* LGBT people
* mental health
* mental illness
* schizophrenia
* morality
* mythology
* negotiations
* pacifism
* peacebuilding
* personality
* politics in the United States
* ritual
* science fiction
* sexuality
* adolescent
* bestiality
* heterosexuality
* polygamy
* polygyny
* superstition
* terror
* torture
* vaccination
* video games
* violence
* warfare

Category: ... and religion|

* Adoption
* African Americans
* Cannabis
* Economics
* Economy
* Environment
* Evolution
* Films about LGBT
* Freemasonry
* Gender
* Hellenistic philosophy
* LGBT
* Liberalism
* Marriage
* Mythology
* Aztec
* Maya
* Mesoamerican
* Mixtec
* Muisca
* Olmec
* Pre-Columbian
* Nature
* Psychedelics
* Sexual abstinence
* Sexuality
* Slavery
* Tamils
* Tobacco
* Transgender topics
* Vegetarianism
* Water
* Wealth
* Women

Category:Religion and ...|

* the arts
* abortion
* alcohol
* atheism
* capital punishment
* children
* death
* drugs
* education
* euthanasia
* the French Revolution
* geography
* government
* health
* HIV/AIDS
* law
* medicine
* music
* peace
* race
* science
* society
* by country
* in France
* in the United States
* spirituality podcasts
* sports
* suicide
* technology

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