Leonard Bernstein

American conductor and composer (1918–1990)

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Leonard Bernstein

File:Leonard Bernstein by Jack Mitchell.jpg

Bernstein in 1977, taken by Jack Mitchell

Born|

Louis Bernstein

(1918-08-25)August 25, 1918

Lawrence, Massachusetts, U.S.

Died| October 14, 1990(1990-10-14) (aged 72)

New York City, U.S.

Resting place| Green-Wood Cemetery
Education| Harvard University (AB)
Curtis Institute of Music
Occupations|

* Conductor
* composer
* pianist
* lecturer
* author

Works| List of compositions
Spouse|

Felicia Montealegre

(m. 1951; died 1978)​

Children| 3
Awards| List
Signature
File:BernsteinLeonardSignature01 mono 25p transp.png

Leonard Bernstein (/ˈbɜːrnstaɪn/ BURN-styne;[1] August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, pianist, music educator, author, and humanitarian. Considered to be one of the most important conductors of his time, he was the first American conductor to receive international acclaim. According to music critic Donal Henahan, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history".[2] Bernstein was the recipient of many honors, including seven Emmy Awards,[3] two Tony Awards,[4] sixteen Grammy Awards[5] including the Lifetime Achievement Award, and the Kennedy Center Honor.[6]

As a composer he wrote in many genres, including symphonic and orchestral music, ballet, film and theatre music, choral works, opera, chamber music and works for the piano. His best-known work is the Broadway musical West Side Story, which continues to be regularly performed worldwide, and has been adapted into two (1961 and 2021) feature films. His works include three symphonies, Chichester Psalms, Serenade after Plato's "Symposium", the original score for the film On the Waterfront, and theater works including On the Town, Wonderful Town, Candide, and his MASS.

Bernstein was the first American-born conductor to lead a major American symphony orchestra.[7] He was music director of the New York Philharmonic and conducted the world's major orchestras, generating a significant legacy of audio and video recordings.[8] He was also a critical figure in the modern revival of the music of Gustav Mahler, in whose music he was most passionately interested.[9] A skilled pianist,[10] he often conducted piano concertos from the keyboard. He was the first conductor to share and explore music on television with a mass audience. Through dozens of national and international broadcasts, including the Emmy Award-winning Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic, he made even the most rigorous elements of classical music an adventure in which everyone could join. Through his educational efforts, including several books and the creation of two major international music festivals, he influenced several generations of young musicians.

A lifelong humanitarian, Bernstein worked in support of civil rights;[11] protested against the Vietnam War;[12] advocated nuclear disarmament; raised money for HIV/AIDS research and awareness; and engaged in multiple international initiatives for human rights and world peace. Near the end of his life, he conducted an historic performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in Berlin to celebrate the fall of the Berlin Wall. The concert was televised live, worldwide, on Christmas Day, 1989.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 1.1 1918–1934: Early life and family
* 1.2 1935–1940: College years
* 1.2.1 Harvard University
* 1.2.2 Curtis Institute of Music
* 2 Life and career
* 2.1 1940s
* 2.1.1 New York Philharmonic conducting debut
* 2.1.2 Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah, Fancy Free, and On the Town
* 2.1.3 Rising conducting career
* 2.1.4 Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
* 2.1.5 First television appearance
* 2.1.6 Summer at Tanglewood
* 2.2 1950s
* 2.2.1 Compositions in the 1950s
* 2.2.1.1 Theatrical works
* 2.2.1.1.1 Peter Pan
* 2.2.1.1.2 Trouble in Tahiti
* 2.2.1.1.3 Wonderful Town
* 2.2.1.1.4 Candide
* 2.2.1.1.5 West Side Story
* 2.2.1.2 Serenade, Prelude, Fugue and Riffs, and On The Waterfront
* 2.2.2 First American to conduct at La Scala
* 2.2.3 Omnibus
* 2.2.4 Music director of the New York Philharmonic
* 2.2.4.1 Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic
* 2.2.4.2 United States Department of State tours
* 2.3 1960s
* 2.3.1 New York Philharmonic Innovations
* 2.3.1.1 Bernstein and Mahler
* 2.3.1.2 Opening Lincoln Center
* 2.3.2 Metropolitan Opera debut
* 2.3.3 An Artist's Response to Violence
* 2.3.4 Kaddish and Chichester Psalms
* 2.3.4.1 Vienna Philharmonic debut
* 2.4 1970s
* 2.4.1 Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers
* 2.4.2 The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard
* 2.4.3 Dybbuk
* 2.4.4 Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra
* 2.4.5 International conducting and recordings
* 2.5 1980s
* 2.6 International fame
* 2.7 Ode to "Freedom"
* 2.8 Founding of Pacific Music Festival
* 2.9 Last concert
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Death and legacy
* 5 Social activism
* 5.1 Rostropovich
* 5.2 Philanthropy
* 6 Influence and characteristics as a conductor
* 7 Recordings
* 8 Influence and characteristics as a composer
* 9 Bibliography
* 10 Videography
* 11 Awards
* 12 References
* 12.1 Citations
* 12.2 Sources
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links

## Early life and education[edit | edit source]

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### 1918–1934: Early life and family[edit | edit source]

Born Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts, he was the son of Ukrainian-Jewish parents, Jennie (née Resnick) and Samuel Joseph Bernstein, both of whom immigrated to the United States from Rivne (now Ukraine).[14][15][16] His grandmother insisted that his first name be Louis, but his parents always called him Leonard. He legally changed his name to Leonard when he was eighteen, shortly after his grandmother's death.[17] To his friends and many others he was simply known as "Lenny".[18]

His father was the owner of The Samuel Bernstein Hair and Beauty Supply Company. It held the New England franchise for the Frederick's Permanent Wave Machine, whose immense popularity helped Sam get his family through The Great Depression.[19]

In Leonard's early youth, his only exposure to music was the household radio and music on Friday nights at Congregation Mishkan Tefila in Roxbury, Massachusetts. When Leonard was ten years old, Samuel's sister Clara deposited her upright piano at her brother's house. Bernstein began teaching himself piano and music theory and was soon clamoring for lessons. He had a variety of piano teachers in his youth, including Helen Coates, who later became his secretary. In the summers, the Bernstein family would go to their vacation home in Sharon, Massachusetts, where young Leonard conscripted all the neighborhood children to put on shows ranging from Bizet's Carmen to Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance. He would often play entire operas or Beethoven symphonies with his younger sister Shirley. Leonard's youngest sibling, Burton, was born in 1932, thirteen years after Leonard.[20] Despite the large span in age, the three siblings remained close their entire lives.

Sam was initially opposed to young Leonard's interest in music and attempted to discourage his son's interest by refusing to pay for his piano lessons. Leonard then took to giving lessons to young people in his neighborhood. One of his students, Sid Ramin, became Bernstein's most frequent orchestrator and lifelong beloved friend.[citation needed]

Sam took his son to orchestral concerts in his teenage years and eventually supported his music education. In May 1932, Leonard attended his first orchestral concert with the Boston Pops Orchestra conducted by Arthur Fiedler. Bernstein recalled, "To me, in those days, the Pops was heaven itself ... I thought ... it was the supreme achievement of the human race."[21] It was at this concert that Bernstein first heard Ravel's Boléro, which made a tremendous impression on him.[22]

Another strong musical influence was George Gershwin. Bernstein was a counselor at a summer camp when news came over the radio of Gershwin's death. In the mess hall, a shaken Bernstein demanded a moment of silence, and then played Gershwin's second Prelude as a memorial.[citation needed]

On March 30, 1932, Bernstein played Brahms's Rhapsody in G minor at his first public piano performance in Susan Williams's studio recital at the New England Conservatory. Two years later, he made his solo debut with orchestra in Grieg's Piano Concerto in A minor with the Boston Public School Orchestra.[citation needed]

### 1935–1940: College years[edit | edit source]

Bernstein's first two education environments were both public schools: the William Lloyd Garrison School, followed by the prestigious Boston Latin School,[23] for which Bernstein and classmate Lawrence F. Ebb wrote the Class Song.[24]

#### Harvard University[edit | edit source]

In 1935, Bernstein enrolled at Harvard College, where he studied music with, among others, Edward Burlingame Hill and Walter Piston. His first extant composition, Psalm 148 set for voice and piano, is dated in 1935. He majored in music with a final year thesis titled "The Absorption of Race Elements into American Music" (1939; reproduced in his book Findings). One of Bernstein's intellectual influences at Harvard was the aesthetics Professor David Prall, whose multidisciplinary outlook on the arts inspired Bernstein for the rest of his life.

One of his friends at Harvard was future philosopher Donald Davidson, with whom Bernstein played piano duets. Bernstein wrote and conducted the musical score for the production Davidson mounted of Aristophanes' play The Birds, performed in the original Greek. Bernstein recycled some of this music in future works.

While a student, he was briefly an accompanist for the Harvard Glee Club as well as an unpaid pianist for Harvard Film Society's silent film presentations.[25]

Bernstein mounted a student production of The Cradle Will Rock, directing its action from the piano as the composer Marc Blitzstein had done at the infamous premiere. Blitzstein, who attended the performance, subsequently became a close friend and mentor to Bernstein.[26]

As a sophomore at Harvard, Bernstein met the conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos. Mitropoulos's charisma and power as a musician were major influences on Bernstein's eventual decision to become a conductor.[27] Mitropoulos invited Bernstein to come to Minneapolis for the 1940–41 season to be his assistant, but the plan fell through due to union issues.[28]

Bernstein met Aaron Copland on the latter's birthday in 1937; the elder composer was sitting next to Bernstein at a dance recital at Town Hall in New York City. Copland invited Bernstein to his birthday party afterwards, where Bernstein impressed the guests by playing Copland's challenging Piano Variations, a work Bernstein loved. Although he was never a formal student of Copland's, Bernstein would regularly seek his advice, often citing him as his "only real composition teacher".[29]

Bernstein graduated from Harvard in 1939 with a Bachelor of Arts cum laude.

#### Curtis Institute of Music[edit | edit source]

After graduating from Harvard, Bernstein enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. At Curtis, Bernstein studied conducting with Fritz Reiner (who anecdotally is said to have given Bernstein the only "A" grade he ever awarded); piano with Isabelle Vengerova; orchestration with Randall Thompson; counterpoint with Richard Stöhr; and score reading with Renée Longy Miquelle.[30]

In 1940, Bernstein attended the inaugural year of the Tanglewood Music Center (then called the Berkshire Music Center) at the Boston Symphony Orchestra's summer home.[31] Bernstein studied conducting with the BSO's music director, Serge Koussevitzky, who became a profound lifelong inspiration to Bernstein.[32] He became Koussevitzky's conducting assistant at Tanglewood[33] and later dedicated his Symphony No. 2: The Age of Anxiety to his beloved mentor.[34] One of Bernstein's classmates, both at Curtis and at Tanglewood, was Lukas Foss, who remained a lifelong friend and colleague. Bernstein returned to Tanglewood nearly every summer for the rest of his life to teach and conduct the young music students.

## Life and career[edit | edit source]

### 1940s[edit | edit source]

File:Leonard Bernstein and Benny Goodman in rehearsal.jpg

Leonard Bernstein and Benny Goodman in rehearsal, ca. 1940–1949

Soon after he left Curtis, Bernstein moved to New York City where he lived in various apartments in Manhattan. Bernstein supported himself by coaching singers, teaching piano,[35] and playing the piano for dance classes in Carnegie Hall. He found work with Harms-Witmark, transcribing jazz and pop music and publishing his work under the pseudonym "Lenny Amber". (Bernstein means "amber" in German.)[36]

Bernstein briefly shared an apartment in Greenwich Village with his friend Adolph Green. Green was then part of a satirical music troupe called The Revuers, featuring Betty Comden and Judy Holliday. With Bernstein sometimes providing piano accompaniment, the Revuers often performed at the legendary jazz club the Village Vanguard.[37][38]

On April 21, 1942, Bernstein performed the premiere of his first published work, Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, with clarinetist David Glazer at the Institute of Modern Art in Boston.

File:1943 Nov 14 NYPhil Bernstein.jpg

Carnegie Hall playbill, November 14, 1943
Radio announcement:File:1943 Nov 14 NYPhil Bernstein.ogg

#### New York Philharmonic conducting debut[edit | edit source]

On November 14, 1943, having recently been appointed assistant conductor to Artur Rodziński of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein made his major conducting debut at short notice—and without any rehearsal—after guest conductor Bruno Walter came down with the flu.[39] The challenging program included works by Robert Schumann, Miklós Rózsa, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss.[citation needed]

The next day, The New York Times carried the story on its front page and remarked in an editorial, "It's a good American success story. The warm, friendly triumph of it filled Carnegie Hall and spread far over the air waves."[citation needed]

Many newspapers throughout the country carried the story, which, in combination with the concert's live national CBS Radio Network broadcast, propelled Bernstein to instant fame.[40]

Over the next two years, Bernstein made conducting debuts with ten different orchestras in the United States and Canada, greatly broadening his repertoire and initiating a lifelong frequent practice of conducting concertos from the piano.[41]

#### Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah, Fancy Free, and On the Town[edit | edit source]

On January 28, 1944, he conducted the premiere of his Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra with Jennie Tourel as soloist.[citation needed]

In the fall of 1943, Bernstein and Jerome Robbins began work on their first collaboration, Fancy Free, a ballet about three young sailors on leave in wartime New York City. Fancy Free premiered on April 18, 1944, with the Ballet Theatre (now the American Ballet Theatre) at the old Metropolitan Opera House, with scenery by Oliver Smith and costumes by Kermit Love.[42]

Bernstein and Robbins decided to expand the ballet into a musical and invited Comden and Green to write the book and lyrics. On the Town opened on Broadway's Adelphi Theatre on December 28, 1944. The show resonated with audiences during World War II, and it broke race barriers on Broadway: Japanese-American dancer Sono Osato in a leading role; a multiracial cast dancing as mixed race couples; and a Black concertmaster, Everett Lee, who eventually took over as music director of the show.[43] On the Town became an MGM motion picture in 1949, starring Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra, and Jules Munshin as the three sailors. Only part of Bernstein's score was used in the film and additional songs were provided by Roger Edens.[44]

File:Bernstein, Leonard (1918-1990) - 1944 - foto van Vechten2.jpg

Photo of Bernstein by Carl Van Vechten (1944)

#### Rising conducting career[edit | edit source]

File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1945.jpg

Bernstein conducting the New York City Symphony (1945)

From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein was the music director of the New York City Symphony, which had been founded the previous year by the conductor Leopold Stokowski. The orchestra (with support from Mayor Fiorello La Guardia) had modern programs and affordable tickets.[45]

In 1946, he made his overseas debut with the Czech Philharmonic in Prague. He also recorded Ravel's Piano Concerto in G as soloist and conductor with the Philharmonia Orchestra. On July 4, 1946, Bernstein conducted the European premiere of Fancy Free with the Ballet Theatre at the Royal Opera House in London.[citation needed]

In 1946, he conducted opera professionally for the first time at Tanglewood with the American premiere of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes, which was commissioned by Koussevitzky. That same year, Arturo Toscanini invited Bernstein to guest conduct two concerts with the NBC Symphony Orchestra, one of which featured Bernstein as soloist in Ravel's Piano Concerto in G.[46]

#### Israel Philharmonic Orchestra[edit | edit source]

In 1947, Bernstein conducted in Tel Aviv for the first time, beginning a lifelong association with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, then known as the Palestine Symphony Orchestra. The next year he conducted an open-air concert for Israeli troops at Beersheba in the middle of the desert during the Arab-Israeli war. In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert of the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv. In 1967, he conducted a concert on Mount Scopus to commemorate the Reunification of Jerusalem, featuring Mahler's Symphony No. 2 and Mendelssohn Violin Concerto with soloist Isaac Stern. The city of Tel Aviv added his name to the Habima Square (Orchestra Plaza) in the center of the city.[citation needed]

#### First television appearance[edit | edit source]

On December 10, 1949, he made his first television appearance as conductor with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. The concert, which included an address by Eleanor Roosevelt, celebrated the one-year anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly's ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and included the premiere of Aaron Copland's "Preamble" with Sir Laurence Olivier narrating text from the UN Charter. The concert was televised by NBC Television Network.[47]

#### Summer at Tanglewood[edit | edit source]

In April 1949, Bernstein performed as piano soloist in the world premiere of his Symphony No. 2: The Age of Anxiety with Koussevitzy conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Later that year, Bernstein conducted the world premiere of the Turangalîla-Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Part of the rehearsal for the concert was recorded and released by the orchestra. When Koussevitzky died in 1951, Bernstein became head of the orchestra and conducting departments at Tanglewood.

### 1950s[edit | edit source]

File:Leonard Bernstein - 1950s.JPG

Bernstein, c. 1950s

The 1950s comprised among the most active years of Bernstein's career. He created five new works for the Broadway stage; he composed several symphonic works and an iconic film score; he was appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic with whom he toured the world, including concerts behind the Iron Curtain; he harnessed the power of television to expand his educational reach; and he married and started a family.

#### Compositions in the 1950s[edit | edit source]

##### Theatrical works[edit | edit source]

###### Peter Pan[edit | edit source]

In 1950, Bernstein composed incidental music for a Broadway production of J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan.[48] The production, which opened on Broadway on April 24, 1950, starred Jean Arthur as Peter Pan and Boris Karloff in the dual roles of George Darling and Captain Hook. The show ran for 321 performances.[49]

###### Trouble in Tahiti[edit | edit source]

In 1951, Bernstein composed Trouble in Tahiti, a one-act opera in seven scenes with an English libretto by the composer. The opera portrays the troubled marriage of a couple whose idyllic suburban post-war environment belies their inner turmoil.[50] Ironically, Bernstein wrote most of the opera while on his honeymoon in Mexico with his wife, Felicia Montealegre.

Bernstein was a visiting music professor at Brandeis University from 1951 to 1956. In 1952, he created the Brandeis Festival of the Creative Arts, where he conducted the premiere of Trouble in Tahiti on June 12 of that year.[51]

The NBC Opera Theatre subsequently presented the opera on television in November 1952. It opened on Broadway at the Playhouse Theatre on April 19, 1955, and ran for six weeks.[52]

Three decades later, Bernstein wrote a second opera, A Quiet Place, which picked up the story and characters of Trouble in Tahiti in a later period.

###### Wonderful Town[edit | edit source]

In 1953, Bernstein wrote the score for the musical Wonderful Town on very short notice, with a book by Joseph A. Fields and Jerome Chodorov and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green. The musical tells the story of two sisters from Ohio who move to New York City and seek success from their squalid basement apartment in Greenwich Village.

Wonderful Town opened on Broadway on February 25, 1953, at the Winter Garden Theatre, starring Rosalind Russell in the role of Ruth Sherwood, Edie Adams as Eileen Sherwood, and George Gaynes as Robert Baker. It won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical and Best Actress.[53]

###### Candide[edit | edit source]

In the three years leading up to Bernstein's appointment as music director of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein was simultaneously working on the scores for two Broadway shows. The first of the two was the operetta-style musical Candide. Lillian Hellman originally brought Bernstein her idea of adapting Voltaire's novella.[54] The original collaborators on the show were book writer John Latouche and lyricist Richard Wilbur.

Candide opened on Broadway on December 1, 1956, at the Martin Beck Theatre, in a production directed by Tyrone Guthrie. Anxious about the parallels Hellman had deliberately drawn between Voltaire's story and the ongoing hearings conducted by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Guthrie persuaded the collaborators to cut their most incendiary sections prior to opening night.[55]

While the production was a box office disaster, running for only two months for a total of 73 performances,[56] the cast album became a cult classic, which kept Bernstein's score alive. There have been several revivals, with modifications to improve the book. The elements of the music that have remained best known and performed over the decades are the Overture, which quickly became one of the most frequently performed orchestral compositions by a 20th century American composer; the coloratura aria "Glitter and Be Gay", which Barbara Cook sang in the original production; and the grand finale "Make Our Garden Grow".

###### West Side Story[edit | edit source]

The other musical Bernstein was writing simultaneously with Candide was West Side Story. Bernstein collaborated with director and choreographer Jerome Robbins, book writer Arthur Laurents, and lyricist Stephen Sondheim.[57]

The story is an updated retelling of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, set in the mid-1950s in the slums of New York City's Upper West Side. The Romeo character, Tony, is affiliated with the Jets gang, who are of white Northern European descent. The Juliet character is Maria, who is connected to the Sharks gang, recently arrived immigrants from Puerto Rico.[58]

The original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26, 1957, and ran 732 performances. Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer, and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer.[59]

Bernstein's score for West Side Story blends "jazz, Latin rhythms, symphonic sweep and musical-comedy conventions in groundbreaking ways for Broadway".[60] It was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in musical theatre.

In 1960, Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show, titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story, which continues to be popular with orchestras worldwide.[61]

A 1961 United Artists film adaptation, directed by Robert Wise and starred Natalie Wood as Maria and Richard Beymer as Tony. The film won ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture and a ground-breaking Best Supporting Actress award for Puerto Rican-born Rita Moreno playing the role of Anita.[62]

A new film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg opened in 2021.[63]

##### Serenade, Prelude, Fugue and Riffs, and On The Waterfront[edit | edit source]

In addition to Bernstein's compositional activity for the stage, he wrote a symphonic work, Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"; the score to the Academy Award-winning film On The Waterfront; and Prelude, Fugue and Riffs, composed for jazz big band and solo clarinet.

#### First American to conduct at La Scala[edit | edit source]

In 1953, Bernstein became the first American conductor to appear at La Scala in Milan, conducting Cherubini's Medea, with Maria Callas in the title role. Callas and Bernstein reunited at La Scala to perform Bellini's La sonnambula in 1955.

#### Omnibus[edit | edit source]

On November 14, 1954, Bernstein presented the first of his television lectures for the CBS Television Network arts program Omnibus. The live lecture, entitled "Beethoven's Fifth Symphony", involved Bernstein explaining the symphony's first movement with the aid of musicians from the "Symphony of the Air" (formerly NBC Symphony Orchestra). The program featured manuscripts from Beethoven's own hand, as well as a giant painting of the first page of the score covering the studio floor. Six more Omnibus lectures followed from 1955 to 1961 (later on ABC and then NBC) covering a broad range of topics: jazz, conducting, American musical comedy, modern music, J.S. Bach, and grand opera.

File:Bernstein with TV Camera.jpg

Bernstein with members of the New York Philharmonic rehearsing for a television broadcast

#### Music director of the New York Philharmonic[edit | edit source]

Bernstein was appointed the music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1957, sharing the post jointly with Dimitri Mitropoulos until he took sole charge in 1958. Bernstein held the music directorship until 1969 when he was appointed "Laureate Conductor". He continued to conduct and make recordings with the orchestra for the rest of his life.[64]

##### Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic[edit | edit source]

Bernstein's television teaching took a quantum leap when, as the new music director of the New York Philharmonic, he put the orchestra's traditional Saturday afternoon Young People's Concerts on the CBS Television Network. Millions of viewers of all ages and around the world enthusiastically embraced Bernstein and his engaging presentations about classical music. Bernstein often presented talented young performers on the broadcasts. Many of them became celebrated in their own right, including conductors Claudio Abbado and Seiji Ozawa; flutist Paula Robison; and pianist André Watts. From 1958 until 1972, the fifty-three Young People's Concerts comprised the most influential series of music education programs ever produced on television.[65] They were highly acclaimed by critics and won numerous Emmy Awards.[66]

Some of Bernstein's scripts, all of which he wrote himself, were released in book form and on records.[67] A recording of Humor in Music was awarded a Grammy award for Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) in 1961.[68] The programs were shown in many countries around the world, often with Bernstein dubbed into other languages, and the concerts were later released on home video by Kultur Video.

File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1955.jpg

Bernstein at the piano, making annotations to a musical score

##### United States Department of State tours[edit | edit source]

In 1958, Bernstein and Mitropoulos led the New York Philharmonic on its first tour south of the border, through 12 countries in Central and South America. The United States Department of State sponsored the tour to improve the nation's relations with its southern neighbors.[28]

In 1959, the Department of State also sponsored Bernstein and the Philharmonic on a 50-concert tour through Europe and the Soviet Union, portions of which were filmed by the CBS Television Network. A highlight of the tour was Bernstein's performance of Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony, in the presence of the composer, who came on stage at the end to congratulate Bernstein and the musicians.

### 1960s[edit | edit source]

#### New York Philharmonic Innovations[edit | edit source]

Bernstein's innovative approach to themed programming included introducing audiences to lesser performed composers at the time such as Gustav Mahler, Carl Nielsen, Jean Sibelius, and Charles Ives (including the world premiere of his Symphony No. 2). Bernstein actively advocated for the commission and performance of works by contemporary composers, conducting over 40 world premieres by a diverse roster of composers ranging from John Cage to Alberto Ginastera to Luciano Berio.[69] He also conducted US premieres of 19 major works from around the globe, including works by Dmitri Shostakovich, Pierre Boulez, and György Ligeti.[70]

Bernstein championed American composers, especially with whom he had a close friendship, such as Aaron Copland, William Schuman, and David Diamond. This decade saw a significant expansion of Bernstein and the Philharmonic's collaboration with Columbia Records, together they released over 400 compositions, covering a broad swath of the classical music canon.

Bernstein welcomed the Philharmonic's additions of its first Black musician, Sanford Allen, and its second woman musician, Orin O'Brien. Bernstein also shared the Philharmonic's commitment to connecting with as many New Yorkers as possible. That vision became a reality with the launch of the Concerts in the Parks in 1965, which Bernstein conducted often.

Another milestone was the Philharmonic's first visit to Japan in 1961, when Bernstein led acclaimed Philharmonic concerts and engaged in cultural exchange. Over the years he led the Orchestra on tours to 144 cities in 38 countries.

He initiated the Philharmonic's informal Thursday Evening Preview Concerts, which included Bernstein's talks from the stage, a practice that was unheard of at the time.[71][72]

In one oft-reported incident, on April 6, 1962,[73] Bernstein appeared on stage before a performance of the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor to explain that the soloist, Glenn Gould, had chosen an idiosyncratic approach to the work. Bernstein explained that while he did not totally agree with it, he thought Gould's interpretation was an artistically worthy exploration.[74] Bernstein questioned: "In a concerto, who is the boss: the soloist or the conductor?"[75] The incident created a stir that reverberated in the press for decades.

##### Bernstein and Mahler[edit | edit source]

In 1960, Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic introduced American audiences to the music of Gustav Mahler, beginning with a festival marking the centennial of the composer's birth. The composer's widow, Alma, attended some of Bernstein's rehearsals. In that same year, Bernstein made his first commercial recording of a Mahler symphony (the Fourth). Over the next seven years, he recorded the entire Mahler symphony cycle with the New York Philharmonic (except for the 8th Symphony, which was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra).

The combination of concert performances, television talks, and recordings led to a renewed interest in Mahler, especially in the United States.[76] Bernstein claimed that he identified with the works on a personal level, and once wrote of the composer: "I'm so sympathetic to Mahler: I understand his problem. It's like being two different men locked up in the same body; one man is a conductor and the other a composer ... It's like being a double man."[77][78]

File:Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg

Leonard Bernstein during a visit to Finland, 1959

##### Opening Lincoln Center[edit | edit source]

On May 14, 1959, President Dwight D. Eisenhower broke ground for Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. On September 23, 1962, the New York Philharmonic moved from Carnegie Hall to its new home, Philharmonic Hall (now David Geffen Hall). Bernstein conducted the gala opening concert featuring works by Mahler, Beethoven, and Vaughan Williams, as well as the premiere of Aaron Copland's Connotations.

#### Metropolitan Opera debut[edit | edit source]

In 1964, Bernstein conducted at The Metropolitan Opera for the first time in Franco Zeffirelli's production of Verdi's Falstaff. In subsequent years, Bernstein returned to The Met to conduct Cavalleria Rusticana (1970) and Carmen (1972), as well as at the Centennial Gala in 1983.[79]

#### An Artist's Response to Violence[edit | edit source]

In 1961, Bernstein composed a fanfare for President John F. Kennedy's pre-inaugural gala, at which Bernstein conducted.

File:Leonard Bernstein in gepeins, Bestanddeelnr 921-6974.jpg

Bernstein in Amsterdam, 1968

On November 23, 1963, the day after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic and the Schola Cantorum of New York in a nationally televised memorial featuring the Mahler's Symphony No. 2: "Resurrection". Later that week, in a speech to the United Jewish Appeal, Bernstein said: "This will be our reply to violence: to make music more intensely, more beautifully, more devotedly than ever before."[80]

After President Kennedy's brother Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Bernstein conducted at the funeral mass, featuring the "Adagietto" movement from Mahler's Symphony No. 5.[81]

#### Kaddish and Chichester Psalms[edit | edit source]

Due to his commitment to the New York Philharmonic and his many other activities, Bernstein had little time for composition during the 1960s. Nevertheless, he was able to compose two major works.

Bernstein's Symphony No. 3: Kaddish was written in 1963; Bernstein dedicated the work: "To the Beloved Memory of John F. Kennedy." The work features a large orchestra, a full choir, a boys' choir, a soprano soloist, and a narrator. "Kaddish" refers to the Jewish prayer recited for the dead. Bernstein wrote the text of the narration himself; his wife, Felicia Montealegre, narrated the US premiere of the work.[82]

In 1965, Bernstein took a sabbatical year from the New York Philharmonic in order to concentrate on composition, during which he composed Chichester Psalms. Commissioned by the Dean of Chichester Cathedral, Walter Hussey, the work premiered at Philharmonic Hall in New York City on July 15, 1965, conducted by Bernstein himself, and subsequently at Chichester Cathedral, conducted by John Birch. For his text, Bernstein chose excerpts from the Book of Psalms in the original Hebrew.[83] In 2018, Bernstein's Centennial year, Chichester Psalms was cited as the 5th-most performed concert work worldwide.[84]

##### Vienna Philharmonic debut[edit | edit source]

In 1966, Bernstein began a lifelong rich relationship with the Vienna Philharmonic, conducting concerts as well as making his debut at the Vienna State Opera in Luchino Visconti's production of Falstaff with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau in the title role. Bernstein was largely responsible for restoring the works of Mahler to the Vienna Philharmonic's core repertoire. Bernstein recorded Mahler's Symphonies numerous times with the orchestra.[85]

He returned to the State Opera in 1968 for a production of Der Rosenkavalier and in 1970 for Otto Schenk's production of Beethoven's Fidelio.

### 1970s[edit | edit source]

File:Leonard Bernstein Allan Warren.jpg

Leonard Bernstein by Allan Warren

During the 1970s, Bernstein's company, Amberson, in partnership with Unitel, produced and coordinated filmed recordings of his symphonic concerts around the world. For the remainder of his life, Bernstein preferred to derive his audio recordings from live performances. Nearly 80% of Bernstein's recordings with his new recording partner, Deutsche Grammophon, were recorded live.[86]

Bernstein's major compositions during the 1970s were his Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers; his score for the ballet Dybbuk; his orchestral vocal work Songfest; and his U.S. bicentennial musical 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, which was his last Broadway show and his only theatrical flop.

#### Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers[edit | edit source]

In 1966, Jacqueline Kennedy commissioned Bernstein to compose a work for the inauguration of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. Bernstein began writing Mass in 1969 as a large-scale theatrical work based on the Tridentine Mass of the Catholic Church, and in 1971, Bernstein invited the young composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz, who had recently opened the musical Godspell off-Broadway, to collaborate as co-lyricist. The world premiere took place on September 8, 1971, conducted by Maurice Peress, directed by Gordon Davidson, and choreographed by Alvin Ailey.[87]

Bernstein's score combines elements of musical theater, jazz, gospel, blues, folk, rock, and symphonic music, and the libretto combines Latin and English liturgy, Hebrew prayer, and additional lyrics written by Bernstein and Schwartz.[88]

Mass received both rapturous and critical reactions, from audiences and music critics alike. While some members of the Catholic Church praised the piece's expression of contemporary crises of faith, others considered it blasphemous. (In 2000, Pope John Paul II requested a performance of Mass at the Vatican itself.)[89] President Richard Nixon declined to attend the premiere due to its anti-Vietnam War message.[90] Viewpoints on Mass continue to evolve over time, and Edward Seckerson wrote in 2021, 50 years after its premiere: "Put simply, no other work of Bernstein's encapsulates exactly who he was as a man or as a musician; no other work displays his genius, his intellect, his musical virtuosity and innate theatricality quite like MASS."[91]

#### The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard[edit | edit source]

In the 1972–73 academic year, Bernstein was appointed to the Charles Eliot Norton Chair as Professor of Poetry at his alma mater, Harvard University. Bernstein prepared and delivered six lectures entitled The Unanswered Question. The interdisciplinary lectures explored such elements as tonality, harmony, and form through the lens of Noam Chomsky's linguistic theories. Bernstein provided musical examples from the piano, and pre-recorded musical works with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[92] Amberson arranged for the lectures to be videotaped at the WGBH studios in Boston. The six lectures were broadcast on PBS in 1976, and subsequently released on home video[93] and published as a book.[94]

#### Dybbuk[edit | edit source]

Bernstein collaborated with Jerome Robbins to create Dybbuk, a ballet based on S. Ansky's play of the same name. The ballet depicts Ansky's tale of a young woman possessed by a malicious spirit, known in Jewish folklore as a "dybbuk". Dybbuk was premiered by the New York City Ballet at the New York State Theater on 16 May 1974, with Bernstein conducting. A revision of the choreography and the score was made later the same year, titled Dybbuk Variations. It received its premiere in November 1974.[95]

#### Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra[edit | edit source]

Bernstein's Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra premiered on October 11, 1977, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C, with the composer conducting the National Symphony Orchestra. The work was intended as a tribute to the 1976 American Bicentennial but was not finished in time.

The work sets an array of texts by thirteen American poets spanning three centuries. Bernstein deliberately selected the widest possible array of literary voices to express the nation's essential diversity; the poets include June Jordan, Julia de Burgos, Walt Whitman, and Langston Hughes.[96]

On July 4, 1985, Bernstein conducted a nationally televised performance of Songfest as part of the National Symphony's annual A Capitol Fourth concert.[97]

#### International conducting and recordings[edit | edit source]

After becoming Conductor Laureate of the New York Philharmonic in 1969, Bernstein took advantage of his freed-up schedule to increase the pace of his world travel, conducting twenty-nine orchestras throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas, and making live recordings with them for both Unitel GmbH & Co.KG and Deutsche Grammophon.[98]

Bernstein founded Amberson Productions in 1969. In partnership with Unitel, Amberson created many video productions of concert performances, starting with Verdi's Requiem Mass in St. Paul's Cathedral with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1970, produced and directed by Humphrey Burton. Burton would go on to collaborate with Bernstein on his music video projects for the rest of Bernstein's life.[99]

In 1972, Bernstein recorded Bizet's Carmen, with Marilyn Horne in the title role and James McCracken as Don Jose, after leading several stage performances of the opera at The Metropolitan Opera.[100] The recording was one of the first in stereo to use the original spoken dialogue between the sung portions of the opera. The recording was Bernstein's first for Deutsche Grammophon and won a Grammy.[101]

In working with Unitel and Deutsche Grammophon, Bernstein made a host of video and audio recordings with such orchestras as Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Orchestre de Paris, Orchestra Sinfonica di Roma della Rai, and Orchestre National de France. Among the many noteworthy Amberson productions with Unitel were Bernstein conducting Mahler's Symphony No. 2 "Resurrection" with the London Symphony Orchestra at Ely Cathedral in 1973, and Fidelio at the Vienna State Opera in 1978.[102]

One particularly noteworthy film was "Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna," which Bernstein wrote and narrated in 1970. The film is an in-depth exploration of Beethoven on the composer's 200th birthday, filmed on location in and around Vienna.[103] It features excerpts of Bernstein's rehearsals and performance of Fidelio at the Vienna State Opera, directed by Otto Schenk (which was later revived and filmed in 1978); Bernstein playing the Piano Concerto No. 1 and conducting from the piano; and a performance of Symphony No. 9 with the Vienna Philharmonic, featuring the young Plácido Domingo among the soloists. The show, produced and directed by Humphrey Burton, was broadcast around the world and won an Emmy Award.[104]

During the 1970s, Bernstein recorded his symphonies and other works with the Israel Philharmonic on Deutsche Grammophon. In May 1978, the Israel Philharmonic played two U.S. concerts under his direction to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Orchestra under that name. On consecutive nights, the Orchestra, with the Choral Arts Society of Washington, performed Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Bernstein's Chichester Psalms at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and at Carnegie Hall in New York.

In the late 1970s, Bernstein conducted a complete Beethoven symphony cycle with the Vienna Philharmonic, and cycles of Brahms and Schumann were to follow in the 1980s. Other orchestras he conducted on numerous occasions in the 1970s include the Israel Philharmonic, the Orchestre National de France, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In October 1976, Bernstein led the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and pianist Claudio Arrau in an Amnesty International Benefit Concert in Munich. To honor his late wife and to continue their joint support for human rights, Bernstein established the Felicia Montealegre Bernstein Fund of Amnesty International USA to provide aid for human rights activists with limited resources.[105]

In 1979, Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for the first time, in two charity concerts for Amnesty International involving performances of Mahler's Ninth Symphony. The invitation for the concerts had come from the orchestra and not from its principal conductor Herbert von Karajan. There has been speculation about why Karajan never invited Bernstein to conduct his orchestra. (Karajan did conduct the New York Philharmonic during Bernstein's tenure.) The full reasons will probably never be known—reports suggest they were on friendly terms when they met, but sometimes practiced a little mutual one-upmanship.[106] One of the concerts was broadcast on radio and was posthumously released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon. One oddity of the recording is that the trombone section fails to enter at the climax of the finale, as a result of an audience member fainting just behind the trombones a few seconds earlier.[citation needed]

### 1980s[edit | edit source]

Bernstein received the Kennedy Center Honors award in 1980. For the rest of the 1980s he continued to conduct, teach, compose, and produce the occasional TV documentary. His most significant compositions of the decade were probably his opera A Quiet Place, which he wrote with Stephen Wadsworth and which premiered, in its original version, in Houston in 1983; his Divertimento for Orchestra; his Ḥalil for flute and orchestra; his Concerto for Orchestra "Jubilee Games"; and his song cycle Arias and Barcarolles, which was named after a comment President Dwight D. Eisenhower had made to him in 1960.

### International fame[edit | edit source]

File:Schell and Bernstein-83-1.jpg

Bernstein with Maximilian Schell on PBS Beethoven TV series (1982)

In 1982 in the U.S., PBS aired an 11-part series of Bernstein's late 1970s films for Unitel of the Vienna Philharmonic playing all nine Beethoven symphonies and various other Beethoven works. Bernstein gave spoken introduction and actor Maximilian Schell was also featured on the programs, reading from Beethoven's letters.[107] The original films have since been released on DVD by Deutsche Grammophon. In addition to conducting in New York, Vienna and Israel, Bernstein was a regular guest conductor of other orchestras in the 1980s. These included the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, with whom he recorded Mahler's First, Fourth, and Ninth Symphonies amongst other works; the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in Munich, with whom he recorded Wagner's Tristan und Isolde; Haydn's Creation; Mozart's Requiem and Great Mass in C minor; and the orchestra of Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, with whom he recorded some Debussy and Puccini's La bohème.

In 1982, he and Ernest Fleischmann founded the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute as a summer training academy along the lines of Tanglewood. Bernstein served as artistic director and taught conducting there until 1984. Around the same time, he performed and recorded some of his own works with the Los Angeles Philharmonic for Deutsche Grammophon. Bernstein was also at the time a committed supporter of nuclear disarmament. In 1985 he took the European Community Youth Orchestra in a "Journey for Peace" tour across Europe and Japan.

File:Holland Festival dirigent Leonard Bernstein zal het met het Concertgebouworkes, Bestanddeelnr 933-3399.jpg

Conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra, 1985

In 1984, he conducted a recording of West Side Story, the first time he had conducted the entire work. The recording, featuring what some critics[who?] felt were miscast opera singers such as Kiri Te Kanawa, José Carreras, and Tatiana Troyanos in the leading roles, was nevertheless an international bestseller. A TV documentary The Making of West Side Story about the recording was made at the same time and has been released as a DVD. Bernstein also continued to make his own TV documentaries during the 1980s, including The Little Drummer Boy, in which he discussed the music of Gustav Mahler, perhaps the composer he was most passionately interested in, and The Love of Three Orchestras, in which he discussed his work in New York, Vienna, and Israel.

In his later years, Bernstein's life and work were celebrated around the world (as they have been since his death). The Israel Philharmonic celebrated his involvement with them at festivals in Israel and Austria in 1977. In 1986 the London Symphony Orchestra mounted a Bernstein Festival in London with one concert that Bernstein himself conducted attended by the Queen. In 1988, Bernstein's 70th birthday was celebrated by a lavish televised gala at Tanglewood featuring many performers who had worked with him over the years.

During summer 1987, he celebrated the 100th anniversary of Nadia Boulanger at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau. He gave a masterclass inside the castle of Fontainebleau.[108]

In December 1989, Bernstein conducted live performances and recorded in the studio his operetta Candide with the London Symphony Orchestra. The recording starred Jerry Hadley, June Anderson, Adolph Green, and Christa Ludwig in the leading roles. The use of opera singers in some roles perhaps fitted the style of operetta better than some critics had thought was the case for West Side Story, and the posthumously released recording was universally praised. One of the live concerts from the Barbican Centre in London is available on DVD. Candide had had a troubled history, with many rewrites and writers involved. Bernstein's concert and recording were based on a final version that had been first performed by Scottish Opera in 1988. The opening night, which Bernstein attended in Glasgow, was conducted by his former student John Mauceri.

### Ode to "Freedom"[edit | edit source]

On December 25, 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in East Berlin's Schauspielhaus as part of a celebration of the fall of the Berlin Wall. He had conducted the same work in West Berlin the previous day. The concert was broadcast live in more than twenty countries to an estimated audience of 100 million people. For the occasion, Bernstein reworded Friedrich Schiller's text of the Ode to Joy, using the word Freiheit (freedom) instead of the original Freude (joy).[109] Bernstein, in his spoken introduction, said that they had "taken the liberty" of doing this because of a "most likely phony" story, apparently believed in some quarters, that Schiller wrote an "Ode to Freedom" that is now presumed lost. Bernstein added, "I'm sure that Beethoven would have given us his blessing."[citation needed]

### Founding of Pacific Music Festival[edit | edit source]

In the summer of 1990, Bernstein and Michael Tilson Thomas founded the Pacific Music Festival in Sapporo, Japan. Like his earlier activity in Los Angeles, this was a summer training school for musicians modeled on Tanglewood and is still in existence. At this time, Bernstein was already suffering from the lung disease that would lead to his death. In his opening address Bernstein said that he had decided to devote what time he had left to education. A video showing Bernstein speaking and rehearsing at the first Festival is available on DVD in Japan.

In the same year, Bernstein received the Praemium Imperiale, an international prize awarded by the Japan Arts Association for lifetime achievement in the arts. Bernstein used the $100,000 prize to establish The Bernstein Education Through the Arts (BETA) Fund.[110] He provided this grant to develop an arts-based education program. The Leonard Bernstein Center was established in April 1992, and initiated extensive school-based research, resulting in the Bernstein Model, the Leonard Bernstein Artful Learning Program.[111]

### Last concert[edit | edit source]

Bernstein conducted his last concert on August 19, 1990, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Tanglewood. The program consisted of Benjamin Britten's Four Sea Interludes from Peter Grimes and Beethoven's Symphony No. 7.[112] He suffered a coughing fit during the third movement of the Beethoven symphony, but continued to conduct the piece until its conclusion, leaving the stage during the ovation, appearing exhausted and in pain.[113] The concert was later issued in edited form on CD as Leonard Bernstein – The Final Concert by Deutsche Grammophon.[114] Also included was Bernstein's own Arias and Barcarolles in an orchestration by Bright Sheng. However, poor health prevented Bernstein from performing it. Carl St. Clair was engaged to conduct it in his stead.[115]

## Personal life[edit | edit source]

After much personal struggle and a turbulent on-off engagement, Bernstein married actress Felicia Cohn Montealegre on September 10, 1951. One suggestion is that he chose to marry partly to dispel rumors about his private life to help secure a major conducting appointment, following advice from his mentor Dimitri Mitropoulos about the conservative nature of orchestra boards.[106] Bernstein had expressed the same internal conflict and sought similar advice from Aaron Copland in April 1943, suggesting he could resolve it by marrying his then "girl-friend ... my dentist's daughter".[116][36][35] (Adolph Green asked Bernstein about the status of this idea in a letter five months later.[117]) In a private letter published after both had died, Bernstein's wife within a year of their marriage acknowledged his homosexuality. Felicia wrote to him: "You are a homosexual and may never change—you don't admit to the possibility of a double life, but if your peace of mind, your health, your whole nervous system depend on a certain sexual pattern what can you do?"[118] Arthur Laurents (Bernstein's collaborator in West Side Story) said that Bernstein was "a gay man who got married. He wasn't conflicted about it at all. He was just gay."[119] Shirley Rhoades Perle, another friend of Bernstein, said that she thought "he required men sexually and women emotionally".[120] But the early years of his marriage seem to have been happy, and no one has suggested Bernstein and his wife did not love each other. They had three children, Jamie, Alexander, and Nina.[121] There are reports, though, that Bernstein did sometimes have brief extramarital liaisons with young men, which his wife[120] and children[122] knew about.

A major period of upheaval in Bernstein's personal life began in 1976 when he decided that he could no longer conceal his homosexuality. He left his wife Felicia for a period to live with the musical director of the classical music radio station KKHI in San Francisco, Tom Cothran.[123] The next year Felicia was diagnosed with lung cancer, and eventually Bernstein moved back in with her and cared for her until she died on June 16, 1978.[106] Bernstein is reported to have often spoken of feeling terrible guilt over his wife's death.[124] Most biographies of Bernstein state that his lifestyle became more excessive and his personal behavior sometimes more reckless and crude after Felicia's death. However, his public standing and many of his close friendships appear to have remained unaffected, and he resumed his busy schedule of musical activity.

His affairs with men included a ten-year relationship with Kunihiko Hashimoto, a Tokyo insurance employee. The two met when the New York Philharmonic was performing in Tokyo. Hashimoto went backstage and they ended up spending the night together. It was a long distance affair, but according to letters, they both cared about each other deeply. Dearest Lenny: Letters from Japan and the Making of the World Maestro by Mari Yoshihara (Oxford University Press, 2019) goes into detail about their letters and relationship including interviews with Hashimoto. The book also includes other letters Bernstein received from Japanese fans.[125]

Bernstein had asthma, which kept him from serving in the military during World War II.[126]

## Death and legacy[edit | edit source]

File:Leonard Bernstein Grave, Sunset, Green-Wood Cemetery.jpg

Bernstein's grave in Green-Wood Cemetery

File:Leonard Bernstein in een ontspannen pose, Bestanddeelnr 921-6977.jpg

Bernstein, 1968

Bernstein announced his retirement from conducting on October 9, 1990.[127] He died five days later, in his New York apartment at The Dakota, of a heart attack brought on by mesothelioma.[128] He was 72 years old.[2] A longtime heavy smoker, he had emphysema from his mid-50s. On the day of his funeral procession through the streets of Manhattan, construction workers removed their hats and waved, calling out "Goodbye, Lenny".[129] Bernstein is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York,[130] next to his wife and with a copy of Mahler's Fifth Symphony opened to the famous Adagietto lying across his heart.[131] On August 25, 2018 (his 100th birthday), he was honored with a Google Doodle.[132] Also for his centennial, the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles created an exhibition titled Leonard Bernstein at 100.[133][134][135]

## Social activism[edit | edit source]

While Bernstein was very well known for his music compositions and conducting, he was also known for his outspoken political views and his strong desire to further social change. His first aspirations for social change were made apparent in his producing (as a student) a recently banned opera, The Cradle Will Rock, by Marc Blitzstein, about the disparity between the working and upper class. His first opera, Trouble in Tahiti, was dedicated to Blitzstein and has a strong social theme, criticizing American civilization and suburban upper-class life in particular. As he went on in his career, Bernstein would go on to fight for everything from the influences of "American Music" to the disarming of western nuclear weapons.[136]

Like many of his friends and colleagues, Bernstein had been involved in various left-wing causes and organizations since the 1940s. He was blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS in the early 1950s, but unlike others his career was not greatly affected, and he was never required to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.[137]

His political life received substantial press coverage though in 1970, due to a gathering hosted at his Manhattan apartment at 895 Park Avenue[138] on January 14, 1970. Bernstein and his wife held the event seeking to raise awareness and money for the defense of several members of the Black Panther Party against a variety of charges, especially the case of the Panther 21.[139] The New York Times initially covered the gathering as a lifestyle item, but later posted an editorial harshly unfavorable to Bernstein following generally negative reaction to the widely publicized story.[140][141]

This reaction culminated in June 1970 with the appearance of "Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's", an essay by journalist Tom Wolfe featured on the cover of the magazine New York.[142] The article contrasted the Bernsteins' comfortable lifestyle in one of the world's most expensive neighborhoods with the anti-establishment politics of the Black Panthers. It led to the popularization of "radical chic" as a critical term.[143] Both Bernstein and his wife Felicia responded to the criticism, arguing that they were motivated not by a shallow desire to express fashionable sympathy but by their concern for civil liberties.[144][145]

Bernstein was named in the book Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television (1950) as a Communist along with Aaron Copland, Lena Horne, Pete Seeger, Artie Shaw and other prominent figures of the performing arts. Red Channels was issued by the right-wing journal Counterattack.[146]

### Rostropovich[edit | edit source]

Bernstein played an instrumental role in the release of renowned cellist and conductor Mstislav Rostropovich from the USSR in 1974. Rostropovich, a strong believer in free speech and democracy, had been officially held in disgrace; his concerts and tours both at home and abroad cancelled, and in 1972 he was prohibited to travel outside of the Soviet Union. During a trip to the USSR in 1974, Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy and his wife Joan, urged by Bernstein and others in the cultural sphere, mentioned Rostropovich's situation to Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union Communist Party Leader. Two days later, Rostropovich was granted his exit visa.[147][148]

### Philanthropy[edit | edit source]

Among the many awards Bernstein earned throughout his life, one allowed him to make one of his philanthropic dreams a reality. He had for a long time wanted to develop an international school to help promote the integration of arts into education. When he won the Praemium Imperiale, Japan Arts Association award for lifetime achievement in 1990,[149] he used the $100,000 that came with the award to build such a school in Nashville, that would strive to teach teachers how to better integrate music, dance, and theater into the school system which was "not working".[150] Unfortunately, the school was not able to open until shortly after Bernstein's death. This would eventually yield an initiative known as Artful Learning as part of the Leonard Bernstein Center.[151][152]

## Influence and characteristics as a conductor[edit | edit source]

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File:Leonard Bernstein 1971.jpg

Leonard Bernstein in rehearsal of his "Mass", 1971

Bernstein was one of the major figures in orchestral conducting in the second half of the 20th century. He was held in high regard amongst many musicians, including the members of the Vienna Philharmonic, evidenced by his honorary membership; the London Symphony Orchestra, of which he was president; and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, with which he appeared regularly as guest conductor. He was probably the main conductor from the 1960s onwards who acquired a sort of superstar status similar to that of Herbert von Karajan, although unlike Karajan he conducted relatively little opera and part of Bernstein's fame was based on his role as a composer. As the first American-born music director of the New York Philharmonic, his rise to prominence was a factor in overcoming the perception of the time that the top conductors were necessarily trained in Europe.

Bernstein's conducting was characterized by extremes of emotion with the rhythmic pulse of the music conveyed visually through his balletic podium manner. Musicians often reported that his manner in rehearsal was the same as in concert. As he got older his performances tended to be overlaid to a greater extent with a personal expressiveness which often divided critical opinion. Extreme examples of this style can be found in his Deutsche Grammophon recordings of "Nimrod" from Elgar's Enigma Variations (1982), the end of Mahler's 9th Symphony (1985), and the finale of Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony (1986), where in each case the tempos are well below those typically chosen. A skilled pianist, he used to perform the piano parts himself and conduct orchestras from the keyboard (for instance, when he conducted Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue).

Bernstein performed a wide repertoire from the Baroque era to the 20th century, although perhaps from the 1970s onwards he tended to focus more on music from the Romantic era. He was considered especially accomplished with the works of Gustav Mahler and with American composers in general, including George Gershwin, Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, Roy Harris, William Schuman, and of course himself. Some of his recordings of works by these composers would likely appear on many music critics' lists of recommended recordings. A list of his other well-thought-of recordings would include, among others, individual works from Haydn, Beethoven, Berlioz, Schumann, Liszt, Nielsen, Sibelius, Stravinsky, Hindemith, and Shostakovich.[153] His recordings of Rhapsody in Blue (full-orchestra version) and An American in Paris for Columbia Records, released in 1959, are considered definitive by many, although Bernstein cut the Rhapsody slightly, and his more 'symphonic' approach with slower tempi is quite far from Gershwin's own conception of the piece, evident from his two recordings. (Oscar Levant, Earl Wild, and others come closer to Gershwin's own style.) Bernstein never conducted Gershwin's Piano Concerto in F, or more than a few excerpts from Porgy and Bess, although he did discuss the latter in his article Why Don't You Run Upstairs and Write a Nice Gershwin Tune?, originally published in The New York Times and later reprinted in his 1959 book The Joy of Music.

In addition to being an active conductor, Bernstein was an influential teacher of conducting. During his many years of teaching at Tanglewood and elsewhere, he directly taught or mentored many younger conductors, including John Mauceri, Marin Alsop, Herbert Blomstedt, Edo de Waart, Alexander Frey, Paavo Järvi, Eiji Oue, Maurice Peress, Seiji Ozawa (who made his American TV debut as the guest conductor on one of the Young People's Concerts), Carl St. Clair, Helmuth Rilling, Michael Tilson Thomas, and Jaap van Zweden. He also undoubtedly influenced the career choices of many American musicians who grew up watching his television programmes in the 1950s and 60s.

## Recordings[edit | edit source]

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File:P Kolbe-01 Bernstein 01.jpg

Audio recording for CBS of the Symphony No. 3 by Danish composer Carl Nielsen in Copenhagen, 1965

External audio

File:Nuvola apps arts.svg Leonard Bernstein conducts the Columbia Symphony Orchestra with Glenn Gould in:
Beethoven's Piano Concerto No.2 in B Flat Major, Op. 19
Bach's Keyboard Concerto No. 1 in D Minor, BWV 1052 in 1957 Here on archive.org

Bernstein recorded extensively from the mid-1940s until just a few months before his death. Aside from those 1940s recordings, which were made for RCA Victor, Bernstein recorded primarily for Columbia Masterworks Records, especially when he was music director of the New York Philharmonic between 1958 and 1971. In the late 1950's he also joined forces with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra and Glenn Gould in a recording of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 2 in B flat major, Op. 19 and Bach's Keyboard Concerto No. 1 in D minor, BWV 1052 for Columbia Masterworks (ML 5211, 1957).[154] His typical pattern of recording at that time was to record major works in the studio immediately after they were presented in the orchestra's subscription concerts or on one of the Young People's Concerts, with any spare time used to record short orchestral showpieces and similar works. Many of these performances were digitally remastered and reissued by Sony Classical Records (the successor to American Columbia/CBS Masterworks following Sony's 1990 acquisition of Columbia/CBS Records) between 1992 and 1993 as part of its 100 volume, 125-CD "Royal Edition", as well as its 1997–2001 "Bernstein Century" series. The rights to Bernstein's 1940s RCA Victor recordings became fully owned by Sony following its 2008 acquisition of Bertelsmann Music Group's (BMG), and now controls both the RCA Victor and Columbia archives. The complete Bernstein Columbia and RCA Victor catalog was reissued on CD in a three-volume series of box sets (released in 2010, 2014, and 2018, respectively) comprising a total of 198 discs under the mantle "Leonard Bernstein Edition".

His later recordings (starting with Bizet's Carmen in 1972) were mostly made for Deutsche Grammophon, though he would occasionally return to the Columbia label. Notable exceptions include recordings of Gustav Mahler's Song of the Earth and Mozart's 15th piano concerto and "Linz" symphony with the Vienna Philharmonic for Decca Records (1966); Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy (1976) for EMI; and Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (1981) for Philips Records, a label that like Deutsche Grammophon was part of PolyGram at that time. Unlike his studio recordings for Columbia Masterworks, most of his later Deutsche Grammophon recordings were taken from live concerts (or edited together from several concerts with additional sessions to correct errors). Many replicate repertoire that he recorded in the 1950s and 60s.

In addition to his audio recordings, many of Bernstein's concerts from the 1970s onwards were recorded on motion picture film by the German film company Unitel. This included a complete cycle of the Mahler symphonies (with the Vienna Philharmonic and London Symphony Orchestra), as well as complete cycles of the Beethoven, Brahms and Schumann symphonies recorded at the same series of concerts as the audio recordings by Deutsche Grammophon. Many of these films appeared on LaserDisc and are now on DVD.

In total Bernstein was awarded 16 Grammys for his recordings in various categories, including several for posthumously released recordings. He was also awarded a Lifetime Achievement Grammy in 1985.

## Influence and characteristics as a composer[edit | edit source]

Further information: List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein

Bernstein was an eclectic composer whose music fused elements of jazz, Jewish music, theatre music, and the work of earlier composers like Aaron Copland, Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, George Gershwin, and Marc Blitzstein. Some of his works, especially his score for West Side Story, helped bridge the gap between classical and popular music.[citation needed] His music was rooted in tonality but in some works like his Kaddish Symphony and the opera A Quiet Place he mixed in 12-tone elements. Bernstein himself said his main motivation for composing was "to communicate" and that all his pieces, including his symphonies and concert works, "could in some sense be thought of as 'theatre' pieces".[155]

File:Place Léonard-Bernstein, Paris 12.jpg

Place Léonard-Bernstein, a square in the 12th arrondissement of Paris

According to the League of American Orchestras,[156] he was the second most frequently performed American composer by U.S. orchestras in 2008–09 behind Copland, and he was the 16th most frequently performed composer overall by U.S. orchestras. (Some performances were probably due to the 2008 90th anniversary of his birth.) His most popular pieces were the Overture to Candide, the Symphonic Dances from West Side Story, the Serenade after Plato's "Symposium" and the Three Dance Episodes from On the Town. His shows West Side Story, On the Town, Wonderful Town and Candide are regularly performed, and his symphonies and concert works are programmed from time to time by orchestras around the world. Since his death many of his works have been commercially recorded by artists other than himself. The Serenade, which has been recorded more than 10 times, is probably his most recorded work not taken from an actual theatre piece.[citation needed]

Despite the fact that he was a popular success as a composer, Bernstein himself is reported to have been disillusioned that some of his more serious works were not rated more highly by critics, and that he himself had not been able to devote more time to composing because of his conducting and other activities.[129] Professional criticism of Bernstein's music[by whom?] often involves discussing the degree to which he created something new as art versus simply skillfully borrowing and fusing together elements from others.[citation needed] In the late 1960s, Bernstein himself reflected that his eclecticism was in part due to his lack of lengthy periods devoted to composition, and that he was still seeking to enrich his own personal musical language in the manner of the great composers of the past, all of whom had borrowed elements from others.[157] Perhaps the harshest criticism he received from some critics in his lifetime though was directed at works like his Kaddish Symphony, his MASS and the opera A Quiet Place, where they found the underlying message of the piece or the text as either mildly embarrassing, clichéd or offensive.[citation needed] Despite this, all these pieces have been performed, discussed and reconsidered since his death.

The Chichester Psalms, and excerpts from his Third Symphony and MASS were performed for Pope John Paul II, including at World Youth Day 1993 in Denver on August 14, 1993, and at the Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah on April 7, 1994, with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in the Sala Nervi at the Vatican. Both performances were conducted by Gilbert Levine.

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Bernstein, Leonard (1993) [1982]. Findings. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42437-0.
* -- (1993) [1966]. The Infinite Variety of Music. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42438-7.
* -- (2004) [1959]. The Joy of Music. Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-104-9.
* -- (2006) [1962]. Young People's Concerts. Milwaukee; Cambridge: Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-102-5.
* -- (1976). The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-92001-5.
* -- (2013). The Leonard Bernstein Letters (paperback). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20544-2.

## Videography[edit | edit source]

* The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard. West Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Video. VHS ISBN 1-56127-570-0. DVD ISBN 0-7697-1570-2. (videotape of the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures given at Harvard in 1973.)
* Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic. West Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Video. DVD ISBN 0-7697-1503-6.
* Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna/Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1. West Long Branch, Kultur Video. DVD
* Leonard Bernstein: Omnibus – The Historic TV Broadcasts, 2010, E1 Ent.
* Bernstein: Reflections (1978), A rare personal portrait of Leonard Bernstein by Peter Rosen. Euroarts DVD
* Bernstein/Beethoven (1982), Deutsche Grammophon, DVD
* The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon, DVD 00440-073-4538
* Bernstein Conducts "West Side Story" (1985) (retitled The Making of West Side Story in re-releases) Deutsche Grammophon. DVD
* "The Rite of Spring" in Rehearsal
* Mozart's Great Mass in C minor, Exsultate, jubilate & Ave verum corpus (1990), Deutsche Grammophon. DVD 00440-073-4240
* "Leonard Bernstein: Reaching for the Note" (1998) Documentary on his life and music. Originally aired on PBS's American Masters series. DVD

## Awards[edit | edit source]

File:Leonard Bernstein in een ontspannen pose, Bestanddeelnr 921-6976.jpg

Leonard Bernstein receiving the Edison Classical Music Award in 1968

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein

* Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1951[158]
* Fellow at the MacDowell 1962, 1970, 1972[159]
* Sonning Award (Denmark), 1965
* Ditson Conductor's Award, 1958
* George Peabody Medal – Johns Hopkins University, 1980
* Ernst von Siemens Music Prize, 1987
* Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal (UK), 1987
* Edward MacDowell Medal, 1987[160]
* Knight Grand Cross Order of Merit (Italy), 1989
* Grammy Award for Best Album for Children
* Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance
* Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance
* Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording
* Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance
* Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance
* Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition
* Grammy Award for Best Classical Album
* Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
* Tony Award for Best Musical
* Special Tony Award
* Japan Arts Association Lifetime Achievement Award
* Gramophone Hall of Fame entrant[161]
* Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, 1986

Bernstein is also a member of both the American Theater Hall of Fame[162] and the Television Hall of Fame.[163] In 2015, he was inducted into the Legacy Walk.[164]

## References[edit | edit source]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Karlin, Fred (1994). Listening to Movies 8. New York: Schirmer. p. 264. Bernstein's pronunciation of his own name as he introduces his Peter and the Wolf.
2. ^ a b Henahan, Donal (October 15, 1990). "Leonard Bernstein, 72, Music's Monarch, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2009. "Leonard Bernstein, one of the most prodigally talented and successful musicians in American history, died yesterday evening at his apartment at the Dakota on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He was 72 years old. Mr. Bernstein's spokeswoman, Margaret Carson, said he died of a heart attack caused by progressive lung failure."; also in "On this Day – 25 August".
3. ^ "Leonard Bernstein". Television Academy. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
4. ^ "Leonard Bernstein Tony Awards Info". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
5. ^ "Leonard Bernstein". GRAMMY.com. November 19, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
6. ^ "Leonard Bernstein". Kennedy Center. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
7. ^ "Leonard Bernstein Dies; Conductor, Composer: Music: Renaissance man of his art was 72. The longtime leader of the N.Y. Philharmonic carved a niche in history with 'West Side Story'". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 1990. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
8. ^ "Discography | Leonard Bernstein". leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
9. ^ "The Man Who Mainstreamed Mahler" by David Schiff, The New York Times, November 4, 2001.
10. ^ Laird 2002, p. 10.
11. ^ "March 24, 1965: 'The Night the 'Stars' Came Out in Alabama'". Classical.org. March 24, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
12. ^ "How Bernstein Came to 'MASS'". Brandeis University. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
13. ^ "Upheaval in the East: Berlin; Near the Wall, Bernstein Leads an Ode to Freedom". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 26, 1989. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
14. ^ Dougary, Ginny (March 13, 2010). "Leonard Bernstein: 'charismatic, pompous – and a great father'". The Times. UK. Retrieved March 17, 2020.(subscription required); also here Archived August 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine at ginnydougary.co.uk.
15. ^ Oliver, Myrna (October 15, 1990). "Leonard Bernstein Dies; Conductor, Composer Music: Renaissance man of his art was 72. The longtime leader of the N.Y. Philharmonic carved a niche in history with West Side Story". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
16. ^ Rovner, Adam (November 2006). "So Easily Assimilated: The New Immigrant Chic". AJS Review. 30 (2): 313–324. doi:10.1017/S0364009406000158. S2CID 162547428.
17. ^ Peyser 1987, pp. 22–24.
18. ^ Edwina Pitman (August 12, 2018). "'Lenny changed my life': why Bernstein still inspires". The Guardian. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
19. ^ Campbell, Corinna. Harvard Bernstein Festival Program Book Archived April 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
20. ^ "Burton Bernstein Obituary". The New York Times. August 29, 2017.
21. ^ Schwartz, Penny (April 26, 2018). "Boston Pops to celebrate the magic of Leonard Bernstein". Jewish Journal.
22. ^ Simeone 2013, p. 8.
23. ^ Leonard Bernstein at the Encyclopædia Britannica
24. ^ Peyser 1987, p. 34.
25. ^ Swan, Claudia (1999). Leonard Bernstein : the Harvard years 1935-1939. New York: Eos Orchestra. ISBN 0-9648083-4-X. OCLC 41502300.
26. ^ Burton 1994, pp. 52–55.
27. ^ Burton 1994, pp. 35–36.
28. ^ a b Laird & Lin 2019, p. [page needed].
29. ^ See for instance Bernstein's 1980 TV Documentary, Teachers and Teaching available on a Deutsche Grammophon DVD.
30. ^ "Bernstein". www.curtis.edu. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
31. ^ "Summer 1940 | Celebrate Bernstein". Retrieved December 10, 2020.
32. ^ "Tanglewood | Educator | About | Leonard Bernstein". leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
33. ^ "About Bernstein". Leonard Bernstein official site. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
34. ^ "Leonard Bernstein – Biography". Sony Classical. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
35. ^ a b Witemeyer, Barbara. "Dentist to the Stars (comment, row 4, box 1)". Leonard Bernstein: Memories. Leonard Bernstein Office. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
36. ^ a b Burton 1994, p. 108.
37. ^ Sargeant, Winthrop."Judy Holliday"Life Magazine, April 2, 1951.
38. ^ The Revuers (1940). "Night Life in New York (78rpm 12-in Set Musicraft Records #N-2)". Popsike.com. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
39. ^ Program and recording Archived September 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (except Wagner's Prelude to Die Meistersinger), New York Philharmonic Digital Archives.
40. ^ "75 Years Ago Today: Bernstein's Famed Philharmonic Debut". nyphil.org. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
41. ^ Burton 1994, p. 142.
42. ^ "Fancy Free". New York City Ballet.
43. ^ Oja, Carol J. (2014). Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986209-2. OCLC 862780844.
44. ^ Template:WikidataCheck On the Town (1949) at IMDb
45. ^ "Leonard Bernstein Conducts the New York City Symphony at City Center | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
46. ^ Arturo Toscanini: the NBC years. Amadeus Press. 2002. ISBN 978-1-57467-069-1.
47. ^ Bradley, Mark Philip (September 12, 2016). The World Reimagined – Americans and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century. New York. p. 13\. ISBN 978-0-521-82975-5. OCLC 946031535.
48. ^ Peter Pan, music and lyrics by Leonard Bernstein, Playbill, April 24, 1950.
49. ^ "Peter Pan – Broadway Revival – Imperial Theatre". Playbill. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
50. ^ "Leonard Bernstein Trouble in Tahiti (original orchestral version) – Opera". www.boosey.com. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
51. ^ "Leonard Bernstein". www.leonardbernstein.com.
52. ^ "Trouble in Tahiti (Broadway, Playhouse Theatre, 1955)". Playbill. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
53. ^ "Wonderful Town – Broadway Original – Winter Garden Theatre". Playbill. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
54. ^ Simeone 2013, p. 311.
55. ^ Burton 1994, p. 260.
56. ^ ​Candide​ (1956/57) at the Internet Broadway Database
57. ^ "Authors". West Side Story. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
58. ^ "West Side Story". Music Theatre International. September 16, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
59. ^ ​West Side Story​ (1957) at the Internet Broadway Database
60. ^ "60-plus years later, West Side Story endures and thrives, including a new production at 5th Avenue Theatre". The Seattle Times. May 24, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
61. ^ "Classical Music in 2018: The year in statistics" (PDF). Bachtrack. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
62. ^ Rita Moreno winning Best Supporting Actress on YouTube
63. ^ "West Side Story (2021) – About the Movie". Amblin Entertainment. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
64. ^ "New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein".
65. ^ "Young People's Concerts". Leonard Bernstein. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
66. ^ "Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic". Television Academy. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
67. ^ Bernstein, Leonard (2005). Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-57467-102-5.
68. ^ "Honors: A Selected List – Grammy Awards". The Leonard Bernstein Office, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
69. ^ "New York Philharmonic World Premieres".
70. ^ "New York Philharmonic United States Premieres".
71. ^ "Thursday Evening Previews, Performing Arts Encyclopedia, Library of Congress". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
72. ^ Robin, William (May 31, 2013). "Looking Back at 'Lenny's Playlist'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
73. ^ Leonard Bernstein. "The Truth About a Legend". leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
74. ^ "Who is the Boss of a Concerto? Bernstein on Gould's Historic Brahms Performance". Classical.org. September 25, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
75. ^ Transcription of Bernstein's Glenn Gould Introduction Archived October 31, 2000, at the Wayback Machine (from a Rutgers University webpage).
76. ^ Keller, James. "Bernstein and Mahler: Channeling a Prophet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022.
77. ^ Leonard Bernstein (February 7, 1960). "Who is Gustav Mahler?". leonardbernstein.com (episode transcript of Young People's Concert). Retrieved February 24, 2022.
78. ^ "Mahler: His Time Has Come (Leonard Bernstein)". The Library of Congress.
79. ^ "BiblioTech PRO V3.2b". 69.18.170.204. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
80. ^ "An Artist's Response to Violence | Humanitarian | About | Leonard Bernstein". leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
81. ^ "June 6 & 8, 1968: Bernstein, Mahler, and Remembering Robert F. Kennedy". June 5, 2018.
82. ^ "Leonard Bernstein's 'Kaddish' Symphony: A Crisis Of Faith". NPR. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
83. ^ "Chichester Psalms (Leonard Bernstein)". LA Phil. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
84. ^ "Classical Music in 2018, the year in statistics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
85. ^ "6th Subscription Concert – Vienna Philharmonic". www.wienerphilharmoniker.at. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
86. ^ Chapin, Schuyler (1992). Leonard Bernstein : notes from a friend. New York: Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1216-9. OCLC 25787112.
87. ^ Harold C. Schonberg (September 9, 1971). "Bernstein's New Work Reflects His Background on Broadway". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
88. ^ "Leonard Bernstein – Mass (full version)". www.boosey.com. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
89. ^ "Review: Leonard Bernstein's liturgy for the world". America Magazine. July 20, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
90. ^ "Things Get Broken | Commonweal Magazine". www.commonwealmagazine.org. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
91. ^ Maggie Stapleton (July 30, 2021). "Aug 27: Sony Classical Releases Leonard Bernstein's MASS at 50 – Celebrating the Anniversary of its Premiere at the Kennedy Center" (press release Jensen Artists). Musical America. Retrieved January 31, 2022.[failed verification]
92. ^ Burton, Humphrey (1995). Leonard Bernstein. London: Faber and Faber. p. 410\. ISBN 0-571-17368-3. OCLC 32510075.
93. ^ The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard (Music), January 11, 1976, retrieved August 24, 2022
94. ^ "The Unanswered Question — Leonard Bernstein". www.hup.harvard.edu. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
95. ^ "Dybbuk | New York City Ballet". www.nycballet.com. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
96. ^ Schonberg, Harold C. (December 16, 1977). "Music: A Songfest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
97. ^ Holland, Bernard (July 9, 1985). "MUSIC: BERNSTEIN AT JONES BEACH". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
98. ^ Burton, Humphrey (1995). Leonard Bernstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-17368-3. OCLC 32510075.
99. ^ Bernstein in London: Verdi's Requiem (1970) - IMDb, retrieved October 20, 2022
100. ^ Schonberg, Harold C. (September 20, 1972). "Opera: A New 'Carmen,' Daring and Provocative". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
101. ^ "BIZET Carmen / Bernstein". www.deutschegrammophon.com. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
102. ^ "Leonard Bernstein: Unitel Catalogue" (PDF). Unitel.de. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
103. ^ Burton, Humphrey (December 24, 1971), Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration in Vienna with Leonard Bernstein (Documentary, Music), Amberson Productions Inc., retrieved October 20, 2022
104. ^ "Outstanding Musical Program Nominees / Winners 1972". Television Academy. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
105. ^ Barbara, Hendricks (June 1, 2014). Lifting My Voice : A Memoir. Chicago. ISBN 978-1-61374-852-7. OCLC 879372080.
106. ^ a b c Burton 1994, pp. 158–160
107. ^ Leonard Bernstein and Maximilian Schell discussing Beethoven's 6th and 7th Symphony on YouTube, video clip, 9 minutes.
108. ^ "Marion Kalter". www.marionkalter.com. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
109. ^ "Ode to Freedom – Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 (NTSC)". Classical Music Catalogue. Naxos Records. 2006. EuroArts 2072038. Archived from the original on November 22, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.[failed verification]
110. ^ "Prelude, Fugue & Riffs, Fall/Winter 2005" (PDF). The Leonard Bernstein Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2013.
111. ^ "History of the Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning". Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
112. ^ Garrison Keillor (August 25, 2003). "The Writer's Almanac". American Public Media. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
113. ^ Kozinn, Allan (October 10, 1990). "Bernstein Retires From Performing, Citing Poor Health". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
114. ^ Clark, Sedgewick (June 13, 1993). "Recording View: Bernstein: Yet More Surprises?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
115. ^ Mangan, Timothy (March 26, 2018). "Carl St.Clair Remembers Leonard Bernstein". The Bernstein Experience on Classical.org. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
116. ^ Simeone 2013, p. 120.
117. ^ Simeone 2013, p. 143.
118. ^ Simeone 2013, p. 294.
119. ^ Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis, New York City: 1940–1996, p.=[page needed]
120. ^ a b Secrest 1994, p. [page needed].
121. ^ Peyser 1987, pp. 196, 204, 322.
122. ^ "Alexander Bernstein: Papas Geheimnis" [Alexander Bernstein: Papa's Secret]. Der Spiegel (in German). July 1, 2022. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
123. ^ "Leonard Bernstein a gay man who dabbled in the straight world". July 12, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
124. ^ Burton 1994, pp. 446–447.
125. ^ Alberge, Dalya (August 17, 2019). "Passionate, tender, heartbreaking ... letters reveal Leonard Bernstein's 10-year secret affair". The Observer. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
126. ^ "Leonard Bernstein, A Total Embrace of Music, Classical Notes, Peter Gutmann". www.classicalnotes.net.
127. ^ "Died On This Date (October 14, 1990) Leonard Bernstein / World Renowned Composer The Music's Over". October 14, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
128. ^ Stanton, Scott (September 1, 2003). The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-6330-0 - via Google Books.
129. ^ a b See the TV Documentary: Leonard Bernstein: Reaching for the Note originally shown in the series American Masters on PBS in the U.S., now on DVD.
130. ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 3707–3708). McFarland & Company. Kindle Edition.
131. ^ Davis, Peter G. (May 17, 2011). "When Mahler Took Manhattan". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2018. "Small wonder that Bernstein is buried with the score of Mahler's Fifth Symphony placed over his heart."
132. ^ "Google Doodle Celebrates Leonard Bernstein's 100th Birthday with West Side Story Video" by Annabel Gutterman, Time, August 25, 2018; "Leonard Bernstein's 100th Birthday", Google, August 25, 2018.
133. ^ "Leonard Bernstein at 100". August 17, 2017.
134. ^ ""Leonard Bernstein at 100" Exhibition Comes to Skirball Cultural Center". April 26, 2018.
135. ^ "Skirball Cultural Center Celebrates 'Leonard Bernstein at 100'". The Hollywood Reporter. April 27, 2018.
136. ^ Bernstein:The Best of All Possible Worlds. "Causes and Effecting Change". Archived from the original on December 24, 2010.
137. ^ Seldes 2009, p. [page needed].
138. ^ "Leonard Bernstein's New York" by Barbara Hoffman, New York Post, October 18, 2014.
139. ^ "Radical Chic". Hope for America: Performers, Politics and Pop Culture. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
140. ^ "False Note on Black Panthers". The New York Times. January 16, 1970.
141. ^ Wolfe, Tom. "Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's". New York. "Tom Wolfe on Radical Chic and Leonard Bernstein's Party for the Black Panthers". Retrieved December 11, 2010.
142. ^ Wolfe, Tom (June 8, 1970). "Radical Chic: that Party at Lenny's" (PDF). New York. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
143. ^ "Leonard Bernstein: A political life". The Economist. May 28, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
144. ^ Bernstein, Felicia M. (January 21, 1970). "Letters to the Editor of The Times: Panthers' Legal Aid". The New York Times.
145. ^ "The Social Activist". Bernstein: The Best of All Possible Worlds. Carnegie Hall Corporation. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
146. ^ Andrew Glass (June 22, 2012). "Counterattack publishes Red Channels, June 22, 1950". Politico., originally as ""Bernstein, Copland, Seeger and others are named as Communists" at history.com
147. ^ Kennedy, Joan (September 1, 1994). The Joy of Classical Music: A Guide for You and Your Family (Reissue ed.). New York: Main Street Books. ISBN 978-0-385-41263-6.
148. ^ Kennedy, Edward M. (2009). True Compass : A Memoir (1st ed.). New York: Twelve. ISBN 978-0-446-53925-8. OCLC 434905205.
149. ^ "Temple Emanuel". Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
150. ^ Harrison, Eric (August 9, 1993). "The maestro's legacy reverberates in Nashville : Leonard Bernstein's dream of creating a center that integrates the arts and the classroom is in full swing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
151. ^ "Leonard Bernstein's Arts-Based Education Revolution". HuffPost. June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
152. ^ "Artful Learning Model". The Leonard Bernstein Center. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
153. ^ Holmes, John L. (1982). Conductors on Record. UK: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-22990-9.
154. ^ Audio recording: Leonard Bernstein, Glenn Gould and the Columbia Symphony Orchestra on archive.org
155. ^ In the 1978 Peter Rosen documentary Leonard Bernstein: Reflections, now available on a Medici Arts DVD.
156. ^ "2008–2009 Season, Orchestra Repertoire Report" (PDF). League of American Orchestras. Retrieved January 21, 2011.[permanent dead link]
157. ^ Gruen 1968, p. [page needed].
158. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
159. ^ Leonard Bernstein, MacDowell Colony
160. ^ "MacDowell Medal winners 1960-2011". The Telegraph. April 13, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
161. ^ "Leonard Bernstein (composer, conductor and pianist)". Gramophone.
162. ^ "Members". Theater Hall of Fame.
163. ^ "Honorees". Television Academy.
164. ^ Melissa Wasserman (October 14, 2015). "Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques". Windy City Times.

### Sources[edit | edit source]

* Simeone, Nigel, ed. (2013). The Leonard Bernstein Letters. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17909-5. OCLC 861692638.
* Burton, Humphrey (1994). Leonard Bernstein. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-17368-6. OCLC 32510075. (Doubleday edition)
* Gruen, John (1968). The Private World of Leonard Bernstein. Photographs by Ken Heyman. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-57855-9.
* Laird, Paul R. (2002). Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8153-3517-7.
* Laird, Paul R.; Lin, Hsun (2019). Historical Dictionary of Leonard Bernstein. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1344-8. OCLC 1084631326.
* Peyser, Joan (1987). Bernstein, a Biography. New York: Beech Tree Books/William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-04918-8.
* Secrest, Meryle (1994). Leonard Bernstein A Life. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40731-6.
* Seldes, Barry (2009). Leonard Bernstein: The Political Life of an American Musician. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25764-1.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Bernstein, Burton (1982). Family Matters: Sam, Jennie, and the Kids. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-595-13342-0.
* Bernstein, Burton; Haws, Barbara, eds. (2008). Leonard Bernstein: American Original. Contains chapters by Alan Rich, Paul Boyer, Carol J. Oja, Tim Page, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Horowitz, Bill McGlaughlin, James M. Keller, and John Adams. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-153786-8.
* Bernstein, Jamie (2018). Famous Father Girl: A Memoir of Growing Up Bernstein. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-264135-9.
* Bernstein, Shirley (1963). Making Music: Leonard Bernstein. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Press. ASIN B0007E073Y.
* Briggs, John (1961). Leonard Bernstein: The Man, His Works and His World. World Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-163-81079-8.
* Burton, William W. (1995). Conversations about Bernstein. New York: Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-19-507947-0.
* Chapin, Schuyler (1992). Leonard Bernstein: Notes from a Friend. New York: Walker. ISBN 978-0-8027-1216-5.
* Cone, Molly and Robert Galster (1970). Leonard Bernstein. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. ISBN 978-0-690-48786-2
* Ewen, David (1960). Leonard Bernstein, A Biography for Young People. Philadelphia: Chilton Co. ISBN 978-1-376-19065-6
* Fluegel, Jane (ed.) (1991). Bernstein: Remembered: a life in pictures. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88184-722-2.
* Freedland, Michael (1987). Leonard Bernstein. London, England: Harrap. Ltd. ISBN 978-0-245-54499-6.
* Gottlieb, Jack, ed. (1992). Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts (revised ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42435-6.
* Gottlieb, Jack (2010). Working With Bernstein. Amadeus Press. ISBN 978-1-57467-186-5.
* Green, Diane Huss (1963). Lenny's Surprise Piano. San Carlos, California: Golden Gate Junior Books. ASIN B0006AYE10.
* Hurwitz, Johanna (1963). Leonard Bernstein: A Passion of Music. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-0501-5.
* Ledbetter, Steven (1988). Sennets & Tuckets, A Bernstein Celebration. Boston: Boston Symphony Orchestra in association with David Godine Publisher. ISBN 978-0-87923-775-2.
* Reidy, John P. & Norman Richards (1967). People of Destiny: Leonard Bernstein. Chicago: Children's Press. ASIN B0092UTPIW.
* Robinson, Paul (1982). Bernstein (The Art of Conducting Series). New York: Vangard Press. ASIN B01K92K1OI.
* Rozen, Brian D. (1997). The Contributions of Leonard Bernstein to Music Education: An Analysis of his 53 Young People's Concerts. Thesis (PhD). Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. OCLC 48156751.
* Shawn, Allen (2014). Leonard Bernstein: An American Musician. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14428-4.
* Wolfe, Tom (1987). Radical Chic and Mau Mauing the Flak Catchers. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ASIN B01NAOARU3.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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* Leonard Bernstein at Sony Classical
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* Talking About Leonard Bernstein at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television

Archival records

* Leonard Bernstein collection, circa 1900–1995, Library of Congress
* Bernstein Online Collection, Library of Congress
* Mildred Spiegel Zucker collection of Leonard Bernstein correspondence and related materials, 1936–1991, Library of Congress

* v
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* e

Leonard Bernstein

* List of compositions
* Awards

Opera and operetta|

* Trouble in Tahiti (1951)
* Candide (1956)
* A Quiet Place (1983)

Musicals|

* On the Town (1944)
* "New York, New York"
* "Lonely Town"
* Peter Pan (1950)
* Wonderful Town (1953)
* "Ohio"
* West Side Story (1957)
* "A Boy Like That"
* "America"
* "Cool"
* "Gee, Officer Krupke"
* "I Feel Pretty"
* "Maria"
* "One Hand, One Heart"
* "Something's Coming"
* "Somewhere"
* Tonight"
* "Tonight Quintet"
* A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green (1958, collaboration)
* The Race to Urga (1968)
* 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (1976)
* The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979, contribution)

Ballet|

* Fancy Free (1944)
* Dybbuk (1974)

Orchestral music|

* Symphony No. 1 (Jeremiah) (1942)
* Symphony No. 2 (The Age of Anxiety) (1948–49, revised 1965)
* Symphony No. 3 (Kaddish) (1963)
* Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Slava! A Political Overture (1977)
* Divertimento (1980)
* Concerto for Orchestra (1986, 1988, 1989, originally Jubilee Games)

Concertante|

* Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs (1948)
* Serenade after Plato's "Symposium" (1954)
* Ḥalil (1981)

Chamber music|

* Piano Trio (1937)
* Clarinet Sonata (1942)
* Dance Suite (1989)

Choral|

* Hashkiveinu (1945)
* Chichester Psalms (1965)
* "Olympic Hymn" (1981)
* Missa Brevis (1988)

Vocal|

* Psalm 148 (art song, 1935)
* I Hate Music (song cycle, 1943)
* La Bonne Cuisine (song cycle, 1947)
* "So Pretty" (1968)
* Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra (1977)
* "My Twelve Tone Melody" (1988)

Piano music|

* Non troppo presto (Music for the Dance No. 1) (1937)
* Music for the Dance No. 2 (1938)
* Sonata for the Piano (1938)
* Anniversaries (1942—1988)
* Seven Ann. (1942–43)
* Four Ann. (1948)
* Five Ann. (1949–51)
* Thirteen Ann. (1988)
* Four Sabras (ca. 1950)
* Bridal Suite (1960)
* Touches (1980)

Other compositions|

* The Lark (incidental music) (1955)
* Mass (1971)
* Opening Prayer (1986)

Film adaptations|

* On the Town (1949 film)
* West Side Story (1961 film)
* West Side Story (2021 film)

Books|

* The Joy of Music

Related articles|

* Academy for the Love of Learning
* Artful Learning
* Bernstein–Mahler cycle
* Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts
* New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962
* Pacific Music Festival
* The Unanswered Question (lecture series)
* Young People's Concerts

Category

* v
* t
* e

Arthur Laurents, Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim's West Side Story (1957)

Inspiration|

* William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet

Adaptations|

* West Side Story (1961 film)
* West Side Story Suite (1995 ballet)
* West Side Story (2021 film)
* accolades

Variations|

* Swango (2002 musical)
* West Bank Story (2005 parody film)

Songs|

| Act 1|

* "Something's Coming"
* "Maria"
* "Tonight"
* "America"
* "Cool"
* "One Hand, One Heart"
* "Tonight (Quintet & Chorus)"

|

Act 2|

* "I Feel Pretty"
* "Somewhere"
* "Gee, Officer Krupke"
* "A Boy like That"

Albums|

* West Side Story (1957 original cast)
* West Side Story (1959 Previn)
* West Side Story (1961 soundtrack)
* West Side Story (1961 Tjader)
* Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein (1961 Brubeck Quartet)
* West Side Story (1962 Peterson Trio)
* Kenton's West Side Story (1962 Kenton)
* Toshiko–Mariano Quartet (in West Side) (1963 Akiyoshi)
* West Side Story (1974 Earl Hines)
* West Side Story (2021 soundtrack)

Related|

* "The First Time"
* "Upper West Side Story"
* Wild Side Story
* China Girl
* "Roses"
* Play It Again
* Josh
* Superjail!
* "La Borinqueña" (used in 2021 film)

* v
* t
* e

New York Philharmonic Music Directors

* Ureli Corelli Hill (1842)
* Theodore Eisfeld (1848)
* Carl Bergmann (1855)
* Leopold Damrosch (1876)
* Theodore Thomas (1877)
* Adolf Neuendorff (1878)
* Anton Seidl (1891)
* Emil Paur (1898)
* Walter Damrosch (1902)
* Vasily Safonov (1906)
* Gustav Mahler (1909)
* Josef Stránský (1911)
* Willem Mengelberg (1922)
* Arturo Toscanini (1928)
* John Barbirolli (1936)
* Artur Rodziński (1943)
* Bruno Walter (1947)
* Leopold Stokowski (1949)
* Dimitri Mitropoulos (1949)
* Leonard Bernstein (1958)
* George Szell (1969)
* Pierre Boulez (1971)
* Zubin Mehta (1978)
* Kurt Masur (1991)
* Lorin Maazel (2002)
* Alan Gilbert (2009)
* Jaap van Zweden (2018)

File:New York Philharmonic logo.svg

Awards for Leonard Bernstein

* v
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* e

Ernst von Siemens Music Prize

* Benjamin Britten (1974)
* Olivier Messiaen (1975)
* Mstislav Rostropovich (1976)
* Herbert von Karajan (1977)
* Rudolf Serkin (1978)
* Pierre Boulez (1979)
* Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1980)
* Elliott Carter (1981)
* Gidon Kremer (1982)
* Witold Lutosławski (1983)
* Yehudi Menuhin (1984)
* Andrés Segovia (1985)
* Karlheinz Stockhausen (1986)
* Leonard Bernstein (1987)
* Peter Schreier (1988)
* Luciano Berio (1989)
* Hans Werner Henze (1990)
* Heinz Holliger (1991)
* H. C. Robbins Landon (1992)
* György Ligeti (1993)
* Claudio Abbado (1994)
* Harrison Birtwistle (1995)
* Maurizio Pollini (1996)
* Helmut Lachenmann (1997)
* György Kurtág (1998)
* Arditti Quartet (1999)
* Mauricio Kagel (2000)
* Reinhold Brinkmann (2001)
* Nikolaus Harnoncourt (2002)
* Wolfgang Rihm (2002)
* Alfred Brendel (2004)
* Henri Dutilleux (2004)
* Daniel Barenboim (2005)
* Brian Ferneyhough (2007)
* Anne-Sophie Mutter (2008)
* Klaus Huber (2009)
* Michael Gielen (2010)
* Aribert Reimann (2011)
* Friedrich Cerha (2012)
* Mariss Jansons (2013)
* Peter Gülke (2014)
* Christoph Eschenbach (2015)
* Per Nørgård (2016)
* Pierre-Laurent Aimard (2017)
* Beat Furrer (2018)
* Rebecca Saunders (2019)
* Tabea Zimmermann (2020)
* Georges Aperghis (2021)
* Olga Neuwirth (2022)

* v
* t
* e

Grammy Award for Best Children's Album

1959−1975|

* "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" – Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (1959)
* Peter and the Wolf – Peter Ustinov (1960)
* Let's All Sing with The Chipmunks – Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (1961)
* Prokofiev: Peter and The Wolf – Leonard Bernstein (1962)
* Saint-Saëns: Carnival of the Animals/Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra – Leonard Bernstein (1963)
* Bernstein Conducts for Young People – Leonard Bernstein (1964)
* Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack – Dick Van Dyke & Julie Andrews (1965)
* Dr. Seuss Presents: "Fox in Sox" and "Green Eggs and Ham" – Marvin Miller (1966)
* Dr. Seuss Presents - "If I Ran the Zoo" and "Sleep Book" – Marvin Miller (1967)
* Dr. Seuss: How The Grinch Stole Christmas – Boris Karloff (1968)
* No Award (1969)
* Peter, Paul and Mommy – Peter, Paul and Mary (1970)
* Sesame Street – Joan Cooney & Thomas Z. Shepard (producers) (1971)
* Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs – Bill Cosby (1972)
* The Electric Company – Bill Cosby & Rita Moreno (1973)
* Sesame Street Live! – Joe Raposo (producer) (1974)
* Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too – Paul Winchell, Sebastian Cabot & Sterling Holloway (1975)

1976−1993|

* The Little Prince – Richard Burton (1976)
* Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf / Saint-Saëns: "Carnival of the Animals" – Hermione Gingold & Karl Böhm (1977)
* Aren't You Glad You're You – Christopher Cerf & Jim Timmens (producers) (1978)
* The Muppet Show – Jim Henson (producer) (1979)
* The Muppet Movie – Jim Henson & Paul Williams (producers) (1980)
* In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record – David Levine & Lucy Simon (producers) (1981)
* Sesame Country – Jim Henson & Dennis Scott (producers) (1982)
* In Harmony 2 – David Levine & Lucy Simon (producers) (1983)
* E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial – Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones (producer) (1984)
* Where the Sidewalk Ends – Shel Silverstein and Ron Haffkine (producer) (1985)
* Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird – Jim Henson & Steve Buckingham (producers) (1986)
* The Alphabet – Jim Henson, Geri Van Rees & Kathryn King (producers) (1987)
* The Elephant's Child – Bobby McFerrin & Jack Nicholson (1988)
* Pecos Bill – Robin Williams and Ry Cooder (1989)
* The Rock-A-Bye Collection, Volume 1 – Tanya Goodman (1990)
* The Little Mermaid: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack – Alan Menken & Howard Ashman (songwriters) (1991)
* A Cappella Kids – Clifford "Barney" Robertson (producer) (1992)
* Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Alan Menken & Howard Ashman (songwriters) (1993)

2012−present|

* All About Bullies... Big and Small – Gloria Domina, James Cravero, Kevin Mackie, Patrick Robinson & Steve Pullara (producers) (2012)
* Can You Canoe? – The Okee Dokee Brothers (2013)
* Throw a Penny in the Wishing Well – Jennifer Gasoi (2014)
* I Am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for Education and Changed the World – Neela Vaswani (2015)
* Home – Tim Kubart (2016)
* Infinity Plus One – Secret Agent 23 Skidoo (2017)
* Feel What U Feel – Lisa Loeb (2018)
* All the Sounds – Lucy Kalantari & The Jazz Cats (2019)
* Ageless Songs for the Child Archetype – Jon Samson (2020)
* All the Ladies – Joanie Leeds (2021)
* A Colorful World − Falu (2022)

From 1994–2011, the category was split into Best Musical Album for Children and Best Spoken Word Album for Children.

* v
* t
* e

Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album

1959−1980|

* The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – Stan Freberg (1959)
* Lincoln Portrait – Carl Sandburg (1960)
* FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1961)
* Humor in Music – Leonard Bernstein (1962)
* The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – Charles Laughton (1963)
* Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – Edward Albee (playwright) (1964)
* BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – That Was the Week That Was (1965)
* John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – Goddard Lieberson (producer) (1966)
* Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – Edward R. Murrow (1967)
* Gallant Men – Everett Dirksen (1968)
* Lonesome Cities – Rod McKuen (1969)
* We Love You Call Collect – Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter (1970)
* Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – Martin Luther King Jr. (1971)
* Desiderata – Les Crane (1972)
* Lenny – Bruce Botnick (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1973)
* Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Richard Harris (1974)
* Good Evening – Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (1975)
* Give 'em Hell, Harry! – James Whitmore (1976)
* Great American Documents – Henry Fonda, Helen Hayes, James Earl Jones and Orson Welles (1977)
* The Belle of Amherst – Julie Harris (1978)
* Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Orson Welles (1979)
* Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – John Gielgud (1980)

1981−2000|

* Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein – Pat Carroll (1981)
* Donovan's Brain – Orson Welles (1982)
* Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1983)
* Lincoln Portrait – William Warfield (1984)
* The Words of Gandhi – Ben Kingsley (1985)
* Ma Rainey's Black Bottom – Mike Berniker (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1986)
* Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Sam Phillips (1987)
* Lake Wobegon Days – Garrison Keillor (1988)
* Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – Jesse Jackson (1989)
* It's Always Something – Gilda Radner (1990)
* Gracie: A Love Story – George Burns (1991)
* The Civil War – Ken Burns (1992)
* What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe (1993)
* On the Pulse of Morning – Maya Angelou (1994)
* Get in the Van – Henry Rollins (1995)
* Phenomenal Woman – Maya Angelou (1996)
* It Takes a Village – Hillary Clinton (1997)
* Charles Kuralt's Spring – Charles Kuralt (1998)
* Still Me – Christopher Reeve (1999)
* The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – LeVar Burton (2000)

2001−2020|

* The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography – Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) (2001)
* Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2002)
* A Song Flung Up to Heaven – Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2003)
* Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them – Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) (2004)
* My Life – Bill Clinton (2005)
* Dreams from My Father – Barack Obama (2006)
* Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis – Jimmy Carter / With Ossie and Ruby – Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2007)
* The Audacity of Hope – Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2008)
* An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore – Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon and Blair Underwood (2009)
* Always Looking Up – Michael J. Fox (2010)
* The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) – Jon Stewart (2011)
* If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – Betty White (2012)
* Society's Child – Janis Ian (2013)
* America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't – Stephen Colbert (2014)
* Diary of a Mad Diva – Joan Rivers (2015)
* A Full Life: Reflections at 90 – Jimmy Carter (2016)
* In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – Carol Burnett (2017)
* The Princess Diarist – Carrie Fisher (2018)
* Faith: A Journey for All – Jimmy Carter (2019)
* Becoming – Michelle Obama (2020)

2021−present|

* Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth – Rachel Maddow (2021)
* Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − Don Cheadle (2022)

* v
* t
* e

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

1963–1990|

* 1963
* Bing Crosby
* 1965
* Frank Sinatra
* 1966
* Duke Ellington
* 1967
* Ella Fitzgerald
* 1968
* Irving Berlin
* 1971
* Elvis Presley
* 1972
* Louis Armstrong
* Mahalia Jackson
* 1984
* Chuck Berry
* Charlie Parker
* 1985
* Leonard Bernstein
* 1986
* Benny Goodman
* The Rolling Stones
* Andrés Segovia
* 1987
* Roy Acuff
* Benny Carter
* Enrico Caruso
* Ray Charles
* Fats Domino
* Woody Herman
* Billie Holiday
* B.B. King
* Isaac Stern
* Igor Stravinsky
* Arturo Toscanini
* Hank Williams
* 1989
* Fred Astaire
* Pablo Casals
* Dizzy Gillespie
* Jascha Heifetz
* Lena Horne
* Leontyne Price
* Bessie Smith
* Art Tatum
* Sarah Vaughan
* 1990
* Nat King Cole
* Miles Davis
* Vladimir Horowitz
* Paul McCartney

1991–2000|

* 1991
* Marian Anderson
* Bob Dylan
* John Lennon
* Kitty Wells
* 1992
* James Brown
* John Coltrane
* Jimi Hendrix
* Muddy Waters
* 1993
* Chet Atkins
* Little Richard
* Thelonious Monk
* Bill Monroe
* Pete Seeger
* Fats Waller
* 1994
* Bill Evans
* Aretha Franklin
* Arthur Rubinstein
* 1995
* Patsy Cline
* Peggy Lee
* Henry Mancini
* Curtis Mayfield
* Barbra Streisand
* 1996
* Dave Brubeck
* Marvin Gaye
* Georg Solti
* Stevie Wonder
* 1997
* Bobby "Blue" Bland
* The Everly Brothers
* Judy Garland
* Stéphane Grappelli
* Buddy Holly
* Charles Mingus
* Oscar Peterson
* Frank Zappa
* 1998
* Bo Diddley
* The Mills Brothers
* Roy Orbison
* Paul Robeson
* 1999
* Johnny Cash
* Sam Cooke
* Otis Redding
* Smokey Robinson
* Mel Tormé
* 2000
* Harry Belafonte
* Woody Guthrie
* John Lee Hooker
* Mitch Miller
* Willie Nelson

2001–2010|

* 2001
* The Beach Boys
* Tony Bennett
* Sammy Davis Jr.
* Bob Marley
* The Who
* 2002
* Count Basie
* Rosemary Clooney
* Perry Como
* Al Green
* Joni Mitchell
* 2003
* Etta James
* Johnny Mathis
* Glenn Miller
* Tito Puente
* Simon & Garfunkel
* 2004
* Van Cliburn
* The Funk Brothers
* Ella Jenkins
* Sonny Rollins
* Artie Shaw
* Doc Watson
* 2005
* Eddy Arnold
* Art Blakey
* The Carter Family
* Morton Gould
* Janis Joplin
* Led Zeppelin
* Jerry Lee Lewis
* Jelly Roll Morton
* Pinetop Perkins
* The Staple Singers
* 2006
* David Bowie
* Cream
* Merle Haggard
* Robert Johnson
* Jessye Norman
* Richard Pryor
* The Weavers
* 2007
* Joan Baez
* Booker T. & the M.G.'s
* Maria Callas
* Ornette Coleman
* The Doors
* The Grateful Dead
* Bob Wills
* 2008
* Burt Bacharach
* The Band
* Cab Calloway
* Doris Day
* Itzhak Perlman
* Max Roach
* Earl Scruggs
* 2009
* Gene Autry
* The Blind Boys of Alabama
* The Four Tops
* Hank Jones
* Brenda Lee
* Dean Martin
* Tom Paxton
* 2010
* Leonard Cohen
* Bobby Darin
* David "Honeyboy" Edwards
* Michael Jackson
* Loretta Lynn
* André Previn
* Clark Terry

2011–2020|

* 2011
* Julie Andrews
* Roy Haynes
* Juilliard String Quartet
* The Kingston Trio
* Dolly Parton
* Ramones
* George Beverly Shea
* 2012
* The Allman Brothers Band
* Glen Campbell
* Antônio Carlos Jobim
* George Jones
* The Memphis Horns
* Diana Ross
* Gil Scott-Heron
* 2013
* Glenn Gould
* Charlie Haden
* Lightnin' Hopkins
* Carole King
* Patti Page
* Ravi Shankar
* The Temptations
* 2014
* The Beatles
* Clifton Chenier
* The Isley Brothers
* Kraftwerk
* Kris Kristofferson
* Armando Manzanero
* Maud Powell
* 2015
* Bee Gees
* Pierre Boulez
* Buddy Guy
* George Harrison
* Flaco Jiménez
* The Louvin Brothers
* Wayne Shorter
* 2016
* Ruth Brown
* Celia Cruz
* Earth, Wind & Fire
* Herbie Hancock
* Jefferson Airplane
* Linda Ronstadt
* Run-DMC
* 2017
* Shirley Caesar
* Ahmad Jamal
* Charley Pride
* Jimmie Rodgers
* Nina Simone
* Sly Stone
* The Velvet Underground
* 2018
* Hal Blaine
* Neil Diamond
* Emmylou Harris
* Louis Jordan
* The Meters
* Queen
* Tina Turner
* 2019
* Black Sabbath
* George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic
* Billy Eckstine
* Donny Hathaway
* Julio Iglesias
* Sam & Dave
* Dionne Warwick
* 2020
* Chicago
* Roberta Flack
* Isaac Hayes
* Iggy Pop
* John Prine
* Public Enemy
* Sister Rosetta Tharpe

2021–present|

* 2021
* Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
* Lionel Hampton
* Marilyn Horne
* Salt-N-Pepa
* Selena
* Talking Heads
* 2022
* Bonnie Raitt

* v
* t
* e

Gramophone Hall of Fame

Conductors|

* Claudio Abbado
* John Barbirolli
* Daniel Barenboim
* Thomas Beecham File:CD icon.svg
* Leonard Bernstein
* Karl Böhm
* Pierre Boulez
* Adrian Boult File:CD icon.svg
* Benjamin Britten
* Sergiu Celibidache
* Riccardo Chailly
* Colin Davis
* Gustavo Dudamel
* Wilhelm Furtwängler
* John Eliot Gardiner
* Carlo Maria Giulini
* Bernard Haitink File:CD icon.svg
* Nikolaus Harnoncourt
* Christopher Hogwood
* Mariss Jansons
* Herbert von Karajan
* Carlos Kleiber File:CD icon.svg
* Otto Klemperer
* Rafael Kubelík
* James Levine
* Charles Mackerras
* Neville Marriner
* Zubin Mehta
* Yevgeny Mravinsky
* Riccardo Muti
* Eugene Ormandy
* Antonio Pappano
* Trevor Pinnock
* Simon Rattle File:CD icon.svg
* Fritz Reiner
* Georg Solti File:CD icon.svg
* Leopold Stokowski
* George Szell
* Michael Tilson Thomas
* Arturo Toscanini File:CD icon.svg
* Bruno Walter

Singers|

* Thomas Allen
* Victoria de los Ángeles
* Janet Baker
* Cecilia Bartoli
* Jussi Björling
* Montserrat Caballé
* Maria Callas
* José Carreras
* Enrico Caruso
* Feodor Chaliapin
* Joyce DiDonato
* Plácido Domingo
* Kathleen Ferrier
* Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau
* Kirsten Flagstad
* Renée Fleming
* Angela Gheorghiu
* Nicolai Ghiaurov
* Tito Gobbi
* Thomas Hampson
* Marilyn Horne
* Hans Hotter
* Dmitri Hvorostovsky
* Gundula Janowitz
* Jonas Kaufmann
* Simon Keenlyside
* Emma Kirkby
* Anna Netrebko
* Birgit Nilsson
* Jessye Norman
* Anne Sofie von Otter
* Luciano Pavarotti
* Leontyne Price
* Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
* Joan Sutherland
* Renata Tebaldi
* Kiri Te Kanawa
* Bryn Terfel
* Fritz Wunderlich

Keyboardists|

* Leif Ove Andsnes
* Martha Argerich
* Claudio Arrau
* Vladimir Ashkenazy
* Alfred Brendel
* Emil Gilels
* Glenn Gould
* Friedrich Gulda
* Marc-André Hamelin File:CD icon.svg
* Angela Hewitt
* Vladimir Horowitz
* Stephen Hough
* Wilhelm Kempff
* Evgeny Kissin
* Gustav Leonhardt
* Lang Lang
* Dinu Lipatti
* Radu Lupu
* Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli
* Murray Perahia
* Maurizio Pollini
* Sergei Rachmaninoff
* Sviatoslav Richter
* Arthur Rubinstein
* András Schiff
* Artur Schnabel
* Grigory Sokolov
* Mitsuko Uchida

String/brass/
woodwind players|

* Maurice André
* Dennis Brain
* Julian Bream
* Pablo Casals
* Kyung Wha Chung
* Jacqueline du Pré
* James Galway
* Arthur Grumiaux
* Jascha Heifetz
* Heinz Holliger
* Steven Isserlis
* Fritz Kreisler
* Gidon Kremer
* Yo-Yo Ma
* Wynton Marsalis
* Albrecht Mayer
* Yehudi Menuhin
* Nathan Milstein
* Anne-Sophie Mutter
* David Oistrakh
* Emmanuel Pahud
* Itzhak Perlman
* Jean-Pierre Rampal
* Mstislav Rostropovich
* Jordi Savall
* Andrés Segovia
* John Williams

Ensembles|

* Alban Berg Quartett
* Amadeus Quartet
* Beaux Arts Trio
* The King's Singers
* Takács Quartet
* The Tallis Scholars

Producers/engineers/
record label executives|

* Emile Berliner
* Bernard Coutaz
* John Culshaw
* C. Robert Fine
* Fred Gaisberg
* Klaus Heymann
* Alain Lanceron
* Walter Legge
* Edward Lewis
* Goddard Lieberson
* Richard Mohr
* Ted Perry
* Kenneth Wilkinson

* v
* t
* e

Kennedy Center Honorees (1980s)

1980|

* Leonard Bernstein
* James Cagney
* Agnes de Mille
* Lynn Fontanne
* Leontyne Price

1981|

* Count Basie
* Cary Grant
* Helen Hayes
* Jerome Robbins
* Rudolf Serkin

1982|

* George Abbott
* Lillian Gish
* Benny Goodman
* Gene Kelly
* Eugene Ormandy

1983|

* Katherine Dunham
* Elia Kazan
* Frank Sinatra
* James Stewart
* Virgil Thomson

1984|

* Lena Horne
* Danny Kaye
* Gian Carlo Menotti
* Arthur Miller
* Isaac Stern

1985|

* Merce Cunningham
* Irene Dunne
* Bob Hope
* Alan Jay Lerner & Frederick Loewe
* Beverly Sills

1986|

* Lucille Ball
* Ray Charles
* Hume Cronyn & Jessica Tandy
* Yehudi Menuhin
* Antony Tudor

1987|

* Perry Como
* Bette Davis
* Sammy Davis Jr.
* Nathan Milstein
* Alwin Nikolais

1988|

* Alvin Ailey
* George Burns
* Myrna Loy
* Alexander Schneider
* Roger L. Stevens

1989|

* Harry Belafonte
* Claudette Colbert
* Alexandra Danilova
* Mary Martin
* William Schuman

* Complete list
* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

* v
* t
* e

Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates

1950s|

* Igor Stravinsky (1959)

1960s|

* Leonard Bernstein (1965)
* Birgit Nilsson (1966)
* Witold Lutosławski (1967)
* Benjamin Britten (1968)
* Boris Christoff (1969)

1970s|

* Sergiu Celibidache (1970)
* Arthur Rubinstein (1971)
* Yehudi Menuhin (1972)
* Dmitri Shostakovich (1973)
* Andrés Segovia (1974)
* Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1975)
* Mogens Wöldike (1976)
* Olivier Messiaen (1977)
* Jean-Pierre Rampal (1978)
* Janet Baker (1979)

1980s|

* Marie-Claire Alain (1980)
* Mstislav Rostropovich (1981)
* Isaac Stern (1982)
* Rafael Kubelík (1983)
* Miles Davis (1984)
* Pierre Boulez (1985)
* Sviatoslav Richter (1986)
* Heinz Holliger (1987)
* Peter Schreier (1988)
* Gidon Kremer (1989)

1990s|

* György Ligeti (1990)
* Eric Ericson (1991)
* Georg Solti (1992)
* Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1993)
* Krystian Zimerman (1994)
* Yuri Bashmet (1995)
* Per Nørgård (1996)
* András Schiff (1997)
* Hildegard Behrens (1998)
* Sofia Gubaidulina (1999)

2000s|

* Michala Petri (2000)
* Anne-Sophie Mutter (2001)
* Alfred Brendel (2002)
* György Kurtág (2003)
* Keith Jarrett (2004)
* John Eliot Gardiner (2005)
* Yo-Yo Ma (2006)
* Lars Ulrik Mortensen (2007)
* Arvo Pärt (2008)
* Daniel Barenboim (2009)

2010s|

* Cecilia Bartoli (2010)
* Kaija Saariaho (2011)
* Jordi Savall (2012)
* Simon Rattle (2013)
* Martin Fröst (2014)
* Thomas Adès (2015)
* Herbert Blomstedt (2016)
* Leonidas Kavakos (2017)
* Mariss Jansons (2018)
* Hans Abrahamsen (2019)

2020s|

* Barbara Hannigan (2020)
* Unsuk Chin (2021)
* Pierre-Laurent Aimard (2022)

* v
* t
* e

Special Tony Award

1947–1975|

* Dora Chamberlain / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / Jules Leventhal / Burns Mantle / P. A. MacDonald / Vincent Sardi Sr. (1947)
* Vera Allen / Paul Beisman / Joe E. Brown / Cast of The Importance of Being Earnest / Robert W. Dowling / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / June Lockhart / Mary Martin / George Pierce / James Whitmore (1948)
* No award (1949)
* Maurice Evans / Philip Faversham / Brock Pemberton (1950)
* Ruth Green (1951)
* Charles Boyer / Judy Garland / Edward Kook (1952)
* Danny Kaye / Beatrice Lillie (1953)
* No award (1954)
* Proscenium Productions (1955)
* Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / City Center / The New York Public Library Theatre Collection / The Shakespearewrights / The Threepenny Opera (1956)
* American Shakespeare Festival / Jean-Louis Barrault / Robert Russell Bennett / William Hammerstein / Joseph Harbuck / Paul Shyre (1957)
* Mrs. Martin Beck / New York Shakespeare Festival (1958)
* Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay / John Gielgud / Cast of La Plume de Ma Tante (1959)
* Burgess Meredith and James Thurber / John D. Rockefeller III (1960)
* David Merrick / The Theatre Guild (1961)
* Brooks Atkinson / Richard Rodgers / Franco Zeffirelli (1962)
* Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore / Irving Berlin / W. McNeil Lowry (1963)
* Eva Le Gallienne (1964)
* Gilbert Miller / Oliver Smith (1965)
* Helen Menken (1966)
* No award (1967)
* APA-Phoenix Theatre / Pearl Bailey / Carol Channing / Maurice Chevalier / Marlene Dietrich / Audrey Hepburn / David Merrick (1968)
* Leonard Bernstein / Carol Burnett / Rex Harrison / The National Theatre Company of Great Britain / The Negro Ensemble Company (1969)
* Noël Coward / Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt / New York Shakespeare Festival / Barbra Streisand (1970)
* Ingram Ash / Elliot Norton / Playbill / Roger L. Stevens (1971)
* Fiddler on the Roof / Ethel Merman / Richard Rodgers / The Theatre Guild-American Theatre Society (1972)
* The Actors Fund of America / John Lindsay / Shubert Organization (1973)
* Actors' Equity Association / A Moon for the Misbegotten / Candide / Peter Cook and Dudley Moore / Harold Friedlander / Bette Midler / Liza Minnelli / Theatre Development Fund / John F. Wharton (1974)
* Al Hirschfeld (1975)

1976–2000|

* George Abbott / Richard Burton / Circle in the Square Theatre / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / Mathilde Pincus (1976)
* Cheryl Crawford / Equity Liberty Theatre / Barry Manilow / National Theatre of the Deaf / Diana Ross / Lily Tomlin (1977)
* Irving Berlin / Stan Dragoti and Charles Moss (1978)
* Walter F. Diehl / Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center / Henry Fonda / Richard Rodgers (1979)
* Richard Fitzgerald / Helen Hayes / Mary Tyler Moore / Hobe Morrison (1980)
* Lena Horne (1981)
* Radio City Music Hall / The Actors Fund of America / Warner Communications (1982)
* No award (1983)
* A Chorus Line / Peter Feller / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)
* Yul Brynner / New York State Council on the Arts (1985)
* No award (1986)
* George Abbott / Jackie Mason (1987)
* Brooklyn Academy of Music (1988)
* No award (1989)
* No award (1990–1992)
* Oklahoma! (1993)
* Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy (1994)
* Carol Channing / National Endowment for the Arts / Harvey Sabinson (1995)
* No award (1996)
* Bernard B. Jacobs (1997)
* Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)
* Uta Hagen / Arthur Miller / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)
* Dame Edna: The Royal Tour / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)

2001–present|

* Paul Gemignani (2001)
* Julie Harris / Robert Whitehead (2002)
* Cy Feuer / Russell Simmons' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)
* James M. Nederlander (2004)
* Edward Albee (2005)
* Sarah Jones / Harold Prince (2006)
* No award (2007)
* Robert Russell Bennett / Stephen Sondheim (2008)
* Jerry Herman (2009)
* Alan Ayckbourn / Marian Seldes (2010)
* Athol Fugard / Philip J. Smith (2011)
* Actors' Equity Association / Hugh Jackman (2012)
* Bernard Gersten / Ming Cho Lee / Paul Libin (2013)
* Jane Greenwood (2014)
* John Cameron Mitchell / Tommy Tune (2015)
* Sheldon Harnick / Marshall W. Mason / National Endowment for the Arts / Miles Wilkin (2016)
* James Earl Jones (2017)
* John Leguizamo / Andrew Lloyd Webber / Chita Rivera / Bruce Springsteen (2018)
* Rosemary Harris / Marin Mazzie / Terrence McNally / Sonny Tilders and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / Harold Wheeler (2019)
* No Award (2020)
* The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / David Byrne's American Utopia / Freestyle Love Supreme / Graciela Daniele (2021)
* Angela Lansbury / James C. Nicola (2022)

* v
* t
* e

Television Hall of Fame Class of 1990

* Desi Arnaz
* Leonard Bernstein
* James Garner
* I Love Lucy
* Danny Thomas
* Mike Wallace

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