Lucid dream

Dream where one is aware that one is dreaming

File:Zhuangzi-Butterfly-Dream.jpg

Zhuangzi Dreaming of a Butterfly, by 18th century Japanese painter Ike no Taiga, referencing "The Butterfly Dream" from the Zhuangzi

A lucid dream is a type of dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming while dreaming. During a lucid dream, the dreamer may gain some amount of control over the dream characters, narrative, or environment; however, this is not actually necessary for a dream to be described as lucid.[1][2][3][4] Lucid dreaming has been studied and reported for many years. Prominent figures from ancient to modern times have been fascinated by lucid dreams and have sought ways to better understand their causes and purpose.[citation needed] Many different theories have emerged as a result of scientific research on the subject and have even been shown in pop culture.[5][6] Further developments in psychological research have pointed to ways in which this form of dreaming may be utilized as a form of sleep therapy.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Definition
* 3 History
* 3.1 Ancient
* 3.2 17th century
* 3.3 19th century
* 3.4 20th century
* 4 Neural mechanism
* 4.1 Two-way communication
* 4.2 Alternative theories
* 5 Prevalence and frequency
* 6 Suggested applications
* 6.1 Treating nightmares
* 6.2 Creativity
* 7 Risks
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

The term lucid dream was coined by Dutch author and psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden in his 1913 article A Study of Dreams,[4] though descriptions of dreamers being aware that they are dreaming predate the article. Van Eeden studied his own dreams between January 20, 1898 and December 26, 1912, recording the ones he deemed most important in a dream diary. 352 of these dreams are categorized as lucid.[4]

Van Eeden created names for seven different types of dreams he experienced based on the data he collected:

* initial dreams
* pathological dreams
* ordinary dreams
* vivid dreams
* demoniacal dreams
* general dream-sensations
* lucid dreams

He said the seventh type, lucid dreaming, is "the most interesting and worthy of the most careful observation and study."[4]

## Definition[edit | edit source]

Paul Tholey laid the epistemological basis for the research of lucid dreams, proposing seven different conditions of clarity that a dream must fulfill in order to be defined as a lucid dream:[8][9][10]

1. Awareness of the dream state (orientation)
2. Awareness of the capacity to make decisions
3. Awareness of memory functions
4. Awareness of self
5. Awareness of the dream environment
6. Awareness of the meaning of the dream
7. Awareness of concentration and focus (the subjective clarity of that state)

Later, in 1992, a study by Deirdre Barrett examined whether lucid dreams contained four "corollaries" of lucidity:

* The dreamer is aware that they are dreaming
* They are aware actions will not carry over after waking
* Physical laws need not apply in the dream
* The dreamer has a clear memory of the waking world

Barrett found less than a quarter of lucidity accounts exhibited all four.[11]

Subsequently, Stephen LaBerge studied the prevalence of being able to control the dream scenario among lucid dreams, and found that while dream control and dream awareness are correlated, neither requires the other. LaBerge found dreams that exhibit one clearly without the capacity for the other; also, in some dreams where the dreamer is lucid and aware they could exercise control, they choose simply to observe.[1]

## History[edit | edit source]

### Ancient[edit | edit source]

Cultivating the dreamer's ability to be aware that they are dreaming is central to both the ancient Indian Hindu practice of Yoga nidra and the Tibetan Buddhist practice of dream Yoga. The cultivation of such awareness was a common practice among early Buddhists.[12]

Early references to the phenomenon are also found in ancient Greek writing. For example, the philosopher Aristotle wrote: "often when one is asleep, there is something in consciousness which declares that what then presents itself is but a dream".[13] Meanwhile, the physician Galen of Pergamon used lucid dreams as a form of therapy.[14] In addition, a letter written by Saint Augustine of Hippo in 415 AD tells the story of a dreamer, Doctor Gennadius, and refers to lucid dreaming.[15][16]

### 17th century[edit | edit source]

Philosopher and physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) was fascinated by dreams and described his own ability to lucid dream in his Religio Medici, stating: "...yet in one dream I can compose a whole Comedy, behold the action, apprehend the jests and laugh my self awake at the conceits thereof".[17]

Samuel Pepys in his diary entry for 15 August 1665 records a dream, stating: "I had my Lady Castlemayne in my arms and was admitted to use all the dalliance I desired with her, and then dreamt that this could not be awake, but that it was only a dream".[18]

### 19th century[edit | edit source]

In 1867, the French sinologist Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys anonymously published Les Rêves et Les Moyens de Les Diriger; Observations Pratiques ('Dreams and the ways to direct them; practical observations'), in which he describes his own experiences of lucid dreaming, and proposes that it is possible for anyone to learn to dream consciously.[19][20]

### 20th century[edit | edit source]

File:EedenSaintDenys.jpg

Frederik van Eeden and Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys, pioneers of lucid dreaming.

In 1913, Dutch psychiatrist and writer Frederik (Willem) van Eeden (1860–1932) coined the term 'lucid dream' in an article entitled "A Study of Dreams".[21][13][20]

Some have suggested that the term is a misnomer because Van Eeden was referring to a phenomenon more specific than a lucid dream.[22] Van Eeden intended the term lucid to denote "having insight", as in the phrase a lucid interval applied to someone in temporary remission from a psychosis, rather than as a reference to the perceptual quality of the experience, which may or may not be clear and vivid.[23]

## Neural mechanism[edit | edit source]

In 1968, Celia Green analyzed the main characteristics of such dreams, reviewing previously published literature on the subject and incorporating new data from participants of her own. She concluded that lucid dreams were a category of experience quite distinct from ordinary dreams and said they were associated with rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep). Green was also the first to link lucid dreams to the phenomenon of false awakenings.[24]

In 1975, Dr Keith Hearne had the idea to exploit the nature of Rapid Eye Movements (REM) to allow a dreamer to send a message directly from dreams to the waking world. Working with an experienced lucid dreamer (Alan Worsley), he eventually succeeded in recording (via the use of an electrooculogram or EOG) a pre-defined set of eye movements signalled from within Worsley's lucid dream. This occurred at around 8 am on the morning of April 12, 1975. Hearne's EOG experiment was formally recognized through publication in the journal for The Society for Psychical Research. Lucid dreaming was subsequently researched by asking dreamers to perform pre-determined physical responses while experiencing a dream, including eye movement signals.[25][26]

In 1980, Stephen LaBerge at Stanford University developed such techniques as part of his doctoral dissertation.[27] In 1985, LaBerge performed a pilot study that showed that time perception while counting during a lucid dream is about the same as during waking life. Lucid dreamers counted out ten seconds while dreaming, signaling the start and the end of the count with a pre-arranged eye signal measured with electrooculogram recording.[28][29][30] LaBerge's results were confirmed by German researchers D. Erlacher and M. Schredl in 2004.[31]

In a further study by Stephen LaBerge, four subjects were compared either singing while dreaming or counting while dreaming. LaBerge found that the right hemisphere was more active during singing and the left hemisphere was more active during counting.[32]

Neuroscientist J. Allan Hobson has hypothesized what might be occurring in the brain while lucid. The first step to lucid dreaming is recognizing one is dreaming. This recognition might occur in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is one of the few areas deactivated during REM sleep and where working memory occurs. Once this area is activated and the recognition of dreaming occurs, the dreamer must be cautious to let the dream continue but be conscious enough to remember that it is a dream. While maintaining this balance, the amygdala and parahippocampal cortex might be less intensely activated.[33] To continue the intensity of the dream hallucinations, it is expected the pons and the parieto-occipital junction stay active.[34]

Using electroencephalography (EEG) and other polysomnographical measurements, LaBerge and others have shown that lucid dreams begin in the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep.[35][36][37] LaBerge also proposes that there are higher amounts of beta-1 frequency band (13–19 Hz) brain wave activity experienced by lucid dreamers, hence there is an increased amount of activity in the parietal lobes making lucid dreaming a conscious process.[38]

Paul Tholey, a German Gestalt psychologist and a professor of psychology and sports science, originally studied dreams in order to resolve the question of whether one dreams in colour or black and white. In his phenomenological research, he outlined an epistemological frame using critical realism.[39] Tholey instructed his subjects to continuously suspect waking life to be a dream, in order that such a habit would manifest itself during dreams. He called this technique for inducing lucid dreams the Reflexionstechnik (reflection technique).[40] Subjects learned to have such lucid dreams; they observed their dream content and reported it soon after awakening. Tholey could examine the cognitive abilities of dream figures.[41] Nine trained lucid dreamers were directed to set other dream figures arithmetic and verbal tasks during lucid dreaming. Dream figures who agreed to perform the tasks proved more successful in verbal than in arithmetic tasks. Tholey discussed his scientific results with Stephen LaBerge, who has a similar approach.[42]

A study was conducted by Stephen LaBerge and other scientists to see if it were possible to attain the ability to lucid dream through a drug. In 2018, galantamine was given to 121 patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the only one of its kind. Some participants found as much as a 42 percent increase in their ability to lucid dream, compared to self-reports from the past six months, and ten people experienced a lucid dream for the first time. It is theorized that galantamine allows acetylcholine to build up, leading to greater recollection and awareness during dreaming.[43]

### Two-way communication[edit | edit source]

File:Graphical abstract of "Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep".jpg

Graphical abstract of "Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep"

Teams of cognitive scientists established real-time two-way communication with people undergoing a lucid dream. During dreaming they were able to consciously communicate with experimenters via eye movements or facial muscle signals, were able to comprehend complex questions and use working memory. Such interactive lucid dreaming could be a new approach for the scientific exploration of the dream state and could have applications for learning and creativity.[44][45]

### Alternative theories[edit | edit source]

Other researchers suggest that lucid dreaming is not a state of sleep, but of brief wakefulness, or "micro-awakening".[46][47] Experiments by Stephen LaBerge used "perception of the outside world" as a criterion for wakefulness while studying lucid dreamers, and their sleep state was corroborated with physiological measurements.[26] LaBerge's subjects experienced their lucid dream while in a state of REM, which critics felt may mean that the subjects are fully awake. J Allen Hobson responded that lucid dreaming must be a state of both waking and dreaming.[48]

Philosopher Norman Malcolm has argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports, pointing out that "the only criterion of the truth of a statement that someone has had a certain dream is, essentially, his saying so."[49]

## Prevalence and frequency[edit | edit source]

In 2016, a meta-analytic study by David Saunders and colleagues[50] on 34 lucid dreaming studies, taken from a period of 50 years, demonstrated that 55% of a pooled sample of 24,282 people claimed to have experienced lucid dreams at least once or more in their lifetime. Furthermore, for those that stated they did experience lucid dreams, approximately 23% reported to experience them on a regular basis, as often as once a month or more. In a 2004 study on lucid dream frequency and personality, a moderate correlation between nightmare frequency and frequency of lucid dreaming was demonstrated. Some lucid dreamers also reported that nightmares are a trigger for dream lucidity.[51] Previous studies have reported that lucid dreaming is more common among adolescents than adults.[52]

A 2015 study by Julian Mutz and Amir-Homayoun Javadi showed that people who had practiced meditation for a long time tended to have more lucid dreams. The authors claimed that "Lucid dreaming is a hybrid state of consciousness with features of both waking and dreaming" in a review they published in Neuroscience of Consciousness[5] in 2017.

Mutz and Javadi found that during lucid dreaming, there is an increase in activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the bilateral frontopolar prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, the inferior parietal lobules, and the supramarginal gyrus. All are brain functions related to higher cognitive functions including working memory, planning, and self-consciousness. The researchers also found that during a lucid dream, "levels of self-determination" were similar to those that people experienced during states of wakefulness. They also found that lucid dreamers can only control limited aspects of their dream at once.

Mutz and Javadi also have stated that by studying lucid dreaming further, scientists could learn more about various types of consciousness, which happen to be less easy to separate and research at other times.[citation needed]

## Suggested applications[edit | edit source]

### Treating nightmares[edit | edit source]

It has been suggested that those who suffer from nightmares could benefit from the ability to be aware they are indeed dreaming. A pilot study performed in 2006 showed that lucid dreaming therapy treatment was successful in reducing nightmare frequency. This treatment consisted of exposure to the idea, mastery of the technique, and lucidity exercises. It was not clear what aspects of the treatment were responsible for the success of overcoming nightmares, though the treatment as a whole was said to be successful.[53]

Australian psychologist Milan Colic has explored the application of principles from narrative therapy to clients' lucid dreams, to reduce the impact not only of nightmares during sleep but also depression, self-mutilation, and other problems in waking life.[54] Colic found that therapeutic conversations could reduce the distressing content of dreams, while understandings about life—and even characters—from lucid dreams could be applied to their lives with marked therapeutic benefits.[55]

Psychotherapists have applied lucid dreaming as a part of therapy. Studies have shown that, by inducing a lucid dream, recurrent nightmares can be alleviated. It is unclear whether this alleviation is due to lucidity or the ability to alter the dream itself. A 2006 study performed by Victor Spoormaker and Van den Bout evaluated the validity of lucid dreaming treatment (LDT) in chronic nightmare sufferers.[56] LDT is composed of exposure, mastery and lucidity exercises. Results of lucid dreaming treatment revealed that the nightmare frequency of the treatment groups had decreased. In another study, Spoormaker, Van den Bout, and Meijer (2003) investigated lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares by testing eight subjects who received a one-hour individual session, which consisted of lucid dreaming exercises.[57] The results of the study revealed that the nightmare frequency had decreased and the sleep quality had slightly increased.

Holzinger, Klösch, and Saletu managed a psychotherapy study under the working name of ‘Cognition during dreaming—a therapeutic intervention in nightmares’, which included 40 subjects, men and women, 18–50 years old, whose life quality was significantly altered by nightmares.[58] The test subjects were administered Gestalt group therapy and 24 of them were also taught to enter the state of lucid dreaming by Holzinger. This was purposefully taught in order to change the course of their nightmares. The subjects then reported the diminishment of their nightmare prevalence from 2–3 times a week to 2–3 times per month.

### Creativity[edit | edit source]

In her book The Committee of Sleep, Deirdre Barrett describes how some experienced lucid dreamers have learned to remember specific practical goals such as artists looking for inspiration seeking a show of their own work once they become lucid or computer programmers looking for a screen with their desired code. However, most of these dreamers had many experiences of failing to recall waking objectives before gaining this level of control.[59]

Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming by Stephen LaBerge and Howard Rheingold (1990) discusses creativity within dreams and lucid dreams, including testimonials from a number of people who claim they have used the practice of lucid dreaming to help them solve a number of creative issues, from an aspiring parent thinking of potential baby names to a surgeon practicing surgical techniques. The authors discuss how creativity in dreams could stem from "conscious access to the contents of our unconscious minds"; access to "tacit knowledge"—the things we know but can't explain, or things we know but are unaware that we know.[60]

The Dreams Behind the Music book by Craig Webb (2016) details lucid dreams of a number of musical artists, including how they are able not just to hear, but also compose, mix, arrange, practice, and perform music while conscious within their dreams.[61]

## Risks[edit | edit source]

Though lucid dreaming can be beneficial to a number of aspects of life, some risks have been suggested. Those who have never had a lucid dream may not understand what is happening when they experience it for the first time. This could cause those individuals to feel a variety of different emotions as they are going through a completely new psychological experience. Feelings of stress, worry, or confusion could arise. On the other hand, the feeling of empowerment could also come up as they realize that they are now in control of their dreams.[62] Individuals who experience lucid dreams regularly could begin to feel isolated from others due to the fact that they have different experiences when it comes to dreaming. Someone struggling with certain mental illnesses could find it hard to be able to tell the difference between reality and the actual dream.[63][64]

A very small percentage of people may experience sleep paralysis, which is something that can sometimes be confused with lucid dreaming. Although from the outside, both of these seem to be quite similar, there are a few distinct differences that can help differentiate them. A person usually experiences sleep paralysis when they partially wake up in REM atonia, a state in which said person is partially paralyzed and cannot move their limbs. When in sleep paralysis, people may also experience hallucinations. Although said hallucinations cannot cause physical damage, they may still be frightening. There are three common types of hallucinations:[65] an intruder in the same room, a crushing feeling on one's chest or back, and a feeling of flying or levitating. About 7.6% of the general population have experienced sleep paralysis at least once.[66] Exiting sleep paralysis to a waking state can be achieved by intently focusing on a part of the body, such as a finger, and wiggling it, continuing the action of moving to then the hand, the arm, and so on, until the person is fully awake.

Long-term risks with lucid dreaming have not been extensively studied,[67][68][69] although many people have been lucid dreaming for many years without any adverse effects.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Active imagination
* Astral projection
* Oneirology
* Pre-lucid dream
* Recurring dream
* Sleep paralysis
* Yoga nidra
* Dream character

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b Kahan T.; LaBerge S. (1994). "Lucid dreaming as metacognition:implications for cognitive science". Consciousness and Cognition. 3 (2): 246–64. doi:10.1006/ccog.1994.1014. S2CID 54332622.
2. ^ Adrienne Mayor (2005). Fossil Legends Of The First Americans. Princeton University Press. p. 402\. ISBN 978-0-691-11345-6. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The term "lucid dreaming" to describe the technique of controlling dreams and following them to a desired conclusion was coined by the 19th-century Dutch psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden."
3. ^ Lewis Spence; Nandor Fodor (1985). Encyclopedia of occultism & parapsychology. Vol. 2\. Gale Research Co. p. 617\. ISBN 978-0-8103-0196-2. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "Dr. Van Eeden was an author and physician who sat with the English medium Mrs. R. Thompson and was also ... 431) in which he used the term "lucid dream" to indicate those conditions in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming."
4. ^ a b c d Eeden, Frederik. "A Study of Dreams". lucidity.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
5. ^ a b Mutz, Julian; Javadi, Amir-Homayoun (2017-01-01). "Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep". Neuroscience of Consciousness. 2017 (1): nix009. doi:10.1093/nc/nix009. PMC 6007136. PMID 30042842. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20.
6. ^ Prescott, Virginia (2013-12-04). "Lucid Dream Research Goes Mainstream". New Hampshire Public Radio. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
7. ^ Zadra, Antonio L.; Pihl, Robert O. (1997). "Lucid Dreaming as a Treatment for Recurrent Nightmares". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 66 (1): 50–55. doi:10.1159/000289106. ISSN 1423-0348.
8. ^ Tholey, P. (1980). "Klarträume als Gegenstand empirischer Untersuchungen [Conscious Dreams as an Object of Empirical Examination]". Gestalt Theory. 2: 175–91.
9. ^ Tholey, P. (1981). "Empirische Untersuchungen über Klartraüme [Empirical Examination of Conscious Dreams]". Gestalt Theory. 3: 21–62.
10. ^ Holzinger B (2009). "Lucid dreaming – dreams of clarity". Contemporary Hypnosis. 26 (4): 216–24. doi:10.1002/ch.390.
11. ^ "Dreaming 2(4) Abstracts – The Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams". asdreams.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
12. ^ Tse-fu Kuan (2008), Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources (Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism)
13. ^ a b Andreas Mavromatis (1987). Hypnogogia: The Unique State of Consciousness Between Wakefullness and Sleep. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. p. 96\. ISBN 978-0-7102-0282-6. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The lucid dream, a term coined by van Eeden himself, had already been noted by Aristotle who wrote that 'often when..."
14. ^ Véronique Boudon-Meillot. Galien de Pergame. Un médecin grec à Rome. Les Belles Lettres, 2012.
15. ^ Hurd, Ryan (October 8, 2009). "Lucid Dreaming and Christianity: Entering the Light". Dream Studies Portal. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved Mar 12, 2018.
16. ^ "Letter from St. Augustine of Hippo". Newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
17. ^ Religio Medici, part 2:11. Text available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/relmed/relmed.html
18. ^ "Tuesday 15 August 1665". The Diary of Samuel Pepys. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
19. ^ D'Hervey de Saint-Denys (1867). Les Rêves et Les Moyens de Les Diriger; Observations Pratiques. Paris: Amyot - via Internet Archive.
20. ^ a b Bulkeley, Kelly (1999). Visions of the night: dreams, religion, and psychology. SUNY Press. p. 157\. ISBN 978-0-7914-9798-2. Retrieved 29 April 2013. "The person most widely credited with coining the term "lucid dream" is Frederick Van Eeden, a Dutch psychiatrist who from 1898 to 1912 gathered reports of lucid dreams and performed experiments on his own abilities to have lucid dreams ..."
21. ^ Frederik van Eeden (1913). "A study of Dreams". Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. 26. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
22. ^ Blackmore, Susan (1991). "Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?". Skeptical Inquirer. 15: 362–70. Archived from the original on 2007-07-30. Retrieved 2004-01-14.
23. ^ "Lucid Dreaming Frequently Asked Questions Answered by Lucidity Institute". lucidity.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2005-07-08.
24. ^ Green, C. (1968). Lucid Dreams, London: Hamish Hamilton.
25. ^ Watanabe Tsuneo (March 2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". Journal of International Society of Life Information Science. Japan. 21 (1): 159–62. "The occurrence of lucid dreaming (dreaming while being conscious that one is dreaming) has been verified for four selected subjects who signaled that they knew they were dreaming. The signals consisted of particular dream actions having observable concomitants and were performed in accordance with a pre-sleep agreement."
26. ^ a b LaBerge, Stephen (1990). "Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep". In Richard R. Bootzin; John F. Kihlstrom; Daniel L. Schacter (eds.). Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp. 109–26. ISBN 978-1557982629. Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
27. ^ Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep (PhD thesis). Stanford University. ProQuest 303063091. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-02-06 - via University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691.
28. ^ LaBerge, S. (2000). "Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23 (6): 962–63. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00574020. S2CID 145725908. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
29. ^ LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzin, R.R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 109–26.
30. ^ LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.
31. ^ Erlacher, D.; Schredl, M. (2004). "Required time for motor activities in lucid dreams". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 99 (3 Pt 2): 1239–42. doi:10.2466/PMS.99.7.1239-1242. PMID 15739850. Archived from the original on 2007-03-05.
32. ^ LaBerge S.; Dement W.C. (1982b). "Lateralization of alpha activity for dreamed singing and counting during REM sleep". Psychophysiology. 19: 331–32. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02567.x.
33. ^ Muzur A., Pace-Schott E.F.; Allan Hobson (November 2002). "The prefrontal cortex in sleep" (PDF). Trends Cogn Sci. 6 (11): 475–81. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01992-7. PMID 12457899. S2CID 5530174. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30.
34. ^ Hobson, J. Allan (2001). The Dream Drugstore: Chemically Altered States of Consciousness. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-262-58220-9.
35. ^ Ogilvie R.; Hunt H.; Sawicki C.; McGowan K. (1978). "Searching for lucid dreams". Sleep Research. 7: 165.
36. ^ Harms, R. (n.d.). "Polysomnography (sleep study). Definition". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
37. ^ LaBerge S., Levitan L., Dement W.C. (1986) Lucid dreaming: physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. Journal of Mind and Behavior 7: 251(121)–8(8).
38. ^ Holzinger B.; LaBerge S.; Levitan L. (2006). "Psychophysiological correlates of lucid dreaming". Dreaming. 16 (2): 88–95. doi:10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.88.
39. ^ Tholey, Paul (1980). Erkenntnistheoretische und systemtheoretische Grundlagen der Sensumotorik aus gestalttheoretischer Sicht. In: Sportwissenschaft. 10, S. 7–35.
40. ^ Tholey, Paul (1983). "Techniques for inducing and manipulating lucid dreams". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 57 (1): 79–90. doi:10.2466/pms.1983.57.1.79. S2CID 144169561.
41. ^ Tholey, Paul, (1983). Cognitive abilities of dream figures in lucid dreams. In: Lucidity Letter, p. 71.
42. ^ Tholey, Paul (1991). Holzinger, B. (ed.). "Conversation Between Stephen LaBerge and Paul Tholey in July of 1989". Lucidity. 10 (1&2): 62–71.
43. ^ LaBerge, Stephen; LaMarca, Kristen; Baird, Benjamin (2018-08-08). "Pre-sleep treatment with galantamine stimulates lucid dreaming: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201246. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301246L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201246. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6082533. PMID 30089135.
44. ^ "Study finds real-time dialogue with a dreaming person is possible". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
45. ^ Konkoly, Karen R.; Appel, Kristoffer; Chabani, Emma; Mangiaruga, Anastasia; Gott, Jarrod; Mallett, Remington; Caughran, Bruce; Witkowski, Sarah; Whitmore, Nathan W.; Mazurek, Christopher Y.; Berent, Jonathan B.; Weber, Frederik D.; Türker, Başak; Leu-Semenescu, Smaranda; Maranci, Jean-Baptiste; Pipa, Gordon; Arnulf, Isabelle; Oudiette, Delphine; Dresler, Martin; Paller, Ken A. (18 February 2021). "Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep". Current Biology. 31 (7): 1417–1427.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.026. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 8162929. PMID 33607035. File:CC-BY icon.svg Available under CC BY 4.0 Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
46. ^ Schwartz, B. A.; Lefebvre, A. (1973). "Contacts Veille/P.M.O. II : Les P.M.O. morcelées" [Conjunction of waking and REM sleep. II Fragmented REM periods]. Revue d'Electroencephalographie et de Neurophysiologie Clinique (in French). 3 (1): 165–76. doi:10.1016/S0370-4475(73)80034-6. PMID 4377888.
47. ^ Hartmann, E. (1975). "Dreams and other hallucinations: an approach to the underlying mechanism". In Siegel, R. K.; West, L. J. (eds.). Hallucinations : Behavior, Experience and Theory. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–79. ISBN 0-471-79096-6.
48. ^ J. Allan Hobson (October 2009). "The Neurobiology of Consciousness: Lucid Dreaming Wakes Up". International Journal of Dream Research. 2 (2): 41–44. doi:10.11588/ijodr.2009.2.403.
49. ^ Malcolm, N. (1959). Dreaming. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
50. ^ Saunders, David T.; Roe, Chris A.; Smith, Graham; Clegg, Helen (2016). "Lucid dreaming incidence: A quality effects meta-analysis of 50 years of research" (PDF). Consciousness and Cognition. 43: 197–215. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.06.002. PMID 27337287. S2CID 3965065. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
51. ^ Schredl, Michael; Erlacher, Daniel (2004-11-01). "Lucid dreaming frequency and personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 37 (7): 1463–73. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.003. ISSN 0191-8869.
52. ^ Szczegielniak, A.; Palka, K.; Goc, T.; Krysta, K. (March 2015). "Lucid Dreaming: a Mysterious Phenomenon". European Psychiatry. 30: 1780. doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(15)31372-9. ISSN 0924-9338. S2CID 147290557.
53. ^ Spoormaker,-Victor-I; van-den-Bout,-Jan (October 2006). "Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 75 (6): 389–94. doi:10.1159/000095446. PMID 17053341. S2CID 15457895. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2007-10-26. "Conclusions: LDT seems effective in reducing nightmare frequency, although the primary therapeutic component (i.e. exposure, mastery, or lucidity) remains unclear."
54. ^ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
55. ^ Colic, M. (2007). "Kanna's lucid dreams and the use of narrative practices to explore their meaning." The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work (4): 19–26.
56. ^ Spoormaker, V.I.; van den Bout, J. (2006). "Lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares: a pilot study". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 75 (6): 389–94. doi:10.1159/000095446. PMID 17053341. S2CID 15457895.
57. ^ Spoormaker, V.I.; van den Bout, J.; Meijer, E.J.G. (2003). "Lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares: a series of cases". Dreaming. 13 (3): 181–86. doi:10.1037/1053-0797.13.3.181.
58. ^ Holzinger, B., Klösch, G., & Saletu, B. "Cognition in Sleep – A Therapeutic Intervention in Patients with Nightmares and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. 21st Congress of the European Sleep Research Society". akm.ch. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
59. ^ Barrett, Deirdre. The Committee of Sleep: How Artists, Scientists, and Athletes Use their Dreams for Creative Problem Solving ... and How You Can, Too. Hardback Random House, 2001, Paperback Oneroi Press, 2010.
60. ^ LaBerge, Steven; Rheingold, Howard (1990). "9". Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-37410-X.
61. ^ Webb, Craig (2016). The Dreams Behind the Music: Learn Creative Dreaming as 100+ Artists Reveal their Breakthrough Inspirations. The DREAMS Foundation. ISBN 978-0973428223.
62. ^ "LUCID DREAMING CAN EMPOWER YOUR RECOVERY". May 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
63. ^ Cohut, Maria (September 14, 2018). "Lucid Dreaming: Controlling the stories of sleep". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
64. ^ "Is Lucid Dreaming Dangerous?". 2015-07-31. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
65. ^ Cheyne, J. Allan; Rueffer, Steve D.; Newby-Clark, Ian R. (1999-09-01). "Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations during Sleep Paralysis: Neurological and Cultural Construction of the Night-Mare". Consciousness and Cognition. 8 (3): 319–37. doi:10.1006/ccog.1999.0404. ISSN 1053-8100. PMID 10487786. S2CID 23758148.
66. ^ Sharpless, Brian A.; Barber, Jacques P. (October 2011). "Lifetime Prevalence Rates of Sleep Paralysis: A Systematic Review". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 15 (5): 311–15. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.01.007. ISSN 1087-0792. PMC 3156892. PMID 21571556.
67. ^ Aviram, Liat; Soffer-Dudek, Nirit (2018). "Lucid Dreaming: Intensity, But Not Frequency, Is Inversely Related to Psychopathology". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 384. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00384. PMC 5875414. PMID 29623062. "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore, and demonstrate, a potential long-term risk following the use of LD induction techniques."
68. ^ Schredl, Michael; Dyck, Sophie; Kühnel, Anja (12 February 2020). "Lucid Dreaming and the Feeling of Being Refreshed in the Morning: A Diary Study". Clocks & Sleep. 2 (1): 54–60. doi:10.3390/clockssleep2010007. ISSN 2624-5175. PMC 7445824. PMID 33089191.
69. ^ Ribeiro, Nicolas; Gounden, Yannick; Quaglino, Véronique (25 June 2020). "Is There a Link Between Frequency of Dreams, Lucid Dreams, and Subjective Sleep Quality?". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 1290. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01290. PMC 7330170. PMID 32670153.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Blanken, C.M. den and Meijer, E.J.G. "An Historical View of Dreams and the Ways to Direct Them; Practical Observations by Marie-Jean-Léon-Lecoq, le Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys". Lucidity Letter, 7 (2) 67–78; 1988. Revised Edition in: Lucidity, 10 (1&2) 311–22; 1991.
* Conesa, Jorge (May 1–4, 2003). Sleep Paralysis Signaling (SPS) as a Natural Cueing Method for the Generation and Maintenance of Lucid Dreaming. The 83rd Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
* Conesa, Jorge (2002). "Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dreaming: Ten-year longitudinal case study and related dream frequencies, types, and categories". Sleep and Hypnosis. 4 (4): 132–42. Archived from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
* Dunning, Brian (July 17, 2018). "Skeptoid #632: Lucid Dreaming". Skeptoid.
* Gackenbach, Jayne; Laberge, Stephen (1988). Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0306428490.
* Green, Celia; McCreery, Charles (1994). Lucid Dreaming: The Paradox of Consciousness During Sleep. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415112397.
* LaBerge, Stephen (1985). Lucid Dreaming. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher. ISBN 0874773423.
* LaBerge, Stephen (2009). Lucid Dreaming: A Concise Guide to Awakening in Your Dreams and in Your Life. Boulder, Col.: Sounds True. ISBN 978-1591796756.
* Olson, Parmy (2012). "Saying 'Hi' Through A Dream: How The Internet Could Make Sleeping More Social". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
* Warren, Jeff (2007). "The Lucid Dream". The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness. Toronto: Random House. ISBN 978-0679314080.
* Tholey, Paul (1983). "Relation between dream content and eye movements tested by lucid dreams". Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, pp. 875–78.
* Tholey, Paul (1988). "A model for lucidity training as a means of self-healing and psychological growth". In: J. Gackenbach & S. LaBerge (eds.), Conscious mind, sleeping brain. Perspectives on lucid dreaming, pp. 263–87. London: Plenum Press.
* Tuccillo, Dylan; Zeizel, Jared; Peisel, Thomas (2013). A Field Guide to Lucid Dreaming: Mastering the Art of Oneironautics. Workman Publishing. ISBN 978-0761177395.
* Lucid dreaming can be induced by electric scalp stimulation, study finds Archived 2021-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
* "A look at four psychology fads" Archived 2011-03-06 at the Wayback Machine – a comparison of est, primal therapy, Transcendental Meditation and lucid dreaming at the Los Angeles Times

## External links[edit | edit source]

* File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg Lucid Dreaming at Wikibooks

* v
* t
* e

Dreams and oneirology

Phenomena|

| Dream|

* Oneiros
* Dream speech
* Recurring dream
* False awakening
* Interobject
* Dream character

|

Lucid dream|

* Pre-lucid dream
* Lucid dream
* Rapture dream

Nightmare|

* Epiales
* Dreamcatcher
* Night terrors
* Nightmare
* Anxiety dream
* Nightmare disorder
* Sleepwalking
* Sleepdriving

Sleep|

* Hypnagogia
* PGO waves
* Rapid eye movement sleep
* Hypnopompic

Therapy and
interpretation|

| Oneiromancy|

* Spirit spouse
* Dream guide
* Oneironautics
* Psychonautics
* Yoga nidra / Dream yoga

|

Dream interpretation|

* Psychoanalytic dream interpretation
* Embodied imagination
* Guided imagery
* Dream dictionary

Cognitive neuroscience of dreams|

* Thought recording and reproduction device
* Activation-synthesis hypothesis
* Sleep medicine

Dreamwork|

* Dream art
* Dream diary
* Dream incubation
* Dream sharing

Sleep induction|

* Lullaby
* Hypnosis
* Oneirogen

Ancient Books|

* Oneirocritica
* Interpretation of Dreams

* v
* t
* e

Sleep and sleep disorders

Stages of sleep cycles|

* Rapid eye movement (REM)
* Quiescent sleep
* Slow-wave

Brain waves|

* Alpha wave
* Beta wave
* Delta wave
* Gamma wave
* K-complex
* Mu rhythm
* PGO waves
* Sensorimotor rhythm
* Sleep spindle
* Theta wave

Sleep disorders|

| Anatomical|

* Bruxism
* Mouth breathing
* Sleep apnea
* Catathrenia
* Central hypoventilation syndrome
* Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
* Obstructive sleep apnea
* Periodic breathing
* Snoring

|

Dyssomnia|

* Excessive daytime sleepiness
* Hypersomnia
* Insomnia
* Kleine–Levin syndrome
* Narcolepsy
* Night eating syndrome
* Nocturia
* Sleep state misperception

Circadian rhythm
disorders

* Advanced sleep phase disorder
* Cyclic alternating pattern
* Delayed sleep phase disorder
* Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
* Jet lag
* Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
* Shift work sleep disorder

Parasomnia|

* Nightmare disorder
* Night terror
* Periodic limb movement disorder
* Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
* Sleepwalking
* Sleepdriving
* Sleep-talking

Benign phenomena|

* Dreams
* Exploding head syndrome
* Hypnic jerk
* Hypnagogia / Sleep onset
* Hypnopompic state
* Sleep paralysis
* Sleep inertia
* Somnolence
* Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
* Nocturnal penile tumescence
* Nocturnal emission

Treatment|

* Sleep diary
* Sleep hygiene
* Sleep induction
* Hypnosis
* Lullaby
* Somnology
* Polysomnography

Other|

* Sleep medicine
* Behavioral sleep medicine
* Sleep study

Daily life|

* Bed
* Bunk bed
* Daybed
* Four-poster bed
* Futon
* Hammock
* Mattress
* Sleeping bag
* Bed bug
* Bedding
* Bedroom
* Bedtime
* Bedtime story
* Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
* Chronotype
* Comfort object
* Dream diary
* Microsleep
* Nap
* Nightwear
* Power nap
* Second wind
* Siesta
* Sleep and creativity
* Sleep and learning
* Sleep deprivation / Sleep debt
* Sleeping while on duty
* Sleepover

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template