Jack Kemp

American football player and politician (1935–2009)

Jack Kemp

Official portrait, c. 1989–1993

9th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
In office
February 13, 1989 – January 20, 1993
President| George H. W. Bush
Preceded by| Samuel Pierce
Succeeded by| Henry Cisneros
Chair of the House Republican Conference
In office
January 3, 1981 – June 4, 1987
Leader| Robert H. Michel
Preceded by| Samuel L. Devine
Succeeded by| Dick Cheney
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from New York
In office
January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1989
Preceded by| Richard D. McCarthy
Succeeded by| Bill Paxon
Constituency| 39th district (1971–1973)
38th district (1973–1983)
31st district (1983–1989)
Personal details
Born|

Jack French Kemp

(1935-07-13)July 13, 1935
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died| May 2, 2009(2009-05-02) (aged 73)
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S
Political party| Republican
Spouse|

Joanne Main

(m. 1958)​

Children| 4, including Jeff and Jimmy
Education| Occidental College (BA)
Military service
Allegiance|  United States
Branch/service|  United States Army
Years of service| 1958–1962
Rank| Private
Unit| U.S. Army Reserve

American football player

* * *

Football career
No. 15
Position:| Quarterback
Personal information
Height:| 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight:| 201 lb (91 kg)
Career information
High school:| Los Angeles (CA) Fairfax
College:| Occidental
NFL Draft:| 1957 / Round: 17 / Pick: 203
Career history

* Detroit Lions (1957)*
* Pittsburgh Steelers (1957)
* San Francisco 49ers (1958)*
* New York Giants (1958)*
* Calgary Stampeders (1959)
* Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers (1960–1962)
* Buffalo Bills (1962–1969)

* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards

* 2× AFL champion (1964, 1965)
* 2× AFL Championship MVP (1964, 1965)
* AFL MVP (1965)
* 5× First-team All-AFL (1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966)
* 7× AFL All-Star (1961–1966, 1969)
* Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame

Career AFL/NFL statistics
| Pass attempts:| 3,073

|

Pass completions:| 1,436
Percentage:| 46.7
TD–INT:| 114–183
Passing yards:| 21,218
Passer rating:| 57.3
Player stats at NFL.com · PFR

Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a professional football player. A member of the Republican Party from New York, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1996 election, as the running mate of Bob Dole; they lost to incumbent president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.

Before entering politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.

As an economic conservative, Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career. His positions spanned the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform. As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable as an influence upon the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which is known as the Kemp–Roth tax cut.

After his days in political office, Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator; he served on corporate and nonprofit organization boards. He also authored, co-authored, and edited several books. He promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 1.1 Youth
* 1.2 College
* 2 Marriage, family, and faith
* 3 Football career
* 3.1 Sid Gillman era (1960–1962)
* 3.2 Lou Saban era (1962–1965)
* 3.3 Joe Collier and John Rauch eras (1966–1969)
* 3.4 Career summary
* 4 Career statistics
* 4.1 Regular season
* 4.2 Postseason statistics
* 5 Political career
* 5.1 House of Representatives (1971–1989)
* 5.2 Presidential bid (1988)
* 5.3 Cabinet (1989–1993)
* 5.4 Post-HUD years (1993–1996)
* 5.5 Vice presidential nomination (1996)
* 6 Late career
* 7 Illness and death
* 8 Legacy
* 9 Electoral history
* 10 Books
* 11 Papers
* 12 See also
* 13 Explanatory footnotes
* 14 Citations
* 15 References
* 16 External links

## Early life[edit | edit source]

### Youth[edit | edit source]

Born,[2] raised, and educated in Los Angeles,[3] Kemp was the third of four sons of Frances Elizabeth (née Pope) and Paul Robert Kemp Sr.[4][5][6] Paul turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to 14 trucks.[7][8] Frances was a well-educated social worker and Spanish teacher.[4][8] Kemp grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles,[5][9] but his tight-knit middle-class family attended the Church of Christ, Scientist.[4][5] In his youth, sports consumed Kemp, who once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions, although his mother attempted to broaden his horizons with piano lessons and trips to the Hollywood Bowl.[4]

Kemp attended Melrose Avenue's Fairfax High School,[3] which was, at the time, known for its high concentration of both Jewish students and children of celebrities. Over 95% of Kemp's classmates were Jewish, and he later became a supporter of Jewish causes.[3] His classmates included musician Herb Alpert, baseball pitcher Larry Sherry, and academic Judith A. Reisman.[10][11] During his years in high school, Kemp worked with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In his spare time, he was a rigorous reader, preferring history and philosophy books.[3]

### College[edit | edit source]

After graduating from high school in 1953,[12] he attended Occidental College, a founding member of the NCAA Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.[13] Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, which he hoped would help him to become a professional quarterback.[5] At 5 feet 10 inches (178 cm) and 175 pounds (79 kg), he considered himself too small to play for the USC Trojans or UCLA Bruins, the major Southern California college football programs.[14]

At Occidental, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, defensive back, place kicker, and punter.[14] Although he was near-sighted, Kemp was tenacious on the field.[14] During his years as starting quarterback, the 1955 and 1956 Occidental teams posted 6–2 and 3–6 records. Kemp was named a Little All-America player one year in which he threw for over 1,100 yards.[14] That year, he led the nation's small colleges in passing.[15] He and close friend Jim Mora, who later became an NFL head coach, were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity.[14] Another teammate in college was Ron Botchan,[16] who was an NFL referee for years (record five Super Bowls).[17] Kemp declined to become involved in student government.[14] After graduating from Occidental with a degree in physical education, he pursued postgraduate studies in economics at Long Beach State University and California Western University in San Diego, and served in the military from 1958 to 1962.[5][14]

## Marriage, family, and faith[edit | edit source]

Kemp graduated from Occidental in 1957 and married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart,[8] after she graduated from Occidental in 1958.[5] Main had grown up in Fillmore, California, and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County.[18] Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over the wedding.[14] The Kemps had two sons. Both were professional football quarterbacks: Jeff Kemp (born in 1959) played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991,[19] and Jimmy Kemp (born in 1971) played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. Significantly for a man with his demanding schedule, Jack never missed one of their games as children or in college.[20] They also had two daughters: Jennifer Kemp Andrews (born in 1961) and Judith Kemp (born in 1963).[21]

In 1976, C. Everett Koop wrote The Right to Live, The Right to Die, setting down his own concerns about abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia.[22] Koop also took some time off from his surgical practice to make a series of films with Christian apologists Frank Schaeffer and his father Francis Schaeffer in 1978, entitled Whatever Happened to the Human Race? based on the book of the same title that had been previously written by the elder Schaeffer.[22] Frank Schaeffer and his associate, Jim Buchfuehrer provided a private, five-hour screening of Whatever Happened to the Human Race? to Jack Kemp and wife Joanne in their home that, according to Frank Schaeffer's account of the late evening and early morning event in his book Crazy for God, led to both the Schaeffers and Koop obtaining "...access to everyone in the Republican Party".[23]

Joanne Kemp once suffered a miscarriage, which Kemp later said made him re-evaluate the sanctity of human life and affirmed his opposition to abortion.[24]

Following his wedding, Kemp converted to his wife's Presbyterian faith.[5][25] He identified as a born-again Christian.[26][27]

Kemp was a 33rd degree Freemason in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction.[28][29]

## Football career[edit | edit source]

File:Jack Kemp 1961.jpg

Kemp in 1961

After being selected by the Detroit Lions in the 17th round of the 1957 NFL draft, Kemp was cut from the team before the 1957 NFL season began.[14][30] He spent 1957 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and 1958 on the taxi squads of the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants. The Giants hosted the NFL championship game, known as the "Greatest Game Ever Played" and the first overtime NFL playoff game,[31][32][33] but, as a third-string quarterback member of the taxi squad, Kemp did not take the field.[4]

In 1958, Kemp joined the United States Army Reserve and he served a year on active duty as a private to complete his initial training.[5] He was a member of the San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company from 1958 to 1962.[34][35] When his unit was activated for the Berlin Crisis of 1961, Kemp received a medical exemption for his chronically separated left shoulder.[34] The injury led to his discharge from the Reserve in July 1962.[35]

In 1959, Kemp played one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959. According to his older brother Tom, his parents drove him from California to Calgary, Alberta only to see him cut.[4] By this time, Kemp had been cut from five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers, and Stampeders)[14] and his family encouraged him to get on with his life.[4] On February 9 and 11, 1960, the newly formed AFL agreed to "no tampering" policies with the NFL and CFL respectively, protecting each league's players. Players like Kemp, with modest NFL experience, were often signed by the AFL at the time.[36] Kemp signed as a free agent with the AFL's Los Angeles Chargers.

### Sid Gillman era (1960–1962)[edit | edit source]

In 1960, Kemp led the Chargers to a Western Division Championship with a 10–4 record.[37] He finished second in the league to Frank Tripucka in passing attempts, completions, and yards (making him and Tripucka the league's first 3,000-yard passers),[38] led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked, and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead.[39] Under Kemp, the Chargers' offense averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored more than 41 points in five of its last nine games.[40] In the AFL championship game, he led the team to field goals on its first two possessions, but after the Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7–6 lead, the Chargers never recovered.[41]

In 1961, San Diego Union editor Jack Murphy convinced Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from Los Angeles to San Diego.[42] Kemp led the relocated team to a 12–2 record and a repeat Western Division Championship.[43] He again finished second in passing yards (this time to George Blanda).[44] The Chargers earned an AFL championship game rematch against the Oilers. However, this time the Chargers were unable to score until a fourth-quarter field goal in a 10–3 loss.[43][45]

In 1962, Kemp broke his middle finger two games into the season and was unable to play. He persuaded his doctors to set his broken finger around a football, so that his grip would not be affected once the finger healed. Chargers coach Sid Gillman put Kemp on waivers to try to "hide" him.[46] Buffalo Bills coach Lou Saban noticed that Kemp was available and claimed him for a $100 waiver fee on September 25, 1962,[47] in what sportswriter Randy Schultz has called one of the biggest bargains in professional football history.[30] The Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos also attempted to claim Kemp, but he was awarded to Buffalo by AFL commissioner Joe Foss.[48]

### Lou Saban era (1962–1965)[edit | edit source]

According to Billy Shaw, Kemp's acquisition solved the Bills' quarterback problem,[30] but Kemp was not excited about coming to Buffalo. According to Van Miller, "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo."[49] In Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including those by Henry Thoreau, which led to chidings from Saban.[3]

Injuries, including the broken finger,[47] kept Kemp from playing for most of 1962. That season, Kemp received a military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War but was granted a draft waiver because of a knee problem. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 18, 1962, by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10–6 win over the Oakland Raiders.[47] He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962, but made the AFL All-Star team.[47] The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7–6–1.[50]

On December 14, 1962, the Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica.[47] In 1963, a four-season starting quarterback battle began that continued until Lamonica left for the Raiders. Lamonica felt he "... learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills."[30] In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7–6–1 record.[51] Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions, and yards, and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns.[52] The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28 at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo, New York, in 10 °F (−12 °C) weather. During the game, Buffalo replaced Kemp with Lamonica after falling behind 16–0, but still lost 26–8.[53]

Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills because of his role in mediating conflicts.[30] In 1964, he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, whom he kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week.[30] He also managed the politics of his quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games.[54] Kemp was the first and only Professional Football player to pass for three touchdowns in the first quarter of a season-opening game, against the Kansas City Chiefs in 1964, until the record was tied but not broken, 47 years later in 2011 by Aaron Rodgers.[55][56] The 1964 team won its first nine games and went 12–2 for the regular season, winning the Eastern Division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks.[57] In the AFL championship game, he scored the final touchdown with just over nine minutes left in a 20–7 victory.[58]

According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a new emphasis: "In '64 we had depended a lot on Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. . .But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our running backs. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year."[30] In 1965, the Bills finished with a 10–3–1 record.[59] Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions.[60] In the 1965 AFL Championship Game, Buffalo defeated the Chargers 23–0; for Kemp, the victory was special because it came against his former team.[61] Kemp's role in leading the Bills to a repeat championship without Gilchrist and with star receiver Elbert Dubenion playing only three games earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate, Paul Lowe.[57][62] Kemp also won the Associated Press award and the Championship Game Most Valuable Player award.[63][64]

### Joe Collier and John Rauch eras (1966–1969)[edit | edit source]

Following the championship game, Saban resigned to coach the University of Maryland and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 season.[65] Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9–4–1 record. However, in the AFL championship game, which was played for the right to represent the AFL in Super Bowl I, the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–7.[66] Kemp was named an AFL All-Star for the sixth consecutive year.[a][67] The 1967 Bills endured a 4–10 1967 AFL season, in which Kemp was not named to the All-Star game for the first time in his AFL career.[67][68]

On August 23, 1968, the Bills suffered a blowout preseason loss to the Houston Oilers. On August 26, Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, Ron McDole fell on Kemp's right knee and injured it, forcing Kemp to sit out the entire 1968 season.[69] The Bills went 1–12–1 without Kemp.[70]

Despite Kemp's return from injury and the arrival of running back O. J. Simpson, the Bills only compiled a 4–10 record during the 1969 season under new coach John Rauch.[71] Kemp was named an AFL All-Star in 1969 for the seventh time in the league's 10 years.[67] He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it. In 1969, the Erie County Republican Party approached him about running for the United States Congress.[30] After the January 17, 1970, AFL All-Star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to enter politics.[72] Kemp said, "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ... I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress."[30]

### Career summary[edit | edit source]

Kemp led Buffalo to the AFL playoffs four straight years (1963-1966), three consecutive Eastern Division titles (1964-1966) and two straight AFL Championships (1964-1965).[9] He led the league in career passes attempted, completions, and yards gained passing.[38] He played in five of the AFL's 10 Championship Games, and holds the same career records (passing attempts, completions, and yardage) for championships. He is second in many other championship game categories, including career and single-game passer rating.[38] He ranks third in rushing touchdowns by an NFL or AFL quarterback with 40, behind Steve Young's 52 and Otto Graham's 44.[73] A Sporting News All-League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965, and the AFL MVP in 1965. He was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all 10 years of the league's existence and one of only 20 players to serve all 10 of those years. His number 15 was retired by the Bills in 1984.[74] In 2012, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Kemp to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2012[75]

However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game.[76][77] Despite Kemp's many records, Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team.[38] Kemp is a member of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame and the Buffalo Bills' Wall of Fame.

Kemp co-founded the AFL Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots, and was elected its president five times.[78] His founding of and involvement in the players' union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career.[3]

The NCAA's highest honor, the Theodore Roosevelt Award,[79] was presented to Kemp in 1992,[80] and he was named one of the Association's 100 most influential student-athletes in 2006.[81]

## Career statistics[edit | edit source]

### Regular season[edit | edit source]

Legend

| Won the AFL Championship Game
| Led the league
Bold | Career high
Year  | Team  | Games  | Record  | Passing  | Rushing

|
|
|
|
|

GP | GS | Comp | Att | Pct | Yards | Avg | TD | Int | Rtg | Att | Yds | Avg | TD
1957 | PIT | 4 | 0 |  | 8 | 18 | 44.4 | 88 | 4.9 | 0 | 2 | 19.9 | 3 | -1 | -0.3 | 0
1960 | LAC | 14 | 12 | 9–3 | 211 | 406 | 52.0 | 3,018 | 7.4 | 20 | 25 | 67.1 | 54 | 238 | 4.4 | 8
1961 | SD | 14 | 14 | 12–2 | 165 | 364 | 45.3 | 2,686 | 7.4 | 15 | 22 | 59.2 | 43 | 105 | 2.4 | 6
1962 | SD / BUF | 6 | 5 | 3–2 | 64 | 139 | 46.0 | 928 | 6.7 | 5 | 6 | 62.3 | 20 | 84 | 4.2 | 2
1963 | BUF | 14 | 12 | 5–6–1 | 193 | 384 | 50.3 | 2,910 | 7.6 | 13 | 20 | 65.1 | 50 | 239 | 4.8 | 8
1964 | BUF | 14 | 13 | 11–2 | 119 | 269 | 44.2 | 2,285 | 8.5 | 13 | 26 | 50.9 | 37 | 124 | 3.4 | 5
1965 | BUF | 14 | 13 | 9–3–1 | 179 | 391 | 45.8 | 2,368 | 6.1 | 10 | 18 | 54.8 | 36 | 49 | 1.4 | 4
1966 | BUF | 14 | 14 | 9–4–1 | 166 | 389 | 42.7 | 2,451 | 6.3 | 11 | 16 | 56.2 | 40 | 130 | 3.3 | 5
1967 | BUF | 14 | 11 | 3–8 | 161 | 369 | 43.6 | 2,503 | 6.8 | 14 | 26 | 50.0 | 36 | 58 | 1.6 | 2
1969 | BUF | 14 | 11 | 4–7 | 170 | 344 | 49.4 | 1,981 | 5.8 | 13 | 22 | 53.2 | 37 | 124 | 3.4 | 0
Career | 122 | 105 | 65–37–3 | 1,436 | 3,073 | 46.7 | 21,218 | 6.9 | 114 | 183 | 57.3 | 356 | 1,150 | 3.2 | 40

### Postseason statistics[edit | edit source]

Year  | Team  | Games  | Record  | Passing  | Rushing

|
|
|
|
|

GP | GS | Comp | Att | Pct | Yards | Avg | TD | Int | Rtg | Att | Yds | Avg | TD
1960 | LAC | 1 | 1 | 0–1 | 21 | 41 | 51.2 | 171 | 4.2 | 0 | 2 | 41.8 | 3 | 19 | 6.3 | 0
1961 | SD | 1 | 1 | 0–1 | 17 | 32 | 53.1 | 226 | 7.1 | 0 | 4 | 36.2 | 4 | 5 | 1.3 | 0
1963 | BUF | 1 | 1 | 0–1 | 10 | 21 | 47.6 | 133 | 6.3 | 0 | 1 | 48.3 | 2 | -4 | -2.0 | 0
1964 | BUF | 1 | 1 | 1–0 | 10 | 20 | 50.0 | 188 | 9.4 | 0 | 0 | 82.9 | 5 | 16 | 3.2 | 1
1965 | BUF | 1 | 1 | 1–0 | 8 | 19 | 42.1 | 155 | 8.2 | 1 | 1 | 66.8 | - | - | - | \-
1966 | BUF | 1 | 1 | 0–1 | 12 | 27 | 44.4 | 253 | 9.4 | 1 | 2 | 59.6 | 1 | 3 | 3.0 | 0
Career | 6 | 6 | 2–4 | 78 | 160 | 48.8 | 1,126 | 7.0 | 2 | 10 | 50.2 | 15 | 39 | 2.6 | 1

## Political career[edit | edit source]

"Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in effigy."

— Jack Kemp[82]

Kemp's political career began long before his 1970 campaign. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to San Diego Union editor and future Richard Nixon aide Herb Klein.[3] Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in both Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan's successful 1966 California gubernatorial campaign. In the 1967 football off-season, Kemp worked on Reagan's staff in Sacramento. In 1969, he was special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman.[5]

Kemp was a voracious reader, and his political beliefs were founded in early readings of Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative, Ayn Rand's novels such as The Fountainhead, and Friedrich von Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty.[83] He also brought from his football career a belief in racial equality which came from playing football with black teammates as Kemp said, "I wasn't there with Rosa Parks or Dr. King or John Lewis. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do."[5] Kemp's football colleagues confirmed this influence: John Mackey explained that "the huddle is colorblind."[84]

### House of Representatives (1971–1989)[edit | edit source]

See also: Electoral history of Jack Kemp

File:Jack Kemp-Congressional Portrait Collection.jpg

Congressional Portrait Collection image (c. 1975)

File:C13539-3a.jpg

Kemp with President Ronald Reagan in 1983

As a self-described "bleeding-heart conservative",[8] Kemp represented a part of the suburban Buffalo region known as the Southtowns (that traditionally voted Democratic) in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989.[85][86] He was described as having the charisma of the earlier John F. Kennedy.[8][87] David Rosenbaum described Kemp as an independent politician who often legislated outside his committees' jurisdictions and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles rather than his party's political platforms.[5] As a supply-sider, he was not a proponent of balanced budgeting and trivialized it while speaking of growth as an economic goal.[5][88]

The Erie County, New York Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman Richard D. McCarthy decided to run for the United States Senate.[5] During his inaugural campaign, his district was in economic malaise, and The New York Times described him as a John F. Kennedy throwback who campaigned on family values, patriotism, sports, and defense.[7] Upon his election to the Congress in a class of sixty-two freshmen, he was one of six newcomers—along with Ronald Dellums, Bella Abzug, Louise Day Hicks, Robert Drinan, and Pete du Pont—discussed in Time. The article described him as a football fan like United States President Richard Nixon and as the recipient of advice from White House adviser Robert Finch and former Kemp boss Herb Klein, Nixon's director of communications. The Nixon aides encouraged Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies in order to firm up Kemp's support from military hawks.[89]

Kemp championed several Chicago school and supply-side economics issues, including economic growth, free markets, free trade, tax simplification and lower tax rates on both employment and investment income.[90] He was a long-time proponent of the flat tax.[91] He also defended the use of anti-Communist contra forces in Central America,[92] supported the gold standard, spoke for civil rights legislation, opposed abortion, and was the first lawmaker to popularize enterprise zones,[5] which he supported to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants.[90][93] During his career, he sometimes sounded like a liberal Democrat;[7] he supported affirmative action[94][95] and rights for illegal immigrants.[96] The New York Times described Kemp as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since Robert F. Kennedy.[97] He differed from Rockefeller Republicans and earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson by supporting incentive-based systems instead of traditional social programs.[7] For his commitment to inner city concerns from within the Republican party, David Gergen heralded him as a "courageous voice in the wilderness."[98] Although he was liberal on many social issues and supported civil liberties for homosexuals, he opposed certain gay rights such as the right to teach in schools.[24] Kemp at times felt his role was that of "freewheeling, entrepreneurial, wildcatting backbencher."[99]

Time identified 38-year-old second-term congressman Kemp as a future leader in its 1974 "Faces for the Future" feature.[100] Another early-career notable magazine appearance was in a 1978 issue of Esquire.[14] The article explained allegations of homosexual activity among staffers in Ronald Reagan's Sacramento office in 1967; Kemp was not implicated.[4] Kemp considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1980 and Hugh Sidey mentioned him as a contender to unseat Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election[87] and was a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention,[5][101] where he received 43 votes from conservative detractors of George H. W. Bush. After he was reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position,[102] and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference.[3] This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working on an economic package with Congress.[103][104] Kemp considered running for Governor of New York in 1982 but ultimately decided to stay in the House. By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent.[4]

USS Buffalo (SSN-715) commissioning

File:Jack Kemp, Joanne, Judith.jpg

Jack, Joanne and Judith Kemp

Kemp and naval officers

October 25, 1980

Kemp had his first encounter with supply-side economics in 1976, when The Wall Street Journal's Jude Wanniski interviewed him at his Congressional office. Kemp questioned Wanniski all day (until midnight, at Kemp's Bethesda, Maryland home) and was eventually converted to University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer's supply-side discipline.[5][105] Thereafter, Kemp espoused supply-side economics freely, and in 1978 he and Sen. William Roth of Delaware proposed tax-cutting legislation.[5] Kemp has been credited as responsible for supply-side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan,[106][107] although at the time of Robert Mundell's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recognition some attributed much of the credit to Mundell, Laffer, Robert Bartley, and Wanniski.[108] In 1979, Kemp wrote An American Renaissance (ISBN 0-06-012283-8), to deliver his message that "A rising tide lifts all boats."[109] Although the realization of early 1980s tax cuts are attributed to Reagan, they were initiated by Kemp and Roth through their 1981 Kemp–Roth Tax Cut legislation.[5] Reagan's budget based on this legislation passed over the objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski.[110][111]

During the Reagan years, Kemp and his followers ignored budget balancing while promoting tax cuts and economic growth.[112][113] These tax cuts have been credited by conservatives for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990,[114] which by 1996 had become one of the longest expansions in American history.[115] Kemp notes that Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker's success at stemming inflation and the favorable regulatory environment were also major factors.[116] Detractors note that the expansion was fueled by undesirable sectors like gaming, prisons, medical treatment, and credit card use.[115]

An early Kemp tax reform attempt was an unsuccessful 1979 proposal to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations,[117] which was incorporated in Reagan's 1980 package.[105] Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980.[118] One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came in 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was controversial and stimulated opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed.[119][120] In 1983, Kemp opposed the policies of chairman Volcker on multiple occasions. The debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund.[121][122]

Kemp delivered speeches at several Republican National Conventions. He addressed the convention on July 15 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan and on August 21 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas.[123] During the 1984 Convention, with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker.[86] Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three platform planks that he proposed involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve.[124] Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as an author was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes.[125][126] By 1985, Kemp was a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination.[127] He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas.[128] Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in Congress.[129]

Kemp was a critic of association football, known as soccer in the United States.[130] In 1986, during a House floor debate over whether the United States should host the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Kemp proclaimed: "I think it is important for all those young out there—who someday hope to play real football, where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands—[that] a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport."[131][132] Kemp compared his speech to George Carlin's 1984 comedy routine on the differences between baseball and American football and wrote that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech.[133] Despite the levity of the speech, it garnered significant backlash.[131][132] However, he continued to insist that soccer's main problem is "it doesn't have a quarterback".[133] Kemp noted that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claimed to have "changed" his position on soccer. He even attended the 1994 FIFA World Cup with longtime soccer fan Henry Kissinger, although he wrote during the 2006 FIFA World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but is still a "boring game".[133]

### Presidential bid (1988)[edit | edit source]

Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988

File:19871003 Jack Kemp Rally.jpg

Kemp as he leaves a meet-the-candidates rally for 1988 Republican presidential candidates in County Stadium in Union, South Carolina, on October 3, 1987. William Daroff is standing directly behind Kemp's left shoulder.

In 1988, if Kemp had won his campaign for the United States Presidency,[5] it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield.[134] When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed Ed Rollins, Reagan's 1984 re-election political director, as an advisor.[135] From the outset, Kemp had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush.[83] Except for a select few cognoscenti,[136] the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas.[83][137] In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves unfamiliar with Kemp early in his campaign.[136] Political pundits recognized him, however, as a visionary idea man.[138] In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker who sometimes lost contact with his audience.[83] Although Kemp tried to appeal to conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights and his commitment to supporting minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor clashed with conservative voters' social and religious values.[83] To Democrats, Kemp's free-market philosophies were a form of laissez-faire anarchy.[139] However, as much as Kemp wanted to minimize government's role, he acknowledged that moves toward a more laissez-faire system should be well-thought out.[140]

After the May 1987 Gary Hart–Donna Rice scandal, a questionnaire by The New York Times requested things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the personal privacy issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate".[141][142] His campaign was on an early positive course with many key early endorsements in New Hampshire, but Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York.[4] Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it had quickly spent itself into the red,[4] which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising techniques.[143] To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz.[4][83] To position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on SDI.[144] In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives, Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against the Arias Peace Plan—a peace accord US conservatives felt too conciliatory to Central American communists. He was accompanied on the trip by 50-plus US conservative leaders.[145]

Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a Social Security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending.[146] Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit. In late 1987, political pundits saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues.[147] Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand.[148][149] By early 1988, the moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates.[150]

He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention.[151] His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones.[8] In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics, campaign chairman Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles.[152] Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: he ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling Super Tuesday, in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President Bush and both Dole and Pat Robertson, ended his campaign.[5][8] After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the Vice President nomination.[153] In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from Hamburg, New York to Bethesda, Maryland,[154] their residence at the time of his death.[9] In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay $120,000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeding spending limits in Iowa and New Hampshire, and failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation.[155]

### Cabinet (1989–1993)[edit | edit source]

File:Jack Kemp as HUD secretary.jpg

HUD Secretary Kemp with Sybil Mobley, a Florida A&M University Dean.

As a so-called "bleeding-heart conservative", Kemp was a logical choice for Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[156] whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing.[157] However, the scandals of Reagan's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership.[158] The goal of these two plans was to change public housing into tenant-owned residences and to lure industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives.[159] Although Kemp did not affect much policy as HUD's director, he cleaned up HUD's reputation,[158][160] and developed a plan to salvage the Federal Housing Administration.[161] He halted or revamped certain programs and developed an antidrug offensive,[162][163] which enabled him to collaborate with Director of the National Drug Control Policy Bill Bennett.[164] He supported "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing.[163][165]

Although Kemp coaxed Bush to support a $4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments, the Democratic Congress allocated only $361 million to the plan.[8] In addition to opposition in Congress, Kemp fought White House Budget Director Richard Darman, who opposed Kemp's pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere). The project involved selling public housing to its tenants. Darman also opposed Kemp's proposed welfare adjustment of government offsets.[97] HOPE was first proposed to White House chief of staff John Sununu in June 1989 to create enterprise zones, increase subsidies for low-income renters, expand social services for the homeless and elderly, and enact tax changes to help first-time home buyers.[97] Sununu opposed it at first as did most of the Cabinet, but in August 1990 Sununu, at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh, encouraged President Bush to endorse Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However, the Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project.[97] Darman battled Kemp and his allies such as Gingrich, James Pinkerton, and Vin Weber.[97] The budget left him with $256 million for his plan, which Kemp increased during some appropriations battles.[97] Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished.[97]

President Bush avoided federal antipoverty issues,[166] and instead used Kemp to speak on the administration's low priority conservative activist agenda.[167][168] Bush's contribution to the urban agenda had been volunteerism through his "Points of Light" theme,[169] and Kemp received stronger support for his ideas from presidential candidate Bill Clinton.[170] By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform:[8] Mort Zuckerman compared Bush's vision on racial issues to that of a man riding backwards in a railroad car.[171] Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration,[172][173] even though at first, Kemp had been overlooked.[174] However, Charles E. Schumer had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989, "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot," and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas.[109] Although Kemp was unable to procure money for his visions, he was among the administration's leading users of first class corporate jets.[175] He cited lingering effects from a knee injury as the reason he had to fly first class at government expense as the Housing Secretary.[176]

Generally, his time as housing secretary was considered unsuccessful.[5] However, although he could not get federal funding for empowerment zones passed during his tenure, by 1992 38 states had created empowerment zones,[177] and in 1994 $3.5 billion was approved for them under President Clinton.[178] A free market Kemp initiative to allow homeowners to subdivide their houses for the purpose of creating rental units without inordinate bureaucracy did not get executed under the Clinton administration, however.[179] In 1992, with H. Ross Perot mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a vice presidential candidate.[180][181]

Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the Cabinet.[97] At one point, Kemp told James Baker, White House Chief of Staff, that Bush's best chance to win reelection was to dump his economic advisors in dramatic fashion.[182] Before the 1992 Republican National Convention, Kemp and six prominent Republican conservatives prepared a controversial memo urging Bush to revise his economic policy.[183] Contemporaneously, conservative Republicans in office and in the media such as William F. Buckley Jr. and George Will felt Dan Quayle should be ousted in favor of Kemp.[184] This followed Kemp's reference to parts of the President's economic policy as "gimmicks" after the 1992 State of the Union Address.[185] Kemp was respected within the party for opposing Bush,[186] and towards the end of Bush's administration insiders recognized his value.[187] In late 1991, 81 of the 166 Republican Congressmen signed a letter co-authored by Curt Weldon and Dan Burton requesting that Bush cede some domestic authority to Kemp as a "domestic policy czar."[186] The letter, highlighting Kemp's "energy, enthusiasm and national clout", insulted Bush.[188] Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay in the Bush Cabinet for the duration of his presidency,[189] and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take tough stands.[190] Kemp did not expect to be retained if the Republicans were reelected in 1992,[191] and some pundits agreed with him.[187]

### Post-HUD years (1993–1996)[edit | edit source]

Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece between his time as Housing Secretary and his vice presidential nomination. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241 fund-raising dinners to raise $35 million for a 1996 Presidential bid and to pay off his 1988 campaign debts.[8] After stepping down from his $189,000 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development job, Kemp personally earned $6.9 million in the next three years, primarily for speaking on behalf of local Republican candidates.[96][192] During the Super Bowl XXVIII festivities, Kemp hosted a notable fundraiser series.[193]

Kemp was considered the star of the 1992 Republican National Convention.[194] In 1992 and 1993, Kemp was considered the favorite or co-favorite for the 1996 Presidential nomination.[195][196][197] At the time of the 1994 mid-term elections, Kemp was widely anticipated to announce his candidacy for 1996,[198] and his supporters wanted a formal announcement by the end of the year.[199] In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed term limits, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and, unlike most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty.[200][201] In 1995, Gloria Borger noted Kemp was not in step with the 1994 Contract with America.[202] Kemp also noted a distaste for the vast fundraising necessary for a presidential campaign.[203] Gergen stated that by 1996 the selection process had become so expensive, mean and personally invasive that it discouraged several top Republicans from running.[204] In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by Colin Powell, Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign.[205]

Senate Majority Leader Dole and Gingrich appointed Kemp to head a tax reform commission, (the Kemp Commission), in response to voter concern that the tax code had become too complicated.[206] Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax,[91] which he formally proposed after he was appointed.[207][208][209] The proposal included some politically popular income tax deductions, such as mortgage interest,[210] but it remained fairly general.[211] Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both Steve Forbes and Phil Gramm proposed the flat tax.[209][212]

During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted.[213][214] Forbes had tried to get Kemp to run in the 1996 campaign, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination, and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders Lamar Alexander and Richard Lugar.[8][215] Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the flat tax idea and other supply-side views alive.[216][217] Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to Dole's campaign offices.[8] After it became clear Dole would be the nominee, Kemp attempted to form a bipartisan seminar with Felix Rohatyn to produce a fiscal plan that could be endorsed by both parties.[218]

Kemp was also outspoken on immigration on around this time: according to Kemp's interpretation of a scientific index that he and Bennett support, "immigrants are a blessing, not a curse."[219] In 1994, Kemp and Bennett opposed California ballot Proposition 187, a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to first-term Republican California Governor Pete Wilson, one of its endorsers who was running for re-election.[220][221] Republican Senate candidate Michael Huffington had also endorsed the proposition.[222] Kemp supported rights for illegal immigrants, and opposed Lamar Smith and Alan Simpson's proposed restrictions on legal immigration.[223]

### Vice presidential nomination (1996)[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1996 United States presidential election

File:Dole Kemp Time Magazine cover.jpg

Bob Dole and Kemp were featured on the cover of Time, but were nearly displaced by a story about Mars (inset on cover)

Kemp had a reputation as the highest-profile progressive Republican. When Dole declined an invitation to speak to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, he suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had become the vice presidential nominee.[224] On August 5, 1996, Dole announced a 15% across-the-board tax cut in response to both the Forbes campaign and Kemp's tax reform commission. Several of Dole's other campaign ideas came from Kemp and Bill Bennett's Empower America, which had Jeane Kirkpatrick, Weber, Forbes and Alexander as principals. For example, Dole borrowed Kirkpatrick's tough foreign policy, Bennett's "right conduct" and even Alexander's school choice interest.[225]

Bennett declined the offer to be Dole's running mate but suggested Kemp,[226] a man described as Dole's antagonist.[227] On August 16, 1996,[228] the Republican Party chose Kemp as its vice presidential nominee, running alongside former Senator Dole. Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers Forbes and Pat Buchanan.[229] Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, John McCain, and Carroll Campbell,[230] and it is assumed that this was partly because Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as Dole's senior advisors.[231] Dole had had a long history of representing the budget-balancing faction of the Party, while Kemp had had a long history of representing the tax-cutting advocates,[232] and Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket.[233] When Kemp became Dole's running mate in 1996, they appeared on the cover of the August 19, 1996 issue of Time magazine,[234] but the pair barely edged out a story on the reported discovery of extraterrestrial life on Mars, which was so close to being the cover story that Time inset it on the cover and wrote about how difficult the decision was.[235]

The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit hawk who had even voted against John F. Kennedy's tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply-sider. In the early 1980s, according to David Stockman, Kemp persuaded Reagan to make a 30% across-the-board tax cut a central 1980 presidential campaign feature. Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the Senate Finance Committee chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases that he referred to as reforms. Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned an op-ed piece in The New York Times, which enraged Dole. Reagan supported the reforms at Dole's request, causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act, which eventually passed in 1982.[236] At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp, along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott, added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases. Gingrich called this action "Dole proofing" the platform, and the plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the Senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tying vote and Vice President Bush casting the deciding vote. In meetings with the president that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial Social Security cutbacks. This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 presidential election, the two antagonized each other. After Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet, the two did not really cross paths again until 1996, when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March.[236]

Dole despised Kemp's economic theories,[94] but he felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success.[237] For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 and mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative-action programs in California.[228][238] Some derided Kemp for his compromise and referred to him as a "con artist".[239] From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed,[240] and they faced skeptics even from within the party.[241] However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto.[242] During the campaign, Kemp and Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used.[243][244] However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching Bill Clinton,[245][246][247] and Kemp's advocacy gave a clear picture of the tax reforms that would likely occur on the condition of a successful campaign.[248] Kemp was seen as likely to influence several types of swing voters, especially those of his native state of California,[232] and even the Democrats feared Kemp might lure voters.[239]

After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket's spokesman for minorities and the inner-city.[249][250][251] Due to agreement on the self-help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March, Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan.[252][253] However, Farrakhan was perceived as being anti-Semitic,[253] and Kemp was considered an ally of Republican Jews.[254] This issue necessitated some political sidestepping.[253] As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole.[242] In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the presidential nominee.[242][255] In addition to having overshadowed Dole, despite the negative ad campaigns that the ticket used, Kemp was a very positive running mate who relied on a pep rally type of campaign tour full of football-related metaphors and hyperbole.[256] Although some enjoyed Kemp's style, referring to him as the Good Shepherd,[256] his detractors, such as U.S. News & World Report writer Steven V. Roberts, criticized the extensive use of recounting stories of passing balls relative to the use of recounting stories of passing bills.[257] During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that Republican Party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly.[258] Despite Kemp's voice on minority issues, Colin Powell's support and polls that showed about 30% of blacks identified themselves as conservatives on issues such as school prayer, school vouchers and criminal justice, the Republicans were unable to improve upon historical support levels from African-American voters.[259]

Both Al Gore and Kemp had presidential aspirations, which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane.[260] In addition, Gore and Kemp were long-time friends, unlike Gore and his previous vice presidential opponent Dan Quayle. Thus, as debaters they avoided personal attacks.[261] However, some felt Kemp failed to counter substantive attacks.[262] In the final October 9, 1996 vice presidential debate against Al Gore (held as the Dole–Kemp ticket trailed badly in the national polls), Kemp was soundly beaten,[263][264] and Al Gore's performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances.[265] The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire.[266][267] The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review.[268] The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters,[95] and Gore had a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debater.[269]

## Late career[edit | edit source]

File:Turner Kemp English Myrick.jpg

Kemp with Sue Myrick, Phil English and Mike Turner (c. May 2004)

In 1993, Kemp, Bennett, Kirkpatrick and financial backer Theodore Forstmann co-founded the free market advocacy group Empower America,[90][270] which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works. Empower America represented the populist wing of the party: while avoiding divisive issues such as abortion and gay rights, it promoted free markets and growth over balancing the budget and cutting the deficit.[271][272] He resigned as Co-Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) questioned his ties to Samir Vincent, a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U.N. Oil-for-food scandal who pleaded guilty to four criminal charges, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein.[273] Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial.[274] Also, FBI informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election.[275]

By 1996, Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards. He was a director for Hawk Corporation, IDT Corporation, CNL Hotels and Resorts, InPhonic, Cyrix Corporation and American Bankers Insurance Group.[276][277] Kemp briefly served on the board of Oracle Corporation, whose CEO was his friend Larry Ellison,[278] in 1996, but resigned when he ran for vice president; he was named to the board of Six Flags, Inc. in December 2005.[279] Kemp opted not to stand for re-election to IDT's board in 2006.[280] He also served on the Habitat for Humanity board of directors,[281] and served on the board of Atlanta-based software maker EzGov Inc.[282] Kemp also served on the board of directors of Election.com,[283] which was the private company that ran the world's first election on the internet (won by Al Gore), the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary. Kemp was also a business partner with Edra and Tim Blixseth promoting membership in the elite private ski and golf Yellowstone Club. Kemp also partnered with the Blixseths in a failed anti-terrorism software venture called Blxware which was investigated for "conning" the federal government out of $20 million in contracts for software which fraudulently claimed to detect secret messages from Al-Qaeda in television broadcast signals.[284] Kemp was the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm that helps clients achieve both business and public policy goals.

In addition to corporate boards of directors, Kemp served on several advisory boards such as the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board, and the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees, on which he served since 1993.[281] On March 25, 2003, Kemp was selected as chairman of the board of Directors of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League (NFL) and the NFL Players Association. The organization supports Pop Warner, American Youth Football, Boys and Girls Clubs of America, National Recreation and Park Association, Police Athletic League, YMCA, and the Amateur Athletic Union.[9] He was also vice president of NFL Charities.

File:20070917 Jack Kemp, Adrian Fenty and Eleanor Holmes Norton.jpg

Kemp, Adrian Fenty, and Eleanor Holmes Norton at DC Vote rally on Capitol Hill

In the late 1990s, Kemp remained outspoken on political issues: he was critical of Clinton's International Monetary Fund lax policies toward South Korea.[285] In early 1998, he was a serious contender for the 2000 United States presidential election, but his campaign possibilities faltered,[286] and he instead endorsed eventual winner George W. Bush. Kemp continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education.[9] When a 1997 budget surplus was earmarked for debt repayment, Kemp opposed the plan in favor of tax cuts.[287] Along with John Ashcroft and Alan Krueger, he endorsed reform of payroll taxes to eliminate double taxation.[288] In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against abortion when Congress was considering a bill banning intact dilation and extractions.[289] He also advocated for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, assisted living, disability benefits, and the 2007 joint replacement program.[290] He argued in support of reforming immigration laws.[291] In the late 1990s, Kemp also was a vocal advocate for free market reform in Africa, arguing that the continent had great economic growth potential if it could shed autocratic and statist governmental policies.[292]

In 1997, when Gingrich was embroiled in a House ethics controversy, Kemp served as an intermediary between Dole and Gingrich to save the Republican Party leader.[293] Later, in 2002, when Lott made caustic remarks about Strom Thurmond, Kemp was upset, and he supported Lott's apology, saying he had encouraged him to "repudiate segregation in every manifestation."[294] Kemp was among the prominent leaders who pledged to raise money in 2005 for Scooter Libby's defense when he was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice in a case regarding the release of Central Intelligence Agency information.[295]

In June 2004, Kemp rescinded his support of Vernon Robinson for Congress due to the latter's views on immigration laws, citing Robinson's choice to run "as a Pat Buchanan Republican".[296][297]

In 2006 Kemp, along with 2004 vice-presidential nominee John Edwards, co-chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia,[298] producing a document called "Russia's Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do".[299] After their task force roles ended, the pair advocated solutions to poverty in America at various fora.[300]

File:20080222 Sen. Barack Obama and Jack Kemp at the Public Internet Channel Launch.jpg

Kemp with then-United States Senator Barack Obama at the Public Internet Channel launch at the National Press Club in 2006.

On January 6, 2008, Kemp endorsed McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary, which surprised conservative Republican tax cutters.[301] However, as McCain neared the official nomination, the press associated McCain with Kemp more and more.[302] Kemp prepared an open letter to Sean Hannity, Rush Limbaugh, Laura Ingraham and other conservative talk show hosts on McCain's behalf to quell their dissatisfactions.[303][304][305] In addition, Kemp and Phil Gramm advised McCain on economic policy.[306]

He was a syndicated newspaper columnist.[307]

In February 2008, Kemp was associated with a group called "Defense of Democracies" that was advocating an electronic surveillance bill that failed in the House of Representatives. The group's television ad caused such controversy that some of its advisors, including Schumer and Donna Brazile, resigned.[308]

He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation[309] and served as Co-Chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Cabinet.[310]

He was a board member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy, which is named after Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive back Ronnie Lott, and is awarded annually to college football's Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year.[311]

## Illness and death[edit | edit source]

File:JackKempCropped.jpg

Kemp in 2007

On January 7, 2009, Kemp's office issued a statement announcing that he had cancer; the type of cancer and the anticipated treatment were not announced. His diagnosis and prognosis were never publicly disclosed. However, he continued to serve as chairman of his Washington-based Kemp Partners consulting firm and continued his involvement in charitable and political work until his death.[312][313]

On May 2, 2009, Kemp died from cancer at his home in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of 73.[314] President Barack Obama praised Kemp's work on race, adding that Kemp understood that divisions involving race and class stood in the way of the country's common goals, and former President George W. Bush said that Kemp "will be remembered for his significant contributions to the Reagan Revolution and his steadfast dedication to conservative principles during his long and distinguished career in public service."[315] It was later revealed that melanoma was the probable type of cancer Kemp died from [316]

## Legacy[edit | edit source]

Kemp speaks at the National Press Club in 2006.

Kemp's legacy includes the Kemp–Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s, also known as the first of two "Reagan tax cuts." These served as the foundation of supply-side economics, known as Reaganomics. Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that tax cuts can spur economic growth and reduce deficits. Although George H. W. Bush called this philosophy voodoo economics, George W. Bush and his Treasury Secretary, John W. Snow, were believers.[317] Kemp is also remembered alongside George Wallace and William Jennings Bryan for influencing history by changing the direction of presidential elections despite their defeats.[318]

In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan as the politician most responsible for the implementation of supply-side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes as the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas.[319] He has been described as a beacon of economic conservatism and a hero for his urban agenda.[320][321] Today, he continues to be described as a hero to fiscal conservatives who believe that free markets and low taxes work better than government bureaucracies.[107][303] Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who are socially conservative, but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy.[322]

In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At times, he collaborated with Gingrich and Lott on deregulation and tax cuts,[5][323] collaborated with McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints,[324] legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman,[325] and fought poverty with James Pinkerton.[97] Pete du Pont was a progressive conservative ally.[322] After retiring from Congress and serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, Weber, and Mack.[8][202][326] Kemp was a member of the federal committee to promote Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a national holiday.[245] As a progressive voter, he had civil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks, Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative black intellectuals like Glenn C. Loury and Robert L. Woodson as supporters and friends.[109] He boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H. Gray III, Charles B. Rangel and Robert Garcia.[7] Ken Blackwell was a Deputy Secretary under Kemp.[327] During the Reagan presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, a leading United States Senate tax-cutting proponent was Democrat Bill Bradley, a former basketball star.[328] Several American football players have followed Kemp to Congress, including Steve Largent,[329] J. C. Watts,[330] and Heath Shuler.[331]

Congressman Paul Ryan cites Kemp as a mentor, and mentioned him in his acceptance speech as the Republican Vice-Presidential nominee in 2012.[332]

Senator Arlen Specter in a severe rebuke of federal governmental policy, stated just one day after Kemp died of cancer, that Kemp would still be alive if the federal government had done a better job funding cancer research.[333]

Following Kemp's death, his son, Jimmy Kemp, created the Jack Kemp Foundation to continue his father's legacy.[334] A 501(c)(3) charitable organization, the foundation's mission statement is to "develop, engage and recognize exceptional leaders who champion the American Idea". The foundation is located in Washington, D.C., and is committed to advancing the universal values of the American Idea: growth, freedom, democracy and hope.[335]

The football stadium at Occidental College is named after him.[336]

## Electoral history[edit | edit source]

Main article: Electoral history of Jack Kemp

## Books[edit | edit source]

In addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman, Kemp wrote or co-authored several books:

* An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth, (Washington, DC: American Studies Center, 1984, no ISBN)
* Tax policy and the economy : a debate between Michael Harrington and Representative Jack Kemp, April 25, 1979., (New York, N.Y. : Institute for Democratic Socialism, 1979, no ISBN)
* An American Renaissance: Strategy for the 1980s, (ISBN 0-06-012283-8, Harper & Row, 1979)
* The IRS v. The People, (ISBN 0-891-95077-X, Heritage Books, 2005) Authored by Ken Blackwell and edited by Kemp
* Trusting the People : The Dole-Kemp Plan to Free the Economy and Create a Better America, (ISBN 0-694-51804-2 audiobook, ASIN B000OEV5RE HarperCollins, 1996) coauthored with Bob Dole, narrated by Christine Todd Whitman
* Together We Can Meet the Challenge : Winning the Fight Against Drugs, (ISBN 9780788102721, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1994)
* Pro Sports: Should the Government Intervene?, (ISBN 9780844720975, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977)
* U.S. By the Numbers: What's Left, Right & Wrong with America, (ISBN 9781892123145, Capital Books, Incorporated, 2000) with Raymond J. Keating, and Thomas N. Edmonds
* Our Communities, Our Homes: Pathways to Housing and Homeownership in America's Cities and States, (ISBN 9780976148111, Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2007) with Henry G. Cisneros, Kent W. Colton, and Nicolas P. Retsinas

Kemp also wrote the foreword to several books:

* Reaganomics: Supply Side Economics in Action (ISBN 0-87000-505-7, Westport, Conn.: Arlington House, 1981) by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer
* Raoul Wallenberg: Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld (ISBN 0879751770, Prometheus Books, 1982)
* Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year: 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks (ed.) (ISBN 9780882896052, Pelican Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1986)
* Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain (ISBN 9781930819023, Tapestry Press, 2001)
* Whole World's Watching: Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O'Connell (ISBN 9780471499817, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2001)

## Papers[edit | edit source]

* Jack Kemp papers, 1924–2009 (bulk 1963–1996). 118,500 items. Held by the Library of Congress.

## See also[edit | edit source]

## Explanatory footnotes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ There was no 1960 All-Star game.

## Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients" Archived December 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, White House Office of the Press Secretary, July 30, 2009
2. ^ According to the State of California. California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. Searchable at http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Payton, Melissa (May 5, 1997). "114th Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipient Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa". USC News. University of Southern California. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dowd, Maureen (June 28, 1987). "Is Jack Kemp Mr. Right?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Rosenbaum, David E. (August 11, 1996). "A Passion for Ideas: Jack French Kemp". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
6. ^ Shogan, Robert (April 7, 1987). "Kemp Enters '88 Race, Urges Strong Defense". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
7. ^ a b c d e May, Clifford D. (December 20, 1988). "Man in the News; Theorist With a Heart; Jack French Kemp". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stengel, Richard (August 19, 1996). "Jack Be Nimble". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
9. ^ a b c d e "Jack Kemp To Chair USA Football". Green Bay Packers, Inc. Archived from the original on November 10, 2005. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
10. ^ Moore, Jim (January 19, 2008). "Go 2 Guy: L.A. phenom to test Franklin". SeattlePI.com. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
11. ^ "Fairfax Facts". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
12. ^ "U.S. Vice President: Jack Kemp, Republican". Alaska Division of Elections. 1996. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
13. ^ "About the SCIAC". Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martinez, Michael (September 8, 1996). "Kemp Success Began at Oxy". Los Angeles Daily News. Farlex, Inc. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
15. ^ "Jack Kemp". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
16. ^ "Occidental Players/Alumni - Pro-Football-Reference.com". Pro-Football-Reference.com.
17. ^ Sam Farmer, "Football Umpires are in the Line of Fire", Los Angeles Times, November 11, 2008, revised December 8, 2008
18. ^ Gonzalez, Virginia (August 11, 1996). "Kemp's Wife Prepared For Role, Mom Says". Los Angeles Daily News. Farlex, Inc. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
19. ^ "All-Time Players: Jeff Kemp". NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
20. ^ Brewer, Jerry (June 21, 2009). "Time to Cherish". The Seattle Times. pp. 33, 36.
21. ^ "Biography of Jack Kemp". pbs.org. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
22. ^ a b https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/QQ/p-nid/84 The C. Everett Koop Papers
23. ^ Schaeffer, Frank. Crazy for God: How I Grew Up as One of the Elect, Helped Found The Religious Right, and Lived to Take All (or Almost All) of It Back. Carrol & Graf Publishers, 2007, pp. 284–285.
24. ^ a b "In His Own Words: Jack Kemp and the Issues". The New York Times. August 11, 1996. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
25. ^ Farnsworth, Elizabeth (August 15, 1996). "Second Lady Hopeful". MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
26. ^ "Sure, He'd Rather Be President, but Conservative Jack Kemp May Be the Right Man on the Right for Hud". PEOPLE.com.
27. ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (August 11, 1996). "A Passion for Ideas: Jack French Kemp". The New York Times.
28. ^ Tribe, Ivan M., "Gerald R. Ford Jr. : The Most Recent Masonic President" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Scottish Rite Journal of Freemasonry, Southern Jurisdiction, September 2003
29. ^ Hodapp, Christopher L., "Brother Jack Kemp, 33° R.I.P. ", Monday, May 4, 2009
30. ^ a b c d e f g h i Schultz, Randy (2003). Legends of the Buffalo Bills. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-58261-687-6.
31. ^ "Greatest game ever played". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
32. ^ Mosse, David (February 1, 2007). "What if the Colts-Giants game had not been such a classic?". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
33. ^ Kemp, Jack (January 27, 2001). "A Giant in '58". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
34. ^ a b "Army Let Kemp Play Ball During Berlin Crisis". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. September 1, 1987.
35. ^ a b Mianowany, Joseph (August 31, 1987). "Kemp exempted from active duty in '61". UPI.com. Boca Raton, FL. United Press International.
36. ^ Gruver, p. 44.
37. ^ Gruver, p. 55.
38. ^ a b c d Rosenthal, Harold (compiled by the Elias Sports Bureau), ed. (1970). Official History American Football League – 1960–1969. The Sporting News. pp. 68–69.
39. ^ "1960 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
40. ^ Gruver, p. 56.
41. ^ Gruver, pp. 58–59.
42. ^ Gruver, p. 61.
43. ^ a b Gruver, p. 71.
44. ^ "1961 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
45. ^ Gruver, p. 266.
46. ^ Gruver, pp. 82–83.
47. ^ a b c d e Maiorana (1994), p. 86.
48. ^ Gruver, p. 83.
49. ^ Gruver, Ed (1997). The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960–1969. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
50. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 93–94.
51. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 104.
52. ^ "1963 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
53. ^ Gruver, p. 115.
54. ^ "Any Time, Any Place". Time. November 6, 1964. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
55. ^ Reeves, Jeremy (September 9, 2011). "Aaron Rodgers got off to sizzling start for Green Bay Packers". The Times-Picayune. Nola.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
56. ^ "NFL: Super Start for Green Bay". Sport360.com. September 10, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
57. ^ a b "1964 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
58. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 116.
59. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 125.
60. ^ "1965 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
61. ^ "The Game Nobody Saw". Time. January 7, 1966. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
62. ^ "1965 Buffalo Bills". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
63. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 126.
64. ^ Gruver, p. 151.
65. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 127.
66. ^ Maiorana (1994), pp. 136–37.
67. ^ a b c "Jack Kemp". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
68. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 147.
69. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 148.
70. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 157.
71. ^ Maiorana (1994), pp. 158–66.
72. ^ Maiorana (2000), p. 174.
73. ^ Gaughan, Mark (July 16, 2012). "Jack Kemp records you may not know". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Note that this source lists Young with 43 rushing touchdowns; it does not include the nine accrued during Young's time in the USFL.
74. ^ Garcia, Guy D. (December 3, 1984). "untitled". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
75. ^ "Hall of Very Good Class of 2012". Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
76. ^ "Individual Records: Passing". NFL Record & Fact Book. NFL Enterprises LLC. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
77. ^ "Individual Records: Fumbles". NFL Record & Fact Book. NFL Enterprises LLC. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
78. ^ "Q&A With Jack Kemp". NFL Players. October 23, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
79. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt Award (NCAA)". AwardsAndHonors.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
80. ^ "NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award Recipients". NCAA. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
81. ^ "The NCAA News: Teddy winner Jack Kemp dies at age 73". NCAA. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2009.[dead link]
82. ^ Berkow, Ira (August 11, 1996). "A Quarterback Who Doesn't Like Warming the Bench". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
83. ^ a b c d e f Stanley, Alessandra (April 13, 1987). "Campaign Portrait". Time. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
84. ^ Waldman, Steven (November 30, 1997). "Sweating to the Oldies: Toiling together will do as much for race relations as talking together". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
85. ^ May, Clifford D. (December 20, 1988). "Man in the News; Theorist With a Heart; Jack French Kemp". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
86. ^ a b Thomas, Evan (September 3, 1984). "Struggling for a Party's Soul". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
87. ^ a b Sidey, Hugh (May 29, 1978). "Roses with a Touch of Ragweed". Time. Archived from the original on October 14, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
88. ^ Greider, William (December 1981). "The Education of David Stockman". Atlantic Monthly. The Atlantic.com. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
89. ^ "Newcomers in the House". Time. November 16, 1970. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
90. ^ a b c "Jack Kemp". kemppartners.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
91. ^ a b "The New 12 Steps to Recovery". Time. January 17, 1996. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
92. ^ May, Clifford (September 9, 1987). "Kemp, in Honduras, Assails Latin Peace Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
93. ^ "Babbitt: Think Small". Time. August 26, 1996. Archived from the original on February 14, 2004. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
94. ^ a b Trillin, Calvin (November 18, 1996). "The Endless Campaign". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
95. ^ a b Kramer, Michael (September 23, 1996). "Campaign 2000". Time. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
96. ^ a b Kramer, Michael (August 19, 1996). "In From the Cold". Time. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
97. ^ a b c d e f g h i Deparle, Jason (February 28, 1993). "How Jack Kemp Lost the War on Poverty". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
98. ^ Gergen, David (September 1, 1996). "A Bridge to Nowhere". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
99. ^ Borger, Gloria; Michael Barone (August 18, 1996). "'Born for the Job': The Kemp interview". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
100. ^ Collins, James (December 5, 1994). "Where Are They Now?". Time. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
101. ^ "Where Did He Get Those Figures?". Time. April 14, 1980. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
102. ^ "Final Payments". Time. December 22, 1980. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
103. ^ Church, George J. (December 22, 1980). "Eight for the Cabinet". Time. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
104. ^ Byron, Christopher (December 29, 1980). "Outlook '81: Recession". Time. Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
105. ^ a b Church, George J. (September 22, 1980). "Conservative Conservatism". Time. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
106. ^ Lowenstein, Roger (September 23, 2007). "Deep Voodoo". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
107. ^ a b Barone, Michael (December 1, 1996). "Divided Against Itself: The Republican Party: Can its five factions ever find happiness again?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
108. ^ Egan, Jack (October 17, 1999). "Supply-Side Godfather: The influential and controversial Robert Mundell wins the Nobel in economics". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
109. ^ a b c Traub, James (May 9, 1989). "Jack Kemp Faces Reality". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
110. ^ Isaacson, Walter (June 1, 1981). "A Less Than Perfect "10–10–10"". Time. Archived from the original on January 16, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
111. ^ Wallis, Claudia (May 25, 1981). "Act II, Scene 1, Form 1040". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
112. ^ Rauch, Jonathan (February 1989). "Is the Deficit Really So Bad?". Atlantic Monthly. The Atlantic.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2004. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
113. ^ Schneider, William (January 1987). "The New Shape of American Politics". Atlantic Monthly. The Atlantic.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
114. ^ Mitchell, Daniel J. (July 19, 1996). "The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on May 30, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
115. ^ a b Rowe, Jonathan (October 13, 1996). "Major Growing Pains: The economy's rosy, but people aren't. So what's going on here?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
116. ^ Pethokoukis, James (December 21, 2007). "A Chat With Jack Kemp". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
117. ^ "Budget Battle". Time. May 21, 1979. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
118. ^ "Free Enterprise Oases". Time. July 14, 1980. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
119. ^ Andersen, Kurt (August 16, 1982). "Thunder on the Right". Time. Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
120. ^ Isaacson, Walter (August 30, 1982). "Scoring on a Reverse". Time. Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
121. ^ Greenwald, John (July 25, 1983). "Paul Volcker Superstar". Time. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
122. ^ "Short of Cash". Time. August 8, 1983. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
123. ^ Kemp, Jack, An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth, Goodrich, 1985
124. ^ Tifft, Susan (August 20, 1984). "Coronation in Prime Time". Time. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
125. ^ "Rallying Round a Comma Cause". Time. August 27, 1984. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
126. ^ Doemer, William (August 27, 1984). "Party Time in Dallas". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
127. ^ Kelly, James (July 15, 1985). "Already Jockeying for Position". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
128. ^ "In Their Own Words; Excerpts From the Remarks By Housing Secretary Kemp". The New York Times. August 19, 1992. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
129. ^ Scardino, Albert; Alan Finder (November 3, 1985). "The Region; Jack Kemp's War Chest Grows". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
130. ^ Prabhakar, Rahul (September 5, 2006). "Jack Kemp, Ten Years Later". Harvard Political Review. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
131. ^ a b Waters, David (July 12, 2006). "Jack Kemp is wrong; soccer is very democratic". Scripps Howard News Service. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
132. ^ a b Gross, Daniel (June 30, 2004). "The Capitalism of Soccer". Slate. The Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
133. ^ a b c Kemp, Jack (June 19, 2006). "What I really think about soccer". Townhall.com. Salem Web Network. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
134. ^ Demott, John S. (March 9, 1987). "The High Jumper from St. Louis Missouri". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
135. ^ "American Notes". Time. December 15, 1986. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
136. ^ a b "Iranscam's". Time. January 19, 1987. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
137. ^ Barrett, Laurence I. (January 19, 1987). "Rushing to An Early Kickoff". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
138. ^ Schneider, William (July 1987). "The Republicans in '88". Atlantic Monthly. Atlantic Online. pp. 58–82. Archived from the original on August 12, 2004. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
139. ^ Schneider, William (April 1987). "The Democrats in '88". Atlantic Monthly. Atlantic Online. Archived from the original on August 4, 2004. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
140. ^ Clift, Eleanor (June 4, 1990). "The Right's War on Poverty: Conservatives Offer New Solutions To Old Problems". Newsweek. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
141. ^ Zuckerman, Laurence (June 22, 1987). "Full Disclosure, Semi-Outrage". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
142. ^ Barrett, Laurence I. (May 25, 1987). "Sounds of the Righteous Brothers". Time. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
143. ^ Barrett, Laurence I. (July 20, 1987). "But Mike's Raking in Money". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
144. ^ Barrett, Laurence I. (March 2, 1987). "Tacking Further to the Right". Time. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
145. ^ May, Clifford (September 9, 1987). "Kemp, in Honduras, Assails Latin Peace Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
146. ^ Shapiro, Walter (August 8, 1988). "Yes, There Are Issues". Time. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
147. ^ Shapiro, Walter (September 14, 1987). "The Unreal Campaign". Time. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
148. ^ Griffith, Thomas (December 14, 1987). "An Offer They Can Refuse". Time. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
149. ^ Shapiro, Walter (November 9, 1987). "Yapping From The Right". Time. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
150. ^ May, Clifford D. (February 16, 1988). "Three Candidates in 2 Parties Bracing for the Battle of Their Political Lives; Jack F. Kemp: The Congressman Has to Finish Third to Remain Credible". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
151. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (August 8, 1988). "Campaign Journal". Time. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
152. ^ Bruni, Frank (September 3, 1996). "Kemp Tries to Rein in His Words". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
153. ^ Lamar, Jacob V. (August 8, 1988). "The Great G.O.P. Veepstakes Scoreboard". Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
154. ^ Firestone, David (August 13, 1996). "Of Knishes, Soulfulness and Kemp". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
155. ^ "Kemp Agrees to Pay Campaign Penalties". The New York Times. June 22, 1994. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
156. ^ Lamar, Jacob V. (December 26, 1988). "A Clean Bill of Health". Time. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
157. ^ "New Supply Side for Jack Kemp". The New York Times. December 21, 1988. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
158. ^ a b Holmes, Steven A. (August 20, 1996). "Kemp's Legacy as Housing Secretary: One of Ideas, Not Accomplishments". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
159. ^ Kramer, Michael (May 11, 1992). "The Political Interest". Time. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
160. ^ Magnuson, Ed (July 24, 1989). "Jack Be Nimble, Jack Be Quick". Time. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
161. ^ "Business Notes Mortgage Insurance". Time. June 18, 1990. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
162. ^ "American Notes Housing". Time. May 22, 1989. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
163. ^ a b Prudhomme, Alex (May 1, 1989). "Evicting The Drug Dealers". Time. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
164. ^ Sidey, Hugh (January 23, 1989). "Back in the Bully Pulpit". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
165. ^ Prudhomme, Alex (June 17, 1991). "Firearms: Chicago's Uphill Battle". Time. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
166. ^ Goodgame, Dan (May 18, 1992). "Bleeding-Heart Conservatives". Time. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
167. ^ "Smoldering Embers, Scared Politicians". Time. May 18, 1992. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
168. ^ "Decoding Bush". Newsweek. February 10, 1992. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
169. ^ Walsh, Kenneth T.; Joseph P. Shapiro (May 10, 1992). "'They Are Not Our Issues': White House maneuvers". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
170. ^ "Tough Love From The Dems: Looking For A New Way To Stress Family Values". Newsweek. December 23, 1991. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
171. ^ Zuckerman, Mortimer B. (May 17, 1992). "The New Realism". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
172. ^ Deparle, Jason (May 7, 1992). "After The Riots; As Los Angeles Smoke Lifts, Bush Can See Kemp Clearly". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
173. ^ Fineman, Howard (May 18, 1992). "Filling The Political Void". Newsweek. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
174. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (May 3, 1992). "Kemp Followers; Don't Move; The Third Man; Sure Thing; Together Again; Blackballed: Kemp should have been sent on L.A. riot duty, friends say; Pero is almost certain to be in on fall presidential debates; Carl Sagan snubbed by prestigious science organization". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
175. ^ Alter, Jonathan (July 8, 1991). "Addicted To Perks: How America's Elites Rationalize Their Problem". Newsweek. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
176. ^ Frantz, Douglas (August 18, 1996). "Army Allowed Kemp to Skip Army Call-Up For an Injury". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
177. ^ Rainie, Harrison; Matthew Cooper; Joseph P. Shapiro; Scott Minerbrook; Paul Glastris; Jeannye Thornton; Dorian Friedman (May 10, 1992). "Requiem for the Cities?: A new fight over urban policy has begun. The key will be to focus on the right problems and to avoid overselling chances for success". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
178. ^ "Clinton . . . $3.5 Billion for Empowerment Zones". Time. December 21, 1994. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
179. ^ Maass, Peter (December 22, 1996). "20 Silver Bullets: 7. How to Make Housing Affordable: Let People Subdivide Their Homes". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
180. ^ Shapiro, Walter (July 6, 1992). "Spelling Out The Job Specs". Time. Archived from the original on August 12, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
181. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (July 12, 1992). "Waiting Game; Charmed By Perot; Under the Volcano; Sigh of Relief; One and the Same; Out of Time: Perot will name veep choice after GOP convention; Cheney says Pentagon still probing 109 POW sightings; Worst taste of the year: sending Ice-T's album in body bag". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
182. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (October 11, 1992). "Darmanophobia; Travel Plans; In the Middle; Ego Tripped; Safe Deposit; Amazing Grace: Darman role in debate strategy angers GOP conservatives; Gates mission to Moscow mystifies Kremlin leadership; Storm over Norm: Does Schwarzkopf take too much credit?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
183. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (August 9, 1992). "Take a Memo; Home, Sweet Home; All's Not Lost; Lost Cause; Wrong Numbers: Kemp and allies to challenge Bush on economy at convention; Nixon to the president: There is still hope for your campaign; 'Pro-choice' Republicans give up fight over platform plank". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
184. ^ Morganthau, Tom; Ann McDaniel (August 3, 1992). "The Quayle Question". Newsweek. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
185. ^ "Kemp Says Parts of Bush's Plan for the Economy Are Gimmicks". The New York Times. February 2, 1992. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
186. ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (November 26, 1991). "Washington Memo; For Bush, the Kemp Thing Reappears". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
187. ^ a b Zeman, Ned; Lucy Howard (November 25, 1991). "Does Kemp Want Out?". Newsweek. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
188. ^ Will, George F. (December 16, 1991). "No Happy Warriors Here". Newsweek. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
189. ^ Ellis, David (November 5, 1990). "Who's Next Out the Door?". Time. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
190. ^ Shannon, Elaine (August 7, 1989). "A Loose Cannon's Parting Shot". Time. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
191. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (August 16, 1992). "Ultimatum to Iraq; The Doctor Is Back; Moving On; Turnaround; Debating the Debates; Roger Redux: Saddam Hussein will be probable target of U.S. move in Iraq; Baker: The master of spin control is back at the old game; Ailes may rejoin the Bush campaign". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
192. ^ Fritsch, Jane (September 6, 1996). "Kemp Earned $6.9 Million, Mostly as Speaker, Since '92". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
193. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (January 30, 1994). "Back to Strength; Thinking the Unthinkable; Kemp Followers; The Wrong Fields; Past Prime Time; Backing Up Bill: Saddam Hussein's military is almost back to prewar potency; Rostenkowski could lose March 15 primary, insiders say; Clinton's speech insurance: Seven floppy disks, two paper copies". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
194. ^ Roberts, Steven V. (August 23, 1992). "The GOP: Four Years from Now". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
195. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (July 11, 1993). "Refuge for Abdel Rahman?; Double Standard; Still No. 1; Second Thoughts; Getting the Jump; Clinton's Bush League: Shiek Abdel Rahman secretly offered asylum by Afghanistan; First lady to keep administration health reform portfolio; Clinton foreign policy getting Bush-like look". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
196. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (May 2, 1993). "Surveying the Field; Picking Up Speed; Getting Out; Co-Portraits: As Clinton slips, Republicans savor prospects for 1996; Bosnians blame foreign Muslim volunteers for atrocities; Official presidential photo becomes double exposure". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
197. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (November 1, 1992). "Early Line; Promises, Promises; On Its Way; The Real Hillary?; Poor Perot: Kemp rates as early favorite in '96 GOP sweepstakes; North Korea sends another Scud cargo to Iran, Syria; Perot's campaign: Is his $60 million ad blitz tax deductible?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
198. ^ Stanglin, Douglas; Gordon Witkin; David Fischer; Gary Cohen; Kathryn Bushkin; Steven V. Roberts; Charles Fenyvesi; Tim Zimmermann (October 30, 1994). "Rising Specter?; Political Capital; Central Casting; Peace – At Last; Price War; FBI to Congress: Just Say No". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
199. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles (July 24, 1994). "Hot Footprints; How Washington Works; Snubbing Harvard; Kemp's Followers; Beating Bush; Taking Ames: Pentagon traces mystery plutonium to Russian atomic ministry; Democrats gave seed money to new group battling religious right; Jim Baker tops Bush in Texas fund-raising league". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
200. ^ "Kemp . . . Not Republican Enough". Time. January 30, 1995. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
201. ^ Kramer, Michael (February 13, 1995). "Eyes on the Prize". Time. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
202. ^ a b Borger, Gloria (January 22, 1995). "The Repository of Reagan Optimism". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
203. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (January 31, 1995). "Kemp Rejects Presidential Bid, Citing Dislike of Fund Raising". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
204. ^ Gergen, David (February 25, 1996). "Republican Wreckage". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
205. ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (September 25, 1995). "Can He Stay on the Pedestal?". Time. Archived from the original on January 14, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
206. ^ Hage, David; David Fischer (April 9, 1995). "Sweating the Details: The House passes tax cuts, but trimming deficits will be a tougher exercise". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
207. ^ "Back in the Pocket". Time. April 3, 1995. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
208. ^ "Quayle in Dole Country". Time. September 21, 1995. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
209. ^ a b Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (January 8, 1996). "Secrets of the Kemp Commission". Time. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
210. ^ Dentzer, Susan (February 4, 1996). "Arrest Him, He Stole My Flat Tax!". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
211. ^ Marks, John; Michael Barone (January 21, 1996). "Unfriendly Fire on the Rising Star: As he climbs in the polls, Steve Forbes is accused of violating a cardinal rule of his trade". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
212. ^ "Who's the Flattest of Them All?". Time. January 16, 1996. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
213. ^ Berke, Richard L. (January 31, 1996). "Politics: The Endorsements;Hopefuls Go a-Courtin' And Kemp Is the Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
214. ^ "Politics;Kemp Keeps His Neutrality". The New York Times. February 1, 1996. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
215. ^ "Kemp Backs Forbes". Time. March 6, 1996. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
216. ^ Marks, John (March 10, 1996). "What, Exactly, Does Forbes Want?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
217. ^ Tollerson, Ernest (March 7, 1996). "Politics: Endorsement;Kemp Supports Forbes in Bid to Salvage Flat-Tax Plan as an Issue in the Campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
218. ^ Stanglin, Douglas; David Makovsky; David Fischer; Tim Zimmermann; Richard J. Newman; Jim Impoco; Ted Gest; Josh Chetwynd; Gary Cohen (July 7, 1996). "Can the Middle East Bank on Bibi?; The Name Game; Unkindest Cuts; Joining Forces; Speaking Out; Star Search". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
219. ^ Miles, Jack (April 1995). "The Coming Immigration Debate". Atlantic Monthly. The Atlantic.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2004. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
220. ^ Adams, Kathleen; et al. (October 31, 1994). "The Week October 16–22". Time. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
221. ^ Carlson, Margaret (October 31, 1994). "Public Eye Alienable Rights". Time. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
222. ^ Roberts, Steven V.; Kenneth T. Walsh; Dorian Friedman (November 6, 1994). "Revenge of the Centrists: As voters tire of partisan squabbles, moderates in both parties seek to lead from the middle". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
223. ^ Bowermaster, David (September 15, 1995). "Closing the Golden Door: The immigration battle". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
224. ^ "How about Never?". Time. July 9, 1996. Archived from the original on March 7, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
225. ^ Barone, Michael (August 18, 1996). "A Conservatism of the Head". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
226. ^ Goodgame, Dan (September 16, 1996). "The Chairman of Virtue". Time. Archived from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
227. ^ Lacayo, Richard; Michael Duffy (August 19, 1996). "Punching Up The Ticket". Time. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
228. ^ a b Nagourney, Adam (August 16, 1996). "Kemp Gives Early Look at Strategy". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
229. ^ Ayers, B. Drummond Jr. (August 15, 1996). "In New Role, Kemp Fights With His Past Over Ideology". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
230. ^ "Gipper Junior on Deck?". Time. August 8, 1996. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
231. ^ Nagourney, Adam (August 11, 1996). "Kemp Will See Familiar Faces in the Dole Camp". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
232. ^ a b Borger, Gloria; Steven V. Roberts; Bruce B. Auster; Michael Barone; Kathryn Bushkin; Cornelia Carter; Jerelyn Eddings; Mel Elfin; David Fischer; Barbrara Ray; Kenneth T. Walsh; Warren Cohen (August 18, 1996). "Off to the Races: The GOP's long-distance runner isn't lonely any more. But can he catch Bill Clinton?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
233. ^ Stevenson, Richard W. (August 11, 1996). "Kemp Fiscal Views Win Party's Heart". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
234. ^ "Bob Dole, Jack Kemp / Time Cover". Time Covers. August 19, 1996. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
235. ^ Issacson, Walter (August 19, 1996). "To Our Readers". Time. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
236. ^ a b Kolbert, Elizabeth (September 29, 1996). "Dole, in Choosing Kemp, Buried A Bitter Past Rooted in Doctrine". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
237. ^ Gibbs, Nancy; Michael Duffy (August 26, 1996). "A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
238. ^ "The Jack Kemp Reverse". The New York Times. August 15, 1996. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
239. ^ a b Roberts, Steven V.; Michael Barone; Gloria Borger; Cornelia Carter; Warren Cohen; Jerelyn Eddings; David Fischer; Linda Kulman; Kenneth T. Walsh (September 1, 1996). "Lookin' Good: Ahead in the polls, Clinton and Gore try building a bridge to re-election". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
240. ^ "On The Road Again". Time. August 16, 1996. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
241. ^ "Dole Tries To Pep Up Terrified Troops". Time. September 11, 1996. Archived from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
242. ^ a b c Nagourney, Adam (August 19, 1996). "Kemp Attacks Clinton's Abortion Veto". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
243. ^ Lacayo, Richard (November 18, 1996). "The Next Act". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
244. ^ Dentzer, Susan (August 4, 1996). "Bob Dole in the Carnival of Tax Cuts". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
245. ^ a b Winerip, Michael (August 12, 1996). "Kemp Brings Sense of Relief And Hope for Ohio's G.O.P." The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
246. ^ "Dole, Kemp and the G.O.P." Time. September 9, 1996. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
247. ^ "The Odd Couple". Time. August 12, 1996. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
248. ^ Barone, Michael (September 15, 1996). "What a New Crew Might Do". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
249. ^ Bruni, Frank (August 29, 1996). "Kemp Stumps For the Votes of Minorities". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
250. ^ Gray, Jerry (September 7, 1996). "Kemp Courts Harlem Voters With Open Arms, Little Hope". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
251. ^ Gray, Jerry (September 4, 1996). "In Inner-City Chicago, Kemp Makes Pitch for Black Votes". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
252. ^ Rosenthal, A. M. (October 15, 1996). "Kemp and Farrakhan". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
253. ^ a b c Gray, Jerry (September 11, 1996). "Kemp Lines Up Solidly Behind Netanyahu". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
254. ^ Dorf, Matthew (August 16, 1996). "Can GOP ticket overcome rightist platform? Kemp seen as ally on Jewish causes". J. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
255. ^ Firestone, David (October 18, 1996). "Gore, Kemp and No Politics for Dinner". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
256. ^ a b Borger, Gloria (October 6, 1996). "On the Good Shepherd's Trail". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
257. ^ Roberts, Steven V. (August 25, 1996). "Training an Ear to the Sounds of Silence". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
258. ^ Gray, Jerry (October 26, 1996). "Kemp Hits Back at Republicans Who Despair". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
259. ^ Eddings, Jerelyn; Jeannye Thornton; Dorian Friedman; Josh Chetwynd; Kevin Whitelaw; Victoria Pope (October 27, 1996). "Voices from the Gallery: Fearful and eager, voters are talking up a storm of worries and wishes". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
260. ^ Stanglin, Douglas; Bruce B. Auster; Tim Zimmermann; David Makovsky; Paul Glastris; Kenneth T. Walsh (October 6, 1996). "Clintonomics: Going Once, Going Twice; Tough Talks; Last-Minute Squeals; Eyes on the Prize?; Body Fake?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
261. ^ Gray, Jerry (October 9, 1996). "Gore and Kemp Practice Jabs for Tonight's Encounter". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
262. ^ Borger, Gloria; David Fischer; Linda Kulman; Kenneth T. Walsh; Jason Vest (October 27, 1996). "Should Dole Swing Away?: Allies urge him to hammer Clinton, but Dole hates the idea and isn't very good at it, anyway". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
263. ^ Carlson, Margaret (October 28, 1996). "A Case of Mud Lust". Time. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
264. ^ Goodgame, Dan (October 21, 1996). "From Savior to Scapegoat". Time. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
265. ^ "President of the Debate Team". Newsweek. November 23, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
266. ^ Clines, Francis X. (October 10, 1996). "Economy Dominates Kemp-Gore Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
267. ^ "Excerpts From Debate Between Vice President Gore and Jack Kemp". The New York Times. October 10, 1996. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
268. ^ DePalma, Anthony (October 11, 1996). "Both Kemp and Gore Erred in Debate Over Policy on Mexico". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
269. ^ Berke, Richard L. (August 27, 2000). "The Nation; Surprise! Debates May Matter. And Help Bush". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
270. ^ Frantz, Douglas (September 1, 1996). "Influential Group Brought into Campaign by Kemp". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
271. ^ Borger, Gloria (January 24, 1993). "The Republican Wilderness: They still like their message. They just want Reagan II". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
272. ^ "Good Help Is Hard to Find; No Rest for the Weary". U.S. News & World Report. January 17, 1993. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
273. ^ Hesnball, Mark; Isikoff, Michael (April 25, 2005). "Oil-For-Food: How Much Did Boutros-Ghali Hear?". Newsweek. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
274. ^ Feuer, Alan (September 20, 2007). "Of Many Characters Mentioned at Oil-for-Food Trial, the Most Prominent Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
275. ^ Novak, Viveca (September 30, 1996). "Singing Another Tune". Time. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
276. ^ "Six Flags Ends Sale Process; Appoints Mark Shapiro CEO; Jack Kemp, Harvey Weinstein and Michael Kassan Join Board". Business Wire. CNET Networks, Inc. December 14, 2005. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
277. ^ Norris, Floyd (August 18, 1996). "Jack Kemp: A Director With No Shares". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
278. ^ Ramo, Joshua Cooper; Jackson, David S. (May 12, 1997). "The Prince of San Mateo". Time. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
279. ^ "Six Flags no longer for sale; Kemp a director". Buffalo BusinessFirst. American City Business Journals, Inc. December 14, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
280. ^ Siklos, Richard (November 5, 2006). "Openers: Suits; Culling the Board". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
281. ^ a b "Trustees' Biographies". Howard University. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
282. ^ Sherrid, Pamela (February 18, 2001). "A Killer App for Bureaucrats: It's called E-government, and it works. Is your city hall wired yet?". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
283. ^ "Jack Kemp Joins election.com Board of Directors; Former US Cabinet Secretary and Republican Party Vice Presidential Nominee Joins election.com Board". Business Wire. January 30, 2001. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
284. ^ Geek cons US out of $20M with bogus software to stop Alqaeda, Sydney Morning Herald, February 22, 2011.
285. ^ Butler, Steven; Thomas Omestad; Kenneth T. Walsh; Jack Egan (January 4, 1998). "The Year of The IMF: As Seoul struggles with reforms, Capitol Hill takes aim". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
286. ^ Brownstein, Ronald (March 8, 1998). "Hurry! Only 974 Days Left to Campaign: Why the presidential race has begun so early". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 17, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
287. ^ Jenkins Jr., Kent (August 3, 1997). "A Quixotic Drive to Pay Back the National Debt: The deficit fades, a new political fad arrives". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
288. ^ Miller, Matthew (July 27, 1997). "A Tax None Will Touch: Why politicians in Washington still protect the tax that economists call job-killing, deceptive, and unfair". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
289. ^ Provost, Taran (May 5, 1997). "Round Two". Time. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
290. ^ Litsky, Frank (December 11, 2007). "Rehab Plan Announced for N.F.L.'s Ex-Players". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
291. ^ Greenhouse, Steven (May 16, 2000). "Coalition Urges Easing of Immigration Laws". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
292. ^ "Adti – Fast, Quality & Trust". Adti. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
293. ^ Berger, Gloria (February 18, 2001). "Dole: Still in the Game". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
294. ^ Borger, Gloria (December 15, 2002). "A bad good ol' boy". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
295. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (November 19, 2005). "Top Names Aid Fund for Libby". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
296. ^ "Kemp switches endorsement over immigration". UPI. June 25, 2004.
297. ^ Gizzi, John (July 26, 2004). "Black Conservative Tops North Carolina Primary". Human Events. Vol. 60, no. 25\. p. 6.
298. ^ Darman, Jonathan (January 9, 2006). "Candidates: Crisscrossing Paths". Newsweek. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
299. ^ Edwards, John; Kemp, Jack (2006). "Russia's Wrong Direction: What The United States Can And Should Do" (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
300. ^ Darman, Johnathan (January 9, 2006). "Candidates: Crisscrossing Paths". Newsweek. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
301. ^ "Tax cutter cuts a choice". The Washington Times, LLC. January 10, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
302. ^ Romano, Andrew (April 3, 2008). "Expertinent: The 'Authenticity' Election". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
303. ^ a b Conant, Eve; Holly Bailey; Michael Hirsh (February 18, 2008). "So Much for a Warm Welcome". Newsweek. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
304. ^ Meacham, Jon (February 18, 2008). "The Editor's Desk". Newsweek. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
305. ^ "McCain's Lead Ignites War of Words Between Pundits, Creating Apparent Rift Among Conservatives". Newsweek. February 10, 2008. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
306. ^ "Campaign News". U.S. News & World Report. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
307. ^ Carlson, Michael (May 3, 2009). "Obituary: Jack Kemp" - via www.theguardian.com.
308. ^ Novak, Viveca (February 28, 2008). "Fear and False Claims". Newsweek. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
309. ^ "National Advisory Council". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
310. ^ "Co-Chair Lincoln Bicentennial Cabinet". Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
311. ^ "IMPACT Foundation Mourns The Passing of Jack Kemp". LottImpactTrophy.com. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
312. ^ "Former Buffalo Bills Quarterback Jack Kemp Battling Cancer". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. January 7, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
313. ^ "Jack Kemp Battles Cancer". MSNBC. Microsoft. January 8, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.[dead link]
314. ^ Clymer, Adam (May 2, 2009). "Jack Kemp, Star on Field and in Politics, Dies at 73". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
315. ^ "Jack Kemp dies after lengthy illness". ESPNews. May 2, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
316. ^ "Former N.Y. Rep. Kemp Loses Battle with Cancer". May 4, 2009.
317. ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (May 18, 2003). "Economic View; Name That Tune About Tax Cuts". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
318. ^ Fallows, James (November 1997). "A Democrat Who Admits It". Atlantic Monthly. The Atlantic.com. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
319. ^ Leonhardt, David (April 10, 2001). "Back in Business; Supply-Side Economists Regain Influence Under Bush". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
320. ^ "Jack Kemp; Henry Foster Jr.; Eileen Collins; Donald Pleasence; Alexander the Great". U.S. News & World Report. February 5, 1995. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
321. ^ "The Great Scott Syndrome: Were Our Leaders Really Dumbstruck By The Existence Of A Crisis In Our Cities? C'mon". Newsweek. May 25, 1992. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
322. ^ a b Duffy, Michael (November 16, 1992). "Divided They Fall (page 2)". Time. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2008.
323. ^ Goldstein, Andrew (November 20, 2000). "The Prickly Pragmatist". Time. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
324. ^ Leonhardt, David (January 26, 2008). "McCain's Fiscal Mantra Becomes Less Is More". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
325. ^ Medina, Jennifer (August 30, 2006). "Lieberman Gains G.O.P. Ally But Loses a Democratic One". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
326. ^ Borger, Gloria (November 5, 1995). "Powell and the 900-Pound Guerrilla". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
327. ^ "Rising Republicans". Time. August 19, 1996. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
328. ^ "Comparing Tax Wish Lists". Time. December 10, 1984. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
329. ^ "Largent, Steve". Oklahoma Department of Libraries. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
330. ^ "Watts, J.C." Oklahoma Department of Libraries. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
331. ^ "Rep. Heath Shuler (D-NC 11th)". Capitol Advantage LLC. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
332. ^ Khimm, Suzy (August 31, 2012). "What Paul Ryan learned from Jack Kemp". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
333. ^ "Specter Claims Kemp Would Be Alive if Congress Better Funded Medical Research". Fox News. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
334. ^ "Our Staff". Jack Kemp Foundation. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
335. ^ "To develop, engage and recognize exceptional leaders who champion the American Idea". Jack Kemp Foundation. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
336. ^ "Occidental College Names Football Stadium After Jack Kemp". April 29, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2020.

## References[edit | edit source]

* Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
* Foer, Franklin (2004). How Soccer Explains the World. Harper.
* Gruver, Ed (1997). The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960–1969, McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-0399-3.
* Lodge, George (2000). "The Reagan Plan". Harvard Business School 9-381-173. OCLC 14056546.
* Maiorana, Sal (1994). Relentless: The Hard-hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football, Quality Sports Publications, ISBN 1-885758-00-6.
* Maiorana, Sal (2000). Relentless: The Hard-hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football, Volume II, Quality Sports Publications, ISBN 1-885758-17-0.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Kemp.

Wikisource has original works by or about:
[[:s:|]]

* United States Congress. "Jack Kemp (id: K000086)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* Appearances on C-SPAN
*   * Career statistics and player information from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference ·
* Excerpt from October 1996 Kemp-Gore Debate
* Remarks from Vice Presidential nomination acceptance
* Summary of political positions from his own words
* New York Times obituary
* Obituary in The Baltimore Sun
* Jack Kemp – Daily Telegraph obituary
* Kemp archive at Los Angeles Times
* Jack Kemp at Find a Grave

Offices and distinctions

| Awards and achievements

Preceded by

Gino Cappelletti

|  Most Valuable Player of the American Football League
1965
Served alongside: Paul Lowe | Succeeded by

Jim Nance

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by

Max McCarthy

|  Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 39th congressional district
1971–1973  | Succeeded by

James Hastings

Preceded by

James Hastings

|  Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 38th congressional district
1973–1983  | Constituency abolished
Preceded by

Donald Mitchell

|  Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 31st congressional district
1983–1989  | Succeeded by

Bill Paxon

Party political offices
Preceded by

Samuel Devine

|  Chair of the House Republican Conference
1981–1987  | Succeeded by

Dick Cheney

Preceded by

Dan Quayle

|  Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States
1996
Political offices
Preceded by

Samuel Pierce

|  United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1989–1993  | Succeeded by

Henry Cisneros

Related articles

* v
* t
* e

Walter Camp Man of the Year Award winners

* 1967: Fish
* 1968: Blair
* 1969: Rozelle
* 1970: Kipke
* 1971: Blanchard
* 1972: Frank
* 1973: Daugherty
* 1974: Gaither
* 1975: Dawkins
* 1976: Krause
* 1977: Dunlap
* 1978: Little
* 1979: Kemp
* 1980: Sayers
* 1981: Graham
* 1982: Olsen
* 1983: Staubach
* 1984: Shula
* 1985: Bleier
* 1986: Davis
* 1987: Jackson
* 1988: Robustelli
* 1989: Brown
* 1990: Buoniconti
* 1991: Blount
* 1992: Griese
* 1993: Moon
* 1994: Anderson
* 1995: Williams
* 1996: Swann
* 1997: Hill
* 1998: Holtz
* 1999: Brandt
* 2000: Long
* 2001: Singletary
* 2002: Kelly
* 2003: Newsome
* 2004: Muñoz
* 2005: Stephenson
* 2006: Utley
* 2007: Butkus
* 2008: Andersen
* 2009: Elway
* 2010: Shields
* 2011: Carson
* 2012: Edwards
* 2013: Millen
* 2014: Bettis
* 2015: Andruzzi & Biletnikoff
* 2016: Dunn
* 2017: Johnson
* 2018: Golic
* 2019: Martin
* 2020: No award given
* 2021: Pearson

* v
* t
* e

National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award recipients

* 1966: Carpenter
* 1969: MacLeish
* 1970: Lombardi
* 1971: Boyden
* 1972: Holland
* 1973: No award
* 1974: Hope
* 1975: Hesburgh
* 1976: Van Fleet
* 1977: Joyce
* 1978: No award
* 1979: Galbreath
* 1980: Russell
* 1981: Werblin
* 1982: Silver Anniversary (all honored) – Brown, Davis, Kemp, Ron Kramer, Swink
* 1983: Hess & Stewart
* 1984: Nelson
* 1985: Flynn
* 1986: Toner
* 1987: Sewell
* 1988: Rodgers
* 1989: Krause
* 1990: Rozelle
* 1991: Paterno
* 1992: Mara
* 1993: Kazmaier
* 1994: Bolden
* 1995: Osborne
* 1996: Monan, S.J
* 1997: No award
* 1998: Roy Kramer
* 1999: No award
* 2000: Decio
* 2001: Frank
* 2002: Young
* 2003: Khayat
* 2004: Casciola
* 2005: Page
* 2006: Tillman
* 2007: Bleier
* 2008: Pickens
* 2009: Payne
* 2010: Brokaw
* 2011: Roberts
* 2012: Bodenheimer
* 2013: Odierno
* 2014: No award
* 2015: Byrne, Tew & White
* 2016: McRaven

* v
* t
* e

National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners

* 1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower
* 1959: Douglas MacArthur
* 1960: Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg
* 1961: John F. Kennedy
* 1962: Byron "Whizzer" White
* 1963: Roger Blough
* 1964: Donold B. Lourie
* 1965: Juan T. Trippe
* 1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik
* 1967: Frederick L. Hovde
* 1968: Chester J. LaRoche
* 1969: Richard Nixon
* 1970: Thomas J. Hamilton
* 1971: Ronald Reagan
* 1972: Gerald Ford
* 1973: John Wayne
* 1974: Gerald B. Zornow
* 1975: David Packard
* 1976: Edgar B. Speer
* 1977: Louis H. Wilson
* 1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy
* 1979: William P. Lawrence
* 1980: Walter J. Zable
* 1981: Justin W. Dart
* 1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) \- All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink
* 1983: Jack Kemp
* 1984: John F. McGillicuddy
* 1985: William I. Spencer
* 1986: William H. Morton
* 1987: Charles R. Meyer
* 1988: Clinton E. Frank
* 1989: Paul Brown
* 1990: Thomas H. Moorer
* 1991: George H. W. Bush
* 1992: Donald R. Keough
* 1993: Norman Schwarzkopf
* 1994: Thomas S. Murphy
* 1995: Harold Alfond
* 1996: Gene Corrigan
* 1997: Jackie Robinson
* 1998: John H. McConnell
* 1999: Keith Jackson
* 2000: Fred M. Kirby II
* 2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs
* 2002: George Steinbrenner
* 2003: Tommy Franks
* 2004: William V. Campbell
* 2005: Jon F. Hanson
* 2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden
* 2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach
* 2008: John Glenn
* 2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman
* 2010: Bill Cosby
* 2011: Robert Gates
* 2012: Roscoe Brown
* 2013: National Football League & Roger Goodell
* 2014: Tom Catena & George Weiss
* 2015: Condoleezza Rice
* 2016: Archie Manning
* 2017: None awarded
* 2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman
* 2019: Mark Harmon

* v
* t
* e

Theodore Roosevelt Award winners

* 1967: Eisenhower
* 1968: Saltonstall
* 1969: White
* 1970: Hovde
* 1971: Kraft Jr.
* 1972: Holland
* 1973: Bradley
* 1974: Owens
* 1975: Ford
* 1976: Hamilton
* 1977: Bradley
* 1978: Zornow
* 1979: Chandler
* 1980: Cooley
* 1981: Linkletter
* 1982: ~~Cosby~~
* 1983: Palmer
* 1984: Lawrence
* 1985: Fleming
* 1986: Bush
* 1987: Zable
* 1988: Not presented
* 1989: Ebert
* 1990: Reagan
* 1991: Gibson
* 1992: Kemp
* 1993: Alexander
* 1994: Johnson
* 1995: Mathias
* 1996: Wooden
* 1997: Payne
* 1998: Dole
* 1999: Richardson
* 2000: Staubach
* 2001: Cohen
* 2002: Shriver
* 2003: de Varona
* 2004: Page
* 2005: Ride
* 2006: Kraft
* 2007: Tagliabue
* 2008: Glenn
* 2009: Albright
* 2010: Mitchell
* 2011: Dunwoody
* 2012: Allen
* 2013: Dungy
* 2014: Mills
* 2015: Jackson
* 2016: Ueberroth
* 2017: Brooke-Marciniak
* 2018: Wilmore
* 2019: Caslen
* 2020: Delaney
* 2021: McLendon

* v
* t
* e

Detroit Lions 1957 NFL draft selections

* Bill Glass
* John Gordy
* Terry Barr
* Steve Junker
* John Barrow
* Ken Russell
* Jerry Leahy
* Dave Liddick
* John Nikkel
* Tom Rychlec
* Carl Osterich
* Charlie O'Brien
* Bill West
* Phil Smith
* Gene Alderton
* Hillmer Olson
* Jack Kemp
* Jay Weering
* Bob Gunderman
* Alex Lazzarino
* Dudley Meredith
* Tom Schulte
* George Gillar
* Joe Scales
* Carl Johnson
* Ed Muelhaupt
* Gehrig Harris
* Emmett Zalenka

* v
* t
* e

Los Angeles Chargers 1960 inaugural season roster

* 3 Ben Agajanian
* 15 Jack Kemp
* 17 Bob Laraba
* 19 Bob Clatterbuck
* 20 Fred Ford
* 20 Jesse Thomas
* 23 Paul Lowe
* 26 Jimmy Sears
* 27 Charlie McNeil
* 27 Ron Waller
* 28 Royce Womble
* 29 Doyle Nix
* 33 Blanche Martin
* 34 Bob Zeman
* 35 Bob Garner
* 36 Dick Harris
* 37 Howie Ferguson
* 41 Charlie Flowers
* 44 Trusse Norris
* 45 Henry Wallace
* 50 Ben Donnell
* 51 Rommie Loudd
* 52 Don Rogers
* 53 Charlie Brueckman
* 54 Ron Botchan
* 56 Emil Karas
* 57 Al Bansavage
* 57 Hubert Bobo
* 60 John Kompara
* 66 Fred Cole
* 67 Charlie Kempinska
* 68 Orlando Ferrante
* 69 Al Barry
* 70 Volney Peters
* 71 Dick Chorovich
* 72 Sam DeLuca
* 74 Ron Mix
* 75 Ernie Wright
* 76 Gary Finneran
* 80 Ron Nery
* 81 Maury Schleicher
* 82 Ralph Anderson
* 83 Dave Kocourek
* 84 Paul Maguire
* 87 Howard Clark
* 88 Don Norton
* 89 Art Gob

Head coach
Sid Gillman

* Al Davis
* Chuck Noll
* Jack Faulkner
* Joe Madro

* v
* t
* e

Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks

Played in San Diego (1961–2016)

* Jack Kemp (1960–1962)
* Bob Clatterbuck (1960)
* John Hadl (1962, 1964–1972)
* Dick Wood (1962)
* Tobin Rote (1963–1964)
* Steve Tensi (1966)
* Marty Domres (1969–1970)
* Dan Fouts (1973–1987)
* Wayne Clark (1973)
* Johnny Unitas (1973)
* Jesse Freitas (1974–1975)
* Virgil Carter (1975)
* Clint Longley (1976)
* James Harris (1977–1978)
* Cliff Olander (1977)
* Ed Luther (1983–1984)
* Mark Herrmann (1985–1987)
* Tom Flick (1986)
* Rick Neuheisel (1987)
* Mike Kelley (1987)
* Mark Malone (1988)
* Babe Laufenberg (1988)
* Mark Vlasic (1988, 1990)
* Jim McMahon (1989)
* Billy Joe Tolliver (1989–1990)
* John Friesz (1990–1991, 1993)
* Stan Humphries (1992–1997)
* Bob Gagliano (1992)
* Gale Gilbert (1994–1995)
* Sean Salisbury (1996)
* Craig Whelihan (1997–1998)
* Jim Everett (1997)
* Ryan Leaf (1998, 2000)
* Jim Harbaugh (1999–2000)
* Erik Kramer (1999)
* Moses Moreno (2000)
* Doug Flutie (2001, 2003–2004)
* Drew Brees (2002–2005)
* Philip Rivers (2006–2019)
* Tyrod Taylor (2020)
* Justin Herbert (2020–present)

* v
* t
* e

Buffalo Bills 1964 AFL champions

* 3 Pete Gogolak
* 12 Daryle Lamonica
* 15 Jack Kemp
* 20 Bobby Smith
* 22 Charley Warner
* 23 Gene Sykes
* 24 Booker Edgerson
* 25 Ollie Dobbins
* 26 George Saimes
* 30 Wray Carlton
* 34 Cookie Gilchrist
* 40 Ed Rutkowski
* 42 Butch Byrd
* 43 Joe Auer
* 44 Elbert Dubenion
* 45 Hagood Clarke
* 46 Ray Abruzzese
* 47 Willie Ross
* 50 Al Bemiller
* 51 John Tracey
* 53 Walt Cudzik
* 55 Paul Maguire
* 58 Mike Stratton
* 60 Dave Behrman
* 64 Harry Jacobs
* 66 Billy Shaw
* 67 Joe O'Donnell
* 70 Tom Sestak
* 72 Ron McDole
* 73 George Flint
* 74 Tom Keating
* 75 Dudley Meredith
* 77 Stew Barber
* 78 Jim Dunaway
* 79 Dick Hudson
* 81 Bill Groman
* 83 Hatch Rosdahl
* 84 Ernie Warlick
* 85 Glenn Bass
* 88 Tom Day

* Head Coach: Lou Saban

* Assistant Coaches: Joe Collier
* John Mazur
* Jerry Smith

* v
* t
* e

Buffalo Bills 1965 AFL champions

* 3 Pete Gogolak
* 12 Daryle Lamonica
* 15 Jack Kemp
* 20 Bobby Smith
* 22 Charley Warner
* 23 Gene Sykes
* 24 Booker Edgerson
* 26 George Saimes
* 27 Tom Janik
* 30 Wray Carlton
* 32 Donnie Stone
* 33 Billy Joe
* 40 Ed Rutkowski
* 42 Butch Byrd
* 43 Joe Auer
* 44 Elbert Dubenion
* 45 Hagood Clarke
* 46 Bo Roberson
* 48 Pete Mills
* 49 Floyd Hudlow
* 50 Al Bemiller
* 51 John Tracey
* 52 Bill Laskey
* 55 Paul Maguire
* 56 Marty Schottenheimer
* 58 Mike Stratton
* 60 Dave Behrman
* 64 Harry Jacobs
* 66 Billy Shaw
* 67 Joe O'Donnell
* 70 Tom Sestak
* 72 Ron McDole
* 73 George Flint
* 74 Tom Keating
* 75 Dudley Meredith
* 76 Henry Schmidt
* 77 Stew Barber
* 78 Jim Dunaway
* 79 Dick Hudson
* 80 Charley Ferguson
* 81 Bill Groman
* 82 Paul Costa
* 84 Ernie Warlick
* 85 Glenn Bass
* 88 Tom Day

* Head Coach: Lou Saban

* Assistant Coaches: Joe Collier
* John Mazur
* Jerry Smith

* v
* t
* e

Buffalo Bills

* Founded in 1960
* Based and headquartered in Orchard Park, New York

Franchise|

* Franchise
* History
* Players
* Seasons
* Pro Bowl selections
* First-round draft picks
* Starting quarterbacks
* Coaches
* Logos and uniforms
* NFL in Toronto

Stadiums|

* War Memorial Stadium
* Highmark Stadium
* Rogers Centre (Bills Toronto Series)
* Future Buffalo Bills stadium (proposed)

Culture|

* Ralph Wilson
* Billy Buffalo
* Buffalo Jills
* Ken "Pinto Ron" Johnson
* Tim Russert
* Buffalo '66
* Second String
* Flutie Flakes
* "Shout" song
* "3 Acts of God"
* Four Falls of Buffalo
* Zubaz

Lore|

* Electric Company
* Wide Right
* No Punt Game
* The Comeback
* Music City Miracle
* Snowvertime
* Hail Murray
* 13 Seconds

Rivalries|

* Miami Dolphins
* New England Patriots
* New York Jets
* Tennessee Titans

Division championships (12)|

* 1964
* 1965
* 1966
* 1980
* 1988
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1993
* 1995
* 2020
* 2021

Conference championships (4)|

* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993

League championships (2)|

* 1964
* 1965

Wall of Fame|

* Simpson
* Kemp
* McGroder
* Sestak
* Shaw
* Wilson
* 12th Man
* Dubenion
* Stratton
* Ferguson
* Levy
* DeLamielleure
* James
* Abramoski
* Kalsu
* Saimes
* Kelly
* Smerlas
* Hull
* Talley
* Ritcher
* Thomas
* Reed
* Tasker
* Smith
* Edgerson
* Hansen
* Polian
* Miller
* Saban
* Gilchrist

Media|

* Broadcasters
* Radio
* Radio Network
* WGR 550
* Television
* MSG Western New York
* Personalities:
* John Murphy
* Van Miller
* Eric Wood
* Steve Tasker

Owners|

* Ralph Wilson
* Pegula family
* Terry
* Kim

Current league affiliations|

* League: National Football League (1970–present)
* Conference: American Football Conference
* Division: East Division

Former league affiliation|

* League: American Football League (1960–1969)

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Buffalo Bills starting quarterbacks

* Johnny Green (1960–1961)
* Tommy O'Connell (1960–1961)
* Richie Lucas (1960)
* Bob Brodhead (1960)
* Warren Rabb (1961–1962)
* M. C. Reynolds (1961)
* Al Dorow (1962)
* Jack Kemp (1962–1967, 1969)
* Daryle Lamonica (1963–1965)
* Tom Flores (1967–1968)
* Dan Darragh (1968–1970)
* Ed Rutkowski (1968)
* Kay Stephenson (1968)
* James Harris (1969, 1971)
* Dennis Shaw (1970–1972)
* Leo Hart (1972)
* Joe Ferguson (1973–1984)
* Gary Marangi (1976)
* Joe Dufek (1984)
* Vince Ferragamo (1985)
* Bruce Mathison (1985)
* Jim Kelly (1986–1996)
* Brian McClure (1987)
* Willie Totten (1987)
* Dan Manucci (1987)
* Frank Reich (1989–1991, 1994)
* Todd Collins (1995–1997)
* Alex Van Pelt (1997, 2001)
* Doug Flutie (1998–2000)
* Rob Johnson (1998–2001)
* Drew Bledsoe (2002–2004)
* J. P. Losman (2005–2008)
* Kelly Holcomb (2005)
* Trent Edwards (2007–2010)
* Ryan Fitzpatrick (2009–2012)
* Brian Brohm (2009–2010)
* EJ Manuel (2013–2016)
* Thad Lewis (2013)
* Jeff Tuel (2013)
* Kyle Orton (2014)
* Matt Cassel (2015)
* Tyrod Taylor (2015–2017)
* Nathan Peterman (2017–2018)
* Josh Allen (2018–present)
* Derek Anderson (2018)
* Matt Barkley (2018)

* v
* t
* e

Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame

1980
O. J. Simpson
1984
Jack Kemp
1985
Pat McGroder
1987
Tom Sestak
1988
Billy Shaw
1989
Ralph C. Wilson Jr.
1992
The 12th Man
1993
Elbert Dubenion
1994
Mike Stratton
1995
Joe Ferguson
1996
Marv Levy
1997
Joe DeLamielleure
1998
Robert James
1999
Edward Abramoski
2000
Bob Kalsu
George Saimes
2001
Jim Kelly
Fred Smerlas
2002
Kent Hull
2003
Darryl Talley
2004
Jim Ritcher
2005
Thurman Thomas
2006
Andre Reed
2007
Steve Tasker
2008
Bruce Smith
2010
Booker Edgerson
2011
Phil Hansen
2012
Bill Polian
2014
Van Miller
2015
Lou Saban
2017
Cookie Gilchrist

* v
* t
* e

National Football League Players Association presidents

NFLPA|

* Kyle Rote (1956–1958)
* Billy Howton (1958–1962)
* Pete Retzlaff (1962–1964)
* Ordell Braase (1964–1967)
* Mike Pyle (1967–1968)
* John Gordy (1968–1969)
* John Mackey (1969–1973)
* Bill Curry (1973–1975)
* Kermit Alexander (1975–1976)
* Dick Anderson (1976–1978)
* Len Hauss (1978–1980)
* Gene Upshaw (1980–1983)
* Jeff Van Note (1983–1984)
* Tom Condon (1984–1986)
* Marvin Powell (1986–1988)
* George Martin (1988–1989)
* Mike Kenn (1989–1996)
* Trace Armstrong (1996–2004)
* Troy Vincent (2004–2008)
* Kevin Mawae (2008–2012)
* Domonique Foxworth (2012–2014)
* Eric Winston (2014–2020)
* JC Tretter (2020–present)

AFLPA|

* Tom Addison (1964–1965)
* Jack Kemp (1965–1970)

* v
* t
* e

United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development

* Weaver
* Wood
* Romney
* Lynn
* Hills
* Harris
* Landrieu
* Pierce
* Kemp
* Cisneros
* Cuomo
* Martinez
* Jackson
* Preston
* Donovan
* Castro
* Carson
* Fudge

File:Seal of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.svg

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Dan Quayle (1989–1993)

Secretary of State|

* James Baker (1989–1992)
* Lawrence Eagleburger (1992–1993)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Nicholas F. Brady (1989–1993)

Secretary of Defense|

* Dick Cheney (1989–1993)

Attorney General|

* Dick Thornburgh (1989–1991)
* William Barr (1991–1993)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Manuel Lujan Jr. (1989–1993)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Clayton Yeutter (1989–1991)
* Edward Rell Madigan (1991–1993)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Robert Mosbacher (1989–1992)
* Barbara Franklin (1992–1993)

Secretary of Labor|

* Elizabeth Dole (1989–1990)
* Lynn Morley Martin (1991–1993)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Louis Wade Sullivan (1989–1993)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Jack Kemp (1989–1993)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Samuel K. Skinner (1989–1991)
* Andrew Card (1992–1993)

Secretary of Energy|

* James D. Watkins (1989–1993)

Secretary of Education|

* Lauro Cavazos (1989–1990)
* Lamar Alexander (1991–1993)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* Ed Derwinski (1989–1992)

Cabinet-level

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Richard Darman (1989–1993)

Trade Representative|

* Carla Anderson Hills (1989–1993)

Counselor to the President|

* None (1989–1992)
* Clayton Yeutter (1992–1993)

* v
* t
* e

Republican Conference chairs of the United States House of Representatives

* Morrill
* Schenck
* Banks
* Blair
* Maynard
* McCrary
* Hale
* Frye
* Robeson
* Cannon
* Henderson
* Grosvenor
* Cannon
* Hepburn
* Currier
* Greene
* Towner
* S. Anderson
* Hawley
* Luce
* Lehlbach
* Woodruff
* Hope
* Hoeven
* Ford
* Laird
* J. Anderson
* Devine
* Kemp
* D. Cheney
* Lewis
* Armey
* Boehner
* Watts
* Pryce
* Putnam
* Pence
* Hensarling
* McMorris Rodgers
* L. Cheney
* Stefanik

* v
* t
* e

Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States

1. George Clinton (1792)
2. Thomas Pinckney (1796)
3. Aaron Burr (1796)
4. Charles C. Pinckney (1800)
5. Rufus King (1804, 1808)
6. Jared Ingersoll (1812)
7. John E. Howard (1816)
8. Nathan Sanford (1824)
9. Nathaniel Macon (1824)
10. Richard Rush (1828)
11. John Sergeant (1832)
12. Francis Granger (1836)
13. John Tyler (1836)
14. Richard M. Johnson (1840)
15. Theodore Frelinghuysen (1844)
16. William O. Butler (1848)
17. William A. Graham (1852)
18. William L. Dayton (1856)
19. Herschel V. Johnson (1860)
20. George H. Pendleton (1864)
21. Francis P. Blair Jr. (1868)
22. Benjamin G. Brown (1872)
23. Thomas A. Hendricks (1876)
24. William H. English (1880)
25. John A. Logan (1884)
26. Allen G. Thurman (1888)
27. Whitelaw Reid (1892)
28. Arthur Sewall (1896)
29. Adlai Stevenson I (1900)
30. Henry G. Davis (1904)
31. John W. Kern (1908)
32. James S. Sherman (1912)
33. Charles W. Fairbanks (1916)
34. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1920)
35. Charles W. Bryan (1924)
36. Joseph T. Robinson (1928)
37. Charles Curtis (1932)
38. Frank Knox (1936)
39. Charles L. McNary (1940)
40. John W. Bricker (1944)
41. Earl Warren (1948)
42. John Sparkman (1952)
43. Estes Kefauver (1956)
44. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1960)
45. William E. Miller (1964)
46. Edmund Muskie (1968)
47. Sargent Shriver (1972)
48. Bob Dole (1976)
49. Walter Mondale (1980)
50. Geraldine Ferraro (1984)
51. Lloyd Bentsen (1988)
52. Dan Quayle (1992)
53. Jack Kemp (1996)
54. Joe Lieberman (2000)
55. John Edwards (2004)
56. Sarah Palin (2008)
57. Paul Ryan (2012)
58. Tim Kaine (2016)
59. Mike Pence (2020)

* All vice presidential candidates
* Vice presidents

* v
* t
* e

Republican Party

* History
* National Union Party
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

Presidential
tickets
and
national
conventions|

* 1856 (Philadelphia): Frémont/Dayton
* 1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin
* 1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson
* 1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax
* 1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson
* 1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler
* 1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur
* 1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan
* 1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton
* 1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid
* 1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart
* 1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt
* 1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks
* 1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman
* 1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler
* 1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks
* 1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge
* 1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes
* 1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis
* 1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis
* 1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox
* 1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary
* 1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren
* 1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon
* 1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon
* 1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge
* 1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller
* 1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
* 1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
* 1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole
* 1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush
* 1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush
* 1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
* 1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
* 1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp
* 2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney
* 2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney
* 2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin
* 2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan
* 2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence
* 2020 (Charlotte/other locations): Trump/Pence

Presidential
administrations|

* Lincoln (1861–1865)
* Johnson (1865–1868)
* Grant (1869–1877)
* Hayes (1877–1881)
* Garfield (1881)
* Arthur (1881–1885)
* Harrison (1889–1893)
* McKinley (1897–1901)
* Roosevelt (1901–1909)
* Taft (1909–1913)
* Harding (1921–1923)
* Coolidge (1923–1929)
* Hoover (1929–1933)
* Eisenhower (1953–1961)
* Nixon (1969–1974)
* Ford (1974–1977)
* Reagan (1981–1989)
* G. H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
* G. W. Bush (2001–2009)
* Trump (2017–2021)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
conference
chairs|

* J. P. Hale (1859–1862)
* Anthony (1862–1884)
* Sherman (1884–1885)
* Edmunds (1885–1891)
* Sherman (1891–1897)
* Allison (1897–1908)
* E. Hale (1908–1911)
* Cullom (1911–1913)
* Gallinger (1913–1918)
* Lodge (1918–1924)
* Curtis (1924–1929)
* Watson (1929–1933)
* McNary (1933–1940)
* Austin (1940–1941)
* McNary (1941–1944)
* White (1944–1949)
* Wherry (1949–1952)
* Bridges (1952–1953)
* Taft (1953)
* Knowland (1953–1959)
* Dirksen (1959–1969)
* Scott (1969–1977)
* Baker (1977–1979)
* Stevens (1979–1980)
* Baker (1980–1985)
* Dole (1985–1996)
* Lott (1996–2003)
* Frist (2003–2007)
* McConnell (2007–present)

U.S. House
leaders
and
conference
chairs|

* Pennington (1860–1861)
* Grow (1861–1863)
* Colfax (1863–1869)
* Pomeroy (1869)
* Blaine (1869–1875)
* McCrary (1875–1877)
* Hale (1877–1879)
* Frye (1879–1881)
* Keifer (1881–1883)
* Cannon (1883–1889)
* Reed (1889–1891)
* T. J. Henderson (1891–1895)
* Reed (1895–1899)
* D. B. Henderson (1899–1903)
* Cannon (1903–1911)
* Mann (1911–1919)
* Gillett (1919–1925)
* Longworth (1925–1931)
* Snell (1931–1939)
* Martin (1939–1959)
* Halleck (1959–1965)
* Ford (1965–1973)
* Rhodes (1973–1981)
* Michel (1981–1995)
* Gingrich (1995–1999)
* Hastert (1999–2007)
* Boehner (2007–2015)
* Ryan (2015–2019)
* McCarthy (2019–present)

RNC|

| Chairs|

* Morgan
* Raymond
* Ward
* Claflin
* Morgan
* Chandler
* Cameron
* Jewell
* Sabin
* Jones
* Quay
* Clarkson
* Campbell
* Carter
* Hanna
* Payne
* Cortelyou
* New
* Hitchcock
* Hill
* Rosewater
* Hilles
* Wilcox
* Hays
* Adams
* Butler
* Work
* Huston
* Fess
* Sanders
* Fletcher
* Hamilton
* Martin
* Walsh
* Spangler
* Brownell
* Reece
* Scott
* Gabrielson
* Summerfield
* Roberts
* Hall
* Alcorn
* T. Morton
* Miller
* Burch
* Bliss
* R. Morton
* Dole
* Bush
* Smith
* Brock
* Richards
* Laxalt/Fahrenkopf
* Fahrenkopf
* Atwater
* Yeutter
* Bond
* Barbour
* Nicholson
* Gilmore
* Racicot
* Gillespie
* Mehlman
* Martínez/Duncan
* Duncan
* Steele
* Priebus
* Romney McDaniel

|

Chair elections|

* 2009
* 2011
* 2013
* 2015
* 2017

Parties by
state and
territory|

| State|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

|

Territory|

* American Samoa
* District of Columbia
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands

Affiliated
organizations|

| Fundraising
groups|

* National Republican Congressional Committee
* National Republican Redistricting Trust
* National Republican Senatorial Committee
* Republican Governors Association

|

Sectional
groups|

* College Republicans
* Chairmen
* Congressional Hispanic Conference
* Log Cabin Republicans
* Republican Jewish Coalition
* Republican National Hispanic Assembly
* Republicans Abroad
* Teen Age Republicans
* Young Republicans
* Republicans Overseas

Factional
groups|

* Republican Main Street Partnership
* Republican Majority for Choice
* Republican Liberty Caucus
* Republican National Coalition for Life
* Republican Study Committee
* Republican Governance Group
* ConservAmerica
* Liberty Caucus
* Freedom Caucus
* Ripon Society
* The Wish List

Related|

* Primaries
* Debates
* Bibliography
* International Democrat Union
* Timeline of modern American conservatism
* Trumpism

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 ->)

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: George H. W. Bush
* campaign
* VP nominee: Dan Quayle

* Other candidates: Bob Dole
* Pete du Pont
* Ben Fernandez
* Alexander Haig
* Jack Kemp
* Paul Laxalt
* Isabell Masters
* Pat Robertson
* Donald Rumsfeld
* Harold Stassen

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: Michael Dukakis
* campaign
* VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen

* Other candidates: Douglas Applegate
* Bruce Babbitt
* Joe Biden
* campaign
* positions
* David Duke
* Dick Gephardt
* Al Gore
* campaign
* Gary Hart
* Jesse Jackson
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Andy Martin
* Patricia Schroeder
* Paul Simon
* James Traficant

Third party and independent candidates

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ron Paul
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Andre Marrou
* Other candidates: Jim Lewis
* Russell Means

New Alliance Party|

* Nominee: Lenora Fulani

Populist Party|

* Nominee: David Duke

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Earl Dodge
* VP nominee: George Ormsby

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Edward Winn

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Willa Kenoyer
* VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Warren
* VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Larry Holmes
* VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independents and others|

* Jack Herer
* Lyndon LaRouche
* Herbert G. Lewin
* William A. Marra
* Eugene McCarthy

* Other 1988 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1992) 1996 United States presidential election (2000 ->)

Democratic Party|

Convention
Primaries

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: Bill Clinton
* campaign
* positions
* Incumbent VP nominee: Al Gore

* Other candidates: James D. Griffin
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Pat Paulsen
* Roland Riemers

Republican Party|

Convention
Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Bob Dole
* campaign
* VP nominee: Jack Kemp

* Other candidates: Lamar Alexander
* Pat Buchanan
* Charles E. Collins
* Bob Dornan
* Jack Fellure
* Arthur Fletcher
* Steve Forbes
* Phil Gramm
* Alan Keyes
* Richard Lugar
* Isabell Masters
* Jimmy McMillan
* Tennie Rogers
* Arlen Specter
* Morry Taylor
* Pete Wilson

Reform Party|

* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Ross Perot
* campaign
* VP nominee: Pat Choate

* Other candidates: Richard Lamm
* campaign

Other Third party and independent candidates

Green Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Winona LaDuke

Independent Grassroots Party|

Nominee
John Birrenbach
VP nominee
George McMahon

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Harry Browne
* VP nominee: Jo Jorgensen
* Other candidates: Irwin Schiff

Natural Law Party|

Nominee
John Hagelin
VP nominee
Mike Tompkins

Prohibition Party|

Nominee
Earl Dodge
VP nominee
Rachel Bubar Kelly

Socialist Party|

Nominee
Mary Cal Hollis
VP nominee
Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party|

Nominee
James Harris

U.S. Taxpayers Party|

Nominee
Howard Phillips
VP nominee
Herb Titus

Workers World Party|

Nominee
Monica Moorehead
VP nominee
Gloria La Riva

Independents and other candidates|

* Joan Jett Blakk
* Marsha Feinland
* Isabell Masters
* Steve Michael
* Dennis Peron

Other 1996 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

Oracle Corporation

Corporate directors|

* Jeffrey Berg
* H. Raymond Bingham
* Michael Boskin
* Safra Catz
* Larry Ellison
* Héctor García-Molina
* Joseph Grundfest
* Jeffrey O. Henley
* Mark Hurd
* Jack F. Kemp
* Donald L. Lucas
* Naomi O. Seligman

Acquisitions (list)|

* Sun
* PeopleSoft
* Hyperion
* Siebel
* BEA
* JD Edwards
* RightNow
* Virtual Iron
* TimesTen
* Sunopsis
* NetSuite
* Cerner

Databases|

* Oracle Database
* MySQL
* InnoDB
* Berkeley DB
* TimesTen
* Rdb
* Essbase

Programming languages|

* Java
* PL/SQL

IDEs|

* JDeveloper
* Forms
* NetBeans
* Apex
* SQL Developer
* Developer Studio

Middleware|

* Fusion Middleware
* WebCenter
* SOA Suite
* WebLogic Server
* Coherence
* Tuxedo
* GlassFish

Operating systems|

* Oracle Linux
* Oracle Solaris

Computer hardware|

* Sun Fire
* SPARC (T-Series, Enterprise)
* StorageTek

Computer appliances|

* Oracle Exadata
* Oracle Exalogic
* Big Data Appliance

Education and recognition|

* Oracle Certification Program

* Category

* v
* t
* e

New York's delegation(s) to the 92nd-100th United States Congress (ordered by seniority)

| 92nd |

Senate: ▌J. Javits (R) * ▌J. Buckley (C)

House:

* ▌E. Celler (D)
* ▌J. Rooney (D)
* ▌Ja. Delaney (D)
* ▌H. Robison (R)
* ▌T. Dulski (D)
* ▌S. Halpern (R)
* ▌A. Pirnie (R)
* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌H. Carey (D)
* ▌C. King (R)
* ▌O. Pike (D)
* ▌W. Ryan (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌J. Grover (R)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Murphy (D)
* ▌▌O. Reid (R/D)
* ▌J. Wydler (R)
* ▌J. Bingham (D)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Hanley (D)
* ▌R. McEwen (R)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌H. Smith (R)
* ▌L. Wolff (D)
* ▌F. Brasco (D)
* ▌B. Podell (D)
* ▌J. Dow (D)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌S. Chisholm (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌J. Hastings (R)
* ▌E. Koch (D)
* ▌B. Abzug (D)
* ▌H. Badillo (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌P. Peyser (R)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌J. Terry (R)

|
|

93rd |

Senate: ▌J. Javits (R) * ▌J. Buckley (C)

House:

* ▌J. Rooney (D)
* ▌Ja. Delaney (D)
* ▌H. Robison (R)
* ▌T. Dulski (D)
* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌H. Carey (D)
* ▌C. King (R)
* ▌O. Pike (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌J. Grover (R)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Murphy (D)
* ▌O. Reid (D)
* ▌J. Wydler (R)
* ▌J. Bingham (D)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Hanley (D)
* ▌R. McEwen (R)
* ▌H. Smith (R)
* ▌L. Wolff (D)
* ▌F. Brasco (D)
* ▌B. Podell (D)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌S. Chisholm (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌J. Hastings (R)
* ▌E. Koch (D)
* ▌B. Abzug (D)
* ▌H. Badillo (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌P. Peyser (R)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌E. Holtzman (D)
* ▌D. Mitchell (R)
* ▌A. Roncallo (R)
* ▌B. Walsh (R)

94th |

Senate: ▌J. Javits (R) * ▌J. Buckley (C)

House:

* ▌Ja. Delaney (D)
* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌O. Pike (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Murphy (D)
* ▌J. Wydler (R)
* ▌J. Bingham (D)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Hanley (D)
* ▌R. McEwen (R)
* ▌L. Wolff (D)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌S. Chisholm (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌J. Hastings (R)
* ▌E. Koch (D)
* ▌R. Ottinger (D)
* ▌B. Abzug (D)
* ▌H. Badillo (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌P. Peyser (R)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌E. Holtzman (D)
* ▌D. Mitchell (R)
* ▌B. Walsh (R)
* ▌J. Ambro (D)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌E. Pattison (D)
* ▌F. Richmond (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌L. Zeferetti (D)
* ▌S. Lundine (D)

95th |

Senate: ▌J. Javits (R) * ▌P. Moynihan (D)

House:

* ▌Ja. Delaney (D)
* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌O. Pike (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Murphy (D)
* ▌J. Wydler (R)
* ▌J. Bingham (D)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Hanley (D)
* ▌R. McEwen (R)
* ▌L. Wolff (D)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌S. Chisholm (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌E. Koch (D)
* ▌R. Ottinger (D)
* ▌H. Badillo (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌E. Holtzman (D)
* ▌D. Mitchell (R)
* ▌B. Walsh (R)
* ▌J. Ambro (D)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌E. Pattison (D)
* ▌F. Richmond (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌L. Zeferetti (D)
* ▌S. Lundine (D)
* ▌B. Caputo (R)
* ▌T. Weiss (D)
* ▌B. Green (R)
* ▌B. Garcia (D)

96th |

Senate: ▌J. Javits (R) * ▌P. Moynihan (D)

House:

* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Murphy (D)
* ▌J. Wydler (D)
* ▌J. Bingham (D)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Hanley (D)
* ▌B. McEwen (R)
* ▌L. Wolff (D)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌S. Chisholm (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌R. Ottinger (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌E. Holtzman (D)
* ▌D. Mitchell (R)
* ▌P. Peyser (D)
* ▌J. Ambro (D)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌F. Richmond (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌L. Zeferetti (D)
* ▌S. Lundine (D)
* ▌T. Weiss (D)
* ▌B. Green (R)
* ▌B. Garcia (D)
* ▌B. Carney (C)
* ▌G. Ferraro (D)
* ▌G. Lee (R)
* ▌J. Solomon (R)

97th |

Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) * ▌A. D'Amato (R)

House:

* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Bingham (D)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌S. Chisholm (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌R. Ottinger (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌D. Mitchell (R)
* ▌P. Peyser (D)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌F. Richmond (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌L. Zeferetti (D)
* ▌S. Lundine (D)
* ▌T. Weiss (D)
* ▌B. Green (R)
* ▌B. Garcia (D)
* ▌B. Carney (C)
* ▌G. Ferraro (D)
* ▌G. Lee (R)
* ▌J. Solomon (R)
* ▌G. Carman (R)
* ▌J. LeBoutillier (R)
* ▌D. Martin (R)
* ▌R. McGrath (R)
* ▌G. Molinari (R)
* ▌C. Schumer (D)
* ▌G. Wortley (R)

98th |

Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) * ▌A. D'Amato (R)

House:

* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌B. Rosenthal (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌B. Conable (R)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌R. Ottinger (D)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌S. Lundine (D)
* ▌T. Weiss (D)
* ▌B. Green (R)
* ▌B. Garcia (D)
* ▌B. Carney (C)
* ▌G. Ferraro (D)
* ▌J. Solomon (R)
* ▌D. Martin (R)
* ▌R. McGrath (R)
* ▌G. Molinari (R)
* ▌C. Schumer (D)
* ▌G. Wortley (R)
* ▌S. Boehlert (R)
* ▌B. Mrazek (D)
* ▌M. Owens (D)
* ▌E. Towns (D)
* ▌G. Ackerman (D)

99th |

Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) * ▌A. D'Amato (R)

House:

* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌J. Addabbo (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌S. Lundine (D)
* ▌T. Weiss (D)
* ▌B. Green (R)
* ▌B. Garcia (D)
* ▌B. Carney (R)
* ▌J. Solomon (R)
* ▌D. Martin (R)
* ▌R. McGrath (R)
* ▌G. Molinari (R)
* ▌C. Schumer (D)
* ▌G. Wortley (R)
* ▌S. Boehlert (R)
* ▌B. Mrazek (D)
* ▌M. Owens (D)
* ▌E. Towns (D)
* ▌G. Ackerman (D)
* ▌J. DioGuardi (R)
* ▌F. Eckert (R)
* ▌T. Manton (D)
* ▌A. Waldon (D)

100th |

Senate: ▌P. Moynihan (D) * ▌A. D'Amato (R)

House:

* ▌S. Stratton (D)
* ▌F. Horton (R)
* ▌J. Scheuer (D‑L)
* ▌M. Biaggi (D)
* ▌H. Fish IV (R)
* ▌J. Kemp (R)
* ▌N. Lent (R‑C)
* ▌C. Rangel (D)
* ▌B. Gilman (R)
* ▌T. Downey (D)
* ▌J. LaFalce (D)
* ▌M. McHugh (D)
* ▌H. Nowak (D)
* ▌S. Solarz (D)
* ▌T. Weiss (D)
* ▌B. Green (D)
* ▌B. Garcia (D)
* ▌J. Solomon (R)
* ▌D. Martin (R)
* ▌R. McGrath (R)
* ▌G. Molinari (R)
* ▌C. Schumer (D)
* ▌G. Wortley (R)
* ▌S. Boehlert (R)
* ▌B. Mrazek (D)
* ▌M. Owens (D)
* ▌E. Towns (D)
* ▌G. Ackerman (D)
* ▌J. DioGuardi (R)
* ▌T. Manton (D)
* ▌F. Flake (D)
* ▌G. Hochbrueckner (D)
* ▌A. Houghton (R)
* ▌L. Slaughter (D)

*[c.]: circa
*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[IDEs]: Integrated development environment