Jerusalem

Capital of and largest city in Israel

"Bayt al-Maqdis" redirects here. For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation) and Bayt al-Maqdis (disambiguation).

City in Israel

Jerusalem

* יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Hebrew)
* القُدس (Arabic)

City

File:HaArbaa IMG 0541 (cropped).JPG

File:OldCityJerusalem01 ST 06.JPG

File:Mamila.JPG

File:Knesset (cropped).jpg

File:Film location of Appointment with Death (1988).jpg

File:David's Tower 1.jpg

File:Western wall jerusalem night.jpg

Left-to-right from top:
Jerusalem skyline looking north from St. Elijah Monastery; a souq in the Old City; the Mamilla Mall; the Knesset; the Dome of the Rock; the citadel (Tower of David) and Old City Walls; and the Western Wall

Nicknames:

* Ir ha-Kodesh (The Holy City)
* Bayt al-Maqdis (House of the Holiness)

Location of Jerusalem

Jerusalem

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Location of Jerusalem

Jerusalem

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Location of Jerusalem

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Jerusalem

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Coordinates: 31°47′N 35°13′E﻿ / ﻿31.783°N 35.217°E﻿ / 31.783; 35.217Coordinates: 31°47′N 35°13′E﻿ / ﻿31.783°N 35.217°E﻿ / 31.783; 35.217
Administered by| Israel
Israeli district| Jerusalem
Gihon Spring settlement| 3000–2800 BCE
City of David| c. 1000 BCE
Present Old City walls built| 1541
East-West Jerusalem division| 1948
Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem| 1967
Jerusalem Law| 1980
Government

• Type| Mayor–council
• Body| Jerusalem Municipality
• Mayor| Moshe Lion (Likud)
Area

• City| 125,156 dunams (125.156 km2 or 48.323 sq mi)
• Metro

| 652,000 dunams (652 km2 or 252 sq mi)
Elevation

| 754 m (2,474 ft)
Population

(2019)[1]

• City| 936,425
• Density| 7,500/km2 (19,000/sq mi)
• Metro

[2]

| 1,253,900
Demonyms|

* Jerusalemite
* (Hebrew: Yerushalmi)
* (Arabic: Qudsi/Maqdisi)

Demographics (2017)

[3][4]

• Jewish| 60.8%
• Arab| 37.9%
• others| 1.3%
Time zone| UTC+02:00 (IST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+03:00 (IDT)
Postal code|

9XXXXXX

Area code| +972-2
HDI (2018)| 0.704[5] – high
Website| jerusalem.muni.il

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name| Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls
Type| Cultural
Criteria| ii, iii, vi
Designated| 1981
Reference no.| 148
Region| Arab States
Endangered| 1982–present
Part of a series on

Jerusalem
Temple Mount

* History
* Timeline

* City of David
* Second Temple Period
* Aelia Capitolina
* Middle Ages
* Early Muslim period
* Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Mutasarrifate
* British Mandate
* Israeli takeover of West Jerusalem
* Jordanian annexation of East Jerusalem
* Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem
Sieges

* 701 BCE
* 597 BCE
* 587 BCE
* 63 BCE
* 37 BCE
* 70
* 614
* 637
* 1099
* 1187
* 1244
* 1834
* 1917
* 1948

Places

* East
* West
* Old City
* Temple Mount
* Dome of the Rock
* Al-Aqsa Mosque
* Western Wall
* Synagogues
* Mosques
* Church of the Holy Sepulchre
* Hebrew University
* Knesset
* Biblical Zoo

* People
* Demographic history

* Mayor
* Chief Rabbi
* Grand Mufti
* Greek Orthodox Patriarch
* Crusader kings
Political status

* Religious significance
* Judaism
* Christianity
* Islam
* Jerusalem Law
* Jerusalem Day
* Quds Day
* Judaization
* Islamization
* US Jerusalem Embassy Act
* US recognition

Other topics

* Names
* Emblem
* Municipality
* Greater Jerusalem
* City Line
* Transport
* Songs
* Historical maps

* v
* t
* e

Jerusalem (/dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Audio file "He-Jerusalem.ogg" not found)[6][note 1] is the capital and largest city of Israel, situated in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea. The eternal capital of the Jewish people, Jerusalem is among the oldest cities in the world and the spiritual heart of Judaism.[7] Around 1000 BCE, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites, establishing it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel.[8] His son, King Solomon, built the First Temple, making Jerusalem the center of Jewish worship and governance, a role it has held for over three millennia.[9]

Archaeological evidence from the City of David confirms settlement as early as the 4th millennium BCE, with fortifications by the Bronze Age.[10] By the 14th century BCE, Egyptian records name the city Urusalim, likely "City of Shalem".[11] The Jewish people, emerging from Canaanite roots, developed a distinct monotheistic faith centered on Yahweh, with Jerusalem as its spiritual core.[12] Despite the Babylonian destruction of the First Temple in 587 BCE, the Jewish connection to Jerusalem endured through exile, sustained by prayers and prophecies of return.[13] The city’s sanctity, known as Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh, remains a cornerstone of Jewish identity.[14]

Israel governs Jerusalem as its undivided capital, with the Knesset, Supreme Court, and residences of the Prime Minister and President based there.[15] The Jerusalem Law of 1980 formalized this status, and in 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, relocating the U.S. Embassy there in 2018, affirming Israel’s historical sovereignty.[16] Jerusalem’s significance extends to Christianity and Islam, but its primary identity is Jewish, centered on the Temple Mount and Western Wall.[17] The Old City, a World Heritage Site, encapsulates this heritage.[18][note 2]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology and names
* 1.1 Etymology
* 1.2 Ancient Egyptian sources
* 1.3 Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources
* 1.4 Oldest written mention of Jerusalem
* 1.5 Jebus, Zion, City of David
* 1.6 Greek, Roman and Byzantine names
* 1.7 Salem
* 1.8 Arabic names
* 2 History
* 2.1 Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods
* 2.2 Prehistory
* 2.3 Late bronze age
* 2.4 Iron Age
* 2.4.1 Biblical account
* 2.5 Classical antiquity
* 2.6 Early Muslim period
* 2.7 Crusader/Ayyubid period
* 2.8 Mamluk period
* 2.9 Ottoman period (16th–19th centuries)
* 2.10 British Mandate (1917–1948)
* 2.11 Divided city: Jordanian and Israeli rule (1948–1967)
* 2.12 Israeli rule (1967–present)
* 3 Political status
* 3.1 International status
* 3.2 Status under Israeli rule
* 3.3 Jerusalem as capital of Israel
* 3.3.1 Government precinct and national institutions
* 3.4 Jerusalem as capital of Palestine
* 4 Municipal administration
* 5 Geography
* 5.1 Climate
* 6 Modern Era
* 7 Demographics
* 7.1 Historically
* 7.2 Current population and trends
* 8 Religious significance
* 9 Economy
* 9.1 High-rise construction
* 9.2 Transportation
* 9.3 Education
* 9.4 Culture
* 9.5 Media
* 9.6 Sports
* 9.7 International relations
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Bibliography
* 14 Further reading
* 15 External links

## Etymology and names[edit | edit source]

Further information: Names of Jerusalem

### Etymology[edit | edit source]

The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the god Shalem";[19][20] the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.[21]

Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (Shalom in Hebrew, cognate with Arabic Salam).[22][23] The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace",[20][24] "Abode of Peace",[25][26] "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"),[27] or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.[28]

The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.[29][30]

### Ancient Egyptian sources[edit | edit source]

The Execration Texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called rwšꜣlmm or ꜣwšꜣmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum, Urušalimum or Rôsh-ramen,[31][32] may indicate Jerusalem.[33][34] Alternatively, the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE), which reference an Úrušalim, may be the earliest mention of the city.[35][36][37]

### Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources[edit | edit source]

The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem).[38]

### Oldest written mention of Jerusalem[edit | edit source]

One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE[39][40] and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem",[41][42][43] or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem".[44][45] An older example on papyrus is known from the previous century.[46]

File:Khirbet Beit Lei inscription A close up.jpg

Close up of the Khirbet Beit Lei inscription, showing the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem, dated to the seventh or sixth century BCE

In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.[46]

### Jebus, Zion, City of David[edit | edit source]

An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was, according to the Bible, named Jebus.[47][48][49] Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David",[50] and was known by this name in antiquity.[51][52] Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical Land of Israel.

### Greek, Roman and Byzantine names[edit | edit source]

In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.

### Salem[edit | edit source]

The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14.[53] Other early Hebrew sources,[54] early Christian renderings of the verse[55] and targumim,[56] however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing.[57] Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans.[58] However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.[59]

### Arabic names[edit | edit source]

"Al-Quds" redirects here. For other uses, see Al-Quds (disambiguation).

In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "The Holy" or "The Holy Sanctuary",[25][26] cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: Ha-Qodesh, lit. 'The Holy'. The ق (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop (ʔ) as in Levantine Arabic.[60] Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūršalīm, which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس. أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس.[61] Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" or "Maqdisi", while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.[62]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Jerusalem

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Jerusalem.

See also: Historical maps of Jerusalem

Given the city's central position in both Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and Palestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarize some 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background.[63] Israeli or Jewish nationalists claim a right to the city based on Jewish indigeneity to the land, particularly their origins in and descent from the Israelites, for whom Jerusalem is their capital, and their yearning for return.[64][65] In contrast, Palestinian nationalists claim the right to the city based on modern Palestinians' longstanding presence and descent from many different peoples who have settled or lived in the region over the centuries.[66][67] Both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city,[68][69][70] and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history.

### Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: Timeline of Jerusalem

### Prehistory[edit | edit source]

The first archaeological evidence of human presence in the area comes in the form of flints dated to between 6000 and 7000 years ago,[71] with ceramic remains appearing during the Chalcolithic period, and the first signs of permanent settlement appearing in the Early Bronze Age in 3000–2800 BCE.[72][73]

### Late bronze age[edit | edit source]

Further information: City of David (archaeological site)

File:City of David - The Stepped Stone Stracture IMG 5828.JPG

Stepped Stone Structure from the Bronze Age and Iron Age on the southeastern slope of old Jerusalem

The earliest evidence of city fortifications appear in the Mid to Late Bronze Age and could date to around the 18th century BCE.[74] By around 1550-1200 BCE, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state,[75] a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as king Abdi-Heba,[76] At the time of Seti I (r. 1290–1279 BCE) and Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BCE), major construction took place as prosperity increased.[77] The city's inhabitants at this time were Canaanites, who are believed by scholars to have evolved into the Israelites via the development of a distinct Yahweh-centric monotheistic belief system.[78][79][80]

### Iron Age[edit | edit source]

Further information: City of David (archaeological site) and History of ancient Israel and Judah

File:Shiloach.jpg

The Siloam Inscription, written in Biblical Hebrew, commemorates the construction of the Siloam tunnel (c. 700 BCE)

Archaeological remains from the ancient Israelite period include the Siloam Tunnel, an aqueduct built by Judahite king Hezekiah and once containing an ancient Hebrew inscription, known as the Siloam Inscription;[81] the so-called Broad Wall, a defensive fortification built in the 8th century BCE, also by Hezekiah;[82] the Silwan necropolis (9th-7th c. BCE) with the Monolith of Silwan and the Tomb of the Royal Steward, which were decorated with monumental Hebrew inscriptions;[83] and the so-called Israelite Tower, remnants of ancient fortifications, built from large, sturdy rocks with carved cornerstones.[84] A huge water reservoir dating from this period was discovered in 2012 near Robinson's Arch, indicating the existence of a densely built-up quarter across the area west of the Temple Mount during the Kingdom of Judah.[85]

When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. When Hezekiah ruled, Jerusalem had no fewer than 25,000 inhabitants and covered 25 acres (10 hectares).[86]

In 587–586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered Jerusalem after a prolonged siege, and then systematically destroyed the city, including Solomon's Temple.[87] The Kingdom of Judah was abolished and many were exiled to Babylon. These events mark the end of the First Temple period.[88]

#### Biblical account[edit | edit source]

This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua's invasion,[89] but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel.[90]

File:Solomons Temple 10Century.JPG

Modern-day reconstruction of Jerusalem during the reign of Solomon (10th century BCE). Solomon's Temple appears on top.

In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin[91] though still inhabited by Jebusites. David is said to have conquered these in the Siege of Jebus, and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a United Kingdom of Israel,[92] and one of its several religious centres.[93] The choice was perhaps dictated by the fact that Jerusalem did not form part of Israel's tribal system, and was thus suited to serve as the centre of its confederation.[77] Opinion is divided over whether the so-called Large Stone Structure and the nearby Stepped Stone Structure may be identified with King David's palace, or dates to a later period.[94][95]

According to the Bible, King David reigned for 40 years[96] and was succeeded by his son Solomon,[97] who built the Holy Temple on Mount Moriah. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant.[98] On Solomon's death, ten of the northern tribes of Israel broke with the United Monarchy to form their own nation, with its kings, prophets, priests, traditions relating to religion, capitals and temples in northern Israel. The southern tribes, together with the Aaronid priesthood, remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.[99][100]

### Classical antiquity[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period and Aelia Capitolina

### Early Muslim period[edit | edit source]

Main articles: History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period and the Middle Ages

File:1283 Descriptio Terrae Sanctae.jpg

1455 painting of the Holy Land. Jerusalem is viewed from the west; the octagonal Dome of the Rock stands left of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, shown as a church, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on the left side of the picture.

### Crusader/Ayyubid period[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem

### Mamluk period[edit | edit source]

From 1260[101] to 1516/17, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. In the wider region and until around 1300, many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side, and the crusaders and the Mongols, on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague.[102] When Nachmanides visited in 1267 he found only two Jewish families, in a population of 2,000, 300 of whom were Christians, in the city.[103] The well-known and far-traveled lexicographer Fairuzabadi (1329–1414) spent ten years in Jerusalem.[104]

The 13th to 15th centuries was a period of frequent building activity in the city, as evidenced by the 90 remaining structures from this time.[101] The city was also a significant site of Mamluk architectural patronage. The types of structures built included madrasas, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais, fountains (or sabils), and public baths.[101] Much of the building activity was concentrated around the edges of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif.[101] Old gates to the Haram lost importance and new gates were built,[101] while significant parts of the northern and western porticoes along the edge of the Temple Mount plaza were built or rebuilt in this period.[105] Tankiz, the Mamluk amir in charge of Syria during the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, built a new market called Suq al-Qattatin (Cotton Market) in 1336–7, along with the gate known as Bab al-Qattanin (Cotton Gate), which gave access to the Temple Mount from this market.[101][105] The late Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay also took interest in the city. He commissioned the building of the Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, completed in 1482, and the nearby Sabil of Qaytbay, built shortly after in 1482; both were located on the Temple Mount.[101][105] Qaytbay's monuments were the last major Mamluk constructions in the city.[105]: 589–612

File:Peregrinatio in terram sanctam Jerusalem map in color.jpg

Jerusalem, from 'Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam' by Bernhard von Breydenbach (1486)

### Ottoman period (16th–19th centuries)[edit | edit source]

Further information: Expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century

### British Mandate (1917–1948)[edit | edit source]

Further information: Jerusalem Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine

File:First Town Plan of Jerusalem, 1918, William McLean.jpg

William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.[106]

File:VE day Jerusalem 1945.jpg

Jerusalem on VE Day, 8 May 1945.

In 1917 after the Battle of Jerusalem, the British Army, led by General Edmund Allenby, captured the city.[107] In 1922, the League of Nations at the Conference of Lausanne entrusted the United Kingdom to administer Palestine, neighbouring Transjordan, and Iraq beyond it.

The British had to deal with a conflicting demand that was rooted in Ottoman rule. Agreements for the supply of water, electricity, and the construction of a tramway system—all under concessions granted by the Ottoman authorities—had been signed by the city of Jerusalem and a Greek citizen, Euripides Mavromatis, on 27 January 1914. Work under these concessions had not begun and, by the end of the war the British occupying forces refused to recognize their validity. Mavromatis claimed that his concessions overlapped with the Auja Concession that the government had awarded to Rutenberg in 1921 and that he had been deprived of his legal rights. The Mavromatis concession, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities (e.g., Bethlehem) within a radius of 20 km (12 mi) around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[108]

From 1922 to 1948 the total population of the city rose from 52,000 to 165,000, comprising two-thirds Jews and one-third Arabs (Muslims and Christians).[109] Relations between Arab Christians and Muslims and the growing Jewish population in Jerusalem deteriorated, resulting in recurring unrest. In Jerusalem, in particular, Arab riots occurred in 1920 and in 1929. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city[110][111] and institutions of higher learning such as the Hebrew University were founded.[112]

### Divided city: Jordanian and Israeli rule (1948–1967)[edit | edit source]

Further information: Battle for Jerusalem and City Line (Jerusalem)

See also: Corpus separatum (Jerusalem), United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, and Jordanian annexation of the West Bank

File:Flag of the United Nations.svg United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

Jerusalem Corpus Separatum

File:Jerusalem Corpus Separatum (1947 map).png

Lifta

Shu'fat

JERUSALEM

at-Tur

al-Eizariya

Abu Dis

Silwan

Sur Baher

Umm Tuba

Ramat Rahel

Sharafat

Beit Safafa

Beit Jala

BETHLEHEM

Beit Sahur

al-Maliha

Ein Karim

Deir Yassin

Motza

al-'Isawiya

* v
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* e

### Israeli rule (1967–present)[edit | edit source]

Main article: Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem

File:EastJerusalemMap-en.svg

Map of East Jerusalem (2010)

In 1967, despite Israeli pleas that Jordan remain neutral during the Six-Day War, Jordan, which had concluded a defense agreement with Egypt on 30 May 1967, attacked Israeli-held West Jerusalem on the war's second day. After hand-to-hand fighting between Israeli and Jordanian soldiers on the Temple Mount, the Israel Defense Forces captured East Jerusalem, along with the entire West Bank. On 27 June 1967, three weeks after the war ended, in the reunification of Jerusalem, Israel extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, including the city's Christian and Muslim holy sites, along with some nearby West Bank territory which comprised 28 Palestinian villages, incorporating it into the Jerusalem Municipality,[113][114] although it carefully avoided using the term "annexation". On 10 July, Foreign Minister Abba Eban explained to the UN Secretary General: "The term 'annexation' which was used by supporters of the vote is not accurate. The steps that were taken [by Israel] relate to the integration of Jerusalem in administrative and municipal areas, and served as a legal basis for the protection of the holy places of Jerusalem."[115] Israel conducted a census of Arab residents in the areas annexed. Residents were given permanent residency status and the option of applying for Israeli citizenship. Since 1967, new Jewish residential areas have mushroomed in the eastern sector, while no new Palestinian neighbourhoods have been created.[116]

Jewish and Christian access to the holy sites inside the old walled city was restored. Israel left the Temple Mount under the jurisdiction of an Islamic waqf, but opened the Western Wall to Jewish access. The Moroccan Quarter, which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was evacuated and razed[117] to make way for a plaza for those visiting the wall.[118] On 18 April 1968, an expropriation order by the Israeli Ministry of Finance more than doubled the size of the Jewish Quarter, evicting its Arab residents and seizing over 700 buildings of which 105 belonged to Jewish inhabitants prior to the Jordanian occupation of the city.[citation needed] The order designated these areas for public use, but they were intended for Jews alone.[119] The government offered 200 Jordanian dinars to each displaced Arab family.

After the Six-Day War the population of Jerusalem increased by 196%. The Jewish population grew by 155%, while the Arab population grew by 314%. The proportion of the Jewish population fell from 74% in 1967 to 72% in 1980, to 68% in 2000, and to 64% in 2010.[120] Israeli Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon proposed building a ring of Jewish neighbourhoods around the city's eastern edges. The plan was intended to make East Jerusalem more Jewish and prevent it from becoming part of an urban Palestinian bloc stretching from Bethlehem to Ramallah. On 2 October 1977, the Israeli cabinet approved the plan, and seven neighbourhoods were subsequently built on the city's eastern edges. They became known as the Ring Neighbourhoods. Other Jewish neighbourhoods were built within East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews also settled in Arab neighbourhoods.[121][122]

The annexation of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism. The Israeli Foreign Ministry disputes that the annexation of Jerusalem was a violation of international law.[123][124] The final status of Jerusalem has been one of the most important areas of discord between Palestinian and Israeli negotiators for peace. Areas of discord have included whether the Palestinian flag can be raised over areas of Palestinian custodianship and the specificity of Israeli and Palestinian territorial borders.[125]

## Political status[edit | edit source]

Main article: Positions on Jerusalem

From 1923 until 1948, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of Mandatory Palestine.[126]

From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because UN General Assembly Resolution 194 envisaged Jerusalem as an international city. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On 27 June 1967, the government of Levi Eshkol extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.[127]

In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of Orient House, home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organization, for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.[128][129] The Oslo Accords stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the Palestinian Authority. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.[130][131] President Mahmoud Abbas has said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.[132] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount, Abu Dis, a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the Palestinian Legislative Council in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.[133]

### International status[edit | edit source]

Jerusalem's status remains a complex and contentious issue in international law and diplomacy, with competing claims from Israel and the Palestinians. Israel considers Jerusalem, including both West and East Jerusalem, its "complete and united" capital, as formalized in the Jerusalem Law of 1980, which established the city as the seat of government, hosting the President's residence, government offices, Supreme Court, and parliament.[134] However, the international community, including the United Nations, does not fully recognize Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem, citing the city's status under international law.

Following the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, adopted via United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, Jerusalem was designated as a corpus separatum, intended to be an internationally administered city for a 10-year period, after which a referendum would determine its future.[135] The 1948 Arab-Israeli War disrupted this plan, resulting in West Jerusalem coming under Israeli control and East Jerusalem, including the Old City, under Jordanian control until 1967, when Israel captured East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War.[136]

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 (1980) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void," calling on member states to withdraw diplomatic missions from Jerusalem, a position reflected in the fact that most embassies are located in Tel Aviv or other cities.[137] The United States, under President Donald Trump, recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital in 2017 and relocated its embassy there in 2018, a move followed by a few other nations but widely criticized by the international community.[138][139] The Palestinian Authority claims East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state, a position supported by many UN member states, though no country fully recognizes Palestinian sovereignty over the city.[140]

The international community's stance is shaped by the view that Jerusalem's final status should be determined through Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, primarily involving Israel and the Palestinian Authority, which represents the Palestinian people in diplomatic talks. Hamas, a Palestinian militant group designated as a terrorist organization by countries including the United States, Canada, and the European Union, is not recognized as a legitimate party in these negotiations, though it exerts control over Gaza and has influence among some Palestinians.[141] The disputes center on sovereignty, borders, and control of holy sites, with negotiations historically facilitated through frameworks like the Oslo Accords.[142]

### Status under Israeli rule[edit | edit source]

Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders.

File:PikiWiki Israel 44557 Art of Israel.JPG

The Knesset houses the legislature of Israel

In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications Minister Moshe Kahlon said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading".[143]

The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City[144] in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.[145][146] Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine,[147] and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there.[148] However, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in 2014 that "Jerusalem will never be divided".[149] A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city.[150] A poll conducted by Palestinian Centre for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations, among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39% of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31% who opted for Palestinian citizenship. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighbourhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.[151]

File:Israel Supreme Court.jpg

Supreme Court of Israel

### Jerusalem as capital of Israel[edit | edit source]

File:Hutz.JPG

Israeli Foreign Ministry building

On 5 December 1949, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion declared Jerusalem Israel's "eternal" capital, stating that only the 1948 war forced the government to operate from Tel Aviv. He affirmed Jerusalem as Israel's sole capital, and by 1950, the Knesset, judiciary, and executive branches were based there, except for the Ministry of Defense in Tel Aviv.[152][153] At the time, Jerusalem was divided, with Israel controlling West Jerusalem and Jordan controlling East Jerusalem.

In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, declaring Jerusalem its "complete and united" capital.[154] The international community, via United Nations Security Council Resolution 478, condemned the law as "null and void," urging states to withdraw embassies from Jerusalem.[155] Most embassies remain in Tel Aviv, though the United States (2018) and Guatemala moved theirs to Jerusalem.[156][157] Bolivia and Paraguay maintain embassies in Mevaseret Zion, near Jerusalem.[158]

In 1995, the U.S. Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act, mandating the embassy's relocation to Jerusalem, which occurred in 2018 under President Donald Trump, who recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[159][160] This move was widely criticized, with a UN resolution condemning it vetoed by the U.S. but supported by 14 other Security Council members.[161] In 2017, Russia recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, contingent on East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.[162] Australia briefly recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital in 2018, reversing this in 2022.[163][164]

#### Government precinct and national institutions[edit | edit source]

Many national institutions of Israel are located in Kiryat HaMemshala in Givat Ram in Jerusalem as a part of the Kiryat HaLeom project which is intended to create a large district that will house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. Some government buildings are located in Kiryat Menachem Begin. The city is home to the Knesset,[165] the Supreme Court,[166] the Bank of Israel, the National Headquarters of the Israel Police, the official residences of the President and Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and all ministries except for the Ministry of Defense (which is located in central Tel Aviv's HaKirya district) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (which is located in Rishon LeZion, in the wider Tel Aviv metropolitan area, near Beit Dagan).

### Jerusalem as capital of Palestine[edit | edit source]

File:Orient House.jpg

Orient House in East Jerusalem, former headquarters of the PLO until its closure by Israel in 2001.

The Palestinian Authority (PA) claims East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state, based on the pre-1967 municipal boundaries, as stated in the Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) and the Palestinian Basic Law (2003).[167][168] The PA views East Jerusalem as occupied territory under United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.[169] The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), representing Palestinians in negotiations, has proposed that East Jerusalem serve as Palestine’s capital and West Jerusalem as Israel’s, with joint development mechanisms for shared areas.[170]<

Some countries, including Russia and China, recognize a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, consistent with pre-1967 borders.[171][172] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/292 (2004) supports Palestinian sovereignty over East Jerusalem.[173] Hamas, a militant group designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, Canada, and the European Union, also claims East Jerusalem but is not recognized as a legitimate party in diplomatic negotiations, which are led by the PA.[174] Jerusalem’s final status remains subject to Israeli-Palestinian negotiations.

## Municipal administration[edit | edit source]

Main article: Municipality of Jerusalem

The Jerusalem City Council is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints eight deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski, was elected in 2003.[175] In the November 2008 city elections, Nir Barkat was elected. In November 2018, Moshe Lion was elected mayor.[176]

Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was Teddy Kollek, who spent 28 years—six consecutive terms—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.[175] Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.[177] The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at Safra Square (Kikar Safra) on Jaffa Road. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993 when it moved from the old town hall building built by the Mandate authorities.[178] The city falls under the Jerusalem District, with Jerusalem as the district's capital. 37% of the population is Palestinian, but in 2014 not more than 10% of tax revenues were allocated for them. In East Jerusalem, 52% of the land was excluded from development, 35% designated for Jewish settlements, and 13% for Palestinian use, almost all of which was already built on.[116]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

Panorama of the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound), including Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Dome of the Rock, from the Mount of Olives

Panorama of the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound), including Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Dome of the Rock, from the Mount of Olives

Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a plateau in the Judaean Mountains, which include the Mount of Olives (East) and Mount Scopus (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760 m (2,490 ft).[179] The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry riverbeds (wadis). The Kidron, Hinnom, and Tyropoeon Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.[180] The Kidron Valley runs to the east of the Old City and separates the Mount of Olives from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the Valley of Hinnom, a steep ravine associated in biblical eschatology with the concept of Gehenna or Hell.[181] The Tyropoeon Valley commenced in the northwest near the Damascus Gate, ran south-southeasterly through the centre of the Old City down to the Pool of Siloam, and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west (the lower and the upper cities described by Josephus). Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.[180] In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region thus built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.[citation needed]

File:Jerusalem, Israel.JPG

Astronauts view of Jerusalem

File:Israel-2013-Aerial-Mount of Olives.jpg

Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives

Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient aqueducts, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.[182]

Jerusalem is 60 km (37 mi)[183] east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 km (22 mi)[184] away, is the Dead Sea, the lowest body of water on Earth. Neighbouring cities and towns include Bethlehem and Beit Jala to the south, Abu Dis and Ma'ale Adumim to the east, Mevaseret Zion to the west, and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev to the north.[185][186][187]

Mount Herzl, at the western side of the city near the Jerusalem Forest, serves as the national cemetery of Israel.

### Climate[edit | edit source]

File:העיר העתיקה בירושלים בלבן.jpg

Snow visible on roofs in the Old City of Jerusalem.

The city is characterized by a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation.

January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 9.1 °C (48.4 °F); July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F), and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around 537 mm (21 in), with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May.[188] Snowfall is rare, and large snowfalls are even more rare.[189][190] Jerusalem received over 30 cm (12 in) of snow on 13 December 2013, which nearly paralyzed the city.[189][190] A day in Jerusalem has on average, 9.3 sunshine hours. With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the Mediterranean Sea is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east.

The highest recorded temperature in Jerusalem was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 28 and 30 August 1881, and the lowest temperature recorded was −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) on 25 January 1907.

Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.[191] Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more carbon monoxide released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the Israeli Mediterranean coast can travel eastward and settle over the city.[191][192]

Climate data for Jerusalem

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 35.3
(95.5)  | 37.2
(99.0)  | 36.8
(98.2)  | 40.6
(105.1)  | 44.4
(111.9)  | 37.8
(100.0)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 44.4
(111.9)
Average high °C (°F)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 21.5
(70.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 25.1
(77.2)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 18.1
(64.6)
Average low °C (°F)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 18.6
(65.5)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 13.5
(56.3)
Record low °C (°F)  | −6.7
(19.9)  | −2.4
(27.7)  | −0.3
(31.5)  | 0.8
(33.4)  | 7.6
(45.7)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 14.6
(58.3)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 0.2
(32.4)  | −6.7
(19.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 133.2
(5.24)  | 118.3
(4.66)  | 92.7
(3.65)  | 24.5
(0.96)  | 3.2
(0.13)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.3
(0.01)  | 15.4
(0.61)  | 60.8
(2.39)  | 105.7
(4.16)  | 554.1
(21.81)
Average rainy days  | 12.9  | 11.7  | 9.6  | 4.4  | 1.3  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.3  | 3.6  | 7.3  | 10.9  | 62
Average relative humidity (%)  | 61  | 59  | 52  | 39  | 35  | 37  | 40  | 40  | 40  | 42  | 48  | 56  | 46
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192.9  | 243.6  | 226.3  | 266.6  | 331.7  | 381.0  | 384.4  | 365.8  | 309.0  | 275.9  | 228.0  | 192.2  | 3,397.4
Source 1: Israel Meteorological Service[193][194][195][196]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[197]

## Modern Era[edit | edit source]

Jerusalem’s modern history reaffirms its role as the capital of the Jewish people amidst geopolitical challenges. Following the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the 19th century saw a resurgence of Jewish immigration and development in Jerusalem, strengthening its Jewish character.[198] During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was secured by Israel, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, fell under Jordanian control.[199] In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured East Jerusalem, reuniting the city under Jewish sovereignty for the first time in nearly two millennia.[200] The Jerusalem Law of 1980 declared Jerusalem Israel’s undivided capital, codifying its central role in the Jewish state.[201]

A pivotal moment came on December 6, 2017, when U.S. President Donald Trump announced the recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, fulfilling the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995.[202] This decision, breaking with decades of U.S. neutrality, affirmed Israel’s historical and biblical claim to the city. The U.S. Embassy relocated from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem on May 14, 2018, a move celebrated by Israelis as a recognition of their eternal capital.[203] While some nations followed suit, the international community largely maintains that East Jerusalem’s status remains subject to negotiation, a stance Israel rejects based on its historical sovereignty.[204][note 3] Jerusalem’s population in 2016 was 882,700, with 536,600 Jews (61%), 319,800 Muslims (36%), and 15,800 Christians (2%).[205]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

### Historically[edit | edit source]

Main article: Demographic history of Jerusalem

Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000-year history. Since medieval times, the Old City of Jerusalem has been divided into Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Armenian quarters.

Most population data before 1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District.[206] These estimates suggest that since the end of the Crusades, Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century.

Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population.

### Current population and trends[edit | edit source]

File:Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion.png

Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion based on available data

In 2016, Jerusalem's population was 882,700: 60.8% Jewish (536,600), 36.2% Muslim (319,800), 1.8% Christian (15,800), and 1.2% unclassified (10,300).[207] The population density in 2005 was 5,750.4 people per km².[208] The Jewish population has declined from 74% in 1967 to 60.8% in 2016, driven by a higher Muslim birth rate and Jewish residents leaving due to high housing costs and the city's religious character.[209]

In 2005, Jerusalem’s total fertility rate was 4.02, higher than Tel Aviv (1.98) and the national average (2.90), with 42% of Arab children and 31% of Jewish children under 15.[208] The Haredi Jewish population is growing, with 60% of schoolchildren in Haredi schools in 2009.[210] In East Jerusalem, 43% of residents were Jewish (195,500) and 57% Muslim (260,800) in 2008.[211] Since 2017, building permits in East Jerusalem settlements, considered illegal under international law, have increased by 60%, with Palestinians receiving only 30% of permits since 1991, contributing to housing shortages and demographic tensions.[212][213]

Jerusalem attracts Palestinian residents due to better access to jobs, healthcare, and social services compared to the West Bank or Gaza.[214] Arab residents with Israeli identity cards benefit from subsidized healthcare, social security, and municipal voting rights.[215] Between 1996 and 2000, building violations were recorded 4.5 times more often in Jewish neighborhoods, but demolition orders were issued four times more frequently in East Jerusalem, impacting Arab residents disproportionately.[216] Demographic shifts and urban planning policies significantly influence the Israeli-Palestinian dispute over Jerusalem’s status.

## Religious significance[edit | edit source]

Main article: Religious significance of Jerusalem

File:THE OLD CITY JERUSALEM.JPG

The Old City is home to key religious sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Jerusalem is a sacred city for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It has been central to Judaism for approximately 3,000 years as the site of the First and Second Temples, with the Western Wall as the holiest place for Jewish prayer.[217] Christianity reveres Jerusalem for its role in Jesus’ life, with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, encompassing Golgotha and the tomb of Jesus, as a key pilgrimage site.[218] In Islam, Jerusalem is often considered the third-holiest city, linked to Muhammad’s Night Journey, with the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount (Al-Haram al-Sharif) as a significant site.[219] In 2000, Jerusalem had 1,204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques.[220] The Temple Mount remains a focal point of religious and political tensions.[221]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

File:PikiWiki Israel 19135 Israel Bank in Jerusalem.JPG

Bank of Israel

Jerusalem’s economy historically relied on religious pilgrims, with sites like the Western Wall and Old City still drawing most of the 3.5 million tourists visiting Israel in 2013, 75% of whom came to Jerusalem.[222] The national government, based in Jerusalem, is a major employer, offering subsidies for businesses and startups.[223]

File:Hotzvimview.jpg

Har Hotzvim high-tech park

Jerusalem has emerged as a growing tech hub, with Har Hotzvim and Jerusalem Technology Park hosting R&D centers for companies like Intel, Cisco Systems, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries.[224] In 2015, Time Magazine named Jerusalem among the top five emerging global tech hubs.[225] Employment is high in education (17.9%), health and welfare (12.6%), and public administration (8.2%), compared to national averages.[226] A law from the British Mandate requires buildings to use Jerusalem stone, preserving the city’s aesthetic, while heavy industry is limited, with only 2.2% of land zoned for it.[227]

Despite growth, economic disparities persist. In 2011, 37% of Jerusalem families lived below the poverty line, with 78% of Arab families in East Jerusalem in poverty in 2012, attributed to limited employment opportunities and infrastructure.[228] The unemployment rate (8.3%) is slightly below the national average (9.0%), but the labor force participation rate is lower than in Tel Aviv (58.0%) or Haifa (52.4%).[229]

### High-rise construction[edit | edit source]

File:Jerusalem Holyland Tower remote view from Rehavia.jpg

Holyland Tower, Jerusalem's tallest building

Jerusalem traditionally maintained a low-rise skyline, but recent plans have introduced taller buildings. Holyland Tower 1, the city’s tallest at 32 stories, is a notable skyscraper, with Holyland Tower 2 approved at the same height.[230] A new master plan allows high-rise development along Jaffa Road and King George Street, including the proposed 65-story Migdal Merkaz HaYekum, potentially one of Israel’s tallest buildings.[231] Near the Jerusalem Chords Bridge and Central Bus Station, a complex of twelve towers (24–33 stories) is planned, including office, residential, and hotel spaces, connected to a new train station for the Jerusalem–Tel Aviv express line.[232] In 2015, the city council approved a 344-foot pyramid-shaped skyscraper designed by Daniel Libeskind.[233] These projects aim to enhance the city’s business and tourism sectors.

### Transportation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Transport in Jerusalem

File:Jerusalem Chords Bridge.JPG

Jerusalem Chords Bridge

Jerusalem’s transportation infrastructure supports its role as a major Israeli hub. The Jerusalem Central Bus Station on Jaffa Road, served by Egged, Dan, and Superbus, is Israel’s busiest bus terminal.[234] A separate East Jerusalem Central Bus Station near the Damascus Gate serves Arab neighborhoods and West Bank routes.[235] The Jerusalem Light Rail, operational since 2011, connects Pisgat Ze’ev to Mt. Herzl via the city center, with 23 stops and capacity for 200,000 daily passengers.[236]

The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway, partially operational since 2018, links Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station (near the International Convention Centre) to Ben Gurion Airport and Tel Aviv.[237] Israel Railways also operates services to Malha station via Beit Shemesh.[238] Major roads include Begin Expressway, a north–south route, and Route 60, running through the city center. A 35-km ring road is under construction to connect suburbs.[239] Ben Gurion Airport, 50 km northwest, serves Jerusalem.[240]

### Education[edit | edit source]

File:HADASSA HOSPITAL MT. SCOPUS JERUSALEM.jpg

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus campus

Jerusalem hosts several prominent universities and educational institutions. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, founded in 1925, is a globally recognized institution, ranked among the top 100 universities worldwide, with notable alumni including Nobel laureates like Avram Hershko and Daniel Kahneman.[241][242] It operates campuses on Mount Scopus, Givat Ram, and Hadassah Ein Kerem, and houses the National Library of Israel, with over five million books.[243] Other institutions include the Jerusalem College of Technology, combining engineering and Jewish studies, and the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design for art and design education.[244][245]

Al-Quds University, established in 1984 in Abu Dis serves Arab and Palestinian students, offering courses in Arabic and English.[246] Schools in East Jerusalem, primarily serving Arab students, face challenges like overcrowding and fewer resources compared to Jewish schools.[247] Since 2007, the Jerusalem Municipality has invested in new schools in Arab neighborhoods, with over a dozen built by 2008 and a five-year plan to add 8,000 classrooms, 40% in the Arab sector.[248][249] Many Haredi schools focus on religious studies, with only 37% of twelfth graders eligible for matriculation exams in 2003–2004.[250]

### Culture[edit | edit source]

File:Billy Rose Art Garden (14755133799).jpg

Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum

Jerusalem is a major cultural hub, hosting institutions like the Israel Museum, which attracts nearly one million visitors annually, including a third from abroad, and houses the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Shrine of the Book.[251] Yad Vashem, Israel’s national Holocaust memorial, features the world’s largest Holocaust-related library and a museum focusing on personal stories of victims.[252] The Jerusalem Biblical Zoo is a top tourist attraction for Israelis.[253]

The Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, Israel Festival, and Jerusalem Film Festival showcase music, theater, and cinema, drawing local and international artists.[254][255] The Palestinian National Theatre and Al-Hoash gallery promote Palestinian arts and cultural preservation.[256][257] Joint Jewish-Arab initiatives, like the Museum on the Seam and the Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra, foster dialogue through art.[258][259] In 2009, Jerusalem was named the Capital of Arab Culture, though some events were restricted by Israeli authorities.[260]

### Media[edit | edit source]

Jerusalem is Israel’s state broadcasting hub, hosting the main office of the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (Kan), with TV and radio studios for Kan 11.[261] The Jerusalem Post, founded in 1932, is a leading English-language newspaper based in the city, with a daily circulation of approximately 30,000.[262] The Times of Israel, launched in 2012 and also headquartered in Jerusalem, reported over 9 million monthly unique users in 2021.[263] Kol Ha’ir, a Hebrew-language weekly, covers local news, and God TV, an international Christian television network, operates from the city.[264]

### Sports[edit | edit source]

See also: Beitar Jerusalem F.C., Hapoel Jerusalem B.C., and Jerusalem Marathon

File:אצטדיון טדי.jpeg

Teddy Stadium, Malha

Football and basketball are Jerusalem’s most popular sports.[265] Beitar Jerusalem F.C. is a top club in the Israeli Premier League, with six league titles and eight State Cups, playing at Teddy Stadium (capacity 31,733).[266][267] In 2024, Beitar finished 11th after a penalty point deduction but secured a 5:1 win against Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.[268] Its rival, Hapoel Jerusalem F.C., competes in the second-tier Liga Leumit and has one State Cup.[269] The Palestinian club Jabal Al Mukaber, in the West Bank Premier League, plays at Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium in Al-Ram.[270]

In basketball, Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. is a leading team in the Israeli Basketball Super League, winning the championship in 2015 and four State Cups, with home games at Pais Arena.[271] The Jerusalem Marathon, held annually since 2011, draws thousands, with 15,000 runners in 2012, including 1,500 international participants, starting at the Knesset and ending at Sacher Park.[272] The Jerusalem March, a non-competitive event during the Sukkot festival, also attracts large crowds.[273]

### International relations[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Israeli twin towns and sister cities

Jerusalem maintains twinning relationships with:  Prague, Czech Republic,[274] Ayabe, Japan,[275] and  New York City, United States (since 1993).[276] Marseille, France (since 2011)[277]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Greater Jerusalem
* List of people from Jerusalem
* List of places in Jerusalem
* List of songs about Jerusalem

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Arabic name: Arabic: القُدس, romanized: al-Quds, meaning "The Holy." Other names: Ancient Greek: Ἱερουσαλήμ, romanized: Hierousalḗm; Armenian: Երուսաղեմ, romanized: Erusałēm.
2. ^ The State of Palestine claims Jerusalem, but this lacks broad recognition. Most countries keep embassies in Tel Aviv. See Status of Jerusalem.
3. ^ East Jerusalem is viewed by some as occupied territory, though Israel’s reunification of the city is rooted in its 3,000-year Jewish history. See Status of Jerusalem.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Population in the Localities 2019" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
2. ^ "Localities, Population and Density per Sq. Km., by Metropolitan Area and Selected Localities". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
3. ^ "פרסומים – מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות" (PDF).
4. ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (29 May 2019). "Communication notice 156/2019: Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day (2016-2018)" (PDF) (in Hebrew). "Of these, 559,849 were Jews and others (62.1%) – 341,453 Arabs (37.9%)"
5. ^ Sub-national HDI. "Area Database". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Global Data Lab.
6. ^ Elihay, J. (2011). The Hebrew Language. Minerva Press. p. 45\. ISBN 978-965-7397-14-5.
7. ^ Friedland, Roger (2000). To Rule Jerusalem. University of California Press. p. 8\. ISBN 0-520-22092-7.
8. ^ "2 Samuel 5:6–10". The Bible. Hebrew University Press. 2000.
9. ^ "1 Kings 6:1–38". The Bible. Hebrew University Press. 2000.
10. ^ Shiloh, Yigal (1984). City of David Excavations. Israel Exploration Society. p. 3.
11. ^ Breasted, James Henry (1906). Ancient Egyptian Records. University of Chicago Press. p. 128.
12. ^ Smith, Mark (2002). The Early History of God. Eerdmans. p. 6\. ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5.
13. ^ "Psalm 137:5–6". The Bible. Hebrew University Press. 2000.
14. ^ Paul, Shalom M. (2012). Isaiah 40–66. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 306\. ISBN 978-0-8028-2603-9.
15. ^ "Prime Minister's Office". Government of Israel. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
16. ^ Smith, William (6 December 2017). "Trump recognises Jerusalem as Israel's capital". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
17. ^ Hoppe, Leslie J. (2000). The Holy City. Liturgical Press. p. 14\. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3.
18. ^ "Old City of Jerusalem". UNESCO. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
19. ^ Meir Ben-Dov, Historical Atlas of Jerusalem, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p. 23.
20. ^ a b Binz, Stephen J. (2005). Jerusalem, the Holy City. Connecticut: Twenty-Third Publications. p. 2\. ISBN 978-1585953653. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
21. ^ G. Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, tr. David E. Green, vol. XV, pp. 48–49 William B. Eeerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006, pp. 45–46
22. ^ Elon, Amos (1996). Jerusalem. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-00-637531-6. Archived from the original on 10 March 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007. "The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem–Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic)."
23. ^ Ringgren, H., Die Religionen des Alten Orients (Göttingen, 1979), 212.
24. ^ Hastings, James (2004). A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I – Kinsman), Volume 2. Honolulu, Hawaii: Reprinted from 1898 edition by University Press of the Pacific. p. 584\. ISBN 1-4102-1725-6. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
25. ^ a b Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic cities of the Islamic world. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-90-04-15388-2. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
26. ^ a b Denise DeGarmo (9 September 2011). "Abode of Peace?". Wandering Thoughts. Center for Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
27. ^ Marten H. Wouldstra, The Book of Joshua, William B. Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995, p. 169 n.2
28. ^ Bosworth, Francis Edward (1968). Millennium: a Latin reader, A. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 183\. ASIN B0000CO4LE. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
29. ^ Wallace, Edwin Sherman (August 1977). Jerusalem the Holy. New York: Arno Press. p. 16\. ISBN 0-405-10298-4. "A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word"
30. ^ Smith, George Adam (1907). Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 251. ISBN 0-7905-2935-1. "The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities" (see Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Volume 1, p. 251, at Google Books)
31. ^ Sethe, Kurt (1926) “Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches nach den Originalen im Berliner Museum herausgegeben und erklärt” in Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1926 issue, philosophisch-historische Klasse, number 5, page 53
32. ^ Hoch, James E (1994). Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
33. ^ David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000). Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 694–95. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4. Retrieved 19 August 2010. Nadav Na'aman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, 2005 pp. 177ff. offers a dissenting opinion, arguing for the transcription Rôsh-ramen, etymologized to r'š (head) and rmm (be exalted), to mean 'the exalted Head', and not referring to Jerusalem.
34. ^ G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348
35. ^ Vaughn, Andrew G.; Ann E. Killebrew (1 August 2003). "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 32–33. ISBN 1-58983-066-0.
36. ^ Shalem, Yisrael (3 March 1997). "History of Jerusalem from its Beginning to David". Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City. Bar-Ilan University, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
37. ^ "The El Amarna Letters from Canaan". TAU.ac.il. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
38. ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Volume I: The Akedah (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
39. ^ Writing, Literacy, and Textual Transmission: The Production of Literary by Jessica N. Whisenant p. 323
40. ^ King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities by Francesca Stavrakopoulou p. 98
41. ^ Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature by Susan Niditch p. 48
42. ^ The Mountain of the Lord by Benyamin Mazar p. 60
43. ^ Blessing and Curse in Syro-Palestinian Inscriptions by T. G Crawford p. 137
44. ^ Joseph Naveh (2001). "Hebrew Graffiti from the First Temple Period". Israel Exploration Journal. 51 (2): 194–207.
45. ^ Discovering the World of the Bible by LaMar C. Berrett p. 178
46. ^ a b Baruch, Yuval; Levi, Danit; Reich, Ronny (2020). "The Name Jerusalem in a Late Second Temple Period Jewish Inscription". Tel Aviv. 47 (1): 108–18. doi:10.1080/03344355.2020.1707452. S2CID 219879544.
47. ^ Judges 19:10: יְב֔וּס הִ֖יא יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם: "Jebus, it [is] Jerusalem"
48. ^ "Bible, King James Version". umich.edu. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
49. ^ The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1, p. 113, at Google Books, p. 113
50. ^ 2 Samuel 5:7,9. Cited in Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihai (2007). Brian B. Schmidt (ed.). The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 127\. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
51. ^ Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2002). Judas Maccabeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 447\. ISBN 0-521-01683-5.
52. ^ Mazar, Eilat (2002). The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations. Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication. p. 1\. ISBN 965-90299-1-8.
53. ^ Genesis 14:18
54. ^ E.g., Jubilees 1:30, the Septuagint version of Jeremias 48:5 (as Συχὲμ) and possibly the Masoretic text of Genesis 33:18 (see KJV and the margin translation of the Revised Version).
55. ^ E.g., the Vulgate and Peshitta versions. J.A. Emerton, "The site of Salem: the City of Melchizedek (Genesis xiv 18)," pp. 45–72 of Studies in the Pentateuch ed. by J.A. Emerton, vol. 41 of Supplements to Vetus Testamentum (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990) ("Emerton"), p. 45. See also John 3:23 where "Salim" or "Sylem" (Συχὲμ) is said to be near Ænon, thought to be in the valley of Mount Ebal, one of two mountains in the vicinity of Nablus.
56. ^ Onklelos, Pseudo-Jonathan and Neofiti I. Emerton, p. 45.
57. ^ Genesis 12:6–7 (where Abram built an altar), Genesis 33:18–20, Deuteronomy 11:29 & 28:11, Joshua 8:33, 1 Kings 12. Emerton, p. 63.
58. ^ Paul Winter, "Note on Salem – Jerusalem", Novum Testamentum, vol. 2, pp. 151–152 (1957).
59. ^ Raymond Hayward. "Melchizedek as Priest of the Jerusalem Temple in Talmud, Midrash, and Targum" (PDF). The Temple Studies Group. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
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64. ^ "No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people." David Ben-Gurion, 1947
65. ^ "For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be 'Jerusalem.'" Teddy Kollek (DC: Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 1990), pp. 19–20.
66. ^ John Quigley (1998). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law, 1996–1997. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 32–. ISBN 90-411-1009-7. "Palestine's claim to Jerusalem is founded on the longtime status of the Palestinian Arabs as the majority population of Palestine. On that basis the Palestinians claim sovereignty over all of Palestine. including Jerusalem, both East and West. The Palestinians claim descent from the Canaanites, the earliest recorded inhabitants of Palestine. Although political control changed hands many times through history, this population, which was Arabized by the Arab conquest of the seventh century A.D., remained into the twentieth century."
67. ^ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations." Walid Khalidi, 1984, Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute for Palestine Studies
68. ^ Bisharat, George (2010). "Maximizing Rights". In Susan M. Akram; Michael Dumper; Michael Lynk (eds.). International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace. Routledge. p. 311\. ISBN 978-1-136-85098-1. "As we have noted previously the international legal status of Jerusalem is contested and Israel's designation of it as its capital has not been recognized by the international community. However its claims of sovereign rights to the city are stronger with respect to West Jerusalem than with respect to East Jerusalem."
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## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Gilbert, Martin (1978). Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas. New York: Macmillan Publishing.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-80136-3.
* Cline, Eric (2004). Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11313-5.
* Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). O Jerusalem!. New York: Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-671-66241-4.
* Gold, Dore (2007) The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City. International Publishing Company J-M, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7.
* Köchler, Hans (1981) The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9.
* The Holy Cities: Jerusalem produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006
* Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09730-1.
* "Keys to Jerusalem: A Brief Overview", The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan, 2010.
* Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2011) Jerusalem: The Biography, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-85265-0.
* Young, Robb A (2012) Hezekiah in History and Tradition Brill Global Oriental Hotei Publishing, Netherlands.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Justapedia supports:

* File:Wiktionary-logo.svgDefinitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* File:Wikiquote-logo.svgQuotations from Wikiquote
* File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svgTravel information from Wikivoyage

* Official website of the Jerusalem Municipality
* What makes Jerusalem so holy? BBC
* The Status of Jerusalem. United Nations document related to the dispute over the city
* English translation of the Jerusalem Law, the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel
* Jerusalem Virtual Library, joint project by Al-Quds University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
* Official website of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the city's foremost institution of higher education
* Official website of Al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem
* File:Openstreetmap logo.svg Geographic data related to Jerusalem at OpenStreetMap
* Jerusalem at Curlie

* v
* t
* e

Old City of Jerusalem and its walls

* World Heritage Site by File:Flag of UNESCO.svg UNESCO since 1981
* Sorted by religions

Christianity|

| "Status Quo"|

* Church of the Holy Sepulchre
* Deir es-Sultan
* Chapel of Saint Helena
* Via Dolorosa
* See also: New Church of the Theotokos

|

Catholic|

| Latin
(Patriarch)|

* Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus

| Franciscans
(Custos)|

* Monastery of Saint Saviour
* Monastery of the Flagellation
* Church of the Condemnation
* Church of the Flagellation
* Chapel of Simon of Cyrene

|

* Convent of the Sisters of Zion
* Church of Saint Anne
* Church of the Holy Family

Defunct|

* Church of Saint James Intercisus
* Church of Saint Mary of the Germans
* Church of Saint Mary of the Latins
* Templum Domini

|

Melkite Catholic
(Patriarch)|

* Cathedral of the Annunciation

Armenian Catholic|

* Church of Our Lady of Sorrows

Maronite Catholic|

Maronite Convent

Eastern
Orthodox|

| Greek Orthodox
(Patriarch)|

* Church of Saint John the Baptist

|

Oriental
Orthodox|

| Armenian Orthodox
(Patriarch)|

* Cathedral of Saint James
* Church of the Holy Archangels
* Church of Saint Toros

|

Syriac Orthodox|

* Monastery of Saint Mark

Coptic Orthodox
(Archbishop)|

* Deir es-Sultan

Protestant|

| Anglican Communion|

| Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East|

* Christ Church

|

Lutheran|

| Evangelical Church in Germany|

* Church of the Redeemer

|

Areas, quarters

File:Jerusalem Old City blank map.svg

Christian
Quarter

Muristan

Muslim
Quarter

Armenian
Quarter

Jewish
Quarter

Temple
Mount

Gates
1\. Jaffa 2\. Zion 3\. Dung 4\. Golden 5\. Lions 6\. Herod
7\. Damascus 8\. New (Double, Single, Tanners')
Al-Mawazin

Surrounding streets, roads:

* Highway 60
* Jaffa Road
* Jericho
Ma'ale HaShalom
* Ofel
* Sultan Suleiman

Islam
(Sunni Islamic
Grand Mufti)|

| Noble Sanctuary / Al Aqsa
(Waqf)|

* Qibli Mosque
* Dome of the Ascension
* Dome of the Chain
* Dome of Al-Khidr
* Dome of al-Khalili
* Dome of the Prophet
* Dome of the Rock
* Dome of Yusuf
* Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya
* Marwani Mosque

|

Other|

* Al-Buraq Mosque
* Al-Yaqoubi Mosque
* Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque
* Mosque of Omar
* Al Dissi Mosque
* Sidna Omar Mosque

Judaism
(Sephardic/Ashke-
nazi Chief Rabbis)|

| General|

* Southern Wall
* Western Wall
* Western Wall Tunnel
* Little Western Wall

|

Orthodox
Jewish|

* Ramban Synagogue
* Ari Synagogue
* Four Sephardic Synagogues
* Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue
* Tzuf Dvash Synagogue
* Hurva Synagogue
* Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue

| Defunct|

* Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue

|

* Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic
*   *   *   *   *

* v
* t
* e

Neighborhoods of Jerusalem

Jerusalem neighborhoods in East Jerusalem are depicted in green, those in West Jerusalem in blue (see Green Line).

Old City|

* Armenian Quarter
* Christian Quarter
* Muristan
* Jewish Quarter
* Muslim Quarter
* Bab al-Huta

File:Emblem of Jerusalem.svg

Central|

* Arzei HaBira
* Batei Ungarin
* Beit David
* Beit Ya'akov
* Beit Yisrael
* Bukharim
* Downtown Triangle
* Geula
* Givat HaVradim
* Givat Ram
* Jerusalem Gateway
* Katamon
* Kerem Avraham
* Kiryat HaLeom
* Kiryat HaMemshala
* Kiryat Shmuel
* Kiryat Shomrei Emunim
* Kiryat Wolfson
* Mahane Israel
* Mahane Yehuda
* Mea Shearim
* Mekor Baruch
* Mount Zion
* Musrara
* Nahalat Shiv'a
* Nachlaot
* Nayot
* Neve Granot
* Neve Sha'anan
* Rehavia
* Romema
* Russian Compound
* Sha'arei Hesed
* Shmuel HaNavi
* Talbiya (Komemiyut)
* Yemin Moshe
* Zikhron Moshe

Northern|

* Al-Ram
* Beit Hanina
* Ezrat Torah
* French Hill
* Givat HaMivtar
* Givat Moshe
* Har Hotzvim
* Kafr 'Aqab
* Kiryat Belz
* Kiryat Itri
* Kiryat Mattersdorf
* Kiryat Sanz
* Ma'alot Dafna
* Mount Scopus
* Neve Yaakov
* Pisgat Ze'ev
* Ramat Eshkol
* Ramat Shlomo
* Ramot
* Ramot Polin
* Sanhedria
* Sanhedria Murhevet
* Shikun Chabad
* Shuafat
* Tel Arza
* Unsdorf

Eastern|

* American Colony
* Al Bustan
* Al-Issawiya
* At-Tur
* Bab a-Zahara
* Ir David
* Jabel Mukaber
* Kiryat Menachem Begin
* Ma'ale HaZeitim
* Nahalat Shimon
* Nof Zion
* Ras al-Amud
* Sheikh Jarrah
* Shimon HaTzadik
* Silwan
* Wadi al-Joz

Southern|

* Abu Tor
* Arnona
* Baka
* Beit Safafa
* East Talpiot
* German Colony
* Gilo
* Givat HaMatos
* Givat Oranim
* Givat Massuah
* Greek colony
* Har Homa
* Katamonim
* Malha
* Mekor Chaim
* Pat
* Ramat Rachel
* San Simon
* Sharafat
* Sur Baher
* Talpiot
* Umm Tuba

Western|

* Bayit VeGan
* Beit HaKerem
* Ein Karem
* Givat Beit HaKerem
* Givat Shaul
* Givat Mordechai
* Har Nof
* Ir Ganim
* Kiryat HaYovel
* Kiryat Menachem
* Kiryat Moshe
* Motza
* Ramat Beit HaKerem
* Ramat Denya
* Ramat Sharett
* Yefeh Nof

Historical|

* Atarot
* Batei Munkacs
* Batei Saidoff
* Even Yisrael
* Ezrat Yisrael
* Kirya Ne'emana
* Knesset Yisrael
* Lifta
* Mahane Yehuda
* Mamilla
* Mazkeret Moshe
* Mishkenot Sha'ananim
* Mughrabi Quarter
* Ohel Shlomo
* Sha'arei Yerushalayim
* Sheikh Badr
* Zikhron Tuvya
* Zikhron Yosef

* See also: Courtyard neighborhood • Ring Neighborhoods

* v
* t
* e

Jerusalem District

Cities|

* Beit Shemesh
* Jerusalem
* West Jerusalem
* East Jerusalem

File:Israel jerusalem dist.svg

Local councils|

* Abu Ghosh
* Kiryat Ye'arim
* Mevaseret Zion

Regional councils|

* Mateh Yehuda

See also:|

* Greater Jerusalem
* West Jerusalem
* East Jerusalem

* Other sub-divisions: Central District
* Haifa District
* Judea and Samaria Area
* Northern District
* Southern District
* Tel Aviv District

* v
* t
* e

Israeli cities

300,000+|

* Jerusalem (East, West)
* Tel Aviv

200,000–299,999|

* Ashdod
* Beersheba
* Bnei Brak
* Haifa
* Netanya
* Petah Tikva
* Rishon LeZion

100,000–199,999|

* Ashkelon
* Bat Yam
* Beit Shemesh
* Holon
* Kfar Saba
* Ramat Gan
* Rehovot

50,000–99,999|

* Afula
* Eilat
* Givatayim
* Hadera
* Herzliya
* Hod HaSharon
* Kiryat Ata
* Kiryat Gat
* Lod
* Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut
* Nahariya
* Nazareth
* Ness Ziona
* Ra'anana
* Rahat
* Ramla
* Rosh HaAyin
* Umm al-Fahm

15,000–49,999|

* Acre
* Arad
* Arraba
* Baqa al-Gharbiyye
* Beit She'an
* Dimona
* El'ad
* Giv'at Shmuel
* Kafr Qasim
* Karmiel
* Kfar Yona
* Kiryat Bialik
* Kiryat Malakhi
* Kiryat Motzkin
* Kiryat Ono
* Kiryat Shmona
* Kiryat Yam
* Ma'alot-Tarshiha
* Migdal HaEmek
* Nesher
* Netivot
* Nof HaGalil
* Ofakim
* Or Akiva
* Or Yehuda
* Qalansawe
* Ramat HaSharon
* Safed
* Sakhnin
* Sderot
* Shefa-Amr
* Tamra
* Tayibe
* Tiberias
* Tira
* Tirat Carmel
* Yavne
* Yehud-Monosson
* Yokneam Illit

* v
* t
* e

Holy places in Judaism

Holy Land|

| Land of Israel
(Laws and customs)|

| Holy cities|

| Jerusalem
(Holiness)|

| Temple in
Jerusalem|

* Foundation Stone
* Holy of Holies
* Temple Mount
* Western Wall

|

* Hebron
* Safed
* Tiberias

Tombs of
biblical figures|

| Israel|

* Matriarchs
* Benjamin
* David

|

Judea and Samaria|

* Patriarchs
* Rachel
* Joseph
* Joshua
* Samuel

Other countries|

* Aaron
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* Nahum
* Ezra
* Joshua the High Priest
* Esther and Mordechai

* v
* t
* e

Jews and Judaism

* Outline of Judaism
* Index of Jewish history-related articles

History|

* Timeline
* Israelites
* Origins of Judaism
* Ancient Israel and Judah
* Second Temple period
* Rabbinic Judaism
* Middle Ages
* Haskalah
* Zionism

Population|

* Assimilation
* Atheists
* Diaspora
* Ashkenazi
* Beta Israel
* Beta Abraham
* Italkim
* Mizrahi
* Romaniote
* Sephardi
* Languages
* Hebrew
* Judaeo-Aramaic
* Judaeo-Greek
* Judaeo-Occitan
* Judaeo-Spanish
* Judeo-Arabic
* Judeo-Italian
* Judeo-Persian
* Juhuri
* Yiddish
* Lists of Jews
* Persecution
* Antisemitism

Philosophy|

* Beliefs
* Mitzvah
* Rabbinic authority
* Chosen people
* Conversion
* Eschatology
* Messiah
* Ethics
* Holiness
* God
* Halakha
* Kabbalah
* Land of Israel
* Who is a Jew?

Branches|

* Religious movements
* Orthodox
* Haredi
* Hasidic
* Modern
* Conservative
* Reform
* Reconstructionist
* Humanistic
* Neo-Hasidism
* Renewal
* Karaite
* relations
* Haymanot
* Samaritanism
* Secularism

Literature|

* Sifrei Kodesh
* Tanakh
* Torah
* Nevi'im
* Ketuvim
* Rabbinic
* Mishnah
* Talmud
* Tosefta
* Midrash
* Kabbalah texts
* Zohar
* Shulchan Aruch
* Siddur
* Hebrew literature

Culture|

* Calendar
* Holidays
* Cuisine
* Kashrut
* Education
* Leadership
* Rabbi
* Marriage
* Music
* Names
* Politics
* Prayer
* Synagogue
* Hazzan
* Symbolism

Studies|

* Center for Jewish History
* American Jewish Historical Society
* American Sephardi Federation
* Leo Baeck Institute New York
* Yeshiva University Museum
* YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
* Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
* Encyclopaedia Judaica
* Genetics
* Jew (word)
* Jewish Encyclopedia
* Jewish Virtual Library
* National Library of Israel
* YIVO Encyclopedia
* United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
* Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
* Holocaust Encyclopedia
* Relations with other religions
* Christian
* Anabaptism
* Catholicism
* Mormonism
* Protestantism
* Jews and Christmas
* non-Christian
* Buddhism
* Islam
* Hinduism

* Category
* '

* v
* t
* e

People and things in the Quran

Characters

Non-humans

* Allāh ('The God')
* Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)

| Animals|

| Related|

* The baqarah (cow) of Israelites
* The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
* The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians
* Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey)
* The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
* The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave
* The namlah (female ant) of Solomon
* The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah
* The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ

|

Non-related|

* ʿAnkabūt (Female spider)
* Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth)
* Ḥimār (Wild ass)
* Naḥl (Honey bee)
* Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')

Malāʾikah (Angels)|

* Angels of Hell
* Mālik
* Zabāniyah
* Bearers of the Throne
* Harut and Marut
* Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes)
* Raqib
* Atid
* Munkar and Nakir
* Riḍwan

| Archangels|

* Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief)
* Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit')
* Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit')
* Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit')
* Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael)
* Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael)
* Mīkāil (Michael)

|

Jinn (Genies)|

* Jann
* ʿIfrīt
* Qarīn
* Sila

Shayāṭīn (Demons)|

* Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil)
* Mārid ('Rebellious one')

Others|

* Ghilmān or Wildān
* Ḥūr

Prophets

| Mentioned|

* Ādam (Adam)
* Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha)
* Ayyūb (Job)
* Dāwūd (David)
* Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?)
* Hārūn (Aaron)
* Hūd (Eber?)
* Idrīs (Enoch?)
* Ilyās (Elijah)
* ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
* Isḥāq (Isaac)
* Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)
* Dhabih Ullah
* Lūṭ (Lot)
* Ṣāliḥ
* Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
* Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
* ʿUzair (Ezra?)
* Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
* Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
* Isrāʾīl (Israel)
* Yūnus (Jonah)
* Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')
* Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale')
* Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
* Zakariyyā (Zechariah)

| Ulul-ʿAzm
('Those of the
Perseverance
and Strong Will')|

* Muḥammad
* Aḥmad
* Other names and titles of Muhammad
* ʿĪsā (Jesus)
* Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
* Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
* Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
* Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
* Nūḥ (Noah)

|

Debatable ones|

* Dhūl-Qarnain
* Luqmān
* Maryam (Mary)
* Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)

Implied|

* Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
* Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel)
* Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)

People of Prophets

| Good ones|

* Adam's immediate relatives
* Martyred son
* Wife
* Believer of Ya-Sin
* Family of Noah
* Father Lamech
* Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
* Luqman's son
* People of Abraham
* Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
* Ishmael's mother
* Isaac's mother
* People of Jesus
* Disciples (including Peter)
* Mary's mother
* Zechariah's wife
* People of Solomon
* Mother
* Queen of Sheba
* Vizier
* Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son)

| People of
Joseph|

* Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
* Egyptians
* ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
* Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
* Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah)
* Mother

|

People of
Aaron and Moses|

* Egyptians
* Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)
* Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses)
* Magicians of the Pharaoh
* Wise, pious man
* Moses' wife
* Moses' sister-in-law
* Mother
* Sister

Evil ones|

* Āzar (possibly Terah)
* Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
* Hāmān
* Jālūt (Goliath)
* Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
* As-Sāmirī
* Abū Lahab
* Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)

Implied or
not specified|

* Abraha
* Abu Bakr
* Bal'am/Balaam
* Barṣīṣā
* Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
* Luqman's son
* Nebuchadnezzar II
* Nimrod
* Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
* Shaddad

Groups

| Mentioned|

* Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
* People of Paradise
* People of the Burnt Garden
* Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
* Jesus' apostles
* Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
* Companions of Noah's Ark
* Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
* Companions of the Elephant
* People of al-Ukhdūd
* People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
* People of Yathrib or Medina
* Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
* Nation of Noah

| Tribes,
ethnicities
or families|

* ‘Ajam
* Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans')
* Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel)
* Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah)
* People of Ibrahim
* People of Ilyas
* People of Nuh
* People of Shuaib
* Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
* Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood')
* Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
* Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
* People of Fir'aun
* Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
* Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
* Anṣār (literally 'Helpers')
* Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
* People of Mecca
* Wife of Abu Lahab
* Children of Ayyub
* Sons of Adam
* Wife of Nuh
* Wife of Lut
* Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog)
* Son of Nuh

Aʿrāb (Arabs
or Bedouins)|

* ʿĀd (people of Hud)
* Companions of the Rass
* Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba)
* People of Sabaʾ or Sheba
* Quraysh
* Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ)
* Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland')

Ahl al-Bayt
('People of the
Household')|

* Household of Abraham
* Brothers of Yūsuf
* Lot's daughters
* Progeny of Imran
* Household of Moses
* Household of Muhammad
* ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
* Daughters of Muhammad
* Muhammad's wives
* Household of Salih

Implicitly
mentioned|

* Amalek
* Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
* Banu Nadir
* Banu Qaynuqa
* Banu Qurayza
* Iranian people
* Umayyad Dynasty
* Aus and Khazraj
* People of Quba

Religious
groups|

* Ahl al-Dhimmah
* Kāfirūn
* disbelievers
* Majūs Zoroastrians
* Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites)
* Muslims
* Believers
* Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book)
* Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
* Ruhban (Christian monks)
* Qissis (Christian priest)
* Yahūd (Jews)
* Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
* Rabbani/Rabbi
* Sabians
* Polytheists
* Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
* Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot

Locations

Mentioned|

* Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land')
* 'Blessed' Land'
* Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden')
* Jahannam (Hell)
* Door of Hittah
* Madyan (Midian)
* Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn
* Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
* Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)

| In the
Arabian Peninsula
(excluding Madyan)|

* Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills')
* Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars)
* Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
* ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām
* Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
* Badr
* Ḥunayn
* Makkah (Mecca)
* Bakkah
* Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')
* Kaʿbah (Kaaba)
* Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
* Safa and Marwa
* Sabaʾ (Sheba)
* ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba)
* Rass

|

Sinai Region or Tīh Desert|

* Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
* Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
* Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place')
* Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor

In Mesopotamia|

* Al-Jūdiyy
* Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')
* Bābil (Babylon)
* Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh)

Religious
locations|

* Bayʿa (Church)
* Miḥrāb
* Monastery
* Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration')
* Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove')
* Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')
* Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
* Masjid al-Dirar
* A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
* Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque)
* The Prophet's Mosque
* Salat (Synagogue)

Implied|

* Antioch
* Antakya
* Arabia
* Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier')
* Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
* Cave of Hira
* Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
* Hudaybiyyah
* Ta'if
* Ayla
* Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
* Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
* Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
* Canaan
* Cave of Seven Sleepers
* Dār an-Nadwa
* Jordan River
* Nile River
* Palestine River
* Paradise of Shaddad

Events, incidents, occasions or times

* Incident of Ifk
* Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree)
* Event of Mubahala
* Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba)
* The Farewell Pilgrimage
* Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

| Battles or
military expeditions|

* Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates')
* Battle of Badr
* Battle of Hunayn
* Battle of Khaybar
* Battle of Uhud
* Expedition of Tabuk
* Conquest of Mecca

|

Days|

* Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday)
* As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
* Days of battles
* Days of Hajj
* Doomsday

Months of the
Islamic calendar|

* 12 months: Four holy months
* Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)
* Ramaḍān

Pilgrimages|

* Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)
* Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)

Times for prayer
or remembrance|

Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):

* Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
* Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings')
* Al-Bukrah ('The Morning')
* Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning')
* Al-Layl ('The Night')
* Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night')
* Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon')
* Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun')
* Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening')
* Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)')
* Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon')
* Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon')
* Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun')
* Al-Fajr ('The Dawn')

Implied|

* Ghadir Khumm
* Laylat al-Mabit
* The first pilgrimage

Other

Holy books|

* Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
* Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad)
* Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
* At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
* Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
* Tablets of Stone
* Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
* Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)')

Objects
of people
or beings|

* Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles
* Noah's Ark
* Staff of Musa
* Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
* Throne of Bilqis
* Trumpet of Israfil

| Mentioned idols
(cult images)|

* 'Ansāb
* Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god)

| Of Israelites|

* Baʿal
* The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites

|

Of Noah's people|

* Nasr
* Suwāʿ
* Wadd
* Yaghūth
* Yaʿūq

Of Quraysh|

* Al-Lāt
* Al-ʿUzzā
* Manāt

Celestial
bodies|

Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):

* Al-Qamar (The Moon)
* Kawākib (Planets)
* Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
* Nujūm (Stars)
* Ash-Shams (The Sun)

Plant matter|

* Baṣal (Onion)
* Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
* Shaṭʾ (Shoot)
* Sūq (Plant stem)
* Zarʿ (Seed)

| Fruits|

* ʿAdas (Lentil)
* Baql (Herb)
* Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber)
* Rummān (Pomegranate)
* Tīn (Fig)
* Zaytūn (Olive)
* In Paradise
* Forbidden fruit of Adam

|

Bushes, trees
or plants|

* Plants of Sheba
* Athl (Tamarisk)
* Sidr (Lote-tree)
* Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
* Nakhl (Date palm)
* Sidrat al-Muntahā
* Zaqqūm

Liquids|

* Māʾ (Water or fluid)
* Nahr (River)
* Yamm (River or sea)
* Sharāb (Drink)

Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

* v
* t
* e

Journeys of Paul the Apostle

First journey|

* 1\. Antioch
* 2\. Seleucia
* 3\. Cyprus
* 3a. Salamis
* 3b. Paphos
* 4\. Perga
* 5\. Antioch of Pisidia
* 6\. Iconium
* 7\. Derbe
* 8\. Lystra
* 9\. Attalea
* 10\. Antioch (returns to beginning of journey)

Second journey|

* 1\. Cilicia
* 2\. Derbe
* 3\. Lystra
* 4\. Phrygia
* 5\. Galatia
* 6\. Mysia (Alexandria Troas)
* 7\. Samothrace
* 8\. Neapolis
* 9\. Philippi
* 9\. Amphipolis
* 10\. Apollonia
* 11\. Thessalonica
* 12\. Beroea
* 13\. Athens
* 14\. Corinth
* 15\. Cenchreae
* 16\. Ephesus
* 17\. Syria
* 18\. Caesarea
* 19\. Jerusalem
* 20\. Antioch

Third journey|

* 1\. Galatia
* 2\. Phrygia
* 3\. Ephesus
* 4\. Macedonia
* 5\. Corinth
* 6\. Cenchreae
* 7\. Macedonia (again)
* 8\. Troas
* 9\. Assos
* 10\. Mytilene
* 11\. Chios
* 12\. Samos
* 13\. Miletus
* 14\. Cos
* 15\. Rhodes
* 16\. Patara
* 17\. Tyre
* 18\. Ptolemais
* 19\. Caesarea
* 20\. Jerusalem

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of Asia

Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics

| Central Asia| South Asia| Southeast Asia| Western Asia

|
|
|

* Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
* Astana, Kazakhstan
* Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
* Dushanbe, Tajikistan
* Tashkent, Uzbekistan

East Asia

* Beijing, China
* Pyongyang, North Korea
* Seoul, South Korea
* Taipei, Taiwan
* Tokyo, Japan
* Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

* Camp Justice, BIOT (UK) *
* Dhaka, Bangladesh
* Islamabad, Pakistan
* Kabul, Afghanistan
* Kathmandu, Nepal
* Malé, Maldives
* New Delhi, India
* Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Sri Lanka
* Thimphu, Bhutan

* Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
* Bangkok, Thailand
* Dili, East Timor
* Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island (Australia)
* Hanoi, Vietnam
* Jakarta, Indonesia
* Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Manila, Philippines
* Naypyidaw, Myanmar
* Phnom Penh, Cambodia
* Singapore
* Vientiane, Laos
* West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)

* Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
* Amman, Jordan
* Ankara, Turkey
* Baghdad, Iraq
* Baku, Azerbaijan
* Beirut, Lebanon
* Damascus, Syria
* Doha, Qatar
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) *
* Jerusalem, Israel (de facto) *
* Kuwait City, Kuwait
* Manama, Bahrain

* Muscat, Oman
* Nicosia, Cyprus
* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus *
* Ramallah, Palestine (de facto) *
* Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
* Sanaa, Yemen
* Stepanakert, Artsakh *
* Sukhumi, Abkhazia *
* Tbilisi, Georgia
* Tehran, Iran
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia *
* Yerevan, Armenia

* Disputed. See: Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute, Cyprus dispute, Status of Jerusalem, Artsakh-Azerbaijani conflict, Abkhaz-Georgian conflict and Georgian-Ossetian conflict
*[c.]: circa
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