Maine

U.S. state

This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Maine (disambiguation).

State in the United States

Maine

State

State of Maine

Flag of Maine

Flag

Official seal of Maine

Seal

Nickname(s):

"The Pine Tree State"
"Vacationland"[1]

Motto(s):

"Dirigo"
(Latin for "I lead", "I guide", or "I direct")

Anthem: "State of Maine"

File:"State of Maine" \- Regional anthem of Maine.ogg

Map of the United States with Maine highlighted

Map of the United States with Maine highlighted

Country| United States
Before statehood| District of Maine (Massachusetts)
Admitted to the Union| March 15, 1820 (23rd)
Capital| Augusta
Largest city| Portland
Largest metro and urban areas| Portland
Government

• Governor| Janet Mills (D)
• Senate President| Troy Jackson (D)[nb 1]
Legislature| Maine Legislature
• Upper house| Senate
• Lower house| House of Representatives
Judiciary| Maine Supreme Judicial Court
U.S. senators| Susan Collins (R)
Angus King (I)
U.S. House delegation| 1. Chellie Pingree (D)
2. Jared Golden (D) (list)
Area

• Total| 35,385 sq mi (91,646 km2)
• Land| 30,862 sq mi (80,005 km2)
• Water| 4,523 sq mi (11,724 km2)  13.5%
• Rank| 39th
Dimensions

• Length| 320 mi (515 km)
• Width| 205 mi (330 km)
Elevation

| 600 ft (180 m)
Highest elevation

(Mount Katahdin[2][3][nb 2])

| 5,270 ft (1,606.4 m)
Lowest elevation

(Atlantic Ocean[3])

| 0 ft (0 m)
Population

(2020)

• Total| 1,362,359
• Rank| 42nd
• Density| 43.8/sq mi (16.9/km2)
• Rank| 38th
• Median household income

| $56,277[4]
• Income rank

| 35th
Demonyms|

* Mainer
* Maine-iac (colloquial)[5]

Language

• Official language| None[nb 3]
• Spoken language|

* English: 92%
* French: 5%
* Other: ≤ 3%

Time zone| UTC−05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation|

ISO 3166 code| US-ME
Traditional abbreviation| Me.
Latitude| 42° 58′ N to 47° 28′ N
Longitude| 66° 57′ W to 71° 5′ W
Website| www.maine.gov
Maine state symbols

File:Flag of Maine.svg

Flag of Maine

File:Seal of Maine.svg
Living insignia
Bird| Black-capped chickadee
Cat breed| Maine Coon
Crustacean| Lobster
Fish| Landlocked Atlantic salmon
Flower| White pine cone
Insect| Honey bee
Mammal| Moose
Tree| Eastern white pine
Inanimate insignia
Beverage| Moxie[12]
Food| Blueberry pie Whoopie pie
Fossil| Pertica quadrifaria
Gemstone| Tourmaline
Motto| Dirigo
Ship| Bowdoin
Slogan| The Way Life Should Be
Soil| Chesuncook soil
Song| State of Maine
State route marker
Maine state route marker
State quarter
Maine quarter dollar coin

Released in 2003

Lists of United States state symbols

Maine (/meɪn/ (Audio file "En-Maine-pronunciation.ogg" not found)) is a state in the New England and Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively. The largest state by total area in New England, Maine is the 12th-smallest by area, the 9th-least populous, the 13th-least densely populated, and the most rural[13] of the 50 U.S. states. It is also the northeasternmost among the contiguous United States, the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes, the only state whose name consists of a single syllable, and the only state to border exactly one other U.S. state. Approximately half the area of Maine lies on each side of the 45th parallel north in latitude. The most populous city in Maine is Portland, while its capital is Augusta.

Maine has traditionally been known for its jagged, rocky Atlantic Ocean and bayshore coastlines; smoothly contoured mountains; heavily forested interior; picturesque waterways; and its wild lowbush blueberries and seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams. Coastal and Down East Maine have emerged as important centers for the creative economy,[14] especially in the vicinity of Portland, which is also bringing gentrification.[15]

The territory of Maine has been inhabited by aboriginal populations for thousands of years after the glaciers retreated during the last ice age. At the time of European arrival, several Algonquian-speaking nations governed the area and these nations are now known as the Wabanaki Confederacy. The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, founded by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate and conflict with the local indigenous people caused many to fail.

As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution. During the War of 1812, the largely undefended eastern region of Maine was occupied by British forces with the goal of annexing it to Canada via the Colony of New Ireland, but returned to the United States following failed British offensives on the northern border, mid-Atlantic and south which produced a peace treaty that restored the pre-war boundaries. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820 when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state. On March 15, 1820, under the Missouri Compromise, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Statehood and Missouri Compromise
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Climate
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 Population
* 3.1.1 Birth data
* 3.2 Language
* 3.3 Religion
* 4 Economy
* 4.1 Taxation
* 4.2 Shipbuilding
* 5 Transport
* 5.1 Airports
* 5.2 Highways
* 5.3 Rail
* 5.3.1 Passenger
* 5.3.2 Freight
* 5.4 Shipping
* 5.4.1 Cargo
* 6 Law and government
* 6.1 Counties
* 6.2 Politics
* 6.2.1 State and local politics
* 6.2.2 Federal politics
* 7 Municipalities
* 7.1 Organized municipalities
* 7.2 Unorganized territory
* 7.3 Most populous cities and towns
* 8 Education
* 9 Culture
* 9.1 Agriculture
* 9.2 Food
* 9.3 Sports teams
* 9.3.1 Professional
* 9.3.2 Non-professional
* 9.3.3 NCAA
* 9.4 State symbols
* 9.5 Terminology
* 10 People from Maine
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 12.1 Notes
* 12.2 Citations
* 13 External links
* 13.1 State government
* 13.2 U.S. government
* 13.3 Information

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Maine

File:The Maine State Capitol building in Augusta.jpg

Maine State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch, built 1829–1832

File:Brooklyn Museum - Misty Morning, Coast of Maine - Arthur Parton - overall.jpg

Misty Morning, Coast of Maine
Arthur Parton (1842–1914). Between 1865 and 1870, Brooklyn Museum.

The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Penobscot, Androscoggin, and Kennebec. During the later King Philip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy, aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts and the Mahican of New York. Afterwards, many of these people were driven from their natural territories, but most of Maine's tribes continued, unchanged, until the American Revolution. Before this point, however, most of these people were considered separate nations. Many had adapted to living in permanent, Iroquois-inspired settlements, while those along the coast tended to move from summer villages to winter villages on a yearly cycle. They would usually winter inland and head to the coasts by summer.[16][17]

European contact with what is now called Maine may have started around 1200 CE when Norwegians are believed to have interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade. If confirmed, this would make Maine the site of the earliest European discovery in the entire US. About 200 years earlier, from the settlements in Iceland and Greenland, Norwegians first identified America and attempted to settle areas such as Newfoundland, but failed to establish a permanent settlement. Archeological evidence suggests that Norwegians in Greenland returned to North America for several centuries after the initial discovery to trade and collect timber, with the most relevant evidence being the Maine Penny, an 11th-century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954.[18]

The first European confirmed settlement in modern-day Maine was in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, led by French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. His party included Samuel de Champlain, noted as an explorer. The French named the entire area Acadia, including the portion that later became the state of Maine. The Plymouth Company established the first English settlement in Maine at the Popham Colony in 1607, the same year as the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. The Popham colonists returned to Britain after 14 months.[19]

The French established two Jesuit missions: one on Penobscot Bay in 1609, and the other on Mount Desert Island in 1613. The same year, Claude de La Tour established Castine. In 1625, Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour erected Fort Pentagouet to protect Castine. The coastal areas of eastern Maine first became the Province of Maine in a 1622 land patent. The part of western Maine north of the Kennebec River was more sparsely settled and was known in the 17th century as the Territory of Sagadahock. A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval Captain Christopher Levett at a place called York, where he had been granted 6,000 acres (24 km2) by King Charles I of England.[20] It also failed.

The 1622 patent of the Province of Maine was split at the Piscataqua River into the Province of New Hampshire to the south and New Somersetshire to the north. A disputed 1630 patent split off the area around present-day Saco as Lygonia. Justifying its actions with a 1652 geographic survey that showed an overlapping patent, the Massachusetts Bay Colony had seized New Somersetshire and Lygonia by force by 1658. The Territory of Sagadahock between the Kennebec River and St. Croix River notionally became Cornwall County, Province of New York under a 1664 grant from Charles II of England to his brother James, at the time the Duke of York. Some of this land was claimed by New France as part of Acadia. All of the English settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Province of New York became part of the Dominion of New England in 1686. All of present-day Maine was unified as York County, Massachusetts under a 1691 royal patent for the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

Central Maine was formerly inhabited by the Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook. They were driven out of the area in 1690 during King William's War. They were relocated to St. Francis, Canada, which was destroyed by Rogers' Rangers in 1759, and is now Odanak. The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats, particularly during Dummer's War, with the capture of Norridgewock in 1724 and the defeat of the Pequawket in 1725, which significantly reduced their numbers. They finally withdrew to Canada, where they were settled at Bécancour and Sillery, and later at St. Francis, along with other refugee tribes from the south.[21]

Maine was much fought over by the French, English, and allied natives during the 17th and 18th centuries. These natives conducted raids against settlers and each other, taking captives for ransom or, in some cases, kidnapped for adoption by Native American tribes. A notable example was the early 1692 Abenaki raid on York, where about 100 English settlers were killed and another estimated 80 taken hostage.[22] The Abenaki took captives taken during raids of Massachusetts in Queen Anne's War of the early 1700s to Kahnewake, a Catholic Mohawk village near Montreal, where some were adopted and others ransomed.[23][24]

After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s, the territory from the Penobscot River east fell under the nominal authority of the Province of Nova Scotia, and together with present-day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county of Sunbury, with its court of general sessions at Campobello. American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts via the Colony of New Ireland.[25][26] The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution, although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842.

Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts. Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed. Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession, sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year.

### Statehood and Missouri Compromise[edit | edit source]

Formal secession from Massachusetts and admission of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, which geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of Missouri the following year, keeping a balance between slave and free states.[27][28][29]

Maine's original state capital was Portland, Maine's largest city, until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832. The principal office of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court remains in Portland.

The 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, prevented the Union Army from being flanked at Little Round Top by the Confederate Army during the Battle of Gettysburg.

Four U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Maine, most famously the armored cruiser USS Maine (ACR-1), whose sinking by an explosion on February 15, 1898 precipitated the Spanish–American War.

## Geography[edit | edit source]

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|

See also: List of counties in Maine, List of Maine rivers, List of lakes in Maine, Geology of Maine, and Geology of New England

File:National-atlas-maine.png

A map of Maine and surrounding regions

To the south and east is the Gulf of Maine, and to the west is the state of New Hampshire. The Canadian province of New Brunswick is to the north and northeast, and the province of Québec is to the northwest. Maine is the northernmost state in New England and the largest, accounting for almost half of the region's entire land area. Maine is the only state to border exactly one other American state (New Hampshire).

Maine is the easternmost state in the United States both in its extreme points and in its geographic center. The town of Lubec is the easternmost organized settlement in the United States. Its Quoddy Head Lighthouse is also the closest place in the United States to Africa and Europe. Estcourt Station is Maine's northernmost point, as well as the northernmost point in New England. (For more information see extreme points of the United States.)

Maine's Moosehead Lake is the largest lake wholly in New England, since Lake Champlain is located between Vermont, New York and Québec. A number of other Maine lakes, such as South Twin Lake, are described by Thoreau in The Maine Woods (1864). Mount Katahdin is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, which extends southerly to Springer Mountain, Georgia, and the southern terminus of the new International Appalachian Trail which, when complete, will run to Belle Isle, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Machias Seal Island and North Rock, off the state's Downeast coast, are claimed by both Canada and the American town of Cutler, and are within one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute, but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land. Also in this easternmost area in the Bay of Fundy is the Old Sow, the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere.

Maine is the least densely populated U.S. state east of the Mississippi River. It is called the Pine Tree State; over 80% of its total land is forested or unclaimed,[30] the most forest cover of any U.S. state. In the wooded areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land, some of which does not have formal political organization into local units (a rarity in New England). The Northwest Aroostook unorganized territory in the northern part of the state, for example, has an area of 2,668 square miles (6,910 km2) and a population of 10, or one person for every 267 square miles (690 km2).

Maine is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. The land near the southern and central Atlantic coast is covered by the mixed oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests. The remainder of the state, including the North Woods, is covered by the New England–Acadian forests.[31]

Maine has almost 230 miles (400 km) of ocean coastline (and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of tidal coastline).[32][33] West Quoddy Head in Lubec is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states. Along the famous rock-bound coast of Maine are lighthouses, beaches, fishing villages, and thousands of offshore islands, including the Isles of Shoals which straddle the New Hampshire border. There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets. Inland are lakes, rivers, forests, and mountains. This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay of Rockland and Camden, in "Renascence":[34]

File:Portland-Head-Lighthouse.jpg

The Maine coast and Portland Head Light

File:Shoreline between Gorham Mountain trailhead and Sand Beach (6598fb47-208e-4940-a5fa-8f8b000b14ee).jpg

Rocky shoreline in Acadia National Park

> All I could see from where I stood
>  Was three long mountains and a wood;
>  I turned and looked the other way,
>  And saw three islands in a bay.

> — Edna St. Vincent Millay, Renascence

Geologists describe this type of landscape as a "drowned coast", where a rising sea level has invaded former land features, creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops.[35] A rise in land elevation due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock; this land rise, however, was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features.

Much of Maine's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of the last ice age. Prominent glacial features include Somes Sound and Bubble Rock, both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island. Carved by glaciers, Somes Sound reaches depths of 175 feet (50 m). The extreme depth and steep drop-off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound. These features also have made it attractive for boat builders, such as the prestigious Hinckley Yachts.

Bubble Rock, a glacial erratic, is a large boulder perched on the edge of Bubble Mountain in Acadia National Park. By analyzing the type of granite, geologists discovered that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from near Lucerne, 30 miles (48 km) away. The Iapetus Suture runs through the north and west of the state, being underlain by the ancient Laurentian terrane, and the south and east underlain by the Avalonian terrane.

Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England. Areas under the protection and management of the National Park Service include:[36]

* Acadia National Park near Bar Harbor
* Appalachian National Scenic Trail
* Maine Acadian Culture in St. John Valley
* Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, operated by both the U.S. and Canada, just across the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge from Lubec
* Saint Croix Island International Historic Site at Calais
* Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument

Lands under the control of the state of Maine include:

* Maine State Parks
* Maine Wildlife Management Areas (WMA)

### Climate[edit | edit source]

File:Fall Foliage Buttermilk Falls Gulf Hagas.jpg

Autumn in the Hundred-Mile Wilderness

File:Köppen Climate Types Maine.png

Köppen climate types of Maine, using 1991-2020 climate normals.

File:Bangor Maine.JPG

Winter in Bangor

Maine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with warm and sometimes humid summers, and long, cold and very snowy winters. Winters are especially severe in the Northern and Western parts of Maine, while coastal areas are moderated slightly by the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in marginally milder winters and cooler summers than inland regions. Daytime highs are generally in the 75–85 °F (24–29 °C) range throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the high 50s °F (around 15 °C). January temperatures range from highs near 30 °F (−1 °C) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north.[37]

The state's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), set in July 1911, at North Bridgton.[38] Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year-round, but with a slight summer maximum in northern/northwestern Maine and a slight late-fall or early-winter maximum along the coast due to "nor'easters" or intense cold-season rain and snowstorms. In coastal Maine, the late spring and summer months are usually driest—a rarity across the Eastern United States. Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of the Rockies, with most of the state averaging fewer than twenty days of thunderstorms a year. Tornadoes are rare in Maine, with the state averaging two per year, although this number is increasing. Most severe thunderstorms and tornadoes occur in the Sebago Lakes & Foothills region of the state.[39] Maine rarely sees the effect of tropical cyclones, as they tend to pass well east and south or are greatly weakened by the time they reach Maine.

In January 2009, a new record low temperature for the state was set at Big Black River of −50 °F (−46 °C), tying the New England record.[37]

Annual precipitation varies from 35.8 in (909 mm) in Presque Isle to 56.7 in (1,441 mm) in Acadia National Park.[40]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Maine[41] Location  | July (°F)  | July (°C)  | January (°F)  | January (°C)

|
|
|
|

Portland | 78/59 | 26/15 | 31/13 | −0/−10
Lewiston | 81/61 | 27/16 | 29/11 | −2/−12
Bangor | 79/57 | 26/14 | 27/6 | −2/−14
Augusta | 79/60 | 26/15 | 27/11 | −2/−11
Presque Isle | 77/55 | 25/13 | 20/1 | −6/−17

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

### Population[edit | edit source]

Historical population

Census | Pop. |  | %±
1790| 96,540| | —
1800| 151,719| | 57.2%
1810| 228,705| | 50.7%
1820| 298,335| | 30.4%
1830| 399,455| | 33.9%
1840| 501,793| | 25.6%
1850| 583,169| | 16.2%
1860| 628,279| | 7.7%
1870| 626,915| | −0.2%
1880| 648,936| | 3.5%
1890| 661,086| | 1.9%
1900| 694,466| | 5.0%
1910| 742,371| | 6.9%
1920| 768,014| | 3.5%
1930| 797,423| | 3.8%
1940| 847,226| | 6.2%
1950| 913,774| | 7.9%
1960| 969,265| | 6.1%
1970| 992,048| | 2.4%
1980| 1,124,660| | 13.4%
1990| 1,227,928| | 9.2%
2000| 1,274,923| | 3.8%
2010| 1,328,361| | 4.2%
2020| 1,362,359| | 2.6%
Source: 1910–2020[42]

File:Maine population map.png

Maine population density map

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the population of Maine was 1,344,212 on July 1, 2019, a 1.19% increase since the 2010 United States census.[43] At the 2020 census, 1,362,359 people lived in the state. The state's population density is 41.3 people per square mile, making it the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River. As of 2010, Maine was also the most rural state in the Union, with only 38.7% of the state's population living within urban areas.[44] As explained in detail under "Geography", there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior of the state, particularly in the North Maine Woods.

The mean population center of Maine is located in Kennebec County, just east of Augusta.[45] The Greater Portland metropolitan area is the most densely populated with nearly 40% of Maine's population.[46] This area spans three counties and includes many farms and wooded areas; the 2016 population of Portland proper was 66,937.[47]

Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census; its rate of growth (0.57%) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states.[48] The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties; with more diverse populations slowly moving into these areas of the state. However, the northern, more rural areas of the state have experienced a slight decline in population from 2010 to 2016.[49]

According to the 2010 census, Maine has the highest percentage of non-Hispanic whites of any state, at 94.4% of the total population. In 2011, 89.0% of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic white parents.[50] Maine also has the second-highest residential senior population.[51]

The table below shows the racial composition of Maine's population as of 2016.

Maine racial composition of population[52] Race | Population (2016 est.) | Percentage

|
|

Total population | 1,329,923 | 100%
White | 1,260,476 | 94.8%
Black or African American | 16,303 | 1.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native | 8,013 | 0.6%
Asian | 14,643 | 1.1%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 211 | 0.0%
Some other race | 3,151 | 0.2%
Two or more races | 27,126 | 2.0%

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 1.5% of Maine's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (0.4%), Puerto Rican (0.4%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0.6%).[52] The five largest ancestry groups were: English (20.7%), Irish (17.3%), French (15.7%), German (8.1%), and American (7.8%).[53]

People citing that they are American are of overwhelmingly English descent, but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long (often since the 17th century) that they choose to identify simply as Americans.[54][55][56][57][58][59]

Maine has the highest percentage of French Americans of any state. Most of them are of Canadian origin, but in some cases have been living there since prior to the American Revolutionary War. There are particularly high concentrations in the northern part of Maine in Aroostook County, which is part of a cultural region known as Acadia that goes over the border into New Brunswick. Along with the Acadian population in the north, many French-Canadians came from Quebec as immigrants between 1840 and 1930.

The upper Saint John River valley area was once part of the so-called Republic of Madawaska, before the frontier was decided in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. Over a quarter of the population of Lewiston, Waterville, and Biddeford are Franco-American. Most of the residents of the Mid Coast and Down East sections are chiefly of British heritage. Smaller numbers of various other groups, including Irish, Italian and Polish, have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th century immigration waves.

#### Birth data[edit | edit source]

Note: Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother  Race | 2013[60] | 2014[61] | 2015[62] | 2016[63] | 2017[64] | 2018[65] | 2019[66] | 2020[67]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

White:  | 11,950 (93.5%)  | 11,842 (93.2%)  | 11,805 (93.6%)  | ...  | ...  | ...  | ...  | ...
> non-Hispanic White | 11,774 (92.1%)  | 11,654 (91.8%)  | 11,563 (91.7%)  | 11,484 (90.4%)  | 10,958 (89.1%)  | 11,022 (89.5%)  | 10,401 (88.3%)  | 10,231 (88.7%)
Black | 455 (3.6%)  | 450 (3.5%)  | 473 (3.7%)  | 411 (3.2%)  | 545 (4.4%)  | 546 (4.4%)  | 541 (4.6%)  | 514 (4.5%)
Asian | 253 (2.0%)  | 248 (1.9%)  | 186 (1.5%)  | 192 (1.5%)  | 219 (1.8%)  | 202 (1.6%)  | 217 (1.8%)  | 195 (1.7%)
American Indian | 118 (0.9%)  | 158 (1.2%)  | 143 (1.1%)  | 97 (0.7%)  | 88 (0.7%)  | 99 (0.8%)  | 96 (0.8%)  | 85 (0.7%)
Hispanic (of any race)  | 172 (1.3%)  | 200 (1.6%)  | 251 (2.0%)  | 238 (1.9%)  | 229 (1.9%)  | 224 (1.8%)  | 257 (2.2%)  | 258 (2.2%)
Maine Total | 12,776 (100%)  | 12,698 (100%)  | 12,607 (100%)  | 12,705 (100%)  | 12,298 (100%)  | 12,311 (100%)  | 11,779 (100%)  | 11,539 (100%)

* Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

### Language[edit | edit source]

Maine does not have an official language,[6] but the most widely spoken language in the state is English. The 2000 census reported 92.25% of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home. French-speakers are the state's chief linguistic minority; census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state: 5.28% of Maine households are French-speaking, compared with 4.68% in Louisiana, which is the second highest state.[68] Although rarely spoken, Spanish is the third-most-common language in Maine, after English and French.[69]

### Religion[edit | edit source]

Religion in Maine (2014)[70]

religion |  | percent
Protestant |

| 37%
Unclaimed |

| 31%
Catholic |

| 21%
Other faith |

| 5%
Mormon |

| 2%
Jewish |

| 2%
Don't know |

| 2%
Other Christian |

| 1%
Buddhist |

| 1%

According to the Pew Research Center, the religious affiliations of Maine were: Protestant 37%, Evangelical Protestant 14%, Mainline Protestant 21%, Historical Black Protestant 2%, Atheism or Agnosticism 6%, Nothing in Particular 26%, Roman Catholic Church 21%, other Christians 5%, non-Christian religions including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Baháʼí 7%, and Pagans and Unitarians 5%.

The Roman Catholic Church was the largest religious institution and the Baptists (7% Evangelical and 5% Mainline) are the largest Protestant institution, followed by the Methodists (6%) and the Congregationalists (5%). The atheists and the agonistics are only 6% of the state, but 26% of Mainers said that they "Believe in God but they are Unaffiliated." The 81% of Mainers believe in God, while 3% don't know and 16% do not believe in God. The 34% of Mainers think that Religion is Very Important and 29% said that is Important, while 21% said that religion isn't important. [71]

By the publication of another study in 2020 through the Public Religion Research Institute, approximately 62% of the population were Christian; the religiously unaffiliated slightly increased to 33% from the separate 2014 study by the Pew Research Center.[72]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

See also: Maine locations by per capita income and List of power stations in Maine

File:Bird's Eye View (27235581434).jpg

Bath Iron Works naval shipbuilding

Total employment 2020

* 520,969[73]

Total employer establishments 2020

* 41,646[74]

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maine's total gross state product for 2021 was $77.96 billion.[75] Its per capita personal income for 2021 was $58,484, 30th in the nation. As of September 2022[update], Maine's unemployment rate is 3.3%[76]

File:Lobster Trap.jpg

Lobstering in Portland

Maine's agricultural outputs include poultry, eggs, dairy products, cattle, wild blueberries, apples, maple syrup, and maple sugar. Aroostook County is known for its potato crops. Commercial fishing, once a mainstay of the state's economy, maintains a presence, particularly lobstering and groundfishing. While lobster is the main seafood focus for Maine, the harvest of both oysters and seaweed are on the rise. In 2015, 14% of the Northeast's total oyster supply came from Maine. In 2017, the production of Maine's seaweed industry was estimated at $20 million per year. The shrimp industry of Maine is on a government-mandated hold. With an ever-decreasing Northern shrimp population, Maine fishermen are no longer allowed to catch and sell shrimp. The hold began in 2014 and is expected to continue until 2021.[77] Western Maine aquifers and springs are a major source of bottled water.

Maine's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper, lumber and wood products, electronic equipment, leather products, food products, textiles, and bio-technology. Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well, with Bath Iron Works in Bath and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery.

Brunswick Landing, formerly Naval Air Station Brunswick, is also in Maine. Formerly a large support base for the U.S. Navy, the BRAC campaign initiated the Naval Air Station's closing, despite a government-funded effort to upgrade its facilities. The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park, as well as a new satellite campus for Southern Maine Community College.[78]

File:Bundle of Blueberries (Unsplash).jpg

Maine blueberries. The U.S.'s only commercial producers of wild blueberries are located in Maine.[79]

Maine is the number one U.S. producer of low-bush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium). Preliminary data from the USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states, with 91,100,000 lbs.[80] This data includes both low (wild), and high-bush (cultivated) blueberries: Vaccinium corymbosum. The largest toothpick manufacturing plant in the United States used to be located in Strong, Maine. The Strong Wood Products plant produced 20 million toothpicks a day. It closed in May 2003.

Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine's economy. The state is a popular destination for sport hunting (particularly deer, moose and bear), sport fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, boating, camping and hiking, among other activities. Concomitantly with the tourist and recreation-oriented economy, Maine has developed a burgeoning creative economy, most notably centered in the Greater Portland vicinity.[14]

Historically, Maine ports played a key role in national transportation. Beginning around 1880, Portland's rail link and ice-free port made it Canada's principal winter port, until the aggressive development of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the mid-20th century. In 2013, 12,039,600 short tons passed into and out of Portland by sea,[81] which places it 45th of U.S. water ports.[82] Portland International Jetport has been expanded, providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such as JetBlue and Southwest Airlines.

Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state, and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers, particularly in the pulp and paper industry. Some of the larger companies that do maintain headquarters in Maine include Covetrus in Portland, Fairchild Semiconductor in South Portland, IDEXX Laboratories in Westbrook, Hannaford Bros. Co. in Scarborough; TD Bank in Portland and L.L.Bean in Freeport. Maine is also the home of the Jackson Laboratory, the world's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice.

### Taxation[edit | edit source]

Further information: State tax levels in the United States

Maine has an income tax structure containing two brackets, 6.5 and 7.95 percent of personal income.[83] Before July 2013 Maine had four brackets: 2, 4.5, 7, and 8.5 percent.[84] Maine's general sales tax rate is 5.5 percent. The state also levies charges of nine percent on lodging and prepared food and ten percent on short-term auto rentals.[85] Commercial sellers of blueberries, a Maine staple, must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1.5 cents per pound ($1.50 per 100 pounds) of the fruit sold each season. All real and tangible personal property located in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns, while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor.

### Shipbuilding[edit | edit source]

Further information: Bath Iron Works and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard

Maine has a long-standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships. The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas. One of these yards was located in Pennellville Historic District in what is now Brunswick, Maine. This yard, owned by the Pennell family, was typical of the many family-owned shipbuilding companies of the time period. Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses. During the 18th and 19th centuries, wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy.

## Transport[edit | edit source]

### Airports[edit | edit source]

File:KPWM Aerial Wiki.jpg

Portland International Jetport

Maine receives passenger jet service at its two largest airports, the Portland International Jetport in Portland, and the Bangor International Airport in Bangor. Both are served daily by many major airlines to destinations such as New York, Atlanta, and Orlando. Essential Air Service also subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine, bringing small turboprop aircraft to regional airports such as the Augusta State Airport, Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, Knox County Regional Airport, and the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle. These airports are served by regional providers such as Cape Air with Cessna 402s, and CommutAir with Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft.

Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine, serving only general aviation traffic. The Eastport Municipal Airport, for example, is a city-owned public-use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single-engine and ultralight aircraft.[86]

### Highways[edit | edit source]

File:Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory.jpg

The Penobscot Narrows Bridge, carrying U.S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 3 over the Penobscot River

Interstate 95 (I-95) travels through Maine, as well as its easterly branch I-295 and spurs I-195, I-395 and the unsigned I-495 (the Falmouth Spur). In addition, U.S. Route 1 (US 1) starts in Fort Kent and travels to Florida. The eastern terminus of the eastern section of US 2 starts in Houlton, near the New Brunswick, Canada border to Rouses Point, New York, at US 11. US 2A connects Old Town and Orono, primarily serving the University of Maine campus. US 201 and US 202 flow through the state. US 2, Maine State Route 6 (SR 6), and SR 9 are often used by truckers and other motorists of the Maritime Provinces en route to other destinations in the United States or as a short cut to Central Canada.

### Rail[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Maine railroads

#### Passenger[edit | edit source]

File:Amtrak downeaster ocean park 2005.jpg

A southbound Downeaster passenger train at Ocean Park, Maine, as viewed from the cab of a northbound train

The Downeaster passenger train, operated by Amtrak, provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston's North Station, with stops in Freeport, Portland, Old Orchard Beach, Saco, and Wells. The Downeaster makes five daily trips.[87]

#### Freight[edit | edit source]

Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers: Pan Am Railways (formerly known as Guilford Rail System), which operates the former Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads; St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad; Maine Eastern Railroad; Central Maine and Quebec Railway; and New Brunswick Southern Railway.

### Shipping[edit | edit source]

#### Cargo[edit | edit source]

The International Marine Terminal in Portland provides shipping container transport. In 2021 an estimated 36,700 shipping containers moved through the terminal. In 2017, a total of 17,515 shipping containers were transported. The Icelandic shipping company Eimskip opened its United States headquarters in Portland in 2013. Its ships stop in Portland once a week in a route that includes Atlantic Canada and Iceland with connections to northern Europe and Asia.[88] In 2015, the terminal moved 10,500 containers. The Maine Port Authority in 2016 began a $15.5 million expansion and improvement of the terminal. The Maine Port Authority leased the International Marine Terminal from the city of Portland in 2009.[89]

## Law and government[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Governors of Maine, List of United States Senators from Maine, List of Maine State Senators, and Electoral reform in Maine

The Maine Constitution structures Maine's state government, composed of three co-equal branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers (the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the State Attorney General) and one Statutory Officer (the State Auditor).

The legislative branch is the Maine Legislature, a bicameral body composed of the Maine House of Representatives, with 151 members, and the Maine Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws.

The executive branch is responsible for the execution of the laws created by the Legislature and is headed by the Governor of Maine (currently Janet Mills). The Governor is elected every four years; no individual may serve more than two consecutive terms in this office. The current attorney general of Maine is Aaron Frey. As with other state legislatures, the Maine Legislature can by a two-thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto. Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor.

The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting state laws. The highest court of the state is the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The lower courts are the District Court, Superior Court and Probate Court. All judges except for probate judges serve full-time, are nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years. Probate judges serve part-time and are elected by the voters of each county for four-year terms.

In a 2020 study, Maine was ranked as the 14th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[90]

### Counties[edit | edit source]

See also: List of counties in Maine

Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state, ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles (958 to 17,700 km2).

Maine counties  County name  | County seat  | Year founded  | Population
2020 Census | Percent of total  | Area (sq. mi.)  | Percent of total

|
|
|
|
|
|

Androscoggin | Auburn | 1854 | 111,139 | 8.16% | 497 | 1.44%
Aroostook | Houlton | 1839 | 67,105 | 4.93% | 6,829 | 19.76%
Cumberland | Portland | 1760 | 303,069 | 22.25% | 1,217 | 3.52%
Franklin | Farmington | 1838 | 29,456 | 2.16% | 1,744 | 5.05%
Hancock | Ellsworth | 1789 | 55,478 | 4.07% | 1,522 | 4.40%
Kennebec | Augusta | 1799 | 123,642 | 9.08% | 951 | 2.75%
Knox | Rockland | 1860 | 40,607 | 2.98% | 1,142 | 3.30%
Lincoln | Wiscasset | 1760 | 35,237 | 2.59% | 700 | 2.03%
Oxford | Paris | 1805 | 57,777 | 4.24% | 2,175 | 6.29%
Penobscot | Bangor | 1816 | 152,199 | 11.17% | 3,556 | 10.29%
Piscataquis | Dover-Foxcroft | 1838 | 16,800 | 1.23% | 4,377 | 12.67%
Sagadahoc | Bath | 1854 | 36,699 | 2.69% | 370 | 1.07%
Somerset | Skowhegan | 1809 | 50,477 | 3.71% | 4,095 | 11.85%
Waldo | Belfast | 1827 | 39,607 | 2.91% | 853 | 2.47%
Washington | Machias | 1790 | 31,095 | 2.28% | 3,255 | 9.42%
York | Alfred | 1636 | 211,972 | 15.56% | 1,271 | 3.68%
Total counties: 16 |  |  | Total 2020 population: 1,362,359 |  | Total state area: 34,554 square miles (89,494 km2)

### Politics[edit | edit source]

#### State and local politics[edit | edit source]

File:Split-arrows.svg

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Politics of Maine. (Discuss) (September 2020)

|

See also: As Maine goes, so goes the nation; Maine Democratic Party; Maine Green Independent Party; Libertarian Party of Maine; Maine Republican Party; and Political party strength in Maine

Gubernatorial election results[91] Year  | Democratic | Republican

|
|

1954 | 54.5% 135,673 | 45.5% 113,298
1956 | 59.2% 180,254 | 40.8% 124,395
1958 | 52.0% 145,673 | 48.0% 134,572
1962 | 49.9% 146,121 | 50.1% 146,604
1966 | 53.1% 172,036 | 46.9% 151,802
1970 | 50.1% 163,138 | 49.9% 162,248
1974 | 36.8% 132,219 | 23.5% 84,176
1978 | 47.8% 176,493 | 34.4% 126,862
1982 | 61.9% 281,066 | 38.1% 172,949
1986 | 30.2% 128,744 | 39.9% 170,312
1990 | 44.1% 230,038 | 46.7% 243,766
1994 | 33.8% 172,951 | 23.1% 117,990
1998 | 12.0% 50,506 | 18.9% 79,716
2002 | 47.2% 238,179 | 41.5% 209,496
2006 | 38.1% 209,927 | 30.2% 166,425
2010 | 18.8% 109,387 | 37.6% 218,065
2014 | 43.4% 265,125 | 48.2% 294,533
2018 | 50.9% 320,962 | 43.2% 272,311
Presidential election results[91] Year  | Democratic | Republican

|
|

1952 | 33.8% 118,806 | 66.1% 232,353
1956 | 29.1% 102,468 | 70.9% 249,238
1960 | 43.0% 181,159 | 57.1% 240,608
1964 | 68.8% 262,264 | 31.1% 118,701
1968 | 55.3% 217,312 | 43.1% 169,254
1972 | 38.5% 160,584 | 61.5% 256,458
1976 | 48.1% 232,279 | 48.9% 236,320
1980 | 42.3% 220,974 | 45.6% 238,522
1984 | 38.8% 214,515 | 60.8% 336,500
1988 | 43.9% 243,569 | 55.3% 307,131
1992 | 38.8% 263,420 | 30.4% 206,504
1996 | 51.6% 312,788 | 30.8% 186,378
2000 | 49.1% 319,951 | 44.0% 286,616
2004 | 53.6% 396,842 | 44.6% 330,201
2008 | 57.7% 421,923 | 40.4% 295,273
2012 | 56.3% 401,306 | 41.0% 292,276
2016 | 47.8% 357,735 | 44.9% 335,593
2020 | 53.1% 435,072 | 44.0% 360,737

In state general elections, Maine voters tend to accept independent and third-party candidates more frequently than most states. Maine has had two independent governors: James B. Longley (1975–1979) and Angus King (1995–2003), who currently serves in the US Senate. Maine state politicians, Democrats and Republicans alike, are noted for having more moderate views than many in the national wings of their respective parties.

Maine is an alcoholic beverage control state.

On May 6, 2009, Maine became the fifth state to legalize same-sex marriage; however, the law was repealed by voters on November 3, 2009. On November 6, 2012, Maine, along with Maryland and Washington, became the first state to legalize same-sex marriage at the ballot box.[92]

Party registration as of June 2022[93]

Party  | Total voters  | Percentage
| Democratic | 395,893  | 35.52%
| Unenrolled | 358,909  | 32.20%
| Republican | 313,866  | 28.16%
| Green | 45,249  | 4.06%
Total  | 1,114,582  | 100%

File:Nov 2020 Maine party registration.png

Party registration by county: (November 2020)

Democrat >= 30%

Democrat >= 40%

Republican >= 30%

Unenrolled >= 30%

#### Federal politics[edit | edit source]

In the 1930s, Maine was one of very few states which retained Republican sentiments. In the 1936 presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt received the electoral votes of every state other than Maine and Vermont; these were the only two states in the nation that never voted for Roosevelt in any of his presidential campaigns, though Maine was closely fought in 1940 and 1944. In the 1960s, Maine began to lean toward the Democrats, especially in presidential elections. In 1968, Hubert Humphrey became just the second Democrat in half a century to carry Maine, perhaps because of the presence of his running mate, Maine Senator Edmund Muskie, although the state voted Republican in every presidential election in the 1970s and 1980s.

File:United States presidential election in Maine, 2016.svg

Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election

Since 1969, two of Maine's four electoral votes have been awarded based on the winner of the statewide election; the other two go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's two congressional districts. Every other state except Nebraska gives all its electoral votes to the candidate who wins the popular vote in the state at large, without regard to performance within districts. Maine split its electoral vote for the first time in 2016, with Donald Trump's strong showing in the more rural central and northern Maine allowing him to capture one of the state's four votes in the Electoral College.[94]

Ross Perot achieved a great deal of success in Maine in the presidential elections of 1992 and 1996. In 1992, as an independent candidate, Perot came in second to Democrat Bill Clinton, despite the long-time presence of the Bush family summer home in Kennebunkport. In 1996, as the nominee of the Reform Party, Perot did better in Maine than in any other state.

Maine has voted for Democratic Bill Clinton twice, Al Gore in 2000, John Kerry in 2004, and Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012. In 2016, Republican Donald Trump won one of Maine's electoral votes with Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton winning the other three. Although Democrats have mostly carried the state in presidential elections in recent years, Republicans have largely maintained their control of the state's U.S. Senate seats, with Edmund Muskie, William Hathaway and George J. Mitchell being the only Maine Democrats serving in the U.S. Senate in the past fifty years.

In the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans made major gains in Maine. They captured the governor's office as well as majorities in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since the early 1970s. However, in the 2012 elections Democrats managed to recapture both houses of Maine Legislature.

Maine's U.S. senators are Republican Susan Collins and Independent Angus King. The governor is Democrat Janet Mills. The state's two members of the United States House of Representatives are Democrats Chellie Pingree and Jared Golden.

Maine is the first state to have introduced ranked-choice voting in federal elections.[95]

## Municipalities[edit | edit source]

### Organized municipalities[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of municipalities in Maine

An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services, keeps records, collects licensing fees, and can pass locally binding ordinances, among other responsibilities of self-government. The governmental format of most organized towns and plantations is the town meeting, while the format of most cities is the council-manager form. As of 2022[update] the organized municipalities of Maine consist of 23 cities, 430 towns, and 30 plantations. Collectively these 483 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state's territory. Maine also has three[contradictory] Reservations: Indian Island, Indian Township Reservation, and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation.[96]

* The largest municipality in Maine, by population, is the city of Portland (pop. 66,318).
* The smallest city by population is Eastport (pop. 1,331).
* The largest town by population is Brunswick (pop. 20,278).
* The smallest town by population is Frye Island, a resort town which reported zero year-round population in the 2000 Census; one plantation, Glenwood Plantation, also reported a permanent population of zero.
* In the 2000 census, the smallest town aside from Frye Island was Centerville with a population of 26, but since that census, Centerville voted to disincorporate and therefore is no longer a town. The next smallest town with a population listed in that census is Beddington (pop. 50 at the 2010 census).
* The largest municipality by land area is the town of Allagash, at 128 square miles (332 km2).
* The smallest municipality by land area is Monhegan Island, at 0.86 square miles (2.2 km2). The smallest municipality by area that is not an island is Randolph, at 2.23 square miles (6 km2).

### Unorganized territory[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of unorganized territories in Maine

Unorganized territory (UT) has no local government. Administration, services, licensing, and ordinances are handled by the state government as well as by respective county governments who have townships within each county's bounds. The unorganized territory of Maine consists of more than 400 townships (in Maine, towns are incorporated, townships are unincorporated), plus many coastal islands that do not lie within any municipal bounds. The UT land area is slightly over half the entire area of the State of Maine. Year-round residents in the UT number approximately 9,000 (about 1.3% of the state's total population), with many more people staying there only seasonally. Only four of Maine's sixteen counties (Androscoggin, Cumberland, Waldo and York) are entirely incorporated, although a few others are nearly so, and most of the unincorporated area is in the vast and sparsely populated Great North Woods of Maine.[97]

### Most populous cities and towns[edit | edit source]

The most populous cities and towns as of the Census Bureau's 2017 estimates were (population in parentheses):

1. Portland (66,882)
2. Lewiston (36,221)
3. Bangor (31,903)
4. South Portland (25,483)
5. Auburn (23,033)
6. Biddeford (21,488)
7. Sanford (21,028)
8. Brunswick (20,278)
9. Saco (19,485)
10. Scarborough (18,919)
11. Westbrook (18,730)
12. Augusta (18,594)

* Old Port area of Portland, ME.jpg

1\. Portland

* Lisbon Street, downtown Lewiston, Maine.jpg

2\. Lewiston

* Lower Main Street, Bangor, Maine.JPG

3\. Bangor

* Bug Light (15302743315).jpg

4\. South Portland

* Androscoggin County Courthouse, Auburn, Maine.jpg

5\. Auburn

* Biddeford City Hall 2020.jpg

6\. Biddeford

* Unitarian Universalist Church, Sanford ME.jpg

7\. Sanford

* Early Winter Sun (11752084524).jpg

8\. Brunswick

* Main Street, Saco Maine.jpg

9\. Saco

* ScarboroughME HunnewellHouse.jpg

10\. Scarborough

* Westbrook, Maine City Hall.jpg

11\. Westbrook

* Downtown Augusta 7.JPG

12\. Augusta

Throughout Maine, many municipalities, although each separate governmental entities, nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base. There are many such population clusters throughout Maine, but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are:

* Portland, South Portland, Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Scarborough, and Falmouth
* Lewiston and Auburn
* Bangor, Orono, Brewer, Old Town, and Hampden
* Biddeford, Saco and Old Orchard Beach
* Brunswick and Topsham
* Waterville, Winslow, Fairfield, and Oakland
* Presque Isle and Caribou[98]

## Education[edit | edit source]

Further information: List of colleges and universities in Maine, Education in Maine, List of high schools in Maine, and List of school districts in Maine

File:UMaine StevensHall.jpg

The University of Maine is the state's only research university.

There are thirty institutions of higher learning in Maine.[99] These institutions include the University of Maine, which is the oldest, largest and only research university in the state. UMaine was founded in 1865 and is the state's only land grant and sea grant college. The University of Maine is located in the town of Orono and is the flagship of Maine. There are also branch campuses in Augusta, Farmington, Fort Kent, Machias, and Presque Isle.[100]

File:Bowdoin College Chapel - Bowdoin College - IMG 7793.JPG

Colby, Bates, and Bowdoin (pictured) Colleges form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium

Bowdoin College is a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state. Colby College in Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine.[101] Bates College in Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldest coeducational college in New England.[102] The three colleges collectively form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium and are ranked among the best colleges in the United States; often placing in the top 10% of all liberal arts colleges.[103][104][105]

Maine's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012, at $12,344.[106]

The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerous baccalaureate colleges such as: the Maine Maritime Academy (MMA), College of the Atlantic, Unity College, and Thomas College. There is only one medical school in the state, (University of New England's College of Osteopathic Medicine) and only one law school (The University of Maine School of Law). There is one art school in the state, Maine College of Art, along with a private graduate school, Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts, which offers a Doctor of Philosophy to visual artists.

The Maine Community College System, founded in 1985 also serves "to provide associate degree, diploma and certificate programs directed at the educational, career and technical needs of the State's citizens and the workforce needs of the State's employers."[107] This system includes Southern Maine Community College (SMCC), York County Community College (YCCC), Central Maine Community College (CMCC), Eastern Maine Community College (EMCC), Kennebec Valley Community College (KVCC), Northern Maine Community College (NMCC), and Washington County Community College (WCCC).[108]

Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains. Private schools are less common than public schools. A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist, but most private high schools in Maine can be described as "semi-private".

## Culture[edit | edit source]

### Agriculture[edit | edit source]

Maine was a center of agriculture before it achieved statehood. Prior to colonization, Wabanaki nations farmed large crops of corn and other produce in southern Maine.[109]

The state is a major producer of potatoes.[110] Until World War II, Maine was the number one potato producer in the nation. In 2022, Maine ranked ninth in producing the most potatoes in the nation. That same year, Maine potato growers shipped 21 million potatoes (equal to more than 530 truckloads) to processors in Washington state and as seed potatoes for Idaho farmers, after northwestern potato crops suffered from the hot, dry 2021 season.[111]

Maine is the number one U.S. producer of low-bush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium). Preliminary data from the USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states, with 91,100,000 lbs.[80] This data includes both low (wild), and high-bush (cultivated) blueberries: Vaccinium corymbosum.

Maine was a center of grain production in the 1800s, until grain production moved westward. However, in the early 2000s the local food movement spurred renewed interested in locally grown grains. In 2007, the Kneading Conference was founded. In, 2012, the Skowhegan grist mill Maine Grains opened.[112][113] The revival of grain farming and milling in Maine has led to the creation of other businesses, including bakeries and malthouses.[114] In 2020, the first Maine farmers grew hemp for its grain crop.[115]

Dairy products and chicken's eggs are other major industries. Maine has a smaller number of commodity farms and confined animal feeding operations. Apples, maple syrup and sweet corn are other major agricultural crops.[110]

Maine has many vegetable farms and other small, diversified farms. In the 1960s and 1970s, the book "Living the Good Life" by Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing caused many young people to move to Maine and engage in small-scale farming and homesteading. These back-to-the-land migrants increased the population of some counties.[116]

Maine is home to the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association and had 535 certified organic farms in 2019.[117]

### Food[edit | edit source]

Since the 1980s, the state has gotten a reputation for its local food and restaurant meals. Portland was named Bon Appetit magazine's Restaurant City of the Year in 2018.[118] Biddeford was selected by Food & Wine in 2022 as one of America's next great food cities.[119] In 2018, HealthIQ.com named Maine the 3rd most vegan state.[120] Maine food shares many ingredients with Wabanaki cuisine, including corn, beans, squash, wild blueberries, maple syrup, fish, and seafood.[121] Baked beans are a common dish in Maine, served at community suppers where the beans are sometimes cooked underground in a bean hole. In New England, Maine baked beans are one of two well-known regional styles of baked beans, the other being Boston baked beans. Both styles use similar seasonings (molasses, mustard, onions). The difference is that Maine baked beans use thicker skinned, native bean varieties such like Marafax, soldier, and yellow-eye beans, and Boston baked beans use thinner skinned, small, white beans such as navy beans.[122]

### Sports teams[edit | edit source]

File:Crossinsarena.jpg

College hockey being played at the Cross Insurance Center

#### Professional[edit | edit source]

* Maine Celtics, basketball, NBA G League
* Portland Sea Dogs, minor league baseball, Double-A Northeast
* Maine Mariners, ice hockey, ECHL

#### Non-professional[edit | edit source]

* Portland Phoenix FC, soccer, Premier Developmental League
* Maine Roller Derby, roller derby, Women's Flat Track Derby Association

#### NCAA[edit | edit source]

* Maine Black Bears

### State symbols[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Maine state symbols

File:Photo of the Week - Moose in mist (ME) (12637633223).jpg

Two moose in the Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge. The moose is Maine's state mammal.

Adapted from the Maine facts site.[123]

* State berry: Wild blueberry[124]
* State bird: Black-capped chickadee
* State cat: Maine Coon
* State dessert: Blueberry pie made with wild Maine blueberries
* State fish: Land-locked salmon
* State flower: White Pinecone and Tassel
* State fossil: Pertica quadrifaria
* State gemstone: Tourmaline
* State herb: Wintergreen[125]
* State insect: European honey bee
* State mammal: Moose
* State Crustacean: Lobster
* State soft drink: Moxie
* State soil: Chesuncook soil series
* State song: "State of Maine Song"
* State treat: Whoopie pie[126]
* State tree: Eastern White Pine
* State vessel: Arctic exploration schooner Bowdoin
* State motto: Dirigo ("I lead")

### Terminology[edit | edit source]

Maine vernacular and terminology is unique in comparison to the rest of the country.[127] There are unique terms like "from away", "Upta camp" and "Ayuh" that are popular in the state.[128]

## People from Maine[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of people from Maine

Citizens of Maine are often known as "Mainer"s,[129] though the term is often reserved for those whose roots in Maine go back at least three generations.[130] The term "Downeaster" may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state. The term "Mainiac" is considered by some to be derogatory, but is embraced with pride by others,[131] and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon.[132]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Index of Maine-related articles
* Outline of Maine
*   *   *

## References[edit | edit source]

### Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the president of the State Senate is first in line for succession.
2. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
3. ^ Maine does not have an official language.[6] Both English and French are considered the de facto languages of the state.[7][8][9] French in particular is legally protected and recognized as Maine's minority language.[10][11] Maine (along with Louisiana) is considered a part of the Francophone world and makes up the largest French-speaking population in the United States.[10]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Maine for Vacation". USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2013. "There's a reason it's called "Vacationland" ..."
2. ^ "Katahdin 2". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
3. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
4. ^ "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. September 22, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
5. ^ "What do you call a person from one of the States of the USA?". The Geography Site. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
6. ^ a b "Maine—World Travel Guide". World Travel Guide. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
7. ^ Cobarrubias, Juan (1983). Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9789027933584.
8. ^ "Legal Status | CODOFIL—Louisiana DCRT". Crt.state.la.us. March 6, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
9. ^ "French Language—Acadian Culture in Maine". acim.umfk.maine.edu. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
10. ^ a b "Languages in Maine (State)—Statistical Atlas". statisticalatlas.com. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
11. ^ "Maine DHHS—Multicultural Resources—Interpreting Services& Referral Agencies". Maine.gov. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
12. ^ "Title 1, §224: State soft drink". legislature.maine.gov.
13. ^ Wickenheiser, Matt (2012-03-26). "Census: Maine most rural state in 2010 as urban centers grow nationwide". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
14. ^ a b "Maine's Creative Economy". mainearts.maine.gov. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
15. ^ "Welcome to Portlyn". downeast.com. January 16, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
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17. ^ "Abenaki". tolatsga.org. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010.
18. ^ "Science: Bye, Columbus". Time. December 11, 1978.
19. ^ MPBN, "Rolling Back the Frontier" Archived July 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Story of Maine; accessed January 3, 2011
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21. ^ Bruce G. Trigger (ed.): Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1978 ISBN 0-16-004575-4
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23. ^ John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, pp. 186 and 224
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26. ^ Woodard, Colin. The Lobster Coast Archived February 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. New York. Viking/Penguin, ISBN 0-670-03324-3, 2004, pp. 139–140, 150–151
27. ^ Woodard, Colin. "Parallel 44: Origins of the Mass Effect", The Working Waterfront, August 31, 2010. [1]
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52. ^ a b "2016 American Community Survey—Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
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54. ^ Dominic Pulera (20 October 2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8.
55. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, "The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns", Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
56. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
57. ^ Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
58. ^ French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840–1930. Claude Bélanger, Department of History, Marianopolis College,[when?]
59. ^ French-Canadian Americans by Marianne Fedunkiw,[when?]
60. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). cdc.gov.
61. ^ "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov.
62. ^ "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov.
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64. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). cdc.gov. November 7, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
65. ^ "Data" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
66. ^ "Data" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
67. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
68. ^ "MLA Language Map Data Center". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
69. ^ "Languages—Maine". City-data.com.
70. ^ "Religious Landscape Study". May 11, 2015.
71. ^ "Religions in Maine".
72. ^ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
73. ^ "Quickfacts Maine". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
74. ^ "Quickfacts Maine". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 3, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
75. ^ "Gross Domestic Product: All Industry Total in Maine (MENGSP)". St. Louis Federal Reserve. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
76. ^ "Unemployment Rate in Maine (MEUR)". fred.stlouisfed.org/. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
77. ^ Losneck, Caroline (April 2019). "NORTHEAST: Oyster, seaweed industries continue rise in Maine; Northern shrimp shutdown extends 3 years; scup and squid try to find strong markets". National Fisherman.
78. ^ "Brunswick Landing—Midcoast Regional Redevelopment Authority". Midcoast Regional Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
79. ^ "Maine's blueberry crop faces climate change peril". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
80. ^ a b "Data". usda.mannlib.cornell.edu.
81. ^ "Part1_Ports_tonsbycommCY2013.htm". Navigationdatacenter.us.
82. ^ "Table 1-57: Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons(a)—Bureau of Transportation Statistics". Rita.dot.gov.
83. ^ "Tax forms" (PDF). maine.gov.
84. ^ "Tax forms" (PDF). maine.gov.
85. ^ "Title 36, §1811: Sales tax". legislature.maine.gov.
86. ^ "KEPM—Eastport, Maine—Eastport Municipal Airport". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
87. ^ "Downeaster Schedule" (PDF). Amtrak Downeaster. May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
88. ^ Writer, Peter McGuireStaff (2021-11-13). "With other cargo ports in chaos, Portland's is sailing toward a record-breaking year". Press Herald. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
89. ^ Writer, PENELOPE OVERTONStaff (2016-07-06). "Port of Portland approved for federal grant that will double freight capacity". Press Herald. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
90. ^ J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (15 Dec 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. S2CID 225139517. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
91. ^ a b Leip, David. "General Election Results—Maine". United States Election Atlas. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
92. ^ "Maine Passes Gay Marriage in Historic 'Question 1' Vote". The Huffington Post. November 7, 2012.
93. ^ "Voter Registration Data, Election Data and Online Forms". Maine Secretary of State. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
94. ^ "Trump takes 1 of Maine's 4 electoral votes, in a first for the state". November 8, 2016.
95. ^ Seely, Katharine Q. (3 December 2016). "Maine Adopts Ranked-Choice Voting. What Is It, and How Will It Work?". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
96. ^ "Maine.gov: Local". maine.gov. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
97. ^ "Unorganized Territory". maine.gov. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
98. ^ "Fact Finder US Census Maine Portland". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
99. ^ "Carnegie Classifications | Basic Classification". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
100. ^ "About UMaine". Umaine.edu. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
101. ^ "About". Retrieved August 19, 2016.
102. ^ "Bates College". Forbes. Retrieved June 16, 2016. "[Bates College] was the first coeducational college in New England."
103. ^ "National Liberal Arts College Rankings | Top Liberal Arts Colleges | US News Best Colleges". colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
104. ^ "College Guide Rankings 2015—Liberal Arts Colleges". Washington Monthly. May 26, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
105. ^ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
106. ^ Bidwell, Allie. "How States Are Spending Money in Education". U.S. News & World Report—News. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
107. ^ "Title 20-A, §12703: Mission and goals". Maine Legislature. Retrieved 2022-10-26.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
108. ^ "Our Colleges". Maine Community College System. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
109. ^ Woodard, Colin (2020-02-16). "Colony, Chapter I: Dawnland". Press Herald. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
110. ^ a b Bertone, Rachel (2017-07-02). "Top 10 Maine Ag Products (Infographic)". Farm Flavor. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
111. ^ Sharp, David (2022-04-02). "Westward Ho! Maine potatoes travel far after Western drought". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
112. ^ Brozek, Kathy O. (2014-11-19). "An artisan grain industry takes root in Maine". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
113. ^ Wu, Tim (2020-07-24). "Opinion | That Flour You Bought Could Be the Future of the U.S. Economy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
114. ^ "A Grainshed Rises in the Northeast". Modern Farmer. 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
115. ^ Kamila, Avery Yale (2020-08-30). "Vegan Kitchen: Two Maine farmers are growing hemp for its seed". Press Herald. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
116. ^ Curtis, Abigail (2014-04-01). "The Good Life: The movement that changed Maine". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
117. ^ By Staff (April 30, 2019). "Report: Maine's organic farms encompass less acreage, but yield higher sales". Maine Biz. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
118. ^ Knowlton, Andrew. "Portland, Maine, Is the 2018 Restaurant City of the Year". Bon Appétit. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
119. ^ "Biddeford's rising food scene gets national attention". newscentermaine.com. April 18, 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
120. ^ Gavin, Ryan. "How Vegan Are Mainers? Find Out Where We Rank Nationally [MAP]". Q97.9. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
121. ^ Schipani, Sam (2020-01-04). "The 7 foods that made Maine". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
122. ^ Nash, Elias (2022-07-11). "The Subtle Difference Between Maine And Boston Baked Beans". TastingTable.com. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
123. ^ "Facts About Maine". Maine.gov. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
124. ^ "Maine State Berry—Wild Blueberry". Statesymbolsusa.org. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
125. ^ "Maine State Symbols and Emblems". maine.gov. Archived from the original on May 10, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
126. ^ "Whoopie pie to become Maine state 'treat'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011.
127. ^ Voornas, Lori. "If You Are From Away, Here's the Maine Slang You Need to Know". Q97.9. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
128. ^ "Your Guide to Maine Lingo | Best of | The Maine Magazine". The Maine Mag. 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
129. ^ "Dictionary.com—definition of "Mainer"". Dictionary.com. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
130. ^ "Maine: A Spiritual Frontier Opens for Business". April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
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132. ^ "Mainiac Tri". Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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### State government[edit | edit source]

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* Maine Office of Tourism Search for tourism-related businesses
* Visit Maine (agriculture) Maine fairs, festivals, etc.—Agricultural Dept.

### U.S. government[edit | edit source]

* Maine State Guide, from the Library of Congress
* U.S. EIA Energy Profile for Maine—economic, environmental and energy data
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* U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Maine State Facts—agricultural
* U.S. Census Bureau Quick facts on Maine
* Portland Magazine Editorial on Maine news, events, and people

### Information[edit | edit source]

* Maine at Curlie
* Maine Historical Society
* Old USGS maps of Maine.
* 1860 Map of Maine by Mitchell.
* 1876 Panoramic Birdseye View of Portland by Warner at LOC.,
* File:Openstreetmap logo.svg Geographic data related to Maine at OpenStreetMap

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Admitted on March 15, 1820 (23rd)  | Succeeded by

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* Gulf
* Mid-Atlantic
* Midwestern
* New England
* Pacific
* Central
* Eastern
* Northern
* Northeastern
* Northwestern
* Southern
* Southeastern
* Southwestern
* Western
* Longest rivers
* Arkansas
* Colorado
* Columbia
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Red (South)
* Rio Grande
* Yukon
* Time
* Water supply and sanitation
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

| Federal|

| Executive|

* Cabinet
* Civil service
* Executive departments
* Executive Office
* Independent agencies
* Law enforcement
* President of the United States
* Powers
* Public policy

|

Legislative|

* House of Representatives
* current members
* Speaker
* Senate
* current members
* President pro tempore
* Vice President

Judicial|

* District courts
* Courts of appeals
* Supreme Court

Law|

* Bill of Rights
* civil liberties
* Code of Federal Regulations
* Constitution
* federalism
* preemption
* separation of powers
* civil rights
* Federal Reporter
* United States Code
* United States Reports

Intelligence|

* Central Intelligence Agency
* Defense Intelligence Agency
* Federal Bureau of Investigation
* National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
* National Reconnaissance Office
* National Security Agency
* Office of the Director of National Intelligence

Uniformed|

* Armed Forces
* Army
* Marine Corps
* Navy
* Air Force
* Space Force
* Coast Guard
* National Guard
* NOAA Corps
* Public Health Service Corps

* 51st state
* Political status of Puerto Rico
* Puerto Rico statehood movement
* District of Columbia statehood movement
* Elections
* Electoral College
* Foreign relations
* Foreign policy
* Hawaiian sovereignty movement
* Ideologies
* Anti-Americanism
* Exceptionalism
* Nationalism
* Local government
* Parties
* Democratic
* Republican
* Third parties
* Red states and blue states
* Purple America
* Scandals
* State government
* Governor
* State legislature
* State court
* Imperial presidency
* Corruption

Economy|

* By sector
* Agriculture
* Banking
* Communications
* Companies
* Energy
* Insurance
* Manufacturing
* Mining
* Science and technology
* Tourism
* Trade
* Transportation
* by state
* Currency
* Exports
* Federal budget
* Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
* Federal Reserve System
* Financial position
* Labor unions
* Public debt
* Social welfare programs
* Taxation
* Unemployment
* Wall Street

Society|

| Culture|

* Americana
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Crime
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Dance
* Demographics
* Economic issues
* affluence
* eviction
* home-ownership
* household income
* income inequality
* labor unions
* middle class
* personal income
* poverty
* standard of living
* wealth
* Education
* attainment
* literacy
* Family structure
* Fashion
* Flag
* Folklore
* Great American Novel
* Health
* healthcare
* health insurance
* Holidays
* Homelessness
* Housing
* Human rights
* Languages
* American English
* Indigenous languages
* ASL
* Black American Sign Language
* HSL
* Plains Sign Talk
* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Italian
* Russian
* Spanish
* Literature
* Media
* journalism
* internet
* newspapers
* radio
* television
* Music
* Names
* National symbols
* Columbia
* Mount Rushmore
* Statue of Liberty
* Uncle Sam
* People
* Philosophy
* Political ideologies
* Race
* Religion
* Sexuality
* adolescent
* Social class
* Society
* Sports
* Theater
* Transportation
* Video games
* Visual art

|

Social class|

* Affluence
* American Dream
* Educational attainment
* Homelessness
* Home-ownership
* Household income
* Income inequality
* Middle class
* Personal income
* Poverty
* Standard of living

Issues|

* Ages of consent
* Capital punishment
* Crime
* incarceration
* Criticism of government
* Discrimination
* affirmative action
* antisemitism
* hair texture
* intersex rights
* Islamophobia
* LGBT rights
* racism
* same-sex marriage
* Drug policy
* Energy policy
* Environmental issues
* Environmental movement
* Climate change
* Environmental education
* Gun politics
* Healthcare
* abortion
* health insurance
* hunger
* obesity
* smoking
* Human rights
* Immigration
* illegal
* International rankings
* National security
* Mass surveillance
* Terrorism
* Separation of church and state

* Outline
* Index

* Category

Coordinates: 45°N 69°W﻿ / ﻿45°N 69°W﻿ / 45; -69
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
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