Joe Lieberman

American politician (1942–2024)

Joe Lieberman

File:Joe Lieberman official portrait 2 (cropped 2).jpg

Official portrait, 2005

United States Senator
from Connecticut
In office
January 3, 1989 – January 3, 2013
Preceded by| Lowell Weicker
Succeeded by| Chris Murphy
Chair of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
In office
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013
Preceded by| Susan Collins
Succeeded by| Tom Carper
In office
June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by| Fred Thompson
Succeeded by| Susan Collins
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by| Fred Thompson
Succeeded by| Fred Thompson
21st Attorney General of Connecticut
In office
January 5, 1983 – January 3, 1989
Governor| William O'Neill
Preceded by| Carl R. Ajello
Succeeded by| Clarine Nardi Riddle
Member of the Connecticut State Senate
from the district
In office
January 1971 – January 1981
Preceded by| Edward Marcus
Succeeded by| John Daniels
Constituency|

* 11th district (1971–1973)
* 10th district (1973–1981)

Personal details
Born|

Joseph Isadore Lieberman

(1942-02-24)February 24, 1942
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
Died| March 27, 2024(2024-03-27) (aged 82)
New York City, U.S.
Resting place| Congregation Agudath Sholom
Political party|

* Democratic (before 2006, from 2013)
* Independent (2006–2013)[1]

Other political
affiliations|

* Connecticut for Lieberman (2006–2013)
* Senate Democratic Caucus (2006–2013)

Spouses|

* Betty Haas

(m. 1965; div. 1981)​

* Hadassah Freilich

(m. 1982)​

Children| 3
Education| Yale University (BA, LLB)
Signature| Joe Lieberman's signature

| File:Joe Lieberman official portrait 2 (cropped 2).jpg | This article is part of a series about
Joe Lieberman

|

* Political positions
* Electoral history

* * *

* Early life

* * *

Early political career

* Connecticut State Senate
* Connecticut Attorney General

* * *

U.S. Senator from Connecticut

* Tenure

* Democratic Leadership Council
* New Democrat Coalition
* Climate Stewardship Acts
* Connecticut for Lieberman
* Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010

* * *

Vice presidential campaign

* 2000
* selection
* convention
* election
* Florida recount
* Bush v. Gore

* * *

2004 presidential campaign

* * *

United States Senate

File:Joe Lieberman Signature.svg

* v
* t
* e

Joseph Isadore Lieberman (/ˈliːbərmən/; February 24, 1942 – March 27, 2024) was an American politician and lawyer who served as a United States senator from Connecticut from 1989 to 2013. A former member of the Democratic Party, he was its nominee for vice president of the United States in the 2000 U.S. presidential election. During his final term in office, he was officially listed as an independent Democrat and caucused with and chaired committees for the Democratic Party.

Lieberman was elected as a Reform Democrat in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate, where he served three terms as majority leader. After an unsuccessful bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980, he served as the Connecticut attorney general from 1983 to 1989. He narrowly defeated Republican Party incumbent Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the U.S. Senate and was re-elected in 1994, 2000, and 2006. He was the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in the 2000 presidential election, running with presidential nominee and then Vice President Al Gore, and becoming the first Jewish candidate on a U.S. major party presidential ticket.[2][3]

In the 2000 presidential election, Gore and Lieberman won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes but lost the deciding Electoral College to the Republican George W. Bush / Dick Cheney ticket 271–266. He also unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. During his Senate re-election bid in 2006, Lieberman lost the Democratic primary election but won re-election in the general election as a third party candidate under the Connecticut for Lieberman party label.

Lieberman was officially listed in Senate records for the 110th and 111th congresses as an Independent Democrat,[4] and sat as part of the Senate Democratic Caucus. After his speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention in which he endorsed John McCain for president, he no longer attended Democratic Caucus leadership strategy meetings or policy lunches.[5] The Senate Democratic Caucus voted to allow him to keep the chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Subsequently, he announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats.[6] Before the 2016 election, he endorsed Hillary Clinton for president and in 2020 endorsed Joe Biden for president.

As senator, Lieberman introduced and championed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and legislation that led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. During debate on the Affordable Care Act (ACA), as the crucial 60th vote needed to pass the legislation, his opposition to the public health insurance option was critical to its removal from the resulting bill signed by President Barack Obama.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 2 Early political career
* 3 U.S. Senate
* 3.1 Tenure
* 3.2 Vice presidential campaign
* 3.3 2006 Senate election
* 3.3.1 Primary
* 3.3.2 General election
* 3.4 Creation of Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
* 3.5 Fundraising
* 3.6 Committee assignments
* 3.7 Caucus memberships
* 4 Presidential election involvement
* 4.1 2000
* 4.2 2004
* 4.3 2008
* 4.4 2012, 2016, and 2020
* 5 Criticism
* 5.1 Iraq War support
* 5.2 Islamic extremism controversy
* 5.3 Filibuster
* 5.4 Support for surveillance
* 5.5 Suppressing whistleblowing
* 6 Political positions
* 7 Post-Senate career
* 8 Personal life and death
* 9 Electoral history
* 10 Awards
* 11 Published works
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## Early life[edit | edit source]

Lieberman was born on February 24, 1942, in Stamford, Connecticut, the son of Henry, who ran a liquor store, and Marcia (née Manger) Lieberman.[8] His family is Jewish; his paternal grandparents emigrated from Congress Poland and his maternal grandparents were from Austria-Hungary.[9]

In 1963, Lieberman traveled to Mississippi to work in support of the civil rights movement.[10] He received a Bachelor of Arts in both political science and economics from Yale University in 1964,[11] and was the first member of his family to attend college.[12] At Yale, he was editor of the Yale Daily News and a member of the Elihu Club.[13] While at Yale Lieberman was introduced to conservative thinker William F. Buckley Jr., who was also editor of the Yale Daily News; Buckley and Lieberman maintained a social relationship.[14] His roommate was Richard Sugarman, who later went on to become a Professor of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Vermont and advisor to 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.[15] Lieberman later attended Yale Law School, receiving his Bachelor of Laws in 1967.[16] After graduation from law school, Lieberman worked as a lawyer for the New Haven-based law firm Wiggin & Dana LLP.[17]

Lieberman received an educational deferment from the Vietnam War draft when he was an undergraduate and law student from 1960 to 1967. Upon graduating from law school at age 25, Lieberman qualified for a family deferment because he was already married and had a child.[18][19]

## Early political career[edit | edit source]

File:Reagan Contact Sheet C20739 (cropped2).jpg

Lieberman with President Ronald Reagan in 1984

File:Bush Contact Sheet P19345 (cropped).jpg

Lieberman with President George H. W. Bush in 1991

Lieberman was elected as a "reform Democrat" to the Connecticut Senate in 1970, where he served for 10 years, including the last six as Majority Leader.[20] He suffered his first defeat in Connecticut elections in the Reagan landslide year of 1980, losing the race for the third district congressional seat to Republican Lawrence Joseph DeNardis,[21] a state senator from suburban Hamden[22] with whom he had worked closely on bipartisan legislative efforts.[23] In 1981 he wrote an admiring biography of long-time Connecticut and national Democratic leader John Moran Bailey, reviewing also in the book the previous 50 years of Connecticut political history.[24]

From 1983 to 1989, Lieberman served as Connecticut Attorney General.[25] He argued one case before the United States Supreme Court, Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc., a free exercise case involving Connecticut's repeal of its blue laws.[14] In the 1986 general election, Lieberman won more votes than any other Democrat on the statewide ticket, including Governor William O'Neill.[26] As Attorney General, Lieberman emphasized consumer protection and environmental enforcement.[27]

## U.S. Senate[edit | edit source]

### Tenure[edit | edit source]

Lieberman was first elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat in the 1988 election, defeating liberal Republican Lowell Weicker by a margin of 10,000 votes.[28] He scored the nation's biggest political upset that year,[29] after being backed by a coalition of Democrats and unaffiliated voters with support from conservative Republicans, most notably including National Review founder and Firing Line host William F. Buckley Jr. and his brother, former New York Senator James L. Buckley,[30] who were disappointed in three-term Republican incumbent Weicker's liberal voting record and personal style. During the campaign, he received support from Connecticut's Cuban American community, which was unhappy with Weicker. Thereafter, Lieberman remained firmly anti-Castro.[31]

Shortly after his first election to the Senate, Lieberman was approached by incoming Majority Leader George Mitchell who advised him, "Pick out two or three areas that you're really interested in and learn them so that your colleagues know what you're talking about ... You're going to have more influence even as a freshman than you think because you know there's hundreds of issues and inevitably we rely on each other."[32] Recalling the conversation, Lieberman said "that was true when I first came in, although you could see partisanship beginning to eat away at that. But at the end of my 24 years, it was really so partisan that it was hard to make the combinations to get to 60 votes to break a filibuster to get things done."[32]

Lieberman's initiatives against violence in video games are considered the chief impetus behind the establishment of an industry-wide video game rating system during the early 1990s.[33]

File:Bill Clinton and officials on Air Force One.jpg

Lieberman (second from the left) and Senate colleagues with President Bill Clinton and his national security team on Air Force One to Bosnia in 1997

In 1994, Lieberman made history by winning by the largest landslide ever in a Connecticut Senate race, drawing 67 percent of the vote and beating his opponent by more than 350,000 votes.[20] Lieberman then served as chair of the Democratic Leadership Council from 1995 to 2001.[34] In 1998, Lieberman was the first prominent Democrat to publicly challenge Clinton for the judgment exercised in his affair with Monica Lewinsky;[35] however, he voted against removing Clinton from office by impeachment.[36] Of his criticism of Bill Clinton, Lieberman said in 2014:

> It was a very hard thing for me to do because I liked him but I really felt what he did was awful and that unless I felt myself if I didn't say something, I'd be a hypocrite. I also felt that if somebody who was supportive of him didn't say something, it would not be good. And so it got a lot of attention. I got a call from Erskine Bowles who was Chief of Staff about three or four days later saying that he was going to express an opinion which wasn't universally held at the White House – he thought I helped the president by bursting the boil, that was the metaphor he used. The following Sunday morning, I'm at home and the phone rings, it's the White House. And it's now about a week and a couple of days since I made the speech. The president says, it was the president, "I just want you to know that there's nothing you said in that speech that I don't agree with. And I want you to know that I'm working on it." And we talked for about forty-five minutes. It was amazing.[32]

In 2000, Lieberman was elected to a third Senate term, defeating the Republican candidate, Philip Giordano.[37]

### Vice presidential campaign[edit | edit source]

Lieberman's 2000 Senate campaign was concurrent with that year's presidential election. In August 2000, Vice President Al Gore announced that he had selected Lieberman as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became the first practicing Jew to run for the nation's second-highest office.[38] Lieberman was selected from a group of potential running mates that reportedly included Senators John Kerry and John Edwards, the team that would form the Democratic presidential ticket four years later.[39]

Lieberman had a reputation of being a more ideologically conservative Democrat than Gore.[40] Because of Lieberman's criticism of Clinton's personal behavior, some viewed Gore's choice of Lieberman as a way to distance himself from the scandals of the Clinton White House.[41] The Gore–Lieberman ticket was defeated in a hard-fought election that was contested for weeks after the vote. On December 12, a U.S. Supreme Court ruling brought the race to an official end, confirming the decision in the favor of the Bush-Cheney ticket.[20]

### 2006 Senate election[edit | edit source]

#### Primary[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2006 United States Senate election in Connecticut § Democratic primary

Democratic Primary Results  Candidate  | Votes[42] | Percentage

|
|

Ned Lamont | 146,587  | 52%
Joe Lieberman  | 136,468  | 48%

Lieberman sought the Democratic Party's renomination for U.S. Senate from Connecticut in 2006 but lost to the comparatively more liberal[43] Ned Lamont, a Greenwich businessman[44] and antiwar candidate.[45] Lamont received 33 percent of the delegates' votes at the Connecticut Democratic Convention in May, forcing an August primary.[46]

In July, Lieberman announced that he would file papers to appear on the November ballot should he lose the primary, saying, "I'm a loyal Democrat, but I have loyalties that are greater than those to my party, and that's my loyalty to my state and my country."[47] He said he would continue to sit as a Democrat in the Senate even if he was defeated in the primary and elected on an unaffiliated line, and expressed concern for a potentially low turnout.[48] On July 10, the Lieberman campaign officially filed paperwork allowing him to collect signatures for the newly formed Connecticut for Lieberman party ballot line.[49]

On August 8, 2006, Lieberman conceded the Democratic primary election to Ned Lamont, saying, "For the sake of our state, our country and my party, I cannot and will not let that result stand,"[50] and announced he would run in the 2006 November election as an independent candidate on the Connecticut for Lieberman ticket, against both Lamont and the Republican candidate, Alan Schlesinger.[51]

#### General election[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2006 United States Senate election in Connecticut

File:Joe Lieberman July 2006.jpg

Lieberman during his re-election campaign on an independent ticket

Polls after the primary showed Lieberman leading by varying margins.[52] Alan Schlesinger barely registered support,[53] and his campaign had run into problems based on alleged gambling debts. According to columnist Steve Kornacki, Lieberman was therefore "able to run in the general election as the de facto Republican candidate – every major Republican office-holder in the state endorsed him – and to supplement that GOP base with strong support from independents."[54]

On August 9, 2006, Hillary Clinton, the junior U.S. senator from New York, affirmed her pledge to support the primary winner, saying "voters of Connecticut have made their decision and I think that decision should be respected",[55] and Howard Dean called for Lieberman to quit the race, saying he was being "disrespectful of Democrats and disrespectful of the Democratic Party".[56] On August 10, in his first campaign appearance since losing the Democratic primary, referencing the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, Lieberman criticized Lamont, saying: "If we just pick up like Ned Lamont wants us to do, get out [of Iraq] by a date certain, it will be taken as a tremendous victory by the same people who wanted to blow up these planes in this plot hatched in England. It will strengthen them and they will strike again."[57] Lamont noted Lieberman's position was similar to George W. Bush and Dick Cheney's position. Lamont said, "That comment sounds an awful lot like Vice President Cheney's comment on Wednesday. Both of them believe our invasion of Iraq has a lot to do with 9/11. That's a false premise."[57] Lieberman's communications director replied that Lamont was politicizing national security by "portraying [Lieberman] as a soul mate of President Bush on Iraq".[57]

As a Democrat, Lieberman earned an inordinate amount of support from some prominent conservatives in American politics. On August 17, 2006, the National Republican Senatorial Committee stated that they would favor a Lieberman victory in the November election over Democratic nominee Ned Lamont; however, the NRSC stated that they were not going so far as to actually support Lieberman.[58] Former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani praised Lieberman at a South Carolina campaign stop on August 18, saying he was "a really exceptional senator".[59] Five Democratic senators maintained their support for Lieberman, and Lieberman also received the strong support of former senator and Democratic stalwart Bob Kerrey, who offered to stump for him.[60] Democratic minority leader Harry Reid, while endorsing Lamont, promised Lieberman that he would retain his committee positions and seniority if he prevailed in the general election. On August 28, Lieberman campaigned at the same motorcycle rally as Republican Congressman Christopher Shays.[61] Shays told a crowd of motorcycle enthusiasts, "We have a national treasure in Joe Lieberman." Mel Sembler, a former Republican National Committee finance chairman, helped organize a reception that raised a "couple hundred thousand dollars" for Lieberman, who was personally in attendance. Sembler is a prominent Republican who chaired I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby's legal defense fund.[62] New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg held a fundraiser for Lieberman at his home in November, co-hosted by former mayor Ed Koch and former Senator Alfonse M. D'Amato.[63] Koch called Lieberman "one of the greatest Senators we've ever had in the Senate."[64]

Despite still considering himself a Democrat, Lieberman was endorsed by numerous Republicans who actively spoke out in favor of his candidacy. Lieberman was also the focus of websites such as ConservativesforLieberman06.com.[65] On November 7, Lieberman won re-election with 50% of the vote. Ned Lamont garnered 40% of ballots cast and Alan Schlesinger won 10%.[66] Lieberman received support from 33% of Democrats, 54% of independents and 70% of Republicans.[67]

### Creation of Department of Homeland Security (DHS)[edit | edit source]

File:U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman Joe Lieberman and Ranking Member Susan Collins address bipartisan suggestion on countermeasures toward domestic terrorism.jpg

Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman Lieberman and Ranking Member Susan Collins address bipartisan suggestion on countermeasures toward Islamist extremism and domestic terrorism in U.S.

When control of the Senate switched from Republicans to Democrats in June 2001, Lieberman became Chairman of the Governmental Affairs Committee, with oversight responsibilities for a broad range of government activities. He was also a member of the Environment and Public Works Committee and chair of its Subcommittee Clean Air, Wetlands and Private Property; the Armed Services Committee, where he chaired the Airland Subcommittee and sat on the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities; and the Small Business Committee. When Republicans gained control of the Senate in January 2003, Lieberman resumed his role as ranking minority member of the committees he had once chaired.[68]

Lieberman was an early supporter of the creation of the Department of Homeland Security as the chairman of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee,[69][70] proposing organizing FEMA, the U.S. Customs Service, the U.S. Border Patrol, the U.S. Coast Guard, and other agencies under the new department.[71] This proposal was eventually implemented in the Homeland Security Act of 2002.[72][73]

In 2006, Senators Lieberman and Collins drafted legislation to reshape the Federal Emergency Management Agency into an agency that would more effectively prepare for and respond to catastrophes, including natural disasters and terrorist attacks. The legislation elevated FEMA to special status within the Department of Homeland Security, much like the Coast Guard and designated FEMA's head to be the president's point person during an emergency. The bill also called for the reunification of FEMA's preparedness and response functions, giving it responsibility for all phases of emergency management. In addition, the measure strengthened FEMA's regional offices, creating dedicated interagency "strike teams" to provide the initial federal response to a disaster in the region. The legislation passed Congress in September 2006.[74]

As the 2007 hurricane season approached, Lieberman held an oversight hearing on implementation of the FEMA reforms on May 22, 2007. He urged FEMA to implement the reforms at a quicker pace.[75]

Lieberman was involved in congressional oversight of the response to the H1N1 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and held four hearings on the subject in 2009, including one in Connecticut. At the hearings, he pressed the United States Department of Health and Human Services to distribute vaccines and antiviral medications at a quicker pace and to streamline the process.[76]

In the 110th Congress, Lieberman was Chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, which is responsible for assuring the Federal Government's efficiency and effectiveness. He was also a member of the Environment and Public Works Committee; Senate Armed Services Committee, where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Air Land Forces and sat on the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities; and the Small Business Committee.[73]

### Fundraising[edit | edit source]

From 1989 onwards, Lieberman received more than $31.4 million in campaign donations from specific industries and sectors. His largest donors represented the securities and investment ($3.7 million), legal ($3.6 million), real estate ($3.1 million), and health professional ($1.1 million) industries.[77]

### Committee assignments[edit | edit source]

File:Defense.gov photo essay 100617-N-0696M-128.jpg

Senators Lieberman and John McCain talk with Navy Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff before a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing, 2010.

* Committee on Armed Services[78]
* Subcommittee on Airland (Chairman)[79]
* Subcommittee on Personnel[80]
* Subcommittee on SeaPower[80]
* Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (Chairman)[81][82]
* Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship[83]
* Committee on Environment and Public Works
* Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming (Chairman)[84]

### Caucus memberships[edit | edit source]

* Senate Caucus on Global Internet Freedom[85]
* Congressional Fire Services Caucus (Co-Chair)[86]
* Congressional Public Service Caucus (Co-Chair)[87]
* International Conservation Caucus[88]

## Presidential election involvement[edit | edit source]

### 2000[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2000 United States presidential election

File:20.ElectionProtest.USSC.WDC.11December2000 (21746677994).jpg

Supporters for the Gore–Lieberman ticket

In August 2000, Lieberman was selected as the nominee for Vice President of the United States by Al Gore, the Democratic Party nominee for president.[89] Among the last round candidates were U.S. senators Bob Graham, John Kerry and John Edwards. The nomination committee was headed by Warren Christopher.[90] Lieberman was the first Jewish candidate on a major political party ticket.[89] Of the vetting process, Lieberman related a conversation in which Christopher told him the background checks would be "like a medical procedure without an anesthesia."[32]

The Gore/Lieberman ticket won a plurality of the popular vote, with over half a million more votes than the Republican ticket of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, but they were defeated in the Electoral College by a vote of 271 to 266 after an intense legal battle concerning the outcome in disputed counties (see Bush v. Gore).[91] The US Supreme Court ruled that the Florida Supreme Court's ordered recount was unconstitutional and said that it defers to what it believes is the Florida Supreme Court's judgment that December 12 is the deadline for all recounts—thus preventing a new recount from being ordered.[92]

He decided to run for re-election to maintain his Senate seat, as vice-presidential candidates Joe Biden and Paul Ryan did for their senatorial and congressional seats respectively in 2008 and 2012.[93] Lieberman would subsequently win his re-election and continued serving in the Senate until his retirement in 2012.[94]

### 2004[edit | edit source]

Main article: Joe Lieberman 2004 presidential campaign

File:02.15.DNC.FallMeet.WDC.3October2003 (21692141604).jpg

Supporters for Joe Lieberman

On January 13, 2003, Lieberman announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination as a candidate in the 2004 presidential election.[95] Lieberman campaigned on his experience in government as well as his centrist and hawkish positions.[96] Indeed, he initially led in polls of primaries, but due to his political positions he failed to win a support of liberal Democratic voters, who dominated the primaries.[97]

Prior to his defeat in New Hampshire, Lieberman declared that his campaign was picking up "Joementum";[98] however, he failed to provide such momentum during the New Hampshire primary debates, held at Saint Anselm College days before the primary.[99] On February 3, 2004, Lieberman withdrew his candidacy after failing to win any of the five primaries or two caucuses held that day. He acknowledged to the Hartford Courant that his support for the war in Iraq was a large part of his undoing with voters.[100]

Lieberman's former running candidate Al Gore did not support Lieberman's presidential run, and in December 2003 endorsed Howard Dean's candidacy, saying "This is about all of us and all of us need to get behind the strongest candidate [Dean]."[101] Finally, Lieberman withdrew from the race without winning a single contest. In total popular vote he placed 7th behind the eventual nominee, Massachusetts senator John Kerry; the eventual vice presidential nominee, North Carolina Senator John Edwards; former Governor of Vermont Howard Dean; Ohio Representative Dennis Kucinich; retired General Wesley Clark; and Reverend Al Sharpton.[102]

### 2008[edit | edit source]

Further information: 2008 United States presidential election

File:Mccainliebermann.JPG

Lieberman with Presidential Candidate John McCain at an event in Derry, New Hampshire

On December 17, 2007, Lieberman endorsed Republican Senator John McCain for president in 2008,[103] going against his party and going back on his stance in July 2006 when he stated "I want Democrats to be back in the majority in Washington and elect a Democratic president in 2008."[104] Lieberman cited his agreement with McCain's stance on the War on Terrorism as the primary reason for the endorsement.[105]

On June 5, 2008, Lieberman launched "Citizens for McCain", hosted on the McCain campaign website, to recruit Democratic support for John McCain's candidacy. He emphasized the group's outreach to supporters of Hillary Clinton, who was at that time broadly expected to lose the Democratic presidential nomination to Barack Obama.[106] Citizens for McCain was prominently featured in McCain team efforts to attract disgruntled Hillary Clinton supporters such as Debra Bartoshevich.[107][108]

Lieberman spoke at the 2008 Republican National Convention on behalf of McCain and his running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[109] Lieberman was alongside McCain and Senator Lindsey Graham during a visit to French president Nicolas Sarkozy on March 21, 2008.[110] Lieberman was mentioned as a possible vice presidential nominee on a McCain ticket.[111][112] ABC News reported that Lieberman was McCain's first choice for vice president until several days before the selection, when McCain had decided that picking Lieberman would alienate the conservative base of the Republican Party.[113][114] Lieberman had been mentioned as a possible Secretary of State under a McCain administration.[115]

Many Democrats wanted Lieberman to be stripped of his chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs due to his support for John McCain which went against the party's wishes.[116] Republican Minority Leader Mitch McConnell reached out to Lieberman, asking him to caucus with the Republicans.[117] Ultimately, the Senate Democratic Caucus voted 42 to 13 to allow Lieberman to keep chairmanship (although he did lose his membership for the Environment and Public Works Committee). Subsequently, Lieberman announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats.[6] Lieberman credited President-elect Barack Obama for helping him keep his chairmanship. Obama had privately urged Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid not to remove Lieberman from his position. Reid stated that Lieberman's criticism of Obama during the election angered him, but that "if you look at the problems we face as a nation, is this a time we walk out of here saying, 'Boy did we get even'?" Senator Tom Carper of Delaware also credited the Democrats' decision on Lieberman to Obama's support, stating that "If Barack can move on, so can we."[118][119]

Some members of the Democratic caucus were reportedly angry at the decision not to punish Lieberman more severely. The independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont stated that he voted to punish Lieberman "because while millions of people worked hard for Obama, Lieberman actively worked for four more years of President Bush's policies."[119] Lieberman's embrace of certain conservative policies and in particular his endorsement of John McCain have been cited as factors for his high approval rating among Republicans in Connecticut with 66% of Republicans approving of him along with 52% of independents also approving of his job performance; this is also cited for his mediocre approval rating among Democrats: 44% approving and 46% disapproving.[120] In September 2018, Lieberman gave a eulogy at the funeral of John McCain, in which he stated that he had turned down a request to serve as McCain's 2008 running mate.[121]

### 2012, 2016, and 2020[edit | edit source]

In April 2012, Lieberman announced that he would not make any public endorsements in the 2012 presidential election between President Obama and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney.[122] On August 10, 2016, Lieberman endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.[123] On September 13, 2020, Lieberman endorsed Democratic candidate Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election.[124]

## Criticism[edit | edit source]

File:U.S. Senator Joe Leiberman speaks at a 2005 event to keep Alaska wild to save polar bears among other arctic wildlifes.jpg

Senator Lieberman speaking at a 2005 event to keep Alaska wild to save polar bears, among other arctic wildlife

### Iraq War support[edit | edit source]

Lieberman was a supporter of the Iraq War and urged action against Iran. In July 2008, Lieberman spoke at the annual conference of Christians United for Israel (CUFI). In July 2009, he accepted CUFI's "Defender of Israel Award" from John Hagee.[125] Pastor Hagee, CUFI's founder and leader, made a number of controversial remarks, including a statement that the Catholic Church is "the great whore" and a suggestion that God allowed the Holocaust to happen to bring the Jews to Israel.[126]

### Islamic extremism controversy[edit | edit source]

In April 2010, Lieberman blasted President Obama for stripping terms like "Islamic extremism" from a key national security document, calling the move dishonest, wrong-headed, and disrespectful to the majority of Muslims who are not terrorists.[127]

### Filibuster[edit | edit source]

While favoring the filibuster and threatening to use it in 2009 to eliminate a public health option as part of the healthcare proposal, Lieberman once strongly opposed the filibuster. In 1995, he joined with Senator Tom Harkin to co-sponsor an amendment to kill the filibuster. Lieberman told the Hartford Courant: "The filibuster hurts the credibility of the entire Senate and impedes progress."[128]

### Support for surveillance[edit | edit source]

Lieberman favored greater use of surveillance cameras by the federal government and referred to attempts by Congress to investigate illegal wiretapping as "partisan gridlock". On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010",[129] which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE). If signed into law, this controversial bill, which the American media dubbed the "Internet kill switch", would grant the President emergency powers over the Internet; however, all three co-authors of the bill issued a statement claiming that instead, the bill "[narrowed] existing broad Presidential authority to take over telecommunications networks".[130] American computer security specialist and author Bruce Schneier objected to the "kill switch" proposal on the basis that it rests on several faulty assumptions and that it's "too coarse a hammer". However, Schneier also wrote: "Defending his proposal, Sen. Lieberman pointed out that China has this capability. It's debatable whether or not it actually does, but it's actively pursuing the capability because the country cares less about its citizens. Here in the U.S., it is both wrong and dangerous to give the president the power and ability to commit Internet suicide and terrorize Americans in this way."[131]

### Suppressing whistleblowing[edit | edit source]

Lieberman was a major opponent of the whistleblowing website WikiLeaks. His staff "made inquiries" of Amazon.com and other internet companies such as PayPal, Visa, and MasterCard which resulted in them suspending service to WikiLeaks. Journalist Glenn Greenwald called Lieberman's actions "one of the most pernicious acts by a U.S. Senator in quite some time," and accused Lieberman of "emulat[ing] Chinese dictators" by "abusing his position as Homeland Security Chairman to thuggishly dictate to private companies which websites they should and should not host – and, more important, what you can and cannot read on the Internet."[132] Lieberman also suggested that "The New York Times and other news organisations publishing the U.S. embassy cables being released by WikiLeaks could be investigated for breaking US espionage laws."[133]

Along with Senators John Ensign and Scott Brown, Lieberman "introduced a bill to amend the Espionage Act in order to facilitate the prosecution of folks like Wikileaks."[134] Critics have noted that "[l]eaking [classified] information in the first place is already a crime, so the measure is aimed squarely at publishers," and that "Lieberman's proposed solution to WikiLeaks could have implications for journalists reporting on some of the more unsavory practices of the intelligence community."[135] Legal analyst Benjamin Wittes called the proposed legislation "the worst of both worlds", saying:

> It leaves intact the current World War I–era Espionage Act provision, 18 U.S.C. 793(e), a law [with] many problems ... and then takes a currently well-drawn law and expands its scope to the point that it covers a lot more than the most reckless of media excesses. A lot of good journalism would be a crime under this provision; after all, knowingly and willfully publishing material "concerning the human intelligence activities of the United States or any foreign government" is no small part of what a good newspaper does.[134]

As a result of these statements and actions, Lieberman was perceived as an opponent of Internet free speech and become the target of Anonymous attacks under Operation Payback.[136][137]

## Political positions[edit | edit source]

Main article: Political positions of Joe Lieberman

File:Msc 2007-Saturday, 09.00 - 11.00 Uhr-Moerk018 Merkel Leibermann.jpg

Senator Lieberman with German Chancellor Angela Merkel at the 2007 Munich Security Conference

File:Senators McCain, Graham, Liberman, and Gillibrand (5169093576 1738c8c1d2 o).jpg

Senator Lieberman with bipartisan delegation John McCain (R-AZ), Lindsey Graham (R-SC) and Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) visit International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and Commander of NATO and ISAF David H. Petraeus in 2010

Lieberman was a strong advocate for the war in Iraq.[138] He was also a strong supporter of the U.S.-Israel relationship.[139] On domestic issues, he supported free trade economics[140] while also reliably voting for pro-trade union legislation.[141] As part of the Gang of 14, he opposed filibustering Republican judicial appointments.[142] Lieberman was a supporter of abortion rights[143] and of the rights of gays and lesbians to be protected with hate crime legislation, and to serve openly in the military.[144] Lieberman was one of the Senate's leading opponents of violence in video games and on television. Lieberman described himself as being "genuinely an Independent", saying "I agree more often than not with Democrats on domestic policy. I agree more often than not with Republicans on foreign and defense policy."[145] Lieberman was known for his leadership in the successful effort to repeal the Don't ask, don't tell policy regarding sexual orientation in the U.S. Armed Forces.[146][147][148]

During debate on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Lieberman opposed the public option. As the crucial 60th vote needed to pass the legislation, his opposition to the public option was critical for its removal from the resulting bill.[7] Lieberman was an integral part in attempting to stop WikiLeaks from publishing further material using U.S.-based corporations in the United States diplomatic cables leak of 2010.[149] That same year, he joined Republican Senator Scott Brown and bipartisan House members Jason Altmire and Charlie Dent in introducing the Terrorist Expatriation Act, which proposed stripping citizenship rights from Americans who took arms against the United States or provided material support to enemy combatants. The bill received mixed reviews and was heavily criticized by some senior Democrats.[150][151]

In June 2015, Lieberman was a signatory to a public letter written by a bipartisan group of 19 U.S. diplomats, experts, and others, on the then-pending negotiations for an agreement between Iran and world powers over Iran's nuclear program.[152][153] That letter outlined concerns about several provisions in the then-unfinished agreement and called for a number of improvements to strengthen the prospective agreement and win the letter-writers' support for it.[152] The final agreement, concluded in July 2015, shows the influence of the letter.[152]

In May 2021, Lieberman expressed support for Israel in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and praised "the quiet and effective diplomacy of President Biden, who was not drawn in by the left of the Democratic Party to essentially take a stand against Israel."[154]

## Post-Senate career[edit | edit source]

A survey in October 2010 showed that Lieberman had an approval rating of 31% and that just 24% of Connecticut voters felt he deserved re-election.[155] Lieberman announced on January 19, 2011, that he would retire from the Senate at the end of his fourth term.[156][157] Lieberman gave his farewell address on December 12, 2012.[158] He was succeeded by Democratic representative Chris Murphy.[159]

Following his retirement from the Senate, Lieberman moved to Riverdale, Bronx, and registered to vote in New York as a Democrat.[1] He became senior counsel of the white collar criminal defense and investigations practice at Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman, a law firm in New York City whose notable clients include Donald Trump.[160] In March 2013, it was announced that Lieberman would be joining the conservative American Enterprise Institute think tank as co-chairman of their American Internationalism Project, alongside former Republican Senator Jon Kyl.[161] In February 2014, Lieberman was named as Counselor at the National Bureau of Asian Research.[162] Additionally, he served as the Lieberman Chair of Public Policy and Public Service at Yeshiva University, where he taught an undergraduate course in political science.[11]

File:NL New Hampshire Governor's Forum (30269963736).jpg

Lieberman speaks with former Republican Party presidential candidate and Governor of Utah Jon Huntsman Jr. at a bipartisan event hosted by the No Labels Foundation in 2016.

In 2015, Lieberman served as co-chair of the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a commission that recommended changes to U.S. policy regarding biodefense.[163] In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Lieberman headed the organization with former Governor Tom Ridge, and the Study Panel assembled in Washington, D.C., for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had inadequate defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, The National Blueprint for Biodefense, proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.[164] In 2022, the group released a report recommending a $10 billion, 10-year program to prevent the next pandemic, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.[165]

In August 2015, Lieberman became chairman of the advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI).[166] In March 2016, Lieberman was hired by the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation to assist the group in challenging Connecticut laws giving exemptions to only the top two state gaming tribes to build casinos.[167][168] That same year, Lieberman joined the Muslim-Jewish Advisory Council, an organization founded to address anti-Muslim and anti-Jewish bigotry in the United States.[169] Lieberman was also on the advisory board of the Counter Extremism Project (CEP).[170]

In early 2017, Lieberman introduced President elect Donald Trump's nominee as Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos to the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pension committee. One report on Lieberman's involvement was critical of him for failing to disclose in his testimony the extensive legal work his Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman law firm had done for Donald Trump since at least as long ago as 2001. The work included bankrupt casino restructuring and, during the 2016 campaign, threatening The New York Times over publication of a few 1995 Trump tax documents.[171]

On May 17, 2017, Lieberman was interviewed by President Donald Trump for the position of FBI Director, to replace recently fired James Comey.[172] The interview took place against the background of the appointment of Special Counsel Robert Mueller to investigate issues connected to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[173] Speaking to reporters while meeting with Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, Trump said he was "very close" to choosing a new FBI director to replace James Comey, and when asked if Lieberman was his top pick, Trump said yes.[174] The President also stated that the odds were "better than 50-50" that his pick for FBI director would be made before he departed for his first trip abroad on Friday;[175] however, no announcement was made publicly on Friday.[175] On May 25, 2017, Lieberman officially withdrew his name from consideration.[176]

On July 17, 2018, Lieberman published an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal imploring people to vote for Joe Crowley, who was defeated in the Democratic primary by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Crowley would run on the Working Families Party line, without support of a major party, similar to how Lieberman defeated Lamont in 2006. Lieberman continued to remain critical of Ocasio-Cortez, stating that "With all respect, I certainly hope she's not the future, and I don't believe she is."[177] In January 2019 Lieberman officially registered as a lobbyist working for ZTE but stated that his work for the corporation will be limited to assess national security concerns and will not include actual lobbying.[178] In July 2022, Lieberman became one of the founding members of a group of U.S. business and policy leaders which shares the goal of engaging constructively with China and improving U.S.-China relations.[179]

## Personal life and death[edit | edit source]

Lieberman met his first wife, Betty Haas, at the congressional office of Senator Abraham Ribicoff (D-CT), where they worked as summer student interns. They married in 1965 while Joe Lieberman was in law school. They had two children – Matt and Rebecca. Betty, who is also Jewish, later worked as a psychiatric social worker. In 1981, the couple divorced. When asked about the divorce in an interview with New York Magazine, Lieberman said, "one of the differences we had was in levels of religious observance", adding, "I'm convinced if that was the only difference, we wouldn't have gotten divorced."[180]

File:Senator Joe Lieberman and his wife Hadassah on their way to the Capitol in 2011.jpg

Senator Lieberman and his wife Hadassah riding the United States Capitol subway system to the U.S. Capitol in 2011

In 1982, he met his second wife, Hadassah Freilich Tucker, while he was running for Attorney General of Connecticut. Hadassah Tucker's parents were Holocaust survivors.[14] According to Washington Jewish Week, Lieberman called her for a date because he thought it would be interesting to go out with someone named Hadassah. (Hadassah is the name of the Women's Zionist Organization of America).[181] From March 2005, Hadassah Lieberman worked for Hill & Knowlton, a lobbying firm based in New York City, as a senior counselor in its health and pharmaceuticals practice. She held senior positions at the Hospital of Saint Raphael in New Haven, the American Committee for Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem, Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO), Pfizer, National Research Council, Hoffmann-La Roche, and Lehman Brothers.[182]

Joe and Hadassah Lieberman had a daughter, Hana. In 2018 she made Aliyah to Israel with her family.[183] Lieberman also had a stepson from Hadassah's previous marriage with Gordon Tucker, Ethan Tucker. Lieberman's son, Matt, graduated from Yale University and from Yale Law School.[184] He is the former head of the school of Greenfield Hebrew Academy in Atlanta.[185] He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2020 United States Senate special election in Georgia.[186] Rebecca, Lieberman's daughter, graduated from Barnard College in 1991, and from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1997.[187] Lieberman's stepson Ethan graduated from Harvard College in 1997 and received his rabbinic ordination from the Chief Rabbinate of Israel.[188][189]

File:Joe Lieberman Marty Markowitz BBF 2011 Shankbone.JPG

Lieberman with Marty Markowitz at the 2011 Brooklyn Book Festival to discuss the role spirituality played in his life

Lieberman described himself as an "observant" Jew.[2] His first wife, Betty Haas, is a Reform Jew. After the death of his grandmother, a deeply religious immigrant, in 1967, he found a renewed interest in religious observance. His second wife, Hadassah, is also an observant Modern Orthodox Jew. "Hadassah calls herself my right wing", said Lieberman.[180] In Lieberman's 1988 upset of Republican Party incumbent Senator Lowell Weicker, Lieberman's religious observance was mostly viewed in terms of refusal to campaign on the Jewish Sabbath. This changed when Al Gore chose Lieberman as the running mate; a Lieberman press officer who spoke on condition of anonymity said: "He refers to himself as observant, as opposed to Orthodox, because he doesn't follow the strict Orthodox code and doesn't want to offend the Orthodox, and his wife feels the same way."[190]

The Liebermans kept a kosher home and observed the Sabbath.[190] In one notable instance, then-Senator Lieberman walked to the Capitol after Sabbath services to block a Republican filibuster.[191] Lieberman said that there was currently "a constitutional place for faith in our public life", and that the Constitution does not provide for "freedom from religion".[192] He attended Kesher Israel Congregation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and Beth Hamedrosh Hagodol – B'nai Israel, The Westville Synagogue, New Haven, Connecticut.[193] He also attended Congregation Agudath Sholom in his hometown of Stamford. Lieberman was an admirer of the last Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. He said of Schneerson, "I was impressed by this man, by his obvious spirituality, by his soaring intellect, by the extent to which he was involved in the world."[194] He said he had studied the commentaries of Rabbis Joseph Ber Soloveitchik and Abraham Isaac Kook.[14]

Lieberman was the first person of Jewish background or faith to run on a major party presidential ticket.[195] Lieberman said that he liked to sing and was a fan of Frank Sinatra, whose song "My Way" was the theme of his first Senate campaign.[14] He chanted the classic section of Proverbs "Eshet Hayil" to his wife every Friday night.[14]

On March 27, 2024, Lieberman died at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, aged 82, from injuries that he sustained in a fall at his home in the Bronx.[196][197] He received tributes from many, including from Presidents Joe Biden, Barack Obama, George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, Vice Presidents Kamala Harris, Mike Pence and Al Gore, Senators Tom Cotton and Lindsey Graham, and Israeli politicians Isaac Herzog and Benjamin Netanyahu.[198][199][200][201][non-primary source needed][202][203][non-primary source needed] Lieberman is entombed in the cemetery at Congregation Agudath Sholom.[204]

## Electoral history[edit | edit source]

Main article: Electoral history of Joe Lieberman

## Awards[edit | edit source]

File:US Navy 100408-N-4437G-217 Senator Joe Lieberman, center, speaks with Rear Adm. Michael E. McLaughlin, left, and Capt. Marc W. Denno during a tour of SUBASE New London.jpg

Senator Lieberman visits Navy base in Groton, Connecticut.

In 2008, Lieberman received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[205]

In 2011, the National Defense University foundation honored Senators Lieberman and John McCain the American Patriot Award for their lifetimes of public service. They were recognized for their outstanding record of contributions to America's national security, armed forces and veterans throughout their impressive careers in government.[206]

In 2011, Lieberman was awarded St. George Order of Victory by President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili for his support of Georgia following their 2008 war with Russia.[207]

## Published works[edit | edit source]

Lieberman authored at least ten books, including The Power Broker (1966), a biography of the late Democratic Party chairman John M. Bailey;[208][209] The Scorpion and the Tarantula (1970), a study of early efforts to control nuclear proliferation;[210][211] The Legacy (1981), a history of Connecticut politics from 1930 to 1980;[212][213] Child Support in America: Practical Advice on Negotiating and Collecting a Fair Settlement (1986), a guidebook on methods to increase the collection of child support from delinquent fathers;[214][215] In Praise of Public Life (2000);[216][217] An Amazing Adventure: Joe and Hadassah's Personal Notes on the 2000 Campaign (2003), reflecting on his 2000 vice presidential run;[218][219] The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath (2011), written with David Klinghoffer,[220][221] With Liberty and Justice: The Fifty-Day Journey from Egypt to Sinai (2018), on a trip with Rabbi Ari D. Kahn,[222][223] and The Centrist Solution: How We Made Government Work and Can Make It Work Again (2021).[224][225][226] In his book Ticking Time Bomb: Counter-Terrorism Lessons from the U.S. Government's Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack (2011), he described Australian Muslim preacher Feiz Mohammad, American-Yemeni imam Anwar al-Awlaki, Muslim cleric Abdullah el-Faisal, and Pakistani-American Samir Khan as "virtual spiritual sanctioners" who use the internet to offer religious justification for Islamist terrorism.[227]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Conservative Democrat
* Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates
* List of Jewish American jurists
* List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
* List of United States senators who switched parties

## References[edit | edit source]

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Connecticut State Senate

Preceded by

Edward Marcus

|  Member of the Connecticut State Senate
from the 11th district
1971–1973  | Succeeded by

Anthony Ciarlone

Preceded by

Anthony Ciarlone

|  Member of the Connecticut State Senate
from the 10th district
1973–1981  | Succeeded by

John Daniels

Legal offices
Preceded by

Carl R. Ajello

|  Attorney General of Connecticut
1983–1989  | Succeeded by

Clarine Nardi Riddle

Party political offices
Preceded by

Toby Moffett

|  Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Connecticut
(Class 1)
1988, 1994, 2000 | Succeeded by

Ned Lamont

Preceded by

Dave McCurdy

|  Chair of the Democratic Leadership Council
1995–2001  | Succeeded by

Evan Bayh

Preceded by

Al Gore

|  Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
2000 | Succeeded by

John Edwards

U.S. Senate
Preceded by

Lowell Weicker

|  U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Connecticut
1989–2013
Served alongside: Chris Dodd, Richard Blumenthal | Succeeded by

Chris Murphy

Preceded by

Fred Thompson

|  Chair of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee
2001–2003  | Succeeded by

Susan Collins

Preceded by

Susan Collins

|  Chair of the Senate Homeland Security Committee
2007–2013  | Succeeded by

Tom Carper

* v
* t
* e

Unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States

1. George Clinton (1792)
2. Thomas Pinckney (1796)
3. Aaron Burr (1796)
4. Charles C. Pinckney (1800)
5. Rufus King (1804, 1808)
6. Jared Ingersoll (1812)
7. John E. Howard (1816)
8. Nathan Sanford (1824)
9. Nathaniel Macon (1824)
10. Richard Rush (1828)
11. John Sergeant (1832)
12. Francis Granger (1836)
13. John Tyler (1836)
14. Richard M. Johnson (1840)
15. Theodore Frelinghuysen (1844)
16. William O. Butler (1848)
17. William A. Graham (1852)
18. William L. Dayton (1856)
19. Herschel V. Johnson (1860)
20. George H. Pendleton (1864)
21. Francis P. Blair Jr. (1868)
22. Benjamin G. Brown (1872)
23. Thomas A. Hendricks (1876)
24. William H. English (1880)
25. John A. Logan (1884)
26. Allen G. Thurman (1888)
27. Whitelaw Reid (1892)
28. Arthur Sewall (1896)
29. Adlai Stevenson I (1900)
30. Henry G. Davis (1904)
31. John W. Kern (1908)
32. James S. Sherman (1912)
33. Charles W. Fairbanks (1916)
34. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1920)
35. Charles W. Bryan (1924)
36. Joseph T. Robinson (1928)
37. Charles Curtis (1932)
38. Frank Knox (1936)
39. Charles L. McNary (1940)
40. John W. Bricker (1944)
41. Earl Warren (1948)
42. John Sparkman (1952)
43. Estes Kefauver (1956)
44. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1960)
45. William E. Miller (1964)
46. Edmund Muskie (1968)
47. Sargent Shriver (1972)
48. Bob Dole (1976)
49. Walter Mondale (1980)
50. Geraldine Ferraro (1984)
51. Lloyd Bentsen (1988)
52. Dan Quayle (1992)
53. Jack Kemp (1996)
54. Joe Lieberman (2000)
55. John Edwards (2004)
56. Sarah Palin (2008)
57. Paul Ryan (2012)
58. Tim Kaine (2016)
59. Mike Pence (2020)

* All vice presidential candidates
* Vice presidents

* v
* t
* e

United States senators from Connecticut

Class 1|

* Ellsworth
* Hillhouse
* Dana
* Boardman
* Edwards
* Foot
* N. Smith
* Niles
* Betts
* Huntington
* R. S. Baldwin
* Toucey
* Dixon
* Buckingham
* Eaton
* Hawley
* Bulkeley
* McLean
* Walcott
* Maloney
* Hart
* R. E. Baldwin
* Benton
* Purtell
* T. J. Dodd
* Weicker
* Lieberman
* Murphy

United States Senate

Class 3|

* Johnson
* Sherman
* Mitchell
* Trumbull
* Tracy
* Goodrich
* Daggett
* Lanman
* Willey
* Tomlinson
* P. Smith
* Niles
* T. Smith
* Gillette
* Foster
* Ferry
* English
* Barnum
* Platt
* Brandegee
* Bingham
* Lonergan
* Danaher
* McMahon
* Purtell
* Bush
* Ribicoff
* C. Dodd
* Blumenthal

* v
* t
* e

Third party United States senators

Nullifier|

* John C. Calhoun (SC)
* Robert Y. Hayne (SC)
* Stephen D. Miller (SC)
* William C. Preston (SC)

Know Nothing|

* John Bell (TN)
* John J. Crittenden (KY)
* Anthony Kennedy (MD)
* John B. Thompson (KY)

Free Soil|

* Lawrence Brainerd (VT)
* Salmon P. Chase (OH)
* Francis Gillette (CT)
* John P. Hale (NH)
* James Harlan (IA)
* Charles Sumner (MA)
* Henry Wilson (MA)

Unionist or
Unconditional Union|

* Lemuel J. Bowden (VA)
* B. Gratz Brown (MO)
* John S. Carlile (VA)
* John Creswell (MD)
* Garrett Davis (KY)
* Joseph S. Fowler (TN)
* John B. Henderson (MO)
* Thomas H. Hicks (MD)
* Reverdy Johnson (MD)
* David T. Patterson (TN)
* Peter G. Van Winkle (WV)
* Waitman T. Willey (WV)
* Robert Wilson (MO)
* Joseph A. Wright (IN)

Liberal Republican|

* Reuben Fenton (NY)
* Orris S. Ferry (CT)
* Morgan C. Hamilton (TX)
* Carl Schurz (MO)
* Charles Sumner (MA)
* Lyman Trumbull (IL)

Readjuster|

* William Mahone (VA)
* Harrison H. Riddleberger (VA)

Populist|

* William V. Allen (NE)
* Marion Butler (NC)
* William A. Harris (KS)
* Henry Heitfeld (ID)
* James H. Kyle (SD)
* William A. Peffer (KS)

Silver or
Silver Republican|

* Frank J. Cannon (UT)
* Fred Dubois (ID)
* John P. Jones (NV)
* Lee Mantle (MT)
* Richard F. Pettigrew (SD)
* William M. Stewart (NV)
* Henry M. Teller (CO)

Nonpartisan League|

* Lynn Frazier (ND)
* William Langer (ND)

Farmer–Labor|

* Elmer A. Benson (MN)
* Magnus Johnson (MN)
* Ernest Lundeen (MN)
* Henrik Shipstead (MN)

Other|

* ▌Dean Barkley (Independence–MN)
* ▌Newton Booth (Anti-Monopoly–CA)
* ▌James L. Buckley (Conservative–NY)
* ▌Joseph Cilley (Liberty–NH)
* ▌John B. Francis (Law and Order–RI)
* ▌Robert M. La Follette Jr. (Progressive–WI)
* ▌Miles Poindexter (Progressive–WA)

Independents|

* Harry F. Byrd Jr. (VA)
* David Davis (IL)
* John P. Hale (NH)
* Jim Jeffords (VT)
* Angus King (ME)
* Joe Lieberman (CT)
* Wayne Morse (OR)
* George W. Norris (NE)
* Bernie Sanders (VT)
* Bob Smith (NH)

*   * Third party (United States)
* Third party officeholders in the United States
* Notable third party performances in United States elections

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions
and
presidential
tickets|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–present)

U.S. House
leaders
and
caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–present)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–present)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary
* House Caucus

|

Fundraising|

* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors
* National Democratic Redistricting Committee

Sectional|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Party factions
* Superdelegate
* 2005 chairmanship election
* 2017 chairmanship election
* 2006 House Caucus leadership election
* 2018 House Caucus leadership election
* Weekly Democratic Address

* v
* t
* e

Chairmen of the Democratic Leadership Council

* Gephardt
* Robb
* Nunn
* Clinton
* Breaux
* McCurdy
* Lieberman
* Bayh
* Vilsack
* Ford

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1996) 2000 United States presidential election (2004 ->)

General election results
Florida results

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: George W. Bush
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Dick Cheney

* Other candidates
* Lamar Alexander
* Gary Bauer
* Pat Buchanan
* campaign
* Herman Cain
* positions
* Elizabeth Dole
* Jack Fellure
* Steve Forbes
* Orrin Hatch
* campaign
* John Kasich
* campaign
* positions
* Alan Keyes
* campaign
* Andy Martin
* John McCain
* campaign
* positions
* Dan Quayle
* campaign
* Bob Smith

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Al Gore
* campaign
* VP nominee: Joe Lieberman
* positions

* Other candidates: Bill Bradley
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions

Constitution Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Howard Phillips
* VP nominee: Curtis Frazier
* Other candidates: Herb Titus

Green Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Winona LaDuke
* Other candidates: Jello Biafra
* Stephen Gaskin
* Joel Kovel

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Harry Browne
* campaign
* VP nominee: Art Olivier
* Other candidates: Barry Hess
* L. Neil Smith

Reform Party|

* Primaries
* Nominee: Pat Buchanan
* campaign
* VP nominee: Ezola B. Foster
* Other candidates: John Hagelin
* Donald Trump
* campaign
* positions

Natural Law Party|

* Nominee: John Hagelin
* VP nominee: Nat Goldhaber

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Earl Dodge
* VP nominee: W. Dean Watkins

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: David McReynolds
* VP nominee: Mary Cal Hollis

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Harris
* VP nominee: Margaret Trowe

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Monica Moorehead
* VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independent|

* Cathy Gordon Brown
* Charles E. Collins
* Isabell Masters
* Joe Schriner

Florida election recount and legal proceedings

Key figures|

* Katherine Harris
* Jeb Bush
* David Boies
*   * Theodore Olson
* James Baker
* Ron Klain
* Warren Christopher
* Michael Whouley
* Benjamin Ginsberg
* Bob Butterworth
* Joe Allbaugh
* Mac Stipanovich
* Craig Waters
* Theresa LePore
* Carol Roberts

Election day|

* Florida Central Voter File (scrub list)
* Volusia error
* Chad
* Butterfly ballot

Aftermath and
legal proceedings|

* Florida election recount
* Brooks Brothers riot
* Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)
* Gore v. Harris (Harris II)
* Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board
* Bush v. Gore

Films|

* Recount (2008)
* Bush Family Fortunes (2004)
* Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election (2002)

Other 2000 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(← 2000) 2004 United States presidential election (2008 →)

* Candidates
* Debates
* Timeline
* Potomac primary
* Mini-Tuesday

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* Primary results

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: George W. Bush
* campaign
* positions
* Incumbent VP nominee: Dick Cheney

* Other candidates: John Buchanan
* Jack Fellure
* Tom Laughlin

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Debates
* Primaries
* Primary results

Candidates|

* Nominee: John Kerry
* campaign
* VP nominee: John Edwards

* Other candidates: Carol Moseley Braun
* Wesley Clark
* campaign
* Howard Dean
* campaign
* John Edwards
* campaign
* positions
* Dick Gephardt
* campaign
* Bob Graham
* campaign
* Caroline Killeen
* Dennis Kucinich
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Joe Lieberman
* campaign
* positions
* Al Sharpton
* campaign

Controversies|

* Moss v. Bush
* Voting controversies
* Kerry military service
* Bush military service

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Michael Peroutka
* VP nominee: Chuck Baldwin

Green Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: David Cobb
* campaign
* VP nominee: Pat LaMarche

Other candidates
Sheila Bilyeu
Peter Camejo
Paul Glover
Kent Mesplay
Lorna Salzman

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Michael Badnarik
* campaign
* VP nominee: Richard Campagna

Other candidates
Gary Nolan
Aaron Russo

Personal Choice Party|

Nominee
Charles Jay
VP nominee
Marilyn Chambers

Prohibition Party|

Nominee
Gene Amondson
Alternate nominee
Earl Dodge

Reform Party|

Nominee
Ralph Nader (campaign)

Socialist Equality Party|

Nominee
Bill Ven Auken

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Walt Brown
* VP nominee: Mary Alice Herbert

Other candidates
Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party|

Nominee
Róger Calero
Alternate nominee
James Harris
VP nominee
Arrin Hawkins

Workers World Party|

Nominee
John Parker
VP nominee
Teresa Gutierrez

Independents and other candidates|

Thomas Harens
Tom Laughlin
Ralph Nader (campaign)
Leonard Peltier
Joe Schriner

Other 2004 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

Chairs of the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

Expenditures in Executive Departments
(1921-1952)|

* McCormick
* Reed
* Sackett
* Goff
* Steiwer
* Lewis
* Van Nuys
* Hill
* Aiken
* McClellan

File:Seal of the United States Senate.svg

Government Operations
(1952-1977)|

* McClellan
* McCarthy
* McClellan
* Ervin
* Ribicoff

Governmental Affairs
(1977-2005)|

* Ribicoff
* Roth
* Glenn
* Roth
* Stevens
* Thompson
* Lieberman
* Thompson
* Lieberman
* Collins

Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
(2005-)|

* Collins
* Lieberman
* Carper
* Johnson
* Peters

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
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