Joe Biden

Biden served as U.S. president, senator, lifelong politician

"Joseph Biden" and "Biden" redirect here. For Presidency, see Presidency of Joe Biden. For other uses, see Biden (disambiguation).

Joe Biden

File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg

Official portrait, 2021

46th President of the United States

Incumbent

Assumed office
January 20, 2021
Vice President| Kamala Harris
Preceded by| Donald Trump
47th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
President| Barack Obama
Preceded by| Dick Cheney
Succeeded by| Mike Pence
United States Senator
from Delaware
In office
January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009
Preceded by| J. Caleb Boggs
Succeeded by| Ted Kaufman
Personal details
Born|

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.

(1942-11-20) November 20, 1942 (age 83)
Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party| Democratic (1969–present)
Other political
affiliations| Independent (before 1969)
Spouses|

Neilia Hunter

(m. 1966; died 1972)​

Jill Jacobs

(m. 1977)​

Children|

* Beau
* Hunter
* Naomi
* Ashley

Relatives| Biden family
Education| Archmere Academy
Alma mater|

* University of Delaware (BA)
* Syracuse University (JD)

Occupation|

* Politician
* lawyer
* author

Awards| List of honors and awards
Signature| Joe Biden's signature
Website|

* Campaign website
* White House website

Other offices

* 2007–2009: Chair of the International Narcotics Control Caucus
* 2001[n 1]–2003, 2007–2009: Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
* 1987–1995: Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
* 1971–1973: Member of the New Castle County Council from the 4th district

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. is an American politician, former vice president (2009–2017), and 46th President of the United States (2021–2024). Biden prevailed in the November 5, 2020 election against Donald Trump, making him the oldest person inaugurated as a U.S. president at age 78. During Biden's political career, he represented Delaware in the Senate for over 3 decades, and chaired committees. He served 2 terms as vice president under Barrack Obama. Biden was known early on for his modest upbringing and understanding of working-class struggles, sometimes referring to himself as "middle-class Joe", a term no longer befitting his net worth at around $8 million as vice president, rising to around $10 million in August 2023, after he became president.

President Biden appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson as the first Black woman to serve on the Supreme Court. He has signed legislation, such as the American Rescue Plan Act which was enacted to address the COVID-19 pandemic and recession; after a year into the plan, increasing inflation brought mixed reviews. Harvard professor Jason Furman, former economic advisor to Obama, said the plan was supposed to "create a success that would make people want to do more". In practice, the plan "contributed to inflation that made people want to do less." Inflation hit its highest rate in 4 decades at 7.9% under Biden, with approximately 2.5–3 percentage points attributed to the plan. Another challenge Biden faced during his administration was his "chaotic" withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in 2021, which raised questions about his leadership and legacy.

In foreign policy, Biden rejoined the Paris Agreement on climate change and responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions and providing aid to Ukraine. Concerns emerged over potential global conflicts, including tensions between Russia and Ukraine, as well as the conflict between Hamas and Israel, fueling fears of a broader conflict and possibly World War III.

Throughout his presidency, Biden's cognitive abilities have raised concern, some of which focused on his verbal missteps and mental sharpness. A New York Times/Siena College poll indicated there were widespread doubts about his fitness for office that was further highlighted by special counsel Robert K. Hur's report regarding Biden's mismanagement of classified documents. The report highlighted Biden's age and lapses in memory, directly addressing one of the president's vulnerabilities going into the 2024 election. While there were assertions from the White House, questions remain about Biden's suitability to be commander-in-chief.[1] According to Gallup, during Biden's 13th quarter in office, spanning from January 20 to April 19 2024, Biden maintained an average job approval rating of 38.7%, the lowest average approval rating in 75 years leading into a presidential election year.[2] In a much broader historical context, his quarterly average places him in the bottom 12% among all presidential quarters.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Early life (1942–1965)
* 2 Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)
* 2.1 1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware
* 2.2 Death of wife and daughter
* 2.3 Second marriage, and death of his eldest son
* 2.4 Brain surgeries
* 2.5 Teaching
* 2.6 Biden family investigation
* 3 U.S. Senate (1973–2009)
* 4 Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008
* 4.1 1988 campaign
* 4.2 Plagiarism issues
* 4.3 2008 campaign
* 5 2008 vice-presidential campaign
* 6 Vice presidency (2009–2017)
* 6.1 Role in the 2016 presidential campaign
* 7 Subsequent activities (2017–2019)
* 8 2020 presidential campaign
* 8.1 Campaign
* 8.2 Election and Presidential transition
* 9 Presidency (2021–present)
* 9.1 2021
* 9.2 2022
* 9.2.1 COVID-19 diagnosis
* 9.2.2 2022 election
* 9.3 2023
* 9.3.1 Pew Research
* 10 Political positions
* 11 Reputation
* 12 Publications
* 13 See also
* 14 Notes
* 15 References
* 15.1 Citations
* 15.2 Works cited
* 16 External links
* 16.1 Official
* 16.2 Other

## Early life (1942–1965)[edit | edit source]

Main article: Early life and career of Joe Biden

File:Joe Biden at Archmere Academy (cropped).jpg

Biden at Archmere Academy in the 1950s

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[4] at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[5] to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.[6][7] The oldest child in a Catholic family, he has a sister, Valerie, and 2 brothers, Francis and James.[8] Jean was of Irish descent,[9][10][11] while Joseph Sr. had English, Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry.[12][13][11] Biden's paternal line has been traced to stonemason William Biden, who was born in 1789 in Westbourne, England, and emigrated to Maryland in the United States by 1820.[14]

The family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the fall of 1946,[15] and Biden's father underwent business setbacks around the time Biden was 7 years old,[16][17][18] and for several years the family lived with Biden's maternal grandparents in Scranton.[19] Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden's father could not find steady work.[20] Beginning in 1953 when Biden was 10,[21] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby Mayfield.[22][23][17][19] Biden Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[19][20][24]

At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[25] Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.[19][26] Though a poor student, he was class president in his junior and senior years.[27][28] He graduated in 1961.[27] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden briefly played freshman football,[29][30] and, as an unexceptional student,[31] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science and a minor in English.[32][33]

Biden has a stutter, which has improved since his early twenties.[34] He says he reduced it by reciting poetry before a mirror,[28][35] but some observers suggested it affected his performance in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential debates.[36][37][38]

## Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)[edit | edit source]

Main article: Early career of Joe Biden

See also: Family of Joe Biden

On August 27, 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter (1942–1972), a student at Syracuse University,[32] after overcoming her parents' reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York.[39] They had three children: Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III (1969–2015), Robert Hunter Biden (born 1970), and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden (1971–1972).[32]

File:Joe Biden in 1968 Edition of Onondagan Yearbook.jpg

Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook

In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85, after failing a course due to an acknowledged "mistake" when he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at law school.[31] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[4]

Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Nixon's conduct of the war.[40] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments, at a time when most draftees were sent to the Vietnam War. In 1968, based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "asthma as a teenager" was the reason for the deferment.[41]

In 1968, Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, he later said, "thought of myself as a Republican".[42][43] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[42] Biden was recruited by local Republicans but registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[42]

In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by a locally active Democrat[44][42] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;[45] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[42] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.[44] Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[19] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[46]

In 1970, Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[47][44][48] The seat had been held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of council districts.[49][50][51] Biden won the general election by defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[52][53] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by Democrat Francis R. Swift.[54][55][56][57] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[58]

### 1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1972 United States Senate election in Delaware

In 1972, Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs, and with minimal campaign funds, he was given no chance of winning.[44][19] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,[44] but won with 50.5 percent of the vote. He was 29 years old at the time, but reached the constitutionally required age of 30 before he was sworn in as Senator.[59]

### Death of wife and daughter[edit | edit source]

On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware.[32][60] Neilia's station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection. Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries.[61] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[24] but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[62]

Years later, Biden said he believed the truck driver had been drinking before the crash, but was never charged, and the driver's family said the deaths haunted him until he died in 1999.[63] Biden later apologized to the driver's family.[64][65][66][67][68] The accident filled Biden with anger and religious doubt. He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him,[69] and he had trouble focusing on work.[70][71]

### Second marriage, and death of his eldest son[edit | edit source]

Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977

Biden met teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[72] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977.[73][74] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People's Republic.[75][76] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[77] They are Roman Catholics and attend Mass at St. Joseph's on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[78]

Their daughter Ashley Biden (born 1981)[32] is a social worker, and is married to physician Howard Krein.[79] Beau Biden became an Army Judge Advocate in Iraq, and later Delaware Attorney General[80] before his death in 2015 from glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer.[81][82] Beau was an Iraq War veteran, and was awarded a Bronze Star.[83] Biden's second child, Hunter Biden, has a law degree from Yale, has struggled with a long term addiction to crack cocaine and alcohol, and has been involved in various questionable business ventures.[84]

### Brain surgeries[edit | edit source]

In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[85][86] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[86] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[86][87] Biden's recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[88]

### Teaching[edit | edit source]

From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[89][90] The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[91][92][93][94]

### Biden family investigation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Biden family investigation

Both President Biden and his son Hunter have been under investigation by the DOJ and Congress as a result of Hunter's controversial laptop, which is reported to contain a number of email disclosures and nude photographs. Other issues include Hunter's addiction to crack cocaine and alcohol, illegal gun possession, family business dealings, and apparent influence peddling with communist China. Hunter also landed a high paying position on the board of Burisma, a Ukrainian energy company that was under investigation for corruption.[95] Hunter's business dealings are intertwined with his influence peddling, and may well have cast an irreparable shadow over his father's legacy, but not without help from President Biden himself. Dating back to October 22, 2020, Joe Biden lied about his son making money in China, and referred to then President Trump as “the only guy who made money from China".[96] In December 2023, President Biden faced accusations of dishonesty after previously denying any interactions with his family's foreign business associates. Evidence from bank records and witness testimony presented by the House Committee on Oversight and Accountability contradicted his statement, revealing numerous instances where Biden engaged with his son Hunter Biden's foreign business contacts. These interactions included phone conversations, attendance at dinners and meetings, and coffee meetings with individuals such as Russian and Kazakhstani oligarchs, a Burisma executive, and Chinese nationals who contributed substantial sums to his son's ventures.[97][98]

## U.S. Senate (1973–2009)[edit | edit source]

Main article: US Senate career of Joe Biden

File:President Ronald Reagan meeting with Senators Joe Biden and William Cohen.jpg

President Ronald Reagan meeting with Senators Joe Biden and William Cohen

During his early Senate years, Biden prioritized consumer protection, environmental issues, and government accountability, while aligning as liberal on civil rights, senior citizens' concerns, and healthcare, yet conservative on matters such as abortion and military conscription.[99][100] He also gained prominence for his vocal criticism of the Reagan administration's support for apartheid-era South Africa, notably excoriating Secretary of State George Shultz during a Senate hearing.[42]

Elected to the Senate in 1972, Biden secured reelection in subsequent years with consistent support, maintaining about 60% of the vote,[101] initially serving alongside William Roth until Roth's defeat in 2000.[102] Biden's early mentor in the Senate was Robert Byrd, although Byrd's prior affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan is noted, Biden eulogized him in 2010 as a "mentor" and "dear friend."[103][104] By 2022, Biden ranked as the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[105]

## Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008[edit | edit source]

### 1988 campaign[edit | edit source]

Main article: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

File:Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign postcard (front side).jpg

L–R: Beau, Hunter, Ashley, Joe, Jill Biden (1987)
The postcard for Biden's 1988 campaign.

File:Joe Biden in 1987 at White House.png

Biden at the White House (1987)

Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[106] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[42][107][108] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[107][108]

### Plagiarism issues[edit | edit source]

By August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[109] and in September, it was discovered that he plagiarized a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[110] Biden's speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[111][112] but did not on two occasions in late August.[113]: 230–232 [112] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[114] Biden had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[115] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[24][31]

Biden has also lied about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[116][117] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[118] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[119] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.[120]

### 2008 campaign[edit | edit source]

Main article: Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign

After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[101][121][122] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama's.[123] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."[124]

In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[125] He withdrew from the race that evening.[126] Despite the Biden campaign's inability to raise adequate campaign funds and draw people to its rallies,[127] their efforts still managed to raise Biden's stature in the political world.[128]: 336 In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,[129][130] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[128]: 28, 337–338 Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".[130][128]: 28, 337–338

## 2008 vice-presidential campaign[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign and 2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois

Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[131][132] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama's being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[133][134] Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he asked.[128]: 411–414, 419 Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[135] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[128]: 411–414 Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden's high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[136]

On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin's 173.[137][138][139]

At the same time Biden was running for vice president he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[140] as permitted by Delaware law.[101] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O'Donnell.[141] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[142] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[143] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[n 2]

## Vice presidency (2009–2017)[edit | edit source]

See also: Presidency of Barack Obama

Biden and Obama, July 2012

During his tenure as Vice President from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, Joe Biden navigated a multitude of domestic and international challenges. Biden played a pivotal role in shaping the Obama administration's response, which included the passage of the historic Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was aimed at expanding access to healthcare for millions of Americans but with little regard to increasing costs for middle America. A recent study by the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) revealed significant increases in premiums for ACA marketplace plans. In 2023, the average annual health insurance premiums reached $8,435 for single coverage and $23,968 for family coverage, marking a 7% rise from the previous year alone. Notably, family premiums have surged by 22% since 2018 and a staggering 47% since 2013. According to healthcare.gov, employer-sponsored coverage is considered "affordable" in 2023 if it constitutes less than 9.12% of household income.[147]

Throughout his vice presidency, Biden was a staunch advocate for progressive policies, championing initiatives to combat climate change and promote renewable energy sources. His leadership on these fronts helped set the stage for future efforts to address pressing environmental issues. Biden's tenure as Vice President was not without criticism, particularly regarding certain foreign policy decisions. The withdrawal of American troops from Iraq and the administration's response to the escalating civil war in Syria faced scrutiny from both domestic and international observers. Additionally, questions arose about the handling of classified documents during the transition out of his vice presidential office in 2017, leading to a special counsel investigation by Robert K. Hur. The final report stated that Biden had retained and disclosed classified material after leaving the vice presidency in 2017. However, the report concluded that no criminal charges were warranted. Hur criticized Biden for sharing classified content from notebooks with a ghostwriter for his memoir, Promise Me, Dad. Although the evidence did not establish Biden's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, some of the findings created a political crisis for the White House. Hur portrayed Biden as having a poor memory during interviews, citing his age and suggesting it would be difficult to convict a former president well into his 80s of a felony requiring a mental state of willfulness.[148]

Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[149]

### Role in the 2016 presidential campaign[edit | edit source]

As of September 11, 2015[update], Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son's recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to give it 110% of who they are."[150] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[151][152][153] In January 2016, Biden affirmed that it was the right decision, but admitted to regretting not running for president "every day".[154]

After Obama endorsed Hillary Clinton on June 9, 2016, Biden endorsed her later that day.[155] Throughout the 2016 election, Biden strongly criticized Clinton's opponent, Donald Trump, in often colorful terms.[156][157]

## Subsequent activities (2017–2019)[edit | edit source]

File:58th Presidential Inaugural Ceremony 170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg

Biden with Barack Obama and Donald Trump, at the latter's inauguration on January 20, 2017

After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Titled the "Benjamin Franklin Presidential Practice Professor", Biden led panel discussions on history and politics and developed the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement.[158] He also continued to lead efforts to find treatments for cancer.[159] In 2017, he wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.[160] Biden earned $15.6 million from 2017 to 2018.[161] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain's embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.[162] Biden was targeted by two pipe bombs that were mailed to him during the October 2018 mail bombing attempts, which targeted democratic lawmakers and critics of then President Trump. One device was noticed and identified as a bomb in New Castle, Delaware, due to insufficient postage and subsequent examination, while another was found at a Wilmington, Delaware, postal facility and intercepted there.[163] The devices were later found to have been intentionally designed to not detonate.[164]

Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.[165]Greenwood, Max (May 31, 2017). "Biden: Paris deal 'best way to protect' US leadership". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.</ref> He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.[166] In 2019, Biden criticized Brunei for its intention to implement Islamic laws that would allow death by stoning for adultery and homosexuality, calling this "appalling and immoral" and saying, "There is no excuse—not culture, not tradition—for this kind of hate and inhumanity."[167] By 2019, Biden and his wife reported that their assets had increased to[clarification needed] between $2.2 million and $8 million from speaking engagements and a contract to write a set of books.[168]

## 2020 presidential campaign[edit | edit source]

Main article: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign

File:Biden9 (32932624647).jpg

Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in Philadelphia, May 2019

A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden's entry into the race.[169] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[170] saying he was prompted to run, among other reasons, by his "sense of duty."[171]

### Campaign[edit | edit source]

Throughout 2019 and into 2020, Joe Biden faced a series of controversies and challenges, including allegations of inappropriate physical contact from multiple women, which he acknowledged and pledged to address.[172][173] Meanwhile, he navigated political scrutiny over his role in Ukraine, with accusations from President Trump and allies regarding his son Hunter Biden's involvement with Burisma Holdings. Despite investigations by Senate committees, no evidence of wrongdoing by Joe Biden was found at the time. Additionally, a resurgence of allegations against Hunter Biden in 2023, prompted by a released FBI document, reignited debate over the Bidens' dealings in Ukraine.[174]

None of the allegations against Biden were adequately covered by mainstream media for various reasons.[175][176] Whenever coverage was published in mainstream outlets, some journalists labeled the allegations as conspiracy theories, or dismissed them for lack of evidence, or wrote that the actions by the Bidens were not a big deal as were the allegations against Trump.[177] On the other hand, historians, fact-checkers, and various academic reviewers of media's coverage of Trump vs Biden, such as the Columbia Journalism Review and Pew Research, have provided some rather unflattering reviews of mainstream media's coverage.[178][179] Biden maintained a lead in national polls for the Democratic nomination, though he faced setbacks in early primary contests. However, strong showings in key states, particularly in South Carolina and on Super Tuesday, propelled him to front-runner status. By April 2020, with Bernie Sanders suspending his campaign, Biden secured the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, endorsed by Sanders and former President Barack Obama. He committed to selecting a woman as his running mate, eventually choosing Kamala Harris. In August 2020, Biden was officially nominated as the Democratic Party's candidate for president in the 2020 election at the Democratic National Convention.[180]

### Election and Presidential transition[edit | edit source]

Main article: Presidential transition of Joe Biden

Biden prevailed in the 2020 United States presidential election against incumbent Donald Trump, and became the 46th president of the United States. After the election, suspicions of vote count fraud were raised and several court cases were filed in swing states questioning the outcome of the election. Senator Ted Cruz along with several others in congress said they would reject the certification of the Electoral College votes if an emergency audit is not conducted. Trump and many others were convinced the election had been stolen and demanded an investigation.[181]

On November 24, 2020, President Trump announced his administration's readiness to cooperate with President-elect Joe Biden's transition to the White House, marking the end of a delay that had faced criticism from both parties. Emily Murphy, head of the General Services Administration, who had delayed the transition for over two weeks citing election result uncertainties, declared that her agency would provide Biden with federal resources necessary for a smooth transfer of power. Trump stated that he had instructed his aides to assist in the transition process as approved by the GSA, while reiterating his commitment to pursuing legal avenues to challenge the election outcome. He expressed confidence in prevailing but emphasized the importance of prioritizing the nation's interests by facilitating the initial transition protocols.[182]

On January 6, 2021, members of the House and Senate gathered in the House Chamber of the White House to count the official votes of the Electoral College, which formally ends the vote naming Joe Biden president. Several Republican Senators were prepared to challenge the vote, and call for investigations into allegations of voter fraud and various other wrongdoings in swing states.[183]. That same day, Trump and thousands of his supporters attended his Save America rally held at The Ellipse, also referred to as President's Park South, a 52-acre (21 ha) park south located south of the White House,and north of Constitution Avenue. When the rally ended, protestors marched to the Capitol, saying, "We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn't happen. You don't concede when there's theft involved."[184] Many others were already at the Capitol protesting peacefully, wanting their voices heard as to their concerns over what so many Americans believed was a stolen election. Biden addressed the nation, calling the event "an unprecedented assault unlike anything we've seen in modern times." He specifically called on Trump to "go on national television now to fulfill his oath and defend the Constitution and demand an end to this siege", adding, "it must end now."[185][186] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its joint session and officially certified the election results with Pence declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[187]

## Presidency (2021–present)[edit | edit source]

Main article: Presidency of Joe Biden

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency.

File:President Biden taking oath of office (cropped).png

Biden takes the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. at the Capitol, January 20, 2021

### 2021[edit | edit source]

See also: First 100 days of Joe Biden's presidency

In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico, directing the government to rejoin the World Health Organization, face mask requirements on federal property, measures to combat hunger in the United States,[188][189][190][191] and revoking permits for the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[192][193][194] In his first two weeks in office, Biden signed more executive orders than any other president since Franklin D. Roosevelt had in their first month in office.[195]

Other significant legislation Biden signed into action included the American Rescue Plan Act to address the COVID-19 pandemic and recession; however, after the first year into the plan, it brought mixed reviews. Critics argue that Biden's stimulus policies have inadvertently fueled inflation, hindering Democratic efforts to enact significant societal changes, such as expanded education programs and subsidized childcare. Harvard professor Jason Furman, once an economic advisor to former President Obama, suggests that while the intention was to spur further action, the result has been counterproductive, contributing to a 7.9% inflation rate, the highest in four decades. Furman estimates that the rescue plan responsible for this inflation surge accounts for about 2.5 percentage points, while Michael Strain of the American Enterprise Institute suggests a higher figure of 3 percentage points.[196]

In the first eight months of his presidency, Morning Consult polling showed Biden's approval rating above 50%. A Gallup Poll showed that during his first year in office, his approval ratings started relatively strong at 57%, but had dropped to 43% by September. A January 2022 Gallup poll shows it as 40% after his Afghanastan withdrawal.[197] Other factors contributing to the decline include increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.[198][199][200][201]

### 2022[edit | edit source]

In early 2022, Biden made efforts to change his public image after entering the year with low approval ratings due to inflation and high gas prices, which continued to fall to approximately 40% in aggregated polls by February.[202][203][204] He began the year by endorsing a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act, on both of which the Senate had failed to invoke cloture.[205] The rules change failed when two Democratic senators, Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema, joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[206]

#### COVID-19 diagnosis[edit | edit source]

On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.[207] According to the White House, he was treated with Paxlovid.[208] He worked in isolation in the White House for five days[209] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.[210]

#### 2022 election[edit | edit source]

On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia speech, Biden called for a "battle for the soul of the nation." Off camera he called active Trump supporters "semi-fascists," which Republican commentators denounced.[211][212][213]

### 2023[edit | edit source]

Fewer Americans now see President Joe Biden as having several positive qualities as compared to what they believed in 2020. The biggest drop is in the belief that Biden can effectively manage the government, with decreases of at least six percentage points across the board. Meanwhile, perceptions of Donald Trump, who's likely to challenge Biden in 2024, haven't really shifted much. This suggests that many still see Trump as a strong leader, especially when compared to Biden's recent decline in public perception.[214]

#### Pew Research[edit | edit source]

In general, 62% of Americans hold an unfavorable opinion of Biden, which closely mirrors the 60% of Americans who perceive Trump negatively. Regarding Biden, line charts illustrate that the American populace regards both Biden and Trump less favorably than favorably. Although Biden's favorability ratings have remained relatively stable over the past year, they have become more negative compared to 2022. This change is primarily observed within his own party: in July 2022, 75% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning individuals viewed him positively, whereas today, positive views are at 67%. Republicans' unfavorable opinions of Biden have remained consistent during this period. Presently, 94% express an unfavorable view of him.[215]

## Political positions[edit | edit source]

Main article: Political positions of Joe Biden

File:Barack Obama & Joe Biden with Mikhail Gorbachev 3-20.09.jpg

Mikhail Gorbachev (right) being introduced to President Obama by Joe Biden, March 2009. U.S. ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul, is pictured in the background.

Biden is considered a moderate Democrat[216] and a centrist.[217][218] Throughout his long career, his positions have been aligned with the center of the Democratic Party.[219] In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden's "most valuable political skill" was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic party."[220] He has a lifetime liberal 72% score from the Americans for Democratic Action through 2004, while the American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime conservative rating of 13% through 2008.[221]

## Reputation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Public image of Joe Biden

File:Joe Biden Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg

President Obama presents Biden with the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction, January 12, 2017

Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,[222][223][224] which he attributed to his having been elected young.[225] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term. As of November 2009[update], Biden's net worth was $27,012.[226] By November 2020[update], the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden's books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.[227][228][229][230]

The political writer Howard Fineman has written, "Biden is not an academic, he's not a theoretical thinker, he's a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift."[46] Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time: "He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better."[46] Journalist James Traub has written that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself."[129]

In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.[231][232] In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him "healer-in-chief", while The New York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.[233]

Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has described Biden as loquacious.[234] He often deviates from prepared remarks[235] and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth."[236][131][237][238] The New York Times wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything."[131] In 2018, Biden called himself "a gaffe machine".[239] Some of his gaffes have been characterized as racially insensitive.[240][241][242][243]

According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes elements of his life to create a exaggerated political personality. His exaggerations include being an active civil rights activist who was repeatedly arrested during protests. Biden has also claimed to have been an excellent student who earned three different degrees. During a visit to Puerto Rico after Hurricane Fiona, he said he had been "raised in the Puerto Rican community at home, politically", even though Puerto Rico is not mentioned in his biographies. The Times wrote, "Mr. Biden's folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don't quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences."[244]

## Publications[edit | edit source]

Books

* Biden, Joseph R. Jr.; Helms, Jesse (April 1, 2000). Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: Applicable Law and Institutional Framework Within Certain Convention Countries Report to the Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7567-2250-0.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (July 8, 2001). Putin Administration's Policies toward Non-Russian Regions of the Russian Federation: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7567-2624-9.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (July 24, 2001). Administration's Missile Defense Program and the ABM Treaty: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7567-1959-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (September 5, 2001). Threat of Bioterrorism and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7567-2625-6.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (February 12, 2002). Examining The Theft Of American Intellectual Property At Home And Abroad: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7567-4177-8.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (February 14, 2002). Halting the Spread of HIV/AIDS: Future Efforts in the U.S. Bilateral & Multilateral Response: Hearings before the Comm. on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7567-3454-1.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (February 27, 2002). How Do We Promote Democratization, Poverty Alleviation, and Human Rights to Build a More Secure Future: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7567-2478-8.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (August 1, 2002). Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-7567-2823-6.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (January 1, 2003). International Campaign Against Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7567-3041-3.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (January 1, 2003). Political Future of Afghanistan: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7567-3039-0.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (September 1, 2003). Strategies for Homeland Defense: A Compilation by the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7567-2623-2.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (July 31, 2007). Promises to Keep. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6536-3. Also paperback edition, Random House 2008, ISBN 978-0-8129-7621-2.
* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (November 14, 2017). Promise Me, Dad: A Year of Hope, Hardship, and Purpose. Flatiron Books. ISBN 978-1-250-17167-2.

Book contributions

* Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (2005). "Foreword". In Nicholson, William C. (ed.). Homeland Security Law and Policy. C. C Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-07583-5.
* Biden, Joseph R., Jr. (2009). "Foreword". In Hayman, Robert L., Jr.; Leland, Ware (eds.). Choosing Equality: Essays and Narratives on the Desegregation Experience. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-03433-1.

Pamphlets

* Biden, Joseph R., Jr., and Les Aspin, William Louis Dickinson, Brent Scowcroft (1982). Arms Sales: A Useful Foreign Policy Tool? American Enterprise Institute. AEI Forum 56. Moderated by John Charles Daly.

Articles

* Biden, Joseph R. Jr.; Purev-Ochir, Miga (Spring 2015). "U.S.-Russian Relations in a Post-Cold War World: A Strategic Vision: Mapping a Future for U.S.-Russian Relations". Harvard International Review. 36 (3): 72–76. JSTOR 43649299.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
* 2020 United States presidential debates
* Cabinet of Joe Biden
* List of honors and awards received by Joe Biden
* List of things named after Joe Biden

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
2. ^ Delaware's Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden's longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate.[144] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware's special Senate election in 2010.[144] Biden's son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[145] He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.[146]

## References[edit | edit source]

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### Works cited[edit | edit source]

* Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. Washington. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
* Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02690-0.
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* Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership. Hachette. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
* Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
* Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
* Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
* Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-57059-4.
* Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.

## External links[edit | edit source]

### Official[edit | edit source]

* President Joe Biden official website
* Presidential campaign website
* Obama White House biography (archived)

* Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
* Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
* Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress

### Other[edit | edit source]

* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Joe Biden at Curlie
* Joe Biden at IMDb
* Joe Biden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
* Joe Biden at On the Issues
* Joe Biden at PolitiFact
* Joe Biden on Twitter

* Profile at Vote Smart

* v
* t
* e

Joe Biden

* 46th President of the United States (2021–present)
* 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
* U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
* New Castle County Councilman (1971–1973)

Early career|

* Early life
* U.S. Senate career
* Vice presidency
* Classified Information Procedures Act
* Counterterrorism Act
* Violence Against Women Act
* Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg

Presidency|

| Appointments|

* Cabinet
* Agriculture
* Commerce
* Defense
* Education
* Energy
* Executive Office appointments
* HHS
* Homeland Security
* HUD
* Interior
* Justice
* U.S. attorneys
* Labor
* State
* ambassadors
* Transportation
* Treasury
* Veterans Affairs
* Judicial appointments
* Jackson
* Supreme Court candidates

|

Legislation|

* American Rescue Plan
* Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
* Chips and Science Act
* Emmett Till Antilynching Act
* Inflation Reduction Act
* Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
* PACT Act
* Attempted Legislation
* Build Back Better Act
* George Floyd Justice in Policing Act
* For the People Act
* John Lewis Voting Rights Act
* PRO Act

Policies|

* cannabis
* COVID-19
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* White House COVID-19 Response Team
* economic
* Bidenomics
* electoral and ethical
* Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
* Summit for Democracy
* environmental
* 2021 Leaders Summit on Climate
* Executive Order 13990
* foreign
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* AUKUS
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* War in Ukraine
* immigration
* infrastructure
* social
* space

Timeline|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* Security preparations
* Protests
* First 100 days
* 2021
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2022
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4

* Executive actions
* proclamations
* Impeachment efforts
* Opinion polling
* 2021
* 2022
* Presidential trips
* international
* 2021
* 2022

Elections|

| U.S. Senate|

* 1972
* 1978
* 1984
* 1990
* 1996
* 2002
* 2008

|

Vice presidential|

* 2008 campaign
* selection
* convention
* debate
* election
* transition
* 2012 campaign
* convention
* debate
* election

Presidential|

* 1988 campaign
* primaries
* 2008 campaign
* primaries
* debates
* 2020 campaign
* endorsements
* celebrity
* organizations
* Congress
* state and territorial officials
* municipal officials
* primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* Unity Task Forces
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* protests

Family|

* Jill Biden (second wife; First Lady and former Second Lady)
* Neilia Hunter Biden (first wife)
* Beau Biden (son)
* Hunter Biden (son)
* Ashley Biden (daughter)
* Valerie Biden Owens (sister)
* Howard Krein (son-in-law)
* Edward Francis Blewitt (great-grandfather)
* Champ, Major, and Commander (dogs)
* Willow (cat)

Writings|

* Promises to Keep
* Promise Me, Dad
* Tomorrow Will Be Different (foreword)

Speeches|

* Inaugural address (2021)
* Joint session of Congress (2021)
* State of the Union Address
* 2022
* Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech

Media
depictions|

* Confirmation
* The Choice 2020
* "One Last Ride"
* The Onion's "Diamond Joe"
* Our Cartoon President
* Saturday Night Live parodies
* Spitting Image
* My Son Hunter (2022 film)

Honors|

* Honors and awards
* Namesakes

Related|

* Bidenisms
* Biden Foundation
* Buy a Shotgun
* Public image
* Situation Room
* Trump–Ukraine scandal
* Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory
* Hunter Biden laptop controversy
* Cancer Moonshot 2020
* Sexual assault allegation
* Let's Go Brandon
* I Did That!

* ← Donald Trump

* ← Dick Cheney
* Mike Pence →

* Category
* Commons

Offices and distinctions

| Party political offices

Preceded by

James M. Tunnell Jr.

|  Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Delaware
(Class 2)
1972, 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008 | Succeeded by

Chris Coons

Preceded by

Robert Byrd, Alan Cranston, Al Gore, Gary Hart, Bennett Johnston, Ted Kennedy, Tip O'Neill, Don Riegle, Paul Sarbanes, Jim Sasser

|  Response to the State of the Union address
1983, 1984
Served alongside: Les AuCoin, Bill Bradley, Robert Byrd, Tom Daschle, Bill Hefner, Barbara B. Kennelly, George Miller, Tip O'Neill, Paul Simon, Paul Tsongas, Tim Wirth (1983), Max Baucus, David Boren, Barbara Boxer, Robert Byrd, Dante Fascell, Bill Gray, Tom Harkin, Dee Huddleston, Carl Levin, Tip O'Neill, Claiborne Pell (1984) | Succeeded by

Bill Clinton
Bob Graham
Tip O'Neill

Preceded by

John Edwards

|  Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
2008, 2012 | Succeeded by

Tim Kaine

Preceded by

Hillary Clinton

|  Democratic nominee for President of the United States
2020 | Most recent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
First |  Order of precedence of the United States
President | Succeeded by

Kamala Harris

as Vice President
New Castle County Council
Preceded by

Henry R. Folsom

|  Member of the New Castle County Council
from the 4th district
1971–1973  | Succeeded by

Francis R. Swift

U.S. Senate
Preceded by

J. Caleb Boggs

|  United States Senator (Class 2) from Delaware
1973–2009
Served alongside: William V. Roth Jr., Tom Carper | Succeeded by

Ted Kaufman

Preceded by

Strom Thurmond

|  Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1981–1987  | Succeeded by

Strom Thurmond

New office |  Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
1985–1987  | Succeeded by

Chuck Grassley

Preceded by

Strom Thurmond

|  Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1987–1995  | Succeeded by

Orrin Hatch

Preceded by

Chuck Grassley

|  Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
1987–1995  | Succeeded by

Chuck Grassley

Preceded by

Orrin Hatch

|  Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1995–1997  | Succeeded by

Patrick Leahy

Preceded by

Chuck Grassley

|  Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
1995–2001  | Succeeded by

Chuck Grassley

Preceded by

Claiborne Pell

|  Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
1997–2001  | Succeeded by

Jesse Helms

Preceded by

Jesse Helms

|  Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2001–2003  | Succeeded by

Richard Lugar

Preceded by

Chuck Grassley

|  Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
2001–2003  | Succeeded by

Chuck Grassley

Preceded by

Jesse Helms

|  Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2003–2007  | Succeeded by

Richard Lugar

Preceded by

Chuck Grassley

|  Ranking Member of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
2003–2007  | Succeeded by

Dianne Feinstein

Preceded by

Richard Lugar

|  Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2007–2009  | Succeeded by

John Kerry

Preceded by

Chuck Grassley

|  Chair of the Senate Narcotics Caucus
2007–2009  | Succeeded by

Dianne Feinstein

Honorary titles
Preceded by

John V. Tunney

|  Baby of the United States Senate
1973–1979  | Succeeded by

Bill Bradley

Political offices
Preceded by

Dick Cheney

|  Vice President of the United States
2009–2017  | Succeeded by

Mike Pence

Preceded by

Donald Trump

|  President of the United States
2021–present  | Incumbent

Articles related to Joe Biden

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the United States

Presidents and
presidencies|

1. George Washington (1789–1797)
2. John Adams (1797–1801)
3. Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
4. James Madison (1809–1817)
5. James Monroe (1817–1825)
6. John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
7. Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
8. Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
9. William Henry Harrison (1841)
10. John Tyler (1841–1845)
11. James K. Polk (1845–1849)
12. Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
13. Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
14. Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
15. James Buchanan (1857–1861)
16. Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
17. Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
20. James A. Garfield (1881)
21. Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
22. Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
23. Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
24. Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
25. William McKinley (1897–1901)
26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
27. William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
28. Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
29. Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
30. Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
31. Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
33. Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
35. John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
37. Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
38. Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
39. Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
40. Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
41. George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
42. Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
43. George W. Bush (2001–2009)
44. Barack Obama (2009–2017)
45. Donald Trump (2017–2021)
46. Joe Biden (2021–present)

Presidency
timelines|

* Washington
* McKinley
* T. Roosevelt
* Taft
* Wilson
* Harding
* Coolidge
* Hoover
* F. D. Roosevelt
* Truman
* Eisenhower
* Kennedy
* L. B. Johnson
* Nixon
* Ford
* Carter
* Reagan
* G. H. W. Bush
* Clinton
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

* Category
* Commons
* List

* v
* t
* e

Order of precedence in the United States*

* President

* Vice President
* Governor (of the state in which the event is held)
* Speaker of the House
* Chief Justice
* Former President Carter
* Former President Clinton
* Former President Bush
* Former President Obama
* Former President Trump
* Former Vice President Quayle
* Former Vice President Gore
* Former Vice President Cheney
* Former Vice President Pence
* Ambassadors of the United States
* Secretary of State
* Associate Justices
* Retired Justice O'Connor
* Retired Justice Kennedy
* Retired Justice Souter
* Retired Justice Breyer
* The Cabinet
* President Pro Tempore of the Senate
* The Senate
* Governors of the States (by order of statehood)
* The House of Representatives

*not including acting officeholders, visiting dignitaries, auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats

* v
* t
* e

Current heads of state of republics

Africa|

* Abdelmadjid Tebboune
* João Lourenço
* Patrice Talon
* Mokgweetsi Masisi
* Ibrahim Traoré*
* Évariste Ndayishimiye
* Paul Biya
* José Maria Neves
* Faustin-Archange Touadéra
* Mahamat Déby*
* Azali Assoumani
* Félix Tshisekedi
* Denis Sassou Nguesso
* Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
* Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
* Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
* Isaias Afwerki
* Sahle-Work Zewde
* Ali Bongo Ondimba
* Adama Barrow
* Nana Akufo-Addo
* Mamady Doumbouya*
* Umaro Sissoco Embaló
* Alassane Ouattara
* William Ruto
* George Weah
* Mohamed al-Menfi
* Andry Rajoelina
* Lazarus Chakwera
* File:Flag of Mali.svg Assimi Goïta*
* Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
* Prithvirajsing Roopun
* Filipe Nyusi
* File:Flag of Namibia.svg Hage Geingob
* Mohamed Bazoum
* Muhammadu Buhari
* Paul Kagame
* Brahim Ghali
* Carlos Vila Nova
* Macky Sall
* Wavel Ramkalawan
* Julius Maada Bio
* Muse Bihi Abdi
* Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* Cyril Ramaphosa
* Salva Kiir Mayardit
* Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
* Samia Suluhu Hassan
* Faure Gnassingbé
* Kais Saied
* Yoweri Museveni
* Hakainde Hichilema
* Emmerson Mnangagwa

Asia|

* Arayik Harutyunyan
* Abdul Hamid
* Xi Jinping
* José Ramos-Horta
* Droupadi Murmu
* Joko Widodo
* Ali Khamenei
* Abdul Latif Rashid
* Isaac Herzog
* Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
* Sadyr Japarov
* Thongloun Sisoulith
* Michel Aoun
* Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
* Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
* Myint Swe*
* Bidya Devi Bhandari
* Kim Jong-un
* Arif Alvi
* Mahmoud Abbas
* Bongbong Marcos
* Halimah Yacob
* Yoon Suk-yeol
* Ranil Wickremesinghe
* Bashar al-Assad
* Tsai Ing-wen
* Emomali Rahmon
* Serdar Berdimuhamedow
* Shavkat Mirziyoyev
* Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
* Rashad al-Alimi*

Europe|

* Bajram Begaj
* Vahagn Khachaturyan
* Alexander Van der Bellen
* Ilham Aliyev
* Alexander Lukashenko
* Christian Schmidt, Milorad Dodik, Šefik Džaferović and Željko Komšić
* Rumen Radev
* Zoran Milanović
* File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Nicos Anastasiades
* Miloš Zeman
* Alar Karis
* Sauli Niinistö
* Emmanuel Macron
* Salome Zourabichvili
* Frank-Walter Steinmeier
* Katerina Sakellaropoulou
* Katalin Novák
* Guðni Th. Jóhannesson
* Michael D. Higgins
* Sergio Mattarella
* Vjosa Osmani
* Egils Levits
* Gitanas Nausėda
* George Vella
* Maia Sandu
* Milo Đukanović
* Stevo Pendarovski
* Ersin Tatar
* Andrzej Duda
* Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
* Klaus Iohannis
* Vladimir Putin
* Maria Luisa Berti and Manuel Ciavatta
* Aleksandar Vučić
* Zuzana Čaputová
* Borut Pahor
* Ignazio Cassis, Alain Berset, Guy Parmelin, Ueli Maurer, Simonetta Sommaruga, Viola Amherd and Karin Keller-Sutter
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Volodymyr Zelenskyy

North America|

* Sandra Mason
* Rodrigo Chaves Robles
* Miguel Díaz-Canel
* Charles Savarin
* Luis Abinader
* Nayib Bukele
* Alejandro Giammattei
* Ariel Henry*
* Xiomara Castro
* Andrés Manuel López Obrador
* Daniel Ortega
* Laurentino Cortizo
* Paula-Mae Weekes
* Joe Biden

Oceania|

* Wiliame Katonivere
* Taneti Maamau
* David Kabua
* David Panuelo
* Russ Kun
* Surangel Whipps Jr.
* Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
* Nikenike Vurobaravu

South America|

* Alberto Fernández
* Luis Arce
* Jair Bolsonaro
* Gabriel Boric
* Gustavo Petro
* Guillermo Lasso
* Irfaan Ali
* Mario Abdo Benítez
* Pedro Castillo
* Chan Santokhi
* Luis Lacalle Pou
* Nicolás Maduro

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of NATO

* Secretary General: Stoltenberg

* Rama
* De Croo
* Donev
* Trudeau
* Plenković
* Fiala
* Frederiksen
* Kallas
* Macron
* Scholz
* Mitsotakis
* Orbán
* Katrín
* Meloni
* Kariņš
* Nausėda
* File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Bettel
* Abazović
* Rutte
* Kovačevski
* Støre
* Duda
* Costa
* Iohannis
* Heger
* Golob
* Sánchez
* Erdoğan
* Sunak
* Biden

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Group of Seven

* Trudeau
* Macron
* Scholz
* Meloni
* Kishida
* Sunak
* Biden
* Michel/Von der Leyen

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the G20

* Fernández
* Albanese
* Bolsonaro
* Trudeau
* File:Flag of China.svg Xi
* Michel/Von der Leyen
* Macron
* Scholz
* Modi
* Jokowi
* Meloni
* Kishida
* López Obrador
* Putin
* Salman
* Ramaphosa
* Yoon
* Erdoğan
* Sunak
* Biden

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

* Albanese
* File:Flag of Brunei.svg Bolkiah
* Trudeau
* Boric
* Xi
* Tsai (Presidential Envoy: Chang)1
* Lee
* Jokowi
* Kishida
* Yoon
* Ismail Sabri

* López Obrador
* Ardern
* Marape
* Castillo
* Marcos
* Putin
* Lee
* Prayut2 / Prawit3
* Biden
* Phúc

1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as Chinese Taipei. 2 Suspended since 24 August 2022. 3 Acting since 24 August 2022.

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President Joe Biden (2021–present)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Kamala Harris (2021–present)

File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg

Secretary of State|

* Antony Blinken (2021–present)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Janet Yellen (2021–present)

Secretary of Defense|

* Lloyd Austin (2021–present)

Attorney General|

* Merrick Garland (2021–present)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Deb Haaland (2021–present)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Tom Vilsack (2021–present)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Gina Raimondo (2021–present)

Secretary of Labor|

* Marty Walsh (2021–present)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Xavier Becerra (2021–present)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Marcia Fudge (2021–present)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Pete Buttigieg (2021–present)

Secretary of Energy|

* Jennifer Granholm (2021–present)

Secretary of Education|

* Miguel Cardona (2021–present)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* Denis McDonough (2021–present)

Secretary of Homeland Security|

* Alejandro Mayorkas (2021–present)

Cabinet-level

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|

* Michael S. Regan (2021–present)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Shalanda Young (2021–present)

Director of National Intelligence|

* Avril Haines (2021–present)

Trade Representative|

* Katherine Tai (2021–present)

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Linda Thomas-Greenfield (2021–present)

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers|

* Cecilia Rouse (2021–present)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration|

* Isabel Guzman (2021–present)

Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy|

* Eric Lander (2021–2022)
* Arati Prabhakar (2022–present)

White House Chief of Staff|

* Ron Klain (2021–present)

See also: Political appointments by Joe Biden

* v
* t
* e

Members of the Cabinet of the United States

Cabinet members|

* Biden
* Harris

* Austin
* Becerra
* Blinken
* Buttigieg
* Cardona
* Fudge
* Garland
* Granholm
* Haaland
* Mayorkas
* McDonough
* Raimondo
* Vilsack
* Walsh
* Yellen

Cabinet-level members|

* Guzman
* Haines
* Klain
* Prabhakar
* Regan
* Rouse
* Tai
* Thomas-Greenfield
* Young

a acting
Cabinet of Joe Biden

* v
* t
* e

Joe Biden's Office of the Vice President

|  Position|  Appointee

|

Chief of Staff to the Vice President|  Steve Ricchetti
Counsel to the Vice President|  Cynthia Hogan
Counselor to the Vice President|  Mike Donilon
Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison|  Evan Ryan
Assistant to the Vice President and Director of Communications|  Shailagh Murray
Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President|  Shailagh Murray
Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President|  Brian McKeon
Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and Second Lady|  Carlos Elizondo
National Security Adviser to the Vice President|  Colin Kahl

|  Position|  Appointee

|

Chief of Staff to the Second Lady|  Catherine M. Russell
Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President|  Moises Vela
Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President|  Terrell McSweeny
Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President|  Jared Bernstein
Press Secretary to the Vice President|  Elizabeth Alexander
Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President|  Annie Tomasini
Director of Legislative Affairs|  Sudafi Henry
Director of Communications for the Second Lady|  Courtney O’Donnell

* v
* t
* e

Vice presidents of the United States

1. John Adams (1789–1797)
2. Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
3. Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
4. George Clinton (1805–1812)
5. Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
6. Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
7. John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
8. Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
9. Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
10. John Tyler (1841)
11. George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
12. Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
13. William R. King (1853)
14. John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
15. Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
16. Andrew Johnson (1865)
17. Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
18. Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
19. William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
20. Chester A. Arthur (1881)
21. Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
22. Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
23. Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
24. Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
25. Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
26. Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
27. James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
28. Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
29. Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
30. Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
31. Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
32. John N. Garner (1933–1941)
33. Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
34. Harry S. Truman (1945)
35. Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
36. Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
37. Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
38. Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
39. Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
40. Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
41. Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
42. Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
43. George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
44. Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
45. Al Gore (1993–2001)
46. Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
47. Joe Biden (2009–2017)
48. Mike Pence (2017–2021)
49. Kamala Harris (2021–present)

* Category
* Commons
* List

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President Barack Obama (2009–2017)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Joe Biden (2009–2017)

File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg

Secretary of State|

* Hillary Clinton (2009–2013)
* John Kerry (2013–2017)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Timothy Geithner (2009–2013)
* Jack Lew (2013–2017)

Secretary of Defense|

* Robert Gates (2009–2011)
* Leon Panetta (2011–2013)
* Chuck Hagel (2013–2015)
* Ash Carter (2015–2017)

Attorney General|

* Eric Holder (2009–2015)
* Loretta Lynch (2015–2017)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Ken Salazar (2009–2013)
* Sally Jewell (2013–2017)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Tom Vilsack (2009–2017)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Gary Locke (2009–2011)
* John Bryson (2011–2012)
* Penny Pritzker (2013–2017)

Secretary of Labor|

* Hilda Solis (2009–2013)
* Tom Perez (2013–2017)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Kathleen Sebelius (2009–2014)
* Sylvia Mathews Burwell (2014–2017)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Shaun Donovan (2009–2014)
* Julian Castro (2014–2017)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Ray LaHood (2009–2013)
* Anthony Foxx (2013–2017)

Secretary of Energy|

* Steven Chu (2009–2013)
* Ernest Moniz (2013–2017)

Secretary of Education|

* Arne Duncan (2009–2016)
* John King Jr. (2016–2017)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* Eric Shinseki (2009–2014)
* Bob McDonald (2014–2017)

Secretary of Homeland Security|

* Janet Napolitano (2009–2013)
* Jeh Johnson (2013–2017)

Cabinet-level

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|

* Lisa P. Jackson (2009–2013)
* Gina McCarthy (2013–2017)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Peter R. Orszag (2009–2010)
* Jack Lew (2010–2012)
* Sylvia Mathews Burwell (2013–2014)
* Shaun Donovan (2014–2017)

Trade Representative|

* Ron Kirk (2009–2013)
* Michael Froman (2013–2017)

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Susan Rice (2009–2013)
* Samantha Power (2013–2017)

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers|

* Christina Romer (2009–2010)
* Austan Goolsbee (2010–2011)
* Alan Krueger (2011–2013)
* Jason Furman (2013–2017)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration|

* Karen Mills (2012–2013)*
* Maria Contreras-Sweet (2014–2017)

White House Chief of Staff|

* Rahm Emanuel (2009–2010)
* William M. Daley (2011–2012)
* Jack Lew (2012–2013)
* Denis McDonough (2013–2017)

* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012

See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet

* v
* t
* e

United States senators from Delaware

Class 1|

* Read
* Latimer
* White
* Horsey
* C. Rodney
* Thomas Clayton
* McLane
* Naudain
* R. Bayard
* John M. Clayton
* Wales
* J. Bayard Jr.
* Riddle
* J. Bayard Jr.
* T. Bayard Sr.
* Gray
* Ball
* H. du Pont
* Wolcott
* T. C. du Pont
* T. Bayard Jr.
* Townsend
* Tunnell
* Williams
* Roth
* Carper

File:Seal of the United States Senate.svg

Class 2|

* Bassett
* Vining
* Joshua Clayton
* Wells
* J. Bayard Sr.
* Wells
* Van Dyke
* D. Rodney
* Ridgely
* John M. Clayton
* Thomas Clayton
* Spruance
* John M. Clayton
* Comegys
* Bates
* W. Saulsbury Sr.
* E. Saulsbury
* Higgins
* Kenney
* Allee
* Richardson
* W. Saulsbury Jr.
* Ball
* T. C. du Pont
* Hastings
* Hughes
* Buck
* Frear
* Boggs
* Biden
* Kaufman
* Coons

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions
and
presidential
tickets|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–present)

U.S. House
leaders
and
caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–present)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–present)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary
* House Caucus

|

Fundraising|

* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors
* National Democratic Redistricting Committee

Sectional|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Party factions
* Superdelegate
* 2005 chairmanship election
* 2017 chairmanship election
* 2006 House Caucus leadership election
* 2018 House Caucus leadership election
* Weekly Democratic Address

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 ->)

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: George H. W. Bush
* campaign
* VP nominee: Dan Quayle

* Other candidates: Bob Dole
* Pete du Pont
* Ben Fernandez
* Alexander Haig
* Jack Kemp
* Paul Laxalt
* Isabell Masters
* Pat Robertson
* Donald Rumsfeld
* Harold Stassen

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: Michael Dukakis
* campaign
* VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen

* Other candidates: Douglas Applegate
* Bruce Babbitt
* Joe Biden
* campaign
* positions
* David Duke
* Dick Gephardt
* Al Gore
* campaign
* Gary Hart
* Jesse Jackson
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Andy Martin
* Patricia Schroeder
* Paul Simon
* James Traficant

Third party and independent candidates

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ron Paul
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Andre Marrou
* Other candidates: Jim Lewis
* Russell Means

New Alliance Party|

* Nominee: Lenora Fulani

Populist Party|

* Nominee: David Duke

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Earl Dodge
* VP nominee: George Ormsby

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Edward Winn

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Willa Kenoyer
* VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Warren
* VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Larry Holmes
* VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independents and others|

* Jack Herer
* Lyndon LaRouche
* Herbert G. Lewin
* William A. Marra
* Eugene McCarthy

* Other 1988 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(← 2004) 2008 United States presidential election (2012 →)

* 2008 United States elections
* Candidates
* Comparison
* Debates
* Congressional endorsements
* Fundraising
* Ballot access
* Timeline
* Super Tuesday
* Potomac primary
* Super Tuesday II
* Polls
* national
* statewide
* international

Democratic Party
▌WFP|

* Convention
* superdelegates
* Polls
* statewide
* national
* Debates
* Primaries
* Primary results
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

* Nominee: Barack Obama
* campaign
* positions
* endorsements
* cross-party
* VP nominee: Joe Biden
* positions

* Other candidates: Evan Bayh
* campaign
* Joe Biden
* campaign
* positions
* Hillary Clinton
* campaign
* positions
* endorsements
* Chris Dodd
* campaign
* John Edwards
* campaign
* positions
* Mike Gravel
* campaign
* Dennis Kucinich
* campaign
* Bill Richardson
* campaign
* Tom Vilsack
* campaign

Republican Party
▌CPNY * ▌IPNY|

* Convention
* Polls
* statewide
* national
* Debates
* Political positions
* Primaries
* Primary results
* VP candidate selection

Candidates|

* Nominee: John McCain
* campaign
* positions
* endorsements
* cross-party
* VP nominee: Sarah Palin
* candidacy
* positions

* Other candidates: Sam Brownback
* campaign
* John H. Cox
* Jim Gilmore
* campaign
* Rudy Giuliani
* campaign
* positions
* Mike Huckabee
* campaign
* positions
* Duncan L. Hunter
* campaign
* Alan Keyes
* campaign
* Ray McKinney
* Ron Paul
* campaign
* positions
* Mitt Romney
* campaign
* positions
* Tom Tancredo
* campaign
* Fred Thompson
* campaign
* Tommy Thompson
* campaign

Draft movements|

* Democratic: Al Gore
* Mark Warner
* movement
* Republican: Newt Gingrich
* Condoleezza Rice
* movement
* Independent: Michael Bloomberg
* movement

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Chuck Baldwin
* campaign
* VP nominee: Darrell Castle

* Other candidates: Daniel Imperato
* Alan Keyes
* campaign

Green Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Cynthia McKinney
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Rosa Clemente

* Other candidates: Elaine Brown
* Jesse Johnson
* Kent Mesplay
* Kat Swift

Libertarian Party
(convention)|

* Nominee: Bob Barr
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root

* Other candidates: Mike Gravel
* campaign
* Daniel Imperato
* Steve Kubby
* Wayne Allyn Root
* Mary Ruwart
* Doug Stanhope

America's Independent Party|

* Nominee: Alan Keyes
* campaign
* VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough

Boston Tea Party|

* Nominee: Charles Jay

Objectivist Party|

* Nominee: Tom Stevens

Peace and Freedom Party|

* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez

* Other candidates: Gloria La Riva
* Cynthia McKinney
* campaign
* Brian Moore
* campaign

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Gene Amondson

Reform Party|

* Nominee: Ted Weill
* VP nominee: Frank McEnulty

Socialism and Liberation Party|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
* VP nominee: Eugene Puryear

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Brian Moore
* campaign
* VP nominee: Stewart Alexander

* Other candidates: Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Róger Calero
* Alternate nominee: James Harris
* VP nominee: Alyson Kennedy

Independent / Other|

* Jeff Boss
* Stephen Colbert
* campaign
* Earl Dodge
* Bradford Lyttle
* Frank Moore
* Joe Schriner
* Jonathon Sharkey

* Other 2008 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(← 2008) 2012 United States presidential election (2016 →)

* Fundraising
* National polls
* Statewide polls (pre-2012, early 2012)
* Timeline
* General election debates
* Newspaper endorsements
* International reactions
* Hurricane Sandy

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: Barack Obama
* campaign
* endorsements
* positions
* Incumbent VP nominee: Joe Biden
* positions

Challengers
Bob Ely
Keith Judd
Warren Mosler
Vermin Supreme
Randall Terry
John Wolfe

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* Debates
* Statewide polls
* National polls
* Straw polls

Candidates|

* Nominee: Mitt Romney
* campaign
* endorsements
* positions
* VP nominee: Paul Ryan
* positions

Other candidates
Michele Bachmann

campaign
Herman Cain

campaign
positions
Mark Callahan
Jack Fellure
Newt Gingrich

campaign
positions
Stewart Greenleaf
Jon Huntsman

campaign
Gary Johnson

campaign
Fred Karger
Andy Martin
Thaddeus McCotter

campaign
Jimmy McMillan
Roy Moore
Ron Paul

campaign
positions
Tim Pawlenty

campaign
Rick Perry

campaign
positions
Buddy Roemer

campaign
Rick Santorum

campaign

Libertarian Party|

* Convention

Candidates|

* Nominee: Gary Johnson
* campaign
* VP nominee: Jim Gray

Other candidates
Carl Person
Sam Sloan

Green Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Jill Stein
* campaign
* VP nominee: Cheri Honkala

* Other candidates: Stewart Alexander
* Roseanne Barr

Other third-party and independent candidates

American Independent Party|

* Nominee: Tom Hoefling
* Other candidates: Wiley Drake
* Virgil Goode
* campaign
* Edward C. Noonan
* Laurie Roth

American Third Position Party|

* Nominee: Merlin Miller
* VP nominee: Virginia Abernethy

Constitution Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Virgil Goode
* campaign
* VP nominee: Jim Clymer
* Other candidates: Laurie Roth
* Robby Wells

Freedom Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Stephen Durham

Grassroots Party|

Nominee
Jim Carlson

Justice Party|

* Nominee: Rocky Anderson
* VP nominee: Luis J. Rodriguez

Socialism and Liberation|

* Nominee: Peta Lindsay

Peace and Freedom Party|

* Nominee: Roseanne Barr
* VP nominee: Cindy Sheehan
* Other candidates: Stewart Alexander
* Rocky Anderson
* Peta Lindsay

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Jack Fellure
* Other candidates: James Hedges

Reform Party|

* Nominee: Andre Barnett
* Other candidates: Laurence Kotlikoff
* Buddy Roemer
* campaign
* Robby Wells

Socialist Equality Party|

Nominee
Jerry White

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Harris

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Stewart Alexander
* campaign
* VP nominee: Alejandro Mendoza

Independents and others|

Objectivist Party
Tom Stevens
Independents
Lee Abramson
Randy Blythe
Jeff Boss
Robert Burck
Terry Jones
Joe Schriner
Michael Bloomberg

attempt to draft

* Other 2012 elections:
* House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(← 2016) 2020 United States presidential election (2024 →)

Joe Biden, Kamala Harris (D), 306 electoral votes; Donald Trump, Mike Pence (R), 232 electoral votes

* 2020 United States elections
* Polls
* national
* state
* Predictions
* Timeline
* after Election Day
* Debates
* Postal voting
* Social media
* Fundraising
* Electors
* Electoral College vote count
* Transition
* inauguration

| Democratic Party
▌IPO * ▌WFP|

* Primaries
* Candidates
* Debates
* Forums
* Results
* Convention (automatic delegates)
* Polls (national * state)
* Positions
* Endorsements
* VP candidate selection
* Unity Task Forces

Candidates|

* Nominee: Joe Biden
* campaign
* endorsements
* primary
* celebrity
* organizations
* Congress
* state & territorial officials
* municipal officials
* positions
* VP nominee: Kamala Harris
* positions

Withdrew during primaries
Michael Bennet
Michael Bloomberg

campaign
endorsements
positions
Pete Buttigieg

campaign
endorsements
positions
Tulsi Gabbard

campaign
positions
Amy Klobuchar

campaign
endorsements
positions
Deval Patrick
Bernie Sanders

campaign
endorsements
positions
media coverage
Tom Steyer
Elizabeth Warren

campaign
endorsements
positions
Andrew Yang

campaign
endorsements

Withdrew before primaries
Cory Booker

campaign
endorsements
positions
Steve Bullock
Julian Castro
Bill de Blasio
John Delaney

campaign
positions
Kirsten Gillibrand

positions
Mike Gravel

campaign
Kamala Harris

campaign
endorsements
positions
John Hickenlooper
Jay Inslee

campaign
Wayne Messam
Seth Moulton
Richard Ojeda
Beto O'Rourke

campaign
Tim Ryan
Joe Sestak
Eric Swalwell
Marianne Williamson

campaign

Republican Party
▌CPNYS * ▌RTLP|

* Primaries
* Results
* Debates
* Convention
* Polls

Candidates|

Incumbent nominee
Donald Trump

campaign
endorsements

political
non-political
positions
GOP opposition
GOP reactions to fraud claims
Incumbent VP nominee: Mike Pence

Withdrew during primaries
Rocky De La Fuente
Bob Ely
Jack Fellure
Zoltan Istvan
Joe Walsh

campaign
Bill Weld

campaign

Withdrew before primaries
Mark Sanford

campaign

Libertarian Party|

* Primaries
* Results
* Convention

Candidates|

Nominee
Jo Jorgensen

campaign
endorsements
VP nominee: Spike Cohen

Eliminated in balloting
Jim Gray
Jacob Hornberger
Adam Kokesh
John McAfee
John Monds
Vermin Supreme

campaign

Withdrew before or during primaries
Max Abramson
Lincoln Chafee
Zoltan Istvan

Formed exploratory committee but did not run
Justin Amash

Green Party
▌LMN * ▌SA * ▌SPUSA|

* Primaries
* Results
* Debates
* Convention

Candidates|

* Nominee: Howie Hawkins
* campaign
* endorsements
* VP nominee: Angela Walker

Withdrew during primaries
Dario Hunter

Other candidates
Jesse Ventura

Other third-party candidates

Alliance Party
▌AIP * ▌Reform|

* Nominee: Rocky De La Fuente
* VP nominee: Darcy Richardson
* AIP VP nominee: Kanye West

Other candidates
Max Abramson
Phil Collins

American Solidarity Party|

* Nominee: Brian T. Carroll

Other candidates
Joe Schriner

Birthday Party|

* Nominee: Kanye West
* campaign

Bread and Roses|

* Nominee: Jerome Segal

Constitution Party|

* Primaries
* Nominee: Don Blankenship

Party for Socialism & Liberation
▌LUP * ▌PFP|

* Nominee: Gloria La Riva
* VP nominee: Leonard Peltier (withdrew)

* Other candidates: Howie Hawkins

Progressive Party|

* Nominee: Dario Hunter

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Phil Collins

Socialist Action|

* Nominee: Jeff Mackler

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Joseph Kishore

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: Alyson Kennedy

Independent candidates|

Declared
Pete Accetturo
Mark Charles
Brock Pierce (▌IPNY nominee)
Jade Simmons
Joe Schriner

Withdrew
Perry Caravello
Jeremy Gable
Ronnie Kroell

Disputes

| Attempts to overturn|

* Protests
* during inauguration week
* U.S. Capitol attack
* timeline
* aftermath
* second impeachment of Donald Trump
* trial
* January 6 commission
* reactions
* domestic
* international
* Trump–Raffensperger phone call
* Eastman memos

|

Lawsuits|

* Filed before Election Day
* Filed during or after Election Day
* Arizona
* Georgia
* Michigan
* Nevada
* Pennsylvania
* Wisconsin
* Texas v. Pennsylvania

Controversies|

* Russian interference
* Voting restrictions

* v
* t
* e

Chairs of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

* Chase
* Crittenden
* Burrill
* Smith
* Van Buren
* Berrien
* Rowan
* Marcy
* Wilkins
* Clayton
* Grundy
* Wall
* Berrien
* Ashley
* Butler
* Bayard
* Trumbull
* Wright
* Edmunds
* Thurman
* Edmunds
* Hoar
* Pugh
* Hoar
* Platt
* Clark
* Culberson
* Nelson
* Brandegee
* Cummins
* Norris
* Ashurst
* Van Nuys
* McCarran
* Wiley
* McCarran
* Langer
* Kilgore
* Eastland
* Kennedy
* Thurmond
* Biden
* Hatch
* Leahy
* Hatch
* Leahy
* Hatch
* Specter
* Leahy
* Grassley
* Graham
* Durbin

Seal of the United States Senate

* v
* t
* e

Chairs of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

* Barbour
* Macon
* Brown
* Barbour
* R. King
* Barbour
* Macon
* Sanford
* Macon
* Tazewell
* Forsyth
* Wilkins
* Clay
* Buchanan
* Rives
* Archer
* Allen
* Sevier
* Hannegan
* Benton
* W. King
* Foote
* Mason
* Sumner
* Cameron
* Hamlin
* Eaton
* Burnside
* Edmunds
* Windom
* Miller
* Sherman
* Morgan
* Sherman
* Frye
* Davis
* Cullom
* Bacon
* Stone
* Hitchcock
* Lodge
* Borah
* Pittman
* George
* Connally
* Vandenberg
* Connally
* Wiley
* George
* Green
* Fulbright
* Sparkman
* Church
* Percy
* Lugar
* Pell
* Helms
* Biden
* Helms
* Biden
* Lugar
* Biden
* Kerry
* Menendez
* Corker
* Risch
* Menendez

Seal of the United States Senate

* v
* t
* e

Patriot Act

Titles I · II · III · IV · V · VI · VII · VIII · IX · X · History

Acts modified|

* Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
* Electronic Communications Privacy Act
* Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
* Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
* Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
* Money Laundering Control Act
* Bank Secrecy Act
* Right to Financial Privacy Act
* Fair Credit Reporting Act
* Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
* Victims of Crime Act of 1984
* Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act

People|

* George W. Bush
* John Ashcroft
* Alberto Gonzales
* Patrick Leahy
* Orrin Hatch
* Jon Kyl
* Dianne Feinstein
* Viet D. Dinh
* Joe Biden
* Michael Chertoff
* Barack Obama
* Eric Holder
* Chuck Schumer
* Lamar Smith
* Bob Graham
* Jay Rockefeller
* Arlen Specter
* Mike Oxley
* Dick Armey
* Paul Sarbanes
* Trent Lott
* Tom Daschle
* Russ Feingold
* Ellen Huvelle
* Ron Paul
* Lisa Murkowski
* Ron Wyden
* Dennis Kucinich
* Larry Craig
* John E. Sununu
* Richard Durbin
* Bernie Sanders
* Jerry Nadler
* John Conyers Jr.
* Butch Otter

Government
organizations|

* Federal Bureau of Investigation
* Department of Justice
* Select Committee on Intelligence
* Department of the Treasury
* FinCEN
* Department of State
* National Institute of Standards and Technology
* Customs Service
* U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Non-government
organizations|

* American Civil Liberties Union
* American Library Association
* Center for Democracy and Technology
* Center for Public Integrity
* Electronic Frontier Foundation
* Electronic Privacy Information Center
* Humanitarian Law Project

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)

* v
* t
* e

Delaware's delegation(s) to the 93rd–111th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)

| 93rd |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌P. du Pont (R)

|
|

94th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌P. du Pont (R)

95th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Evans (R)

96th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Evans (R)

97th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Evans (R)

98th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Carper (D)

99th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Carper (D)

100th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Carper (D)

101st |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Carper (D)

102nd |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌T. Carper (D)

103rd |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

104th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

105th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

106th |

Senate:

* ▌W. Roth (R)
* ▌J. Biden (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

107th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Biden (D)
* ▌T. Carper (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

108th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Biden (D)
* ▌T. Carper (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

109th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Biden (D)
* ▌T. Carper (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

110th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Biden (D)
* ▌T. Carper (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

111th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Biden (D)
* ▌T. Carper (D)

* ▌T. Kaufman (D)
* ▌C. Coons (D)

House: ▌M. Castle (R)

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

* Timeline
* early cases
* 2020
* 2021
* Data
* by state
* chart
* Vaccination
* mandates
* misinformation and hesitancy
* Misinformation

Locations|

| States and D.C.|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

|

Territories and
other areas|

* American Samoa
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Immigration detention
* Guam
* Navajo Nation
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Ships|

* Grand Princess
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Responses|

| Government
response|

* Pre-pandemic exercises
* Crimson Contagion
* Event 201
* Federal government response
* Trump administration communication
* Operation Warp Speed
* Biden administration policy
* Biden administration COVID-19 action plan
* State and local government responses
* state responses
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Regional responses
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact
* Eviction moratoriums
* House Select Coronavirus Crisis Subcommittee
* White House Coronavirus Task Force
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups
* Hospital ships
* USNS Mercy
* USNS Comfort
* 2020 Oval Office address
* Paycheck Protection Program
* Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
* Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery
* COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission

Legislation|

* Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020
* Families First Coronavirus Response Act
* CARES Act
* Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act
* HEROES Act
* HEALS Act
* American Rescue Plan

Private
response|

* Center for COVID Control
* Covid Act Now
* COVID Tracking Project
* MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund
* Trump Death Clock

Media|

* 30 Rock: A One-Time Special
* Acting for a Cause
* Digital Drag Fest
* Home Movie: The Princess Bride
* iHeart Living Room Concert for America
* Make It Work!
* Saturday Night Seder
* Saturday Night Live at Home
* Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate
* The Disney Family Singalong
* Volume II
* Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration
* Together at Home
* Saving Our Selves
* A Parks and Recreation Special
* Rise Up New York!
* "U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss"
* Dear Class of 2020
* Graduation2020
* Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020
* We Are One: A Global Film Festival
* Global Goal: Unite for Our Future
* A Killer Party
* The Disney Holiday Singalong
* WrestleMania 36
* Ratatouille the Musical
* Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial
* 94th Academy Awards
* 74th Tony Awards
* Stars in the House

Impacts|

| Social|

* 2020 presidential election
* postal voting
* 2021 hospital crisis
* Abortion
* Congressional insider trading scandal
* Education
* Face masks
* Foster care
* Microsoft Teams
* Protests
* Open the States
* George Floyd
* Election
* United States Capitol attack
* Racial disparities
* African-American communities
* Native American communities
* Sports
* Television
* programs affected
* The Walt Disney Company
* Zoom Video Communications

|

Economic|

* Meat industry
* Recession
* Restaurant industry
* Stock market crash

Strikes|

* Alabama aluminum plant strike
* Allegheny Technologies strike
* Bath shipbuilders' strike
* Columbia University strike
* Frito-Lay strike
* Heaven Hill strike
* Hunts Point Produce Market strike
* John Deere strike
* Kellogg's strike
* Mercy Hospital strike
* Michigan graduate students' strike
* Nabisco strike
* Oregon Tech strike
* Saint Vincent Hospital strike
* St. Charles Bend strike
* St. Paul Park refinery strike
* University of Illinois Hospital strikes
* Virginia Volvo Trucks strike
* Warrior Met Coal strike

Notable
people|

| Federal|

* Jerome Adams
* Scott Atlas
* Alex Azar
* Joe Biden
* Deborah Birx
* Rick Bright
* Anthony Fauci
* Pete Gaynor
* Brett Giroir
* Stephen Hahn
* Ron Klain
* Nancy Messonnier
* Vivek Murthy
* Peter Navarro
* Mike Pence
* Gustave F. Perna
* Robert R. Redfield
* Todd T. Semonite
* Moncef Slaoui
* Andy Slavitt
* Donald Trump
* Rochelle Walensky

|

State and
local|

* Amy Acton
* Eric Adams
* Greg Abbott
* Kate Brown
* Andrew Cuomo
* Dave A. Chokshi
* Bill de Blasio
* Ron DeSantis
* Mike DeWine
* Eric Garcetti
* Kathy Hochul
* Larry Hogan
* Jay Inslee
* Jim Kenney
* Brian Kemp
* Ned Lamont
* Lori Lightfoot
* Phil Murphy
* Gavin Newsom
* J. B. Pritzker
* Gretchen Whitmer
* Tom Wolf

Scientists|

* Yaneer Bar-Yam
* Carl Bergstrom
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Natalie Dean
* Eric Feigl-Ding
* Céline Gounder
* Scott Gottlieb
* Peter Hotez
* Akiko Iwasaki
* Ashish Jha
* Marc Lipsitch
* Syra Madad
* Michael Mina
* Michael Osterholm
* Kimberly Prather
* Caitlin Rivers

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