Manhattan

Borough in New York City and county in New York, U.S.

This article is about the New York City borough. For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation).

Borough and county in New York, United States

Manhattan

New York County, New York

Borough and county

Midtown Manhattan, the world’s largest central business district

Flag

Seal

Etymology: Lenape: Manaháhtaan (the place where we get bows)
Nickname:

The City[1]

The Financial District of Lower Manhattan including Wall Street, the world’s principal financial center[2]

Manhattan

Location within the State of New York

Show map of New York

Manhattan

Location within United States

Show map of the United States

Manhattan

Location within North America

Show map of North America

Coordinates: 40°47′N 73°58′W﻿ / ﻿40.783°N 73.967°W﻿ / 40.783; -73.967Coordinates: 40°47′N 73°58′W﻿ / ﻿40.783°N 73.967°W﻿ / 40.783; -73.967
Country|  United States
State|  New York
County| New York County (coterminous)
City| New York City
Settled| 1624
Government

• Type| Borough (New York City)
• Borough President| Mark Levine (D)
— (Borough of Manhattan)
• District Attorney| Alvin Bragg (D)
— (New York County)
Area

[3]

• Total| 33.58 sq mi (87.0 km2)
• Land| 22.83 sq mi (59.1 km2)
• Water| 10.76 sq mi (27.9 km2)  32%
Dimensions

—width at 89th Street, widest

• Length| 13 mi (21 km)
• Width| 2.3 mi (3.7 km)
Highest elevation

[4]

| 265 ft (81 m)
Population

(2020)[6]

• Total| 1,694,251
• Density| 74,780.7/sq mi (28,873.0/km2)
• Demonym

| Manhattanite[5]
Knickerbocker (historical)
Time zone| UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Code format|

100xx, 101xx, 102xx

Area code| 212/646/332, 917[a]
GDP (2019)| US$635.3 billion[7] · 2nd by U.S. county; 1st per capita
Website| Manhattan Borough President

Manhattan (/mænˈhætən, mən-/), known regionally as The City,[1] is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass.[8] Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan,[9] which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier,[10] and the city’s historical birthplace.[11] Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world,[12][13][14][15] is considered a safe haven for global real estate investors,[16] and hosts the United Nations headquarters.[17] New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, centered in Manhattan.[18]

Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, the borough consists mostly of Manhattan Island, bounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers along with several small adjacent islands, including Roosevelt, U Thant, and Randalls and Wards Islands. Manhattan additionally contains the small neighborhood of Marble Hill on the U.S. mainland, which is separated from Manhattan Island by the Harlem Ship Canal and was later connected using landfill to the Bronx. Manhattan Island is divided into three informally bounded components, each cutting across the borough's long axis: Lower, Midtown, and Upper Manhattan.

Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world,[19][20][21][22] and Manhattan is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.[23][24] Many multinational media conglomerates are based in Manhattan, and the borough has been the setting for numerous books, films, and television shows. Manhattan real estate is among the most expensive in the world, with the value of Manhattan Island, including real estate, estimated to exceed US$3 trillion in 2013;[11][25] median residential property sale prices in Manhattan approximated US$1,600 per square foot ($17,000/m2) as of 2018,[26] with Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commanding the highest retail rents in the world, at US$3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) per year in 2017.[27] In 2022, the average monthly apartment rent in Manhattan climbed over US$5,000.00 for the first time.[28]

Manhattan traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664[29] and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[30] New York, based in present-day Manhattan, served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.[31] The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th century[32] and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace.[33] Manhattan became a borough during the consolidation of New York City in 1898.

New York County is the smallest county by land area in the contiguous United States, as well as the most densely populated U.S. county.[34] Manhattan is one of the most densely populated locations in the world, with a 2020 census population of 1,694,251 living in a land area of 22.83 square miles (59.13 km2),[35][36][6] or 72,918 residents per square mile (28,154/km2), higher than the density of any individual U.S. city.[37] On business days, the influx of commuters increases this number to over 3.9 million,[38] or more than 170,000 people per square mile (65,600/km2). Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York City's five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, and is the smallest borough in terms of land area.[39] If each borough were ranked as a city, Manhattan would rank as the sixth-most populous in the U.S.

Many districts and landmarks in Manhattan are well known, as New York City received a record 62.8 million tourists in 2017,[40] and Manhattan hosts three of the world's 10 most-visited tourist attractions in 2013: Times Square, Central Park, and Grand Central Terminal.[41] The Empire State Building has become the global standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures.[42] Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan is the busiest transportation hub in the Western Hemisphere.[43] The borough hosts many prominent bridges, including the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg, Queensboro, Triborough, and George Washington Bridges; tunnels such as the Holland and Lincoln Tunnels; skyscrapers including the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and One World Trade Center;[44] and parks, such as Central Park. Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[45] and Koreatown is replete with 24/7 karaoke bars.[46] The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, part of the Stonewall National Monument, is considered the birthplace of the modern gay rights movement.[47][48] The City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan,[11] and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the city's government.[49] Numerous colleges and universities are located in Manhattan,[50] including Columbia University, New York University, Cornell Tech, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 40 in the world.[51][52] Governors Island in New York Harbor is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center poised to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[53]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Native American settlement
* 2.2 Colonial era
* 2.3 American Revolution and the early United States
* 2.4 19th century
* 2.5 20th century
* 2.6 21st century
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Components
* 3.1.1 Manhattan Island
* 3.1.2 Marble Hill
* 3.1.3 Smaller islands
* 3.2 Geology
* 3.2.1 Bedrock
* 3.2.2 Updated seismic analysis
* 3.3 Locations
* 3.3.1 Adjacent counties
* 3.3.2 National protected areas
* 3.3.3 Neighborhoods
* 3.4 Climate
* 3.5 Boroughscape
* 4 Demographics
* 4.1 Religion
* 4.2 Languages
* 5 Landmarks and architecture
* 5.1 Architectural history
* 5.2 Parkland
* 6 Economy
* 6.1 Financial sector
* 6.2 Corporate sector
* 6.3 Tech and biotech
* 6.4 Tourism
* 6.5 Real estate
* 6.6 Media
* 6.6.1 News
* 6.6.2 Television, radio, film
* 7 Education
* 8 Culture and contemporary life
* 9 Sports
* 10 Government
* 10.1 Politics
* 10.1.1 Representatives in the U.S. Congress
* 10.2 Federal offices
* 10.3 Crime and public safety
* 11 Housing
* 12 Infrastructure
* 12.1 Transportation
* 12.1.1 Public transportation
* 12.1.2 Major highways
* 12.1.3 Taxis
* 12.1.4 Bicycles
* 12.1.5 Streets and roads
* 12.1.6 River crossings
* 12.1.7 Heliports
* 12.2 Utilities
* 12.3 Health care
* 12.4 Water purity and availability
* 12.5 Address algorithm
* 13 See also
* 14 Notes
* 15 References
* 15.1 Citations
* 15.2 Sources
* 16 Further reading
* 17 External links
* 17.1 Local government and services
* 17.2 Maps

## Etymology

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The name Manhattan derives from the Munsee Lenape language term manaháhtaan (where manah- means "gather", -aht- means "bow", and -aan is an abstract element used to form verb stems). The Lenape word has been translated as "the place where we get bows" or "place for gathering the (wood to make) bows".

According to a Munsee tradition recorded by Albert Seqaqkind Anthony in the 19th century, the island was named so for a grove of hickory trees at its southern end that was considered ideal for the making of bows.[54] It was first recorded in writing as Manna-hata, in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht Halve Maen (Half Moon).[55]

A 1610 map depicts the name Manna-hata twice, on both the east and west sides of the Mauritius River, later named the North River and ultimately the Hudson River. Alternative etymologies in folklore include "island of many hills",[56] "the island where we all became intoxicated" and simply "island", as well as a phrase descriptive of the whirlpool at Hell Gate.[57] It is thought that the term Manhattoe may originally have referred only to a location at the southern tip of the island before eventually signifying the entire island to the Dutch through pars pro toto.

## History

[edit | edit source]

See also: History of New York City

### Native American settlement

[edit | edit source]

Manhattan was historically part of the Lenapehoking territory inhabited by the Munsee Lenape[58] and Wappinger tribes.

History of New York City

Lenape and New Netherland, to 1664
New Amsterdam
British and Revolution, 1665–1783
Federal and early American, 1784–1854
Tammany and Consolidation, 1855–1897
(Civil War, 1861–1865)
Early 20th century, 1898–1945
Post–World War II, 1946–1977
Modern and post-9/11, 1978–present
See also
Transportation
Timelines: NYC • Bronx • Brooklyn • Queens • Staten Island
Category

* v
* t
* e

### Colonial era

[edit | edit source]

Main articles: New Netherland, New Amsterdam, and Province of New York

Peter Minuit, early 1600s Pieter Schaghen's 1626 letter saying Manhattan was purchased for 60 guilders The Castello Plan showing the Dutch city of New Amsterdam in 1660, at the southern tip of Manhattan

In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – became the first documented European to visit the area that would become New York City. Verrazzano entered the tidal strait now known as The Narrows and named the land around Upper New York Harbor New Angoulême, in reference to the family name of King Francis I that was derived from Angoulême in France; he sailed far enough into the harbor to sight the Hudson River, which he referred to in his report to the French king as a "very big river"; and he named the Bay of Santa Margarita – what is now Upper New York Bay – after Marguerite de Navarre, the elder sister of the king.[59][60]

It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped.[61] Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there in 1609, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of present-day Albany.[62]

A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam), in what is now Lower Manhattan.[63][64] The 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City.[65]

According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen, Peter Minuit and Walloon colonists of the West India Company acquired the island of Manhattan on May 24, 1626, from unnamed native people, who are believed to have been Canarsee Indians of the Manhattoe, in exchange for traded goods worth 60 guilders,[66] often said to be worth US$24. The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch Estates General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company, Pieter Janszoon Schagen, to the Estates General in November 1626.[67] In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 (or 60 guilders) to US$24 (he arrived at $24 = Fl 60/2.5, because the US dollar was erroneously equated with the Dutch rijksdaalder having a standard value of 2.5 guilders).[68] "[A] variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars," as authors Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York.[69] Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006 and $963 in 2020, according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam.[70] Based on the price of silver, "The Straight Dope" newspaper column calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992.[71] Historians James and Michelle Nevius revisited the issue in 2014, suggesting that using the prices of beer and brandy as monetary equivalencies, the price Minuit paid would have the purchasing power of somewhere between $2,600 and $15,600 in current dollars.[72] According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsee, who were willing to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for the island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks, a band of the Wappinger.[73]

In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony.[74] New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653.[75] In 1674, the English bought New Netherland, after Holland lost rentable sugar business in Brazil, and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany, the future King James II.[76] The Dutch, under Director General Stuyvesant, successfully negotiated with the English to produce 24 articles of provisional transfer, which sought to retain for the extant citizens of New Netherland their previously attained liberties (including freedom of religion) under their new English rulers.[77][64]

The Dutch Republic re-captured the city in August 1673, renaming it "New Orange". New Netherland was ultimately ceded to the English in November 1674 through the Treaty of Westminster.[78]

Washington's statue in front of Federal Hall on Wall Street, where in 1789 he was sworn in as first U.S. president[79]

### American Revolution and the early United States

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Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of major battles in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British military and political center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war.[80] The military center for the colonists was established in neighboring New Jersey.[81][82] British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city.[83]

From January 11, 1785, to the fall of 1788, New York City was the fifth of five capitals of the United States under the Articles of Confederation, with the Continental Congress meeting at New York City Hall (then at Fraunces Tavern). New York was the first capital under the newly enacted Constitution of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall.[84] Federal Hall was also the site where the United States Supreme Court met for the first time,[85] the United States Bill of Rights were drafted and ratified,[86] and where the Northwest Ordinance was adopted, establishing measures for adding new states to the Union.[87]

### 19th century

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New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada.[88][89] By 1810, New York City, then confined to Manhattan, had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.[90] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 laid out the island of Manhattan in its familiar grid plan.

Manhattan in 1873. The Brooklyn Bridge was under construction from 1870 until 1883

Tammany Hall, a Democratic Party political machine, began to grow in influence with the support of many of the immigrant Irish, culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, Fernando Wood, in 1854. Tammany Hall dominated local politics for decades. Central Park, which opened to the public in 1858, became the first landscaped public park in an American city.[91][92]

New York City played a complex role in the American Civil War. The city's strong commercial ties to the southern United States existed for many reasons, including the industrial power of the Hudson River, which allowed trade with stops such as the West Point Foundry, one of the great manufacturing operations in the early United States; and the city's Atlantic Ocean ports, rendering New York City the American powerhouse in terms of industrial trade between the northern and southern United States. Anger arose about conscription, with resentment at those who could afford to pay $300 to avoid service leading to resentment against Lincoln's war policies and fomenting paranoia about free Blacks taking the poor immigrants' jobs,[93] culminating in the three-day-long New York Draft Riots of July 1863. These intense war-time riots are counted among the worst incidents of civil disorder in American history, with an estimated 119 participants and passersby massacred.[94]

The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France.[95][96] New York's growing immigrant population, which had earlier consisted mainly of German and Irish immigrants, began in the late 1800s to include waves of impoverished Italians and Central and Eastern European Jews flowing in en masse. This new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of revolution (including anarchists and communists among others), syndicalism, racketeering, and unionization.

In 1883, the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge established a road connection to Brooklyn, across the East River. In 1874, the western portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County from Westchester County, and in 1895 the remainder of the present Bronx County was annexed.[97] In 1898, when New York City consolidated with three neighboring counties to form "the City of Greater New York", Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were established as two separate boroughs. On January 1, 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County and New York County was reduced to its present boundaries.[98]

The "Sanitary & Topographical Map of the City and Island of New York", commonly known as the Viele Map, was created by Egbert Ludovicus Viele in 1865

### 20th century

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Further information: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and Stonewall riots

Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, circa 1900

The construction of the New York City Subway, which opened in 1904, helped bind the new city together, as did additional bridges to Brooklyn. In the 1920s Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African-Americans as part of the Great Migration from the southern United States, and the Harlem Renaissance, part of a larger boom time in the Prohibition era that included new skyscrapers competing for the skyline. New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1925, overtaking London, which had reigned for a century.[99] Manhattan's majority white ethnic group declined from 98.7% in 1900 to 58.3% by 1990.[100]

Manhattan personified, early 20th century

On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village killed 146 garment workers. The disaster eventually led to overhauls of the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.[101]

The period between the World Wars saw the election of reformist mayor Fiorello La Guardia and the fall of Tammany Hall after 80 years of political dominance.[102] As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under La Guardia. Despite the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s, including numerous Art Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline, most notably the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the 30 Rockefeller Plaza.[103]

V-J Day in Times Square in Times Square, 1945

Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom, which led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans, the largest being Peter Cooper Village-Stuyvesant Town, which opened in 1947.[104] In 1951–1952, the United Nations relocated to a new headquarters the East Side of Manhattan.[105][106]

The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[107][108] and the modern fight for LGBT rights.[109][110]

In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City, including Manhattan, to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[111] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[112]

The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and Manhattan reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the AIDS crisis, with Greenwich Village at its epicenter. The organizations Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) and AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) were founded to advocate on behalf of those stricken with the disease.

By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Murder rates that had reached 2,245 in 1990 plummeted to 537 by 2008, and the crack epidemic and its associated drug-related violence came under greater control.[113] The outflow of population turned around, as the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world, joining with low interest rates and Wall Street bonuses to fuel the growth of the real estate market.[114] Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in Manhattan's economy.

* The newly completed Singer Building towering above the city, 1909

* A construction worker atop the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930; to the right is the Chrysler Building.

* The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern gay rights movement.[107][115][116]

* United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the first World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

### 21st century

[edit | edit source]

Further information: September 11 attacks

Flooding on Avenue C caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012[117]

On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center, and the towers subsequently collapsed. 7 World Trade Center collapsed due to fires and structural damage caused by heavy debris falling from the collapse of the Twin Towers. The other buildings within the World Trade Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers caused extensive damage to other surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, and resulted in the deaths of 2,606 people, in addition to those on the planes. Many rescue workers and residents of the area developed several life-threatening illnesses that have led to some of their subsequent deaths.[118]

Since 2001, most of Lower Manhattan has been restored, although there has been controversy surrounding the rebuilding. A memorial at the site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, and the museum opened in 2014. In 2014, the new One World Trade Center, at 1,776 feet (541 m) and formerly known as the Freedom Tower, became the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere,[119] while other skyscrapers were under construction at the site.

The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[120]

On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the borough, ravaging portions of Lower Manhattan with record-high storm surge from New York Harbor,[121] severe flooding, and high winds, causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of city residents[122] and leading to gasoline shortages[123] and disruption of mass transit systems.[124][125][126][127] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the borough and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[128] Around 15 percent of the borough is considered to be in flood-risk zones.[129]

On October 31, 2017, a terrorist took a rental pickup truck and deliberately drove down a bike path alongside the West Side Highway in Lower Manhattan, killing eight people and injuring a dozen others before crashing into a school bus.[130]

## Geography

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See also: Geography of New York City

Satellite image of Manhattan Island, bounded by the Hudson River to the west, the Harlem River to the north, the East River to the east, and New York Harbor to the south, with rectangular Central Park prominently visible. Roosevelt Island, in the East River, belongs to Manhattan. Location of Manhattan (red) within New York City (remainder yellow) USGS Central Park map, covering part of Manhattan (2019)

### Components

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The borough consists of Manhattan Island, Marble Hill, and several small islands, including Randalls Island and Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor.[131]

According to the United States Census Bureau, New York County has a total area of 33.6 square miles (87 km2), of which 22.8 square miles (59 km2) is land and 10.8 square miles (28 km2) (32%) is water.[3] The northern segment of Upper Manhattan represents a geographic panhandle. Manhattan Island is 22.7 square miles (59 km2) in area, 13.4 miles (21.6 km) long and 2.3 miles (3.7 km) wide, at its widest (near 14th Street).[132] Icebergs are often compared in size to the area of Manhattan.[133][134][135]

#### Manhattan Island

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Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Downtown (Lower Manhattan), Midtown (Midtown Manhattan), and Uptown (Upper Manhattan), with Fifth Avenue dividing Manhattan lengthwise into its East Side and West Side. Manhattan Island is bounded by the Hudson River to the west and the East River to the east. To the north, the Harlem River divides Manhattan Island from the Bronx and the mainland United States.

Early in the 19th century, landfill was used to expand Lower Manhattan from the natural Hudson shoreline at Greenwich Street to West Street.[136] When building the World Trade Center in 1968, 1.2 million cubic yards (917,000 m3) of material was excavated from the site.[137] Rather than dumping the spoil at sea or in landfills, the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street, creating Battery Park City.[138] The result was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (452 m), covering 92 acres (37 ha), providing a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha) of parks;[139] Hudson River Park was subsequently opened in stages beginning in 1998.[140] Little Island opened on the Hudson River in May 2021, connected to the western termini of 13th and 14th Streets by footbridges.[141]

#### Marble Hill

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One neighborhood of New York County, Marble Hill, is contiguous with the U.S. mainland. Marble Hill at one time was part of Manhattan Island, but the Harlem River Ship Canal, dug in 1895 to improve navigation on the Harlem River, separated it from the remainder of Manhattan as an island between the Bronx and the remainder of Manhattan.[142] Before World War I, the section of the original Harlem River channel separating Marble Hill from the Bronx was filled in, and Marble Hill became part of the mainland.[143]

Marble Hill is one example of how Manhattan's land has been considerably altered by human intervention. The borough has seen substantial land reclamation along its waterfronts since Dutch colonial times, and much of the natural variation in its topography has been evened out.[56]

#### Smaller islands

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See also: List of smaller islands in New York City

Within New York Harbor, there are three smaller islands:

* Ellis Island, shared with New Jersey
* Governors Island
* Liberty Island

Other smaller islands, in the East River, include (from north to south):

* Randalls and Wards Islands, joined by landfill
* Mill Rock
* Roosevelt Island
* U Thant Island (legally Belmont Island)

### Geology

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#### Bedrock

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Manhattan schist outcropping in Central Park

The bedrock underlying much of Manhattan is a mica schist known as Manhattan schist[144] of the Manhattan Prong physiographic region. It is a strong, competent metamorphic rock that was created when Pangaea formed. It is well suited for the foundations of tall buildings. In Central Park, outcrops of Manhattan schist occur and Rat Rock is one rather large example.[145][146][147]

Geologically, a predominant feature of the substrata of Manhattan is that the underlying bedrock base of the island rises considerably closer to the surface near Midtown Manhattan, dips down lower between 29th Street and Canal Street, then rises toward the surface again in Lower Manhattan. It has been widely believed that the depth to bedrock was the primary underlying reason for the clustering of skyscrapers in the Midtown and Financial District areas, and their absence over the intervening territory between these two areas.[148][149] However, research has shown that economic factors played a bigger part in the locations of these skyscrapers.[150][151][152]

#### Updated seismic analysis

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According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for tall buildings" in Manhattan than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near New York City, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.[153]

### Locations

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Liberty Island is an exclave of Manhattan, of New York City, and of New York state, that is surrounded by New Jersey waters.

#### Adjacent counties

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* Bergen County, New Jersey—west and northwest
* Hudson County, New Jersey—west and southwest
* Bronx County (The Bronx)—north and northeast
* Queens County (Queens)—east
* Kings County (Brooklyn)—south and southeast
* Richmond County (Staten Island)—southwest

#### National protected areas

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* African Burial Ground National Monument
* Castle Clinton National Monument
* Federal Hall National Memorial
* General Grant National Memorial
* Governors Island National Monument
* Hamilton Grange National Memorial
* Lower East Side Tenement National Historic Site
* Statue of Liberty National Monument (part)
* Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site

#### Neighborhoods

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Main articles: Neighborhoods in New York City and List of Manhattan neighborhoods

Manhattan's many neighborhoods are not named according to any particular convention, nor do they have official boundaries. Some are geographical (the Upper East Side), or ethnically descriptive (Little Italy). Others are acronyms, such as TriBeCa (for "TRIangle BElow CAnal Street") or SoHo ("SOuth of HOuston"), or the far more recent vintages NoLIta ("NOrth of Little ITAly").[154][155] and NoMad ("NOrth of MADison Square Park").[156][157][158] Harlem is a name from the Dutch colonial era after Haarlem, a city in the Netherlands.[159] Alphabet City comprises Avenues A, B, C, and D, to which its name refers. Some have simple folkloric names, such as Hell's Kitchen, alongside their more official but lesser used title (in this case, Clinton).

The Empire State Building in the foreground looking southward from the top of Rockefeller Center, with One World Trade Center in the background, at sunset. The Midtown South Community Council acts as a civic caretaker for much of the neighborhood between the skyscrapers of Midtown and Lower Manhattan.

Some neighborhoods, such as SoHo, which is mixed use, are known for upscale shopping as well as residential use. Others, such as Greenwich Village, the Lower East Side, Alphabet City and the East Village, have long been associated with the Bohemian subculture.[160] Chelsea is one of several Manhattan neighborhoods with large gay populations and has become a center of both the international art industry and New York's nightlife.[161] Washington Heights is a primary destination for immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Chinatown has the highest concentration of people of Chinese descent outside of Asia.[162][163] Koreatown is roughly bounded by 6th and Madison Avenues,[164][165][166] between 31st and 33rd Streets, where Hangul signage is ubiquitous. Rose Hill features a growing number of Indian restaurants and spice shops along a stretch of Lexington Avenue between 25th and 30th Streets which has become known as Curry Hill.[167] Since 2010, a Little Australia has emerged and is growing in Nolita, Lower Manhattan.[168]

In Manhattan, uptown means north (more precisely north-northeast, which is the direction the island and its street grid system are oriented) and downtown means south (south-southwest).[169] This usage differs from that of most American cities, where downtown refers to the central business district. Manhattan has two central business districts, the Financial District at the southern tip of the island, and Midtown Manhattan. The term uptown also refers to the northern part of Manhattan above 72nd Street and downtown to the southern portion below 14th Street,[170] with Midtown covering the area in between, though definitions can be rather fluid depending on the situation.

Fifth Avenue roughly bisects Manhattan Island and acts as the demarcation line for east/west designations (e.g., East 27th Street, West 42nd Street); street addresses start at Fifth Avenue and increase heading away from Fifth Avenue, at a rate of 100 per block on most streets.[170] South of Waverly Place, Fifth Avenue terminates and Broadway becomes the east/west demarcation line. Although the grid does start with 1st Street, just north of Houston Street (the southernmost street divided in west and east portions; pronounced HOW-stin), the grid does not fully take hold until north of 14th Street, where nearly all east–west streets are numerically identified, which increase from south to north to 220th Street, the highest numbered street on the island. Streets in Midtown are usually one-way, with the few exceptions generally being the busiest cross-town thoroughfares (14th, 23rd, 34th, and 42nd Streets, for example), which are bidirectional across the width of Manhattan Island. The rule of thumb is that odd-numbered streets run west, while even-numbered streets run east.[132]

### Climate

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Central Park in autumn

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm, New York City features both a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and a humid continental climate (Dfa);[171] it is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with a humid subtropical climate. The city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually.[172] The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[173]

Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 °F (0.3 °C);[174] temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter,[174][175] and reach 60 °F (16 °C) several days in the coldest winter month.[174] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July.[174] Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer[176] and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C). Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936.[176]

Summer evening temperatures are elevated by the urban heat island effect, which causes heat absorbed during the day to be radiated back at night, raising temperatures by as much as 7 °F (4 °C) when winds are slow.[177] Manhattan receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm); this varies considerably from year to year.[176] Governors Island in New York Harbor is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center with the intention of making New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[53]

* v
* t
* e

Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1869–present[c]

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 72
(22)  | 78
(26)  | 86
(30)  | 96
(36)  | 99
(37)  | 101
(38)  | 106
(41)  | 104
(40)  | 102
(39)  | 94
(34)  | 84
(29)  | 75
(24)  | 106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 60.4
(15.8)  | 60.7
(15.9)  | 70.3
(21.3)  | 82.9
(28.3)  | 88.5
(31.4)  | 92.1
(33.4)  | 95.7
(35.4)  | 93.4
(34.1)  | 89.0
(31.7)  | 79.7
(26.5)  | 70.7
(21.5)  | 62.9
(17.2)  | 97.0
(36.1)
Average high °F (°C)  | 39.5
(4.2)  | 42.2
(5.7)  | 49.9
(9.9)  | 61.8
(16.6)  | 71.4
(21.9)  | 79.7
(26.5)  | 84.9
(29.4)  | 83.3
(28.5)  | 76.2
(24.6)  | 64.5
(18.1)  | 54.0
(12.2)  | 44.3
(6.8)  | 62.6
(17.0)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 33.7
(0.9)  | 35.9
(2.2)  | 42.8
(6.0)  | 53.7
(12.1)  | 63.2
(17.3)  | 72.0
(22.2)  | 77.5
(25.3)  | 76.1
(24.5)  | 69.2
(20.7)  | 57.9
(14.4)  | 48.0
(8.9)  | 39.1
(3.9)  | 55.8
(13.2)
Average low °F (°C)  | 27.9
(−2.3)  | 29.5
(−1.4)  | 35.8
(2.1)  | 45.5
(7.5)  | 55.0
(12.8)  | 64.4
(18.0)  | 70.1
(21.2)  | 68.9
(20.5)  | 62.3
(16.8)  | 51.4
(10.8)  | 42.0
(5.6)  | 33.8
(1.0)  | 48.9
(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | 9.8
(−12.3)  | 12.7
(−10.7)  | 19.7
(−6.8)  | 32.8
(0.4)  | 43.9
(6.6)  | 52.7
(11.5)  | 61.8
(16.6)  | 60.3
(15.7)  | 50.2
(10.1)  | 38.4
(3.6)  | 27.7
(−2.4)  | 18.0
(−7.8)  | 7.7
(−13.5)
Record low °F (°C)  | −6
(−21)  | −15
(−26)  | 3
(−16)  | 12
(−11)  | 32
(0)  | 44
(7)  | 52
(11)  | 50
(10)  | 39
(4)  | 28
(−2)  | 5
(−15)  | −13
(−25)  | −15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 3.64
(92)  | 3.19
(81)  | 4.29
(109)  | 4.09
(104)  | 3.96
(101)  | 4.54
(115)  | 4.60
(117)  | 4.56
(116)  | 4.31
(109)  | 4.38
(111)  | 3.58
(91)  | 4.38
(111)  | 49.52
(1,258)
Average snowfall inches (cm)  | 8.8
(22)  | 10.1
(26)  | 5.0
(13)  | 0.4
(1.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.1
(0.25)  | 0.5
(1.3)  | 4.9
(12)  | 29.8
(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.8  | 10.0  | 11.1  | 11.4  | 11.5  | 11.2  | 10.5  | 10.0  | 8.8  | 9.5  | 9.2  | 11.4  | 125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7  | 3.2  | 2.0  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.2  | 2.1  | 11.4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 61.5  | 60.2  | 58.5  | 55.3  | 62.7  | 65.2  | 64.2  | 66.0  | 67.8  | 65.6  | 64.6  | 64.1  | 63.0
Average dew point °F (°C)  | 18.0
(−7.8)  | 19.0
(−7.2)  | 25.9
(−3.4)  | 34.0
(1.1)  | 47.3
(8.5)  | 57.4
(14.1)  | 61.9
(16.6)  | 62.1
(16.7)  | 55.6
(13.1)  | 44.1
(6.7)  | 34.0
(1.1)  | 24.6
(−4.1)  | 40.3
(4.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162.7  | 163.1  | 212.5  | 225.6  | 256.6  | 257.3  | 268.2  | 268.2  | 219.3  | 211.2  | 151.0  | 139.0  | 2,534.7
Percent possible sunshine | 54  | 55  | 57  | 57  | 57  | 57  | 59  | 63  | 59  | 61  | 51  | 48  | 57
Average ultraviolet index | 2  | 3  | 4  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 4  | 2  | 1  | 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[176][174][172][179]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[180]

See Climate of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.

Sea temperature data for New York

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C)  | 41.7
(5.4)  | 39.7
(4.3)  | 40.2
(4.5)  | 45.1
(7.3)  | 52.5
(11.4)  | 64.5
(18.1)  | 72.1
(22.3)  | 74.1
(23.4)  | 70.1
(21.2)  | 63.0
(17.2)  | 54.3
(12.4)  | 47.2
(8.4)  | 55.4
(13.0)
Source: Weather Atlas[180]

### Boroughscape

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Ten-mile Manhattan skyline panorama from 120th Street to the Battery, taken February 21, 2018, from across the Hudson River in Weehawken, New Jersey.

1. Riverside Church
2. Time Warner Center
3. 220 Central Park South
4. Central Park Tower
5. One57
6. 432 Park Avenue
7. 53W53
8. Chrysler Building
9. Bank of America Tower
10. Conde Nast Building
11. The New York Times Building
12. Empire State Building
13. Manhattan West
14. a: 55 Hudson Yards, b: 35 Hudson Yards, c: 10 Hudson Yards, d: 15 Hudson Yards
15. 56 Leonard Street
16. 8 Spruce Street
17. Woolworth Building
18. 70 Pine Street
19. 30 Park Place
20. 40 Wall Street
21. Three World Trade Center
22. Four World Trade Center
23. One World Trade Center

## Demographics

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Looking down Broadway in Midtown Manhattan. As of the 2020 U.S. census, Manhattan was home to 74,870.7 inhabitants per square mile (28,907.7/km2), rendering it the most densely populated municipality in the United States.

Main article: Demographics of Manhattan

See also: Demographics of New York City

In 2020, 1,694,251 people lived in Manhattan. At the 2010 U.S. census, there were 1,585,873 people living in Manhattan, an increase of 3.2% since 2000. Since 2010, Manhattan's population was estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased 2.7% to 1,628,706 as of 2018[update], representing 19.5% of New York City's population of 8,336,817 and 8.4% of New York State's population of 19,745,289.[35][181]

Racial composition  | 2020[182] | 2010[183] | 2000[184] | 1990[185] | 1950[185] | 1900[185]

|
|
|
|
|
|

White | 50.0% | 57.4% | 54.3% | 58.3% | 79.4% | 97.8%
—Non-Hispanic  | 46.8% | 48% | 45.7% | 48.9% | n/a | n/a
Black or African American | 13.5% | 15.6% | 17.3% | 22.0% | 19.6% | 2.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)  | 23.8% | 25.4% | 27.1% | 26.0% | n/a | n/a
Asian | 13.1% | 11.3% | 9.4% | 7.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%

As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the population density of New York County was 74,870.7 inhabitants per square mile (28,907.7/km2), the highest population density of any county in the United States.[35] In 1910, at the height of European immigration to New York, Manhattan's population density reached a peak of 101,548 people per square mile (39,208/km²).[35][181]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1656| 1,000| —
1698| 4,937| +393.7%
1712| 5,841| +18.3%
1723| 7,248| +24.1%
1731| 8,622| +19.0%
1746| 11,717| +35.9%
1756| 13,040| +11.3%
1771| 21,863| +67.7%
1786| 23,614| +8.0%
1790| 33,131| +40.3%
1800| 60,489| +82.6%
1810| 96,373| +59.3%
1820| 123,706| +28.4%
1830| 202,589| +63.8%
1840| 312,710| +54.4%
1850| 515,547| +64.9%
1860| 813,669| +57.8%
1870| 942,292| +15.8%
1880| 1,164,674| +23.6%
1890| 1,441,216| +23.7%
1900| 1,850,093| +28.4%
1910| 2,331,542| +26.0%
1920| 2,284,103| −2.0%
1930| 1,867,312| −18.2%
1940| 1,889,924| +1.2%
1950| 1,960,101| +3.7%
1960| 1,698,281| −13.4%
1970| 1,539,233| −9.4%
1980| 1,428,285| −7.2%
1990| 1,487,536| +4.1%
2000| 1,537,195| +3.3%
2010| 1,585,873| +3.2%
2020| 1,694,251| +6.8%
Sources:[35][186][187][6]

New York City's five boroughs

* v
* t
* e

Jurisdiction  | Population  | Land area  | Density of population  | GDP †
Borough | County | Census
(2020) | square
miles | square
km | people/
sq. mile | people/
sq. km | billions
(2012 US$) 2

The Bronx

Bronx

| 1,472,654  | 42.2  | 109.3  | 34,920  | 13,482  | $ 36.938

Brooklyn

Kings

| 2,736,074  | 69.4  | 179.7  | 39,438  | 15,227  | $ 86.151

Manhattan

New York

| 1,694,263 | 22.7 | 58.8 | 74,781 | 28,872 | '$' 610.386

Queens

Queens

| 2,405,464  | 108.7  | 281.5  | 22,125  | 8,542  | $ 82.328

Staten Island

Richmond

| 495,747  | 57.5  | 148.9  | 8,618  | 3,327  | $ 14.270

City of New York

| 8,804,190 | 302.6 | 783.8 | 29,095 | 11,234 | $ 830.072

State of New York

| 20,215,751 | 47,126.4 | 122,056.8 | 429 | 166 | $ 1,724.759
† GDP = Gross Domestic Product Sources:[188][189][190][191] and see individual borough articles.

Manhattan is one of the highest-income places in the United States with a population greater than one million. As of 2012[update], Manhattan's cost of living was the highest in the United States.[192] Manhattan is also the United States county with the highest per capita income, being the sole county whose per capita income exceeded $100,000 in 2010.[193] However, from 2011–2015 Census data of New York County, the per capita income was recorded in 2015 dollars as $64,993, with the median household income at $72,871, and poverty at 17.6%.[194] In 2012, The New York Times reported that inequality was higher than in most developing countries, stating, "The wealthiest fifth of Manhattanites made more than 40 times what the lowest fifth reported, a widening gap (it was 38 times, the year before) surpassed by only a few developing countries".[195]

### Religion

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In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Manhattan was the Archdiocese of New York, with 323,325 Catholics worshipping at 109 parishes, followed by 64,000 Orthodox Jews with 77 congregations, an estimated 42,545 Muslims with 21 congregations, 42,502 non-denominational adherents with 54 congregations, 26,178 TEC Episcopalians with 46 congregations, 25,048 ABC-USA Baptists with 41 congregations, 24,536 Reform Jews with 10 congregations, 23,982 Mahayana Buddhists with 35 congregations, 10,503 PC-USA Presbyterians with 30 congregations, and 10,268 RCA Presbyterians with 10 congregations. Altogether, 44.0% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.[196] In 2014, Manhattan had 703 religious organizations, the seventeenth most out of all US counties.[197]

### Languages

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As of 2010[update], 59.98% (902,267) of Manhattan residents, aged five and older, spoke only English at home, while 23.07% (347,033) spoke Spanish, 5.33% (80,240) Chinese, 2.03% (30,567) French, 0.78% (11,776) Japanese, 0.77% (11,517) Russian, 0.72% (10,788) Korean, 0.70% (10,496) German, 0.66% (9,868) Italian, 0.64% (9,555) Hebrew, and 0.48% (7,158) spoke African languages at home. In total, 40.02% (602,058) of Manhattan's population, aged five and older, spoke a language other than English at home.[198]

As of 2015, 60.0% (927,650) of Manhattan residents, aged five and older, spoke only English at home, while 22.63% (350,112) spoke Spanish, 5.37% (83,013) Chinese, 2.21% (34,246) French, 0.85% (13,138) Korean, 0.72% (11,135) Russian, and 0.70% (10,766) Japanese. In total, 40.0% of Manhattan's population, aged five and older, spoke a language other than English at home.[199]

## Landmarks and architecture

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Main article: Architecture of New York City

See also: List of skyscrapers in New York City

The Estonian House, the main center of Estonian culture amongst Estonian Americans

Points of interest on Manhattan Island include the American Museum of Natural History; the Battery; Broadway and the Theater District; Bryant Park; Central Park, Chinatown; the Chrysler Building; The Cloisters; Columbia University; Curry Hill; the Empire State Building; Flatiron Building; the Financial District (including the New York Stock Exchange Building; Wall Street; and the South Street Seaport); Grand Central Terminal; Greenwich Village (including New York University; Washington Square Arch; and Stonewall Inn); Harlem and Spanish Harlem; the High Line; Koreatown; Lincoln Center; Little Australia; Little Italy; Madison Square Garden; Museum Mile on Fifth Avenue (including the Metropolitan Museum of Art); Penn Station, Port Authority Bus Terminal; Rockefeller Center (including Radio City Music Hall); Times Square; and the World Trade Center (including the National September 11 Museum and One World Trade Center).

There are also numerous iconic bridges across rivers that connect to Manhattan Island, as well as an emerging number of supertall skyscrapers. The Statue of Liberty rests on a pedestal on Liberty Island, an exclave of Manhattan, and part of Ellis Island is also an exclave of Manhattan. The borough has many energy-efficient, environmentally friendly office buildings, such as the Hearst Tower, the rebuilt 7 World Trade Center,[200] and the Bank of America Tower—the first skyscraper designed to attain a Platinum LEED Certification.[201][202]

### Architectural history

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A. T. Stewart in 1870, 9th Street, Manhattan Many tall buildings have setbacks on their facade due to the 1916 Zoning Resolution. This is exemplified at Park Avenue and 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan.

The skyscraper, which has shaped Manhattan's distinctive skyline, has been closely associated with New York City's identity since the end of the 19th century. From 1890 to 1973, the title of world's tallest building resided continually in Manhattan (with a gap between 1894 and 1908, when the title was held by Philadelphia City Hall), with eight different buildings holding the title.[203] The New York World Building on Park Row, was the first to take the title in 1890, standing 309 feet (94 m) until 1955, when it was demolished to construct a new ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge.[204] The nearby Park Row Building, with its 29 stories standing 391 feet (119 m) high, became the world's tallest office building when it opened in 1899.[205] The 41-story Singer Building, constructed in 1908 as the headquarters of the eponymous sewing machine manufacturer, stood 612 feet (187 m) high until 1967, when it became the tallest building ever demolished.[206] The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, standing 700 feet (210 m) at the foot of Madison Avenue, wrested the title in 1909, with a tower reminiscent of St Mark's Campanile in Venice.[207] The Woolworth Building, and its distinctive Gothic architecture, took the title in 1913, topping off at 792 feet (241 m).[208] Structures such as the Equitable Building of 1915, which rises vertically forty stories from the sidewalk, prompted the passage of the 1916 Zoning Resolution, requiring new buildings to contain setbacks withdrawing progressively at a defined angle from the street as they rose, in order to preserve a view of the sky at street level.[209]

The Roaring Twenties saw a race to the sky, with three separate buildings pursuing the world's tallest title in the span of a year. As the stock market soared in the days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, two developers publicly competed for the crown.[210] At 927 feet (283 m), 40 Wall Street, completed in May 1930 in only eleven months as the headquarters of the Bank of Manhattan, seemed to have secured the title.[211] At Lexington Avenue and 42nd Street, auto executive Walter Chrysler and his architect William Van Alen developed plans to build the structure's trademark 185-foot (56 m) spire in secret, pushing the Chrysler Building to 1,046 feet (319 m) and making it the tallest in the world when it was completed in 1929.[212] Both buildings were soon surpassed with the May 1931 completion of the 102-story Empire State Building with its Art Deco tower reaching 1,250 feet (380 m) at the top of the building. The 203-foot (62 m) high pinnacle was later added bringing the total height of the building to 1,453 ft (443 m).[213][214]

The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were located in Lower Manhattan. At 1,368 and 1,362 feet (417 and 415 m), the 110-story buildings were the world's tallest from 1972 until they were surpassed by the construction of the Willis Tower in 1974 (formerly known as the Sears Tower, located in Chicago).[215] One World Trade Center, a replacement for the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, is currently the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[216]

In 1961, the Pennsylvania Railroad unveiled plans to tear down the old Penn Station and replace it with a new Madison Square Garden and office building complex. Organized protests were aimed at preserving the McKim, Mead & White-designed structure completed in 1910, widely considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style and one of the architectural jewels of New York City.[217] Despite these efforts, demolition of the structure began in October 1963. The loss of Penn Station—called "an act of irresponsible public vandalism" by historian Lewis Mumford—led directly to the enactment in 1965 of a local law establishing the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which is responsible for preserving the "city's historic, aesthetic, and cultural heritage".[218] The historic preservation movement triggered by Penn Station's demise has been credited with the retention of some one million structures nationwide, including over 1,000 in New York City.[219] In 2017, a multibillion-dollar rebuilding plan was unveiled to restore the historic grandeur of Penn Station, in the process of upgrading the landmark's status as a critical transportation hub.[220]

### Parkland

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Parkland composes 17.8% of the borough, covering a total of 2,686 acres (10.87 km2). The 843-acre (3.41 km2) Central Park, the largest park comprising 30% of Manhattan's parkland, is bordered on the north by West 110th Street (Central Park North), on the west by Eighth Avenue (Central Park West), on the south by West 59th Street (Central Park South), and on the east by Fifth Avenue. Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, offers extensive walking tracks, two ice-skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, and several lawns and sporting areas, as well as 21 playgrounds and a 6-mile (9.7 km) road from which automobile traffic is banned.[221] While much of the park looks natural, it is almost entirely landscaped, and the construction of Central Park in the 1850s was one of the era's most massive public works projects, with some 20,000 workers crafting the topography to create the English-style pastoral landscape Olmsted and Vaux sought to create.[222]

The remaining 70% of Manhattan's parkland includes 204 playgrounds, 251 Greenstreets, 371 basketball courts, and many other amenities.[223] The next-largest park in Manhattan is the Hudson River Park, stretches 4.5 miles (7.2 km) on the Hudson River and comprises 550 acres (220 ha).[224] Other major parks include:[225]

* Bowling Green
* Bryant Park
* City Hall Park
* DeWitt Clinton Park
* East River Greenway
* Fort Tryon Park
* Fort Washington Park
* Harlem River Park
* Holcombe Rucker Park
* Imagination Playground
* Inwood Hill Park
* Isham Park
* J. Hood Wright Park
* Jackie Robinson Park
* Madison Square Park
* Marcus Garvey Park
* Morningside Park
* Randall's Island Park
* Riverside Park
* Sara D. Roosevelt Park
* Seward Park
* St. Nicholas Park
* Stuyvesant Square
* The Battery
* The High Line
* Thomas Jefferson Park
* Tompkins Square Park
* Union Square Park
* Washington Square Park

## Economy

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Main article: Economy of New York City

The New York Stock Exchange, by a significant margin the world's largest stock exchange per market capitalization of its listed companies,[226][227] at US$23.1 trillion as of April 2018.[228]

Manhattan is the economic engine of New York City, with its 2.3 million workers in 2007 drawn from the entire New York metropolitan area accounting for almost two-thirds of all jobs in New York City.[229] In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in Manhattan (New York County) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States.[230] Manhattan's workforce is overwhelmingly focused on white collar professions, with manufacturing nearly extinct. Manhattan also has the highest per capita income of any county in the United States.

In 2010, Manhattan's daytime population was swelling to 3.94 million, with commuters adding a net 1.48 million people to the population, along with visitors, tourists, and commuting students. The commuter influx of 1.61 million workers coming into Manhattan was the largest of any county or city in the country,[231] and was more than triple the 480,000 commuters who headed into second-ranked Washington, D.C.[232]

### Financial sector

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Main article: Wall Street

The Financial District of Lower Manhattan, seen from Brooklyn

Manhattan's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), at 11 Wall Street, and the Nasdaq, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall share trading value and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[24] The NYSE American (formerly the American Stock Exchange, AMEX), New York Board of Trade, and the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) are also located downtown. Financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency have emerged as more recent constituents of the financial sector as well as the tech sector.

### Corporate sector

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Manhattan contains over 500 million square feet of office space. The Covid-19 pandemic and hybrid work model have prompted consideration of commercial-to-residential conversion within the borough's real estate sector.[233]

New York City is home to the most corporate headquarters of any city in the United States, the overwhelming majority based in Manhattan.[234] Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[235] making it the largest office market in the United States,[236] while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[235] is the largest central business district in the world.[237] New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as "Madison Avenue".

### Tech and biotech

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Further information: Tech companies in Manhattan, Biotech companies in Manhattan, Silicon Alley, and Tech:NYC

The Flatiron District is the center and birthplace of Silicon Alley[238]

Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high tech industries,[239] including the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency blockchain technology, and other fields within information technology that are supported by the area's entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. As of 2014[update], New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.[240][241] In 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$7.3 billion in venture capital investment,[242] most based in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in Manhattan and across New York City, bolstered by the city's emergence as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship,[242] social tolerance,[243] and environmental sustainability,[244][245] as well as New York's position as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center in North America, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, the city's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity.[246] Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City.[247] As of October 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector,[241] with a significant proportion in Manhattan. The technology sector has been expanding across Manhattan since 2010.[248]

The biotechnology sector is also growing in Manhattan based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.[249] In 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg had announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, Manhattan, with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[250][251]

### Tourism

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Main article: Tourism in New York City

Times Square is the hub of the Broadway theater district and a major cultural venue in Manhattan, it also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world, estimated at 50 million[41]

Tourism is vital to Manhattan's economy, and the landmarks of Manhattan are the focus of New York City's tourists, enumerating an eighth consecutive annual record of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017.[40] According to The Broadway League, shows on Broadway sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an increase of 11.4% from US$1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season; attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.[252] As of June 2016, Manhattan had nearly 91,500 hotel rooms, a 26% increase from 2010.[253]

### Real estate

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Real estate is a major force in Manhattan's economy. Manhattan has perennially been home to some of the nation's, as well as the world's, most valuable real estate, including the Time Warner Center, which had the highest-listed market value in the city in 2006 at US$1.1 billion,[254] to be subsequently surpassed in October 2014 by the Waldorf Astoria New York, which became the most expensive hotel ever sold after being purchased by the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, for US$1.95 billion.[255] When 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007, for US$510 million, about US$1,589 per square foot (US$17,104/m²), it broke the barely month-old record for an American office building of US$1,476 per square foot (US$15,887/m²) based on the sale of 660 Madison Avenue.[256] In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price.[257] In 2019, the most expensive home sale ever in the United States occurred in Manhattan, at a selling price of US$238 million, for a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park,[258] while Central Park Tower, topped out at 1,550 feet (472 m) in 2019, is the world's tallest residential building, followed globally in height by 111 West 57th Street and 432 Park Avenue, both also located in Midtown Manhattan.

Manhattan had approximately 520 million square feet (48.1 million m²) of office space in 2013,[259] making it the largest office market in the United States.[260] Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the nation based on office space,[261] while Lower Manhattan is the third-largest (after Chicago's Loop).[262][263]

As of the fourth quarter of 2021, the median value of homes in Manhattan was $1,306,208. It ranked second among US counties for highest median home value at the time, second to Nantucket.[264]

### Media

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Main articles: Media in New York City and New Yorkers in journalism

Manhattan has been described as the media capital of the world.[265][266] An integral component of this status is the significant array of media outlets and their journalists who report about international, American, business, entertainment, and New York metropolitan area-related matters from Manhattan.

#### News

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The New York Times headquarters, 620 Eighth Avenue

Manhattan is served by the major New York City daily news publications, including The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and is considered the U.S. media's "newspaper of record";[267] the New York Daily News; and the New York Post, which are all headquartered in the borough. The nation's largest newspaper by circulation, The Wall Street Journal, is also based in Manhattan. Other daily newspapers include AM New York and The Villager. The New York Amsterdam News, based in Harlem, is one of the leading Black-owned weekly newspapers in the United States. The Village Voice, historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture.[268]

#### Television, radio, film

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See also: List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City

The television industry developed in Manhattan and is a significant employer in the borough's economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox, as well as Univision, are all headquartered in Manhattan, as are many cable channels, including CNN, MSNBC, MTV, Fox News, HBO, and Comedy Central. In 1971, WLIB became New York City's first Black-owned radio station and began broadcasts geared toward the African-American community in 1949. WQHT, also known as Hot 97, claims to be the premier hip-hop station in the United States. WNYC, comprising an AM and FM signal, has the largest public radio audience in the nation and is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan.[269] WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States.

The oldest public-access television cable TV channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971, offers eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming.[270] NY1, Time Warner Cable's local news channel, is known for its beat coverage of City Hall and state politics.

## Education

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See also: Education in New York City, List of high schools in New York City, and List of colleges and universities in New York City

Butler Library at Columbia University, with its notable architectural design[271]

Education in Manhattan is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are operated by the New York City Department of Education,[272] the largest public school system in the United States. Charter schools include Success Academy Harlem 1 through 5, Success Academy Upper West, and Public Prep.

Some notable New York City public high schools are located in Manhattan, including Beacon High School, Stuyvesant High School, Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, High School of Fashion Industries, Eleanor Roosevelt High School, NYC Lab School, Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics, Hunter College High School, and High School for Math, Science and Engineering at City College. Bard High School Early College, a hybrid school created by Bard College, serves students from around the city.

Many private preparatory schools are also situated in Manhattan, including the Upper East Side's Brearley School, Dalton School, Browning School, Spence School, Chapin School, Nightingale-Bamford School, Convent of the Sacred Heart, Hewitt School, Saint David's School, Loyola School, and Regis High School. The Upper West Side is home to the Collegiate School and Trinity School. The borough is also home to Manhattan Country School, Trevor Day School, and the United Nations International School.

Stuyvesant High School, in Tribeca[273]

Based on data from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey, 59.9% of Manhattan residents over age 25 have a bachelor's degree.[274] As of 2005, about 60% of residents were college graduates and some 25% had earned advanced degrees, giving Manhattan one of the nation's densest concentrations of highly educated people.[275]

Manhattan has various colleges and universities, including Columbia University (and its affiliate Barnard College), Cooper Union, Marymount Manhattan College, New York Institute of Technology, New York University (NYU), The Juilliard School, Pace University, Berkeley College, The New School, Yeshiva University, and a campus of Fordham University. Other schools include Bank Street College of Education, Boricua College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Manhattan School of Music, Metropolitan College of New York, Parsons School of Design, School of Visual Arts, Touro College, and Union Theological Seminary. Several other private institutions maintain a Manhattan presence, among them Mercy College, St. John's University, The College of New Rochelle, The King's College, and Pratt Institute. Cornell Tech is developing on Roosevelt Island.

New York Public Library Main Branch at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue

The City University of New York (CUNY), the municipal college system of New York City, is the largest urban university system in the United States, serving more than 226,000 degree students and a roughly equal number of adult, continuing and professional education students.[276] A third of college graduates in New York City graduate from CUNY, with the institution enrolling about half of all college students in New York City. CUNY senior colleges located in Manhattan include: Baruch College, City College of New York, Hunter College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and the CUNY Graduate Center (graduate studies and doctorate granting institution). The only CUNY community college located in Manhattan is the Borough of Manhattan Community College. The State University of New York is represented by the Fashion Institute of Technology, State University of New York State College of Optometry, and Stony Brook University – Manhattan.

Manhattan is a world center for training and education in medicine and the life sciences.[277] The city as a whole receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities,[278] the bulk of which goes to Manhattan's research institutions, including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Weill Cornell Medical College, and New York University School of Medicine.

Manhattan is served by the New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country.[279] The five units of the Central Library—Mid-Manhattan Library, 53rd Street Library, the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library, and the Science, Industry and Business Library—are all located in Manhattan.[280] More than 35 other branch libraries are located in the borough.[281]

## Culture and contemporary life

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See also: Culture of New York City

Further information: Broadway theatre, LGBT culture in New York City, Stonewall Riots, NYC Pride March, List of LGBT people from New York City, List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City, Music of New York City, New York Fashion Week, and Met Gala

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts

Manhattan is the borough most closely associated with New York City by non-residents; regionally, residents within the New York City metropolitan area, including natives of New York City's boroughs outside Manhattan, will often describe a trip to Manhattan as "going to the City".[282] Journalist Walt Whitman characterized the streets of Manhattan as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".[283]

Manhattan has been the scene of many important American cultural movements. In 1912, about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched upon Washington Square Park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which killed 146 workers on March 25, 1911. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of women's liberation, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements.[284]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s established the African-American literary canon in the United States and introduced writers Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. Manhattan's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s was a center of the American pop art movement, which gave birth to such giants as Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein. The downtown pop art movement of the late 1970s included artist Andy Warhol and clubs like Serendipity 3 and Studio 54, where he socialized.

Broadway theatre is considered the highest professional form of theatre in the United States. Plays and musicals are staged in one of the 39 larger professional theatres with at least 500 seats, almost all in and around Times Square.[285] Off-Broadway theatres feature productions in venues with 100–500 seats.[286] Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to 12 influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan.

Manhattan is also home to some of the most extensive art collections in the world, both contemporary and classical art, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Frick Collection, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Guggenheim Museum. The Upper East Side has many art galleries,[287][288] and the downtown neighborhood of Chelsea is known for its more than 200 art galleries that are home to modern art from both upcoming and established artists.[289][290] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in Manhattan.[291][292]

The Empire State Building displays the colors of the Rainbow Flag as an LGBT icon, top. The annual NYC Pride March in June (seen here in 2018) is the world’s largest LGBT event, imaged below.[293][294]

Manhattan is the epicenter of LGBT culture. The borough is widely acclaimed as the cradle of the modern LGBTQ rights movement, with its inception at the June 1969 Stonewall Riots in Greenwich Village, Lower Manhattan – widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[108][295][296] and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[109][297] Brian Silverman, the author of Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day, wrote the city has "one of the world's largest, loudest, and most powerful LGBT communities", and "Gay and lesbian culture is as much a part of New York's basic identity as yellow cabs, high-rise buildings, and Broadway theatre"--[298] radiating from this central hub, as LGBT travel guide Queer in the World states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs".[299] Multiple gay villages have developed, spanning the length of the borough from the Lower East Side, East Village, and Greenwich Village, through Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen, uptown to Morningside Heights.

The annual NYC Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village; the Manhattan parade is the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[294][293] Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, produced by Heritage of Pride. The events were in partnership with the I ❤ NY program's LGBT division, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan.[300]

Clockwise, from upper left: the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the world's largest parade;[301] the annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade; and the ticker-tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts

The borough is represented in several American idioms. The phrase New York minute is meant to convey an extremely short time such as an instant,[302] sometimes in hyperbolic form, as in "perhaps faster than you would believe is possible," referring to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan.[303][304] The expression "melting pot" was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908.[305] The iconic Flatiron Building is said to have been the source of the phrase "23 skidoo" or scram, from what cops would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of women's dresses being blown up by the winds created by the triangular building.[306] The "Big Apple" dates back to the 1920s, when a reporter heard the term used by New Orleans stablehands to refer to New York City's horse racetracks and named his racing column "Around The Big Apple". Jazz musicians adopted the term to refer to the city as the world's jazz capital, and a 1970s ad campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau helped popularize the term.[307] Manhattan, Kansas, a city of 53,000 people,[308] was named by New York investors after the borough and is nicknamed the "little apple".[309]

Manhattan is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of higher profile parades in New York City are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[301] beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;[310] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[301] Other notable parades including the annual St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the New York City Pride Parade in June, the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan. New York Fashion Week, held at various locations in Manhattan, is a high-profile semiannual event featuring models displaying the latest wardrobes created by prominent fashion designers worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the retail marketplace.

## Sports

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Madison Square Garden is home to the Rangers and Knicks, and hosts some Liberty games. The Skating Pond in Central Park, 1862

Manhattan is home to the NBA's New York Knicks and the NHL's New York Rangers, both of which play their home games at Madison Square Garden, the only major professional sports arena in the borough. The Garden was also home to the WNBA's New York Liberty through the 2017 season, but that team's primary home is now the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. The New York Jets proposed a West Side Stadium for their home field, but the proposal was eventually defeated in June 2005, and they now play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[311]

While Manhattan does not currently have a professional baseball franchise, three of the four Major League Baseball teams to have played in New York City played in Manhattan. The original New York Giants baseball team played in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from their inception in 1883—except for 1889, when they split their time between Jersey City, New Jersey and Staten Island, and when they played in Hilltop Park in 1911—until they headed to California with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season.[312] The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Highlanders, named for Hilltop Park, where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912. The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season, where they were officially christened the New York Yankees, remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium.[313] The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963, their first two seasons, before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964.[314] After the Mets departed, the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964, replaced by public housing.[315][316]

The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[317] The New York Knicks started play in 1946 as one of the National Basketball Association's original teams, playing their first home games at the 69th Regiment Armory, before making Madison Square Garden their permanent home.[318] The New York Liberty of the WNBA shared the Garden with the Knicks from their creation in 1997 as one of the league's original eight teams through the 2017 season,[319] after which the team moved nearly all of its home schedule to White Plains in Westchester County.[320] Rucker Park in Harlem is a playground court, famed for its streetball style of play, where many NBA athletes have played in the summer league.[321]

Although both of New York City's football teams play today across the Hudson River in MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds. The New York Giants played side-by-side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925, until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956.[322] The New York Jets, originally known as the Titans of New York, started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, staying there for four seasons before joining the Mets in Queens at Shea Stadium in 1964.[323]

The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League have played in the various locations of Madison Square Garden since the team's founding in the 1926–1927 season. The Rangers were predated by the New York Americans, who started play in the Garden the previous season, lasting until the team folded after the 1941–1942 NHL season, a season it played in the Garden as the Brooklyn Americans.[324]

The New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League played their home games at Downing Stadium for two seasons, starting in 1974. The playing pitch and facilities at Downing Stadium were in unsatisfactory condition, however, and as the team's popularity grew they too left for Yankee Stadium, and then Giants Stadium. The stadium was demolished in 2002 to make way for the $45 million, 4,754-seat Icahn Stadium, which includes an Olympic-standard 400-meter running track and, as part of Pelé's and the Cosmos' legacy, includes a FIFA-approved floodlit soccer stadium that hosts matches between the 48 youth teams of a Manhattan soccer club.[325][326]

## Government

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Main article: Government of New York City

Manhattan Municipal Building

Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter, which has provided for a strong mayor–council system since its revision in 1989.[327] The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Manhattan.

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[328]

Since 1990, the largely powerless Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Manhattan's current Borough President is Mark Levine, elected as a Democrat in November 2021. Levine replaced Gale Brewer, who went on to represent the sixth district of the New York City Council.

Alvin Bragg, a Democrat, is the District Attorney of New York County. Manhattan has ten City Council members, the third largest contingent among the five boroughs. It also has twelve administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents.

As the host of the United Nations, the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.[329] It is also the home of New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, completed in 1914, one of the largest governmental buildings in the world.[330]

United States presidential election results for New York County, New York[331][332][333] Year  | Republican / Whig | Democratic | Third party

|
|
|

No. | % | No. | % | No. | %
2020 | 85,185  | 12.21%  | 603,040  | 86.42% | 9,588  | 1.37%
2016 | 64,930  | 9.71%  | 579,013  | 86.56% | 24,997  | 3.74%
2012 | 89,559  | 14.92%  | 502,674  | 83.74% | 8,058  | 1.34%
2008 | 89,949  | 13.47%  | 572,370  | 85.70% | 5,566  | 0.83%
2004 | 107,405  | 16.73%  | 526,765  | 82.06% | 7,781  | 1.21%
2000 | 82,113  | 14.38%  | 454,523  | 79.60% | 34,370  | 6.02%
1996 | 67,839  | 13.76%  | 394,131  | 79.96% | 30,929  | 6.27%
1992 | 84,501  | 15.88%  | 416,142  | 78.20% | 31,475  | 5.92%
1988 | 115,927  | 22.89%  | 385,675  | 76.14% | 4,949  | 0.98%
1984 | 144,281  | 27.39%  | 379,521  | 72.06% | 2,869  | 0.54%
1980 | 115,911  | 26.23%  | 275,742  | 62.40% | 50,245  | 11.37%
1976 | 117,702  | 25.54%  | 337,438  | 73.22% | 5,698  | 1.24%
1972 | 178,515  | 33.38%  | 354,326  | 66.25% | 2,022  | 0.38%
1968 | 135,458  | 25.59%  | 370,806  | 70.04% | 23,128  | 4.37%
1964 | 120,125  | 19.20%  | 503,848  | 80.52% | 1,746  | 0.28%
1960 | 217,271  | 34.19%  | 414,902  | 65.28% | 3,394  | 0.53%
1956 | 300,004  | 44.26%  | 377,856  | 55.74% | 0  | 0.00%
1952 | 300,284  | 39.30%  | 446,727  | 58.47% | 16,974  | 2.22%
1948 | 241,752  | 32.75%  | 380,310  | 51.51% | 116,208  | 15.74%
1944 | 258,650  | 33.47%  | 509,263  | 65.90% | 4,864  | 0.63%
1940 | 292,480  | 37.59%  | 478,153  | 61.45% | 7,466  | 0.96%
1936 | 174,299  | 24.51%  | 517,134  | 72.71% | 19,820  | 2.79%
1932 | 157,014  | 27.78%  | 378,077  | 66.89% | 30,114  | 5.33%
1928 | 186,396  | 35.74%  | 317,227  | 60.82% | 17,935  | 3.44%
1924 | 190,871  | 41.20% | 183,249  | 39.55%  | 89,206  | 19.25%
1920 | 275,013  | 59.22% | 135,249  | 29.12%  | 54,158  | 11.66%
1916 | 113,254  | 42.65%  | 139,547  | 52.55% | 12,759  | 4.80%
1912 | 63,107  | 18.15%  | 166,157  | 47.79% | 118,391  | 34.05%
1908 | 154,958  | 44.71%  | 160,261  | 46.24% | 31,393  | 9.06%
1904 | 155,003  | 42.11%  | 189,712  | 51.54% | 23,357  | 6.35%
1900 | 153,001  | 44.16%  | 181,786  | 52.47% | 11,700  | 3.38%
1896 | 156,359  | 50.73% | 135,624  | 44.00%  | 16,249  | 5.27%
1892 | 98,967  | 34.73%  | 175,267  | 61.50% | 10,750  | 3.77%
1888 | 106,922  | 39.20%  | 162,735  | 59.67% | 3,076  | 1.13%
1884 | 90,095  | 39.54%  | 133,222  | 58.47% | 4,530  | 1.99%
1844 | 26,385  | 48.15%  | 28,296  | 51.64% | 117  | 0.21%

### Politics

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See also: Community boards of Manhattan

James A. Farley Post Office

The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Registered Republicans are a minority in the borough, constituting 9.88% of the electorate as of April 2016[update]. Registered Republicans are more than 20% of the electorate only in the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Financial District as of 2016[update]. Democrats accounted for 68.41% of those registered to vote, while 17.94% of voters were unaffiliated.[334][335]

No Republican has won the presidential election in Manhattan since 1924, when Calvin Coolidge won a plurality of the New York County vote over Democrat John W. Davis, 41.20%–39.55%. Warren G. Harding was the most recent Republican presidential candidate to win a majority of the Manhattan vote, with 59.22% of the 1920 vote.[citation needed] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 82.1% of the vote in Manhattan and Republican George W. Bush received 16.7%.[336] The borough is the most important source of funding for presidential campaigns in the United States; in 2004, it was home to six of the top seven ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions.[337] The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the United States presidential election for all presidential candidates, including both Kerry and Bush during the 2004 election.[338]

#### Representatives in the U.S. Congress

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In 2018, four Democrats represented Manhattan in the United States House of Representatives.[339]

* Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the Lower East Side and Alphabet City. The district also covers central and western Brooklyn and a small part of Queens.[339][340][341]
* Jerry Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 10th congressional district, which includes the West Side neighborhoods of Battery Park City, Chelsea, Chinatown, the Financial District, Greenwich Village, Hell's Kitchen, SoHo, Tribeca, and the Upper West Side. The district also covers southwestern Brooklyn.[339][342][343]
* Carolyn Maloney (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 12th congressional district, which includes the East Side neighborhoods of Gramercy Park, Kips Bay, Midtown Manhattan, Murray Hill, Roosevelt Island, Turtle Bay, Upper East Side, and most of the Lower East Side and the East Village. The district also covers western Queens.[339][344][345]
* Adriano Espaillat (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 13th congressional district, which includes the Upper Manhattan neighborhoods of East Harlem, Harlem, Inwood, Marble Hill, Washington Heights, and portions of Morningside Heights, as well as part of the northwest Bronx.[339][346][347]

### Federal offices

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The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Manhattan. The James Farley Post Office at 421 Eighth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, between 31st Street and 33rd Street, is New York City's main post office.[348] Both the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit are located in Lower Manhattan's Foley Square, and the U.S. Attorney and other federal offices and agencies maintain locations in that area.

### Crime and public safety

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Main article: Crime in New York City

A slum tour through the Five Points in an 1885 sketch

Starting in the mid-19th century, the United States became a magnet for immigrants seeking to escape poverty in their home countries. After arriving in New York, many new arrivals ended up living in squalor in the slums of the Five Points neighborhood, an area between Broadway and the Bowery, northeast of New York City Hall. By the 1820s, the area was home to many gambling dens and brothels, and was known as a dangerous place to go. In 1842, Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the horrendous living conditions he had seen.[349] The area was so notorious that it even caught the attention of Abraham Lincoln, who visited the area before his Cooper Union speech in 1860.[350] The predominantly Irish Five Points Gang was one of the country's first major organized crime entities.

As Italian immigration grew in the early 20th century many joined ethnic gangs, including Al Capone, who got his start in crime with the Five Points Gang.[351] The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily and spread to the East Coast of the United States during the late 19th century following waves of Sicilian and Southern Italian emigration. Lucky Luciano established Cosa Nostra in Manhattan, forming alliances with other criminal enterprises, including the Jewish mob, led by Meyer Lansky, the leading Jewish gangster of that period.[352] From 1920–1933, Prohibition helped create a thriving black market in liquor, upon which the Mafia was quick to capitalize.[352]

New York City as a whole experienced a sharp increase in crime during the post war period.[353] The murder rate in Manhattan hit an all time high of 42 murders per 100,000 residents in 1979.[354] Manhattan retained the highest murder rate in the city until 1985 when it was surpassed by the Bronx. Most serious violent crime has been historically concentrated in Upper Manhattan and the Lower East Side, though robbery in particular was a major quality of life concern throughout the borough. Through the 1990s and 2000s, crime in Manhattan plummeted in all categories versus historic highs.[citation needed]

Today crime rates in most of Lower Manhattan, Midtown, the Upper East Side, and the Upper West Side are consistent with other major city centers in the United States. However, crime rates remain high in the Upper Manhattan neighborhoods of East Harlem, Harlem, Washington Heights, Inwood, and NYCHA developments across the borough despite significant reductions. In more recent years[clarification needed] there has been an increase in violent crime, particularly in Upper Manhattan and NYCHA developments.[355][356][357]

## Housing

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During Manhattan's early history, wood construction and poor access to water supplies left the city vulnerable to fires. In 1776, shortly after the Continental Army evacuated Manhattan and left it to the British, a massive fire broke out destroying one-third of the city and some 500 houses.[358]

Tenement houses in 1936

The rise of immigration near the turn of the 20th century left major portions of Manhattan, especially the Lower East Side, densely packed with recent arrivals, crammed into unhealthy and unsanitary housing. Tenements were usually five stories high, constructed on the then-typical 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5 m) lots, with "cockroach landlords" exploiting the new immigrants.[359][360] By 1929, stricter fire codes and the increased use of elevators in residential buildings, were the impetus behind a new housing code that effectively ended the tenement as a form of new construction, though many tenement buildings survive today on the East Side of the borough.[360] Conversely, there were also areas with luxury apartment developments, the first of which was the Dakota on the Upper West Side.[361]

At the time of its construction, London Terrace in Chelsea was the largest apartment building in the world

Manhattan offers a wide array of public and private housing options. There were 852,575 housing units in 2013[35] at an average density of 37,345 per square mile (14,419/km²). As of 2003[update], only 20.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing, the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation, behind the Bronx.[362] Although the city of New York has the highest average cost for rent in the United States, it simultaneously hosts a higher average of income per capita. Because of this, rent is a lower percentage of annual income than in several other American cities.[363]

Manhattan's real estate market for luxury housing continues to be among the most expensive in the world,[364] and Manhattan residential property continues to have the highest sale price per square foot in the United States.[26] Manhattan's apartments cost $1,773 per square foot ($19,080/m2), compared to San Francisco housing at $1,185 per square foot ($12,760/m2), Boston housing at $751 per square foot ($8,080/m2), and Los Angeles housing at $451 per square foot ($4,850/m2).[365]

## Infrastructure

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### Transportation

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See also: Transportation in New York City

#### Public transportation

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Grand Central Terminal is a National Historic Landmark. Ferries departing Battery Park City and helicopters flying above Manhattan The Staten Island Ferry, seen from the Battery, crosses Upper New York Bay, providing free public transportation between Staten Island and Manhattan.

Manhattan is unique in the U.S. for intense use of public transportation and lack of private car ownership. While 88% of Americans nationwide drive to their jobs, with only 5% using public transport, mass transit is the dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan, with 72% of borough residents using public transport to get to work, while only 18% drove.[366][367] According to the 2000 United States Census, 77.5% of Manhattan households do not own a car.[368]

In 2008, Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a congestion pricing system to regulate entering Manhattan south of 60th Street. The state legislature rejected the proposal in June 2008.[369]

The New York City Subway, the largest subway system in the world by number of stations, is the primary means of travel within the city, linking every borough except Staten Island. There are 151 subway stations in Manhattan, out of the 472 stations.[370] A second subway, the PATH system, connects six stations in Manhattan to northern New Jersey. Passengers pay fares with pay-per-ride MetroCards, which are valid on all city buses and subways, as well as on PATH trains.[371][372] There are 7-day and 30-day MetroCards that allow unlimited trips on all subways (except PATH) and MTA bus routes (except for express buses).[373] The PATH QuickCard is being phased out, having been replaced by the SmartLink. The MTA is testing "smart card" payment systems to replace the MetroCard.[374] Commuter rail services operating to and from Manhattan are the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), which connects Manhattan and other New York City boroughs to Long Island; the Metro-North Railroad, which connects Manhattan to Upstate New York and Southwestern Connecticut; and NJ Transit trains, which run to various points in New Jersey.

The US$11.1 billion East Side Access project, which will bring LIRR trains to Grand Central Terminal, is under construction and is scheduled to open in 2022; this project will create a new train tunnel beneath the East River, connecting the East Side of Manhattan with Long Island City, Queens.[375][376] Four multi-billion-dollar projects were completed in the mid-2010s: the $1.4 billion Fulton Center in November 2014,[377] the $2.4 billion 7 Subway Extension in September 2015,[378] the $4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub in March 2016,[379][380] and Phase 1 of the $4.5 billion Second Avenue Subway in January 2017.[381][382]

MTA New York City Transit offers a wide variety of local buses within Manhattan under the brand New York City Bus. An extensive network of express bus routes serves commuters and other travelers heading into Manhattan.[383] The bus system served 784 million passengers citywide in 2011, placing the bus system's ridership as the highest in the nation, and more than double the ridership of the second-place Los Angeles system.[384]

The Roosevelt Island Tramway, one of two commuter cable car systems in North America, whisks commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes, and has been serving the island since 1978. (The other system in North America is the Portland Aerial Tram.)[385][386]

The Staten Island Ferry, which runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, annually carries over 21 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each weekday, five vessels transport about 65,000 passengers on 109 boat trips.[387][388] The ferry has been fare-free since 1997, when the then-50-cent fare was eliminated.[389] In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.[390][391] The first routes of NYC Ferry opened in 2017.[392][393] All of the system's routes have termini in Manhattan, and the Lower East Side and Soundview routes also have intermediate stops on the East River.[394]

The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan, respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one-third of users of mass transit and two-thirds of railway passengers in the country live in New York and its suburbs.[395] Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.; Upstate New York and New England; cross-Canadian border service to Toronto and Montreal; and destinations in the Southern and Midwestern United States.

#### Major highways

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* I-78
* I-95
* I-278
* I-478
* I-495
* US 9
* NY 9A
* NY 495

#### Taxis

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Main article: Taxicabs of New York City

New York's iconic yellow taxicabs, which number 13,087 city-wide and must have the requisite medallion authorizing the pick up of street hails, are ubiquitous in the borough.[396] Various private vehicle for hire companies provide significant competition for taxicab drivers in Manhattan.[397]

#### Bicycles

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Main article: Cycling in New York City

Manhattan also has tens of thousands of bicycle commuters.

#### Streets and roads

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The Brooklyn Bridge to the right and the Manhattan Bridge towards the left, are two of the three bridges that connect Lower Manhattan with Brooklyn over the East River. Eighth Avenue, looking northward ("Uptown"), in the rain; most streets and avenues in Manhattan's grid plan incorporate a one-way traffic configuration Tourists looking westward at sunset to observe the July 12, 2016 Manhattanhenge

See also: List of numbered streets in Manhattan and List of eponymous streets in New York City

The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 called for twelve numbered avenues running north and south roughly parallel to the shore of the Hudson River, each 100 feet (30 m) wide, with First Avenue on the east side and Twelfth Avenue on the west side. There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue, including four additional lettered avenues running from Avenue A eastward to Avenue D in an area now known as Alphabet City in Manhattan's East Village. The numbered streets in Manhattan run east–west, and are generally 60 feet (18 m) wide, with about 200 feet (61 m) between each pair of streets. With each combined street and block adding up to about 260 feet (79 m), there are almost exactly 20 blocks per mile. The typical block in Manhattan is 250 by 600 feet (76 by 183 m).

According to the original Commissioner's Plan, there were 155 numbered crosstown streets,[398] but later the grid was extended up to the northernmost corner of Manhattan, where the last numbered street is 220th Street. Moreover, the numbering system continues even in the Bronx, north of Manhattan, despite the fact that the grid plan is not as regular in that borough, whose last numbered street is 263rd Street.[399] Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as 100 feet (30 m) wide, including 34th, 42nd, 57th and 125th Streets,[400] which became some of the borough's most significant transportation and shopping venues. Broadway is the most notable of many exceptions to the grid, starting at Bowling Green in Lower Manhattan and continuing north into the Bronx at Manhattan's northern tip. In much of Midtown Manhattan, Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid, creating major named intersections at Union Square (Park Avenue South/Fourth Avenue and 14th Street), Madison Square (Fifth Avenue and 23rd Street), Herald Square (Sixth Avenue and 34th Street), Times Square (Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street), and Columbus Circle (Eighth Avenue/Central Park West and 59th Street).

"Crosstown traffic" refers primarily to vehicular traffic between Manhattan's East Side and West Side. The trip is notoriously frustrating for drivers because of heavy congestion on narrow local streets laid out by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, absence of express roads other than the Trans-Manhattan Expressway at the far north end of Manhattan Island; and restricted to very limited crosstown automobile travel within Central Park. Proposals in the mid-1900s to build express roads through the city's densest neighborhoods, namely the Mid-Manhattan Expressway and Lower Manhattan Expressway, did not go forward. Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present, significantly shaping traffic patterns in Manhattan.[401]

Another consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge (by analogy with Stonehenge).[402] On separate occasions in late May and early July, the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.[402][403] A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise in January and December.

The FDR Drive and Harlem River Drive, both designed by controversial New York master planner Robert Moses,[404] comprise a single, long limited-access parkway skirting the east side of Manhattan along the East River and Harlem River south of Dyckman Street. The Henry Hudson Parkway is the corresponding parkway on the West Side north of 57th Street.

#### River crossings

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Ferry service departing Battery Park City Ferry Terminal for Paulus Hook in New Jersey

Being primarily an island, Manhattan is linked to New York City's outer boroughs by numerous bridges, of various sizes. Manhattan has fixed highway connections with New Jersey to its west by way of the George Washington Bridge, the Holland Tunnel, and the Lincoln Tunnel, and to three of the four other New York City boroughs—the Bronx to the northeast, and Brooklyn and Queens (both on Long Island) to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough, Staten Island, is the Staten Island Ferry across New York Harbor, which is free of charge. The ferry terminal is located near Battery Park at Manhattan's southern tip. It is also possible to travel on land to Staten Island by way of Brooklyn, via the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge.

The George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,[405][406] connects Washington Heights, in Upper Manhattan, to Bergen County, in New Jersey. There are numerous bridges to the Bronx across the Harlem River, and five (listed north to south)—the Triborough (known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), Ed Koch Queensboro (also known as the 59th Street Bridge), Williamsburg, Manhattan, and Brooklyn Bridges—that cross the East River to connect Manhattan to Long Island.

Several tunnels also link Manhattan Island to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[407] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sail through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel.[408] The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940;[409] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.[410] The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.

Several ferry services operate between New Jersey and Manhattan.[411] These ferries mainly serve midtown (at W. 39th St.), Battery Park City (WFC at Brookfield Place), and Wall Street (Pier 11).

#### Heliports

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Manhattan has three public heliports: the East 34th Street Heliport (also known as the Atlantic Metroport) at East 34th Street, owned by New York City and run by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC); the Port Authority Downtown Manhattan/Wall Street Heliport, owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and run by the NYCEDC; and the West 30th Street Heliport, a privately owned heliport owned by the Hudson River Park Trust.[412] US Helicopter offered regularly scheduled helicopter service connecting the Downtown Manhattan Heliport with John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey, before going out of business in 2009.[413]

### Utilities

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Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company, the first investor-owned electric utility. The company started service on September 4, 1882, using one generator to provide 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers with 800 light bulbs, in a one-square-mile area of Lower Manhattan from his Pearl Street Station.[414] Con Edison operates the world's largest district steam system, which consists of 105 miles (169 km) of steam pipes, providing steam for heating, hot water, and air conditioning[415] by some 1,800 Manhattan customers.[416] Cable service is provided by Time Warner Cable and telephone service is provided by Verizon Communications, although AT&T is available as well.

Manhattan witnessed the doubling of the natural gas supply delivered to the borough when a new gas pipeline opened on November 1, 2013.[417]

The New York City Department of Sanitation is responsible for garbage removal.[418] The bulk of the city's trash ultimately is disposed at mega-dumps in Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina and Ohio (via transfer stations in New Jersey, Brooklyn and Queens) since the 2001 closure of the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.[419] A small amount of trash processed at transfer sites in New Jersey is sometimes incinerated at waste-to-energy facilities. Like New York City, New Jersey and much of Greater New York relies on exporting its trash to far-flung areas.

New York City has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet, which also operates in Manhattan, in the country. It also has some of the first hybrid taxis, most of which operate in Manhattan.[420]

### Health care

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Main article: List of hospitals in New York City § Manhattan

There are many hospitals in Manhattan, including two of the 25 largest in the United States (as of 2017):[421]

* Bellevue Hospital
* Lenox Hill Hospital
* Lower Manhattan Hospital
* Metropolitan Hospital Center
* Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital
* Mount Sinai Hospital
* NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
* NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem
* NYU Langone Medical Center

### Water purity and availability

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Main articles: Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system

New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[422] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.[423] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[424] Manhattan, surrounded by two brackish rivers, had a limited supply of fresh water. To satisfy its growing population, the City of New York acquired land in adjacent Westchester County and constructed the old Croton Aqueduct system there, which went into service in 1842 and was superseded by the new Croton Aqueduct, which opened in 1890. This, however, was interrupted in 2008 for the ongoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant that can supply an estimated 290 million gallons daily when completed, representing an almost 20% addition to the city's availability of water, with this addition going to Manhattan and the Bronx.[425] Water comes to Manhattan through the tunnels 1 and 2, completed in 1917 and 1935, and in future through Tunnel No. 3, begun in 1970.[426]

### Address algorithm

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Main article: Manhattan address algorithm

The address algorithm of Manhattan refers to the formulas used to estimate the closest east–west cross street for building numbers on north–south avenues. It is commonly noted in telephone directories, New York City travel guides, and MTA Manhattan bus maps.

## See also

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* History of New York City
* List of Manhattan neighborhoods
* List of people from Manhattan
* Manhattanhenge
* Manhattanization
* Manhattoe
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan
* Sawing-off of Manhattan Island
* Timeline of New York City

## Notes

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1. ^ Area codes 718, 347, and 929 are used in Marble Hill.
2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
3. ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[178]

## References

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### Sources

[edit | edit source]

* Burke, Katie. ed. Manhattan Memories: A Book of Postcards of Old New York (2000); Postcards lacking the (c) symbol are not copyright and are in the public domain.
* Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. Empire City: New York Through the Centuries (2005), 1015 pages of excerpts
* Still, Bayrd, ed. Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present (New York University Press, 1956)
* Virga, Vincent, ed. Historic Maps and Views of New York (2008)
* Stokes, I.N. Phelps. The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections  (6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see The Iconography of Manhattan Island All volumes are on line free at:
* I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915 v. 1. The period of discovery (1524–1609); the Dutch period (1609–1664). The English period (1664–1763). The Revolutionary period (1763–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital (1783–1811)
* I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916 v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers (1725–1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908
* I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918 v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812–1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island (1876–1909)
* I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922; v. 4. The period of discovery (565–1626); the Dutch period (1626–1664). The English period (1664–1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763–1776)
* I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783–1811). The War of 1812 (1812–1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); Period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island (1876–1909)
* I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index.

## Further reading

[edit | edit source]

* Burns, Ric, and Sanders, James. New York: An Illustrated History (2003), book version of 17-hour Burns PBS documentary, New York: A Documentary Film
* Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-11634-8., The standard scholarly history, 1390pp
* Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (2004) 640pp; Excerpt and text search; Popular history concentrating on violent events & scandals
* Homberger, Eric. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History (2005)
* Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
* Kouwenhoven, John Atlee. The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York: An Essay in Graphic History. *1953)
* Lankevich, George J. New York City: A Short History (2002)
* McCully, Betsy. City at the Water's Edge: A Natural History of New York (2005), environmental history excerpt and text search
* Reitano, Joanne. The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present (2010), Popular history with focus on politics and riots excerpt and text search
* Filler, Martin (April 2015). New York: Conspicuous Construction. Analysis of architectural and social aspects of "ultra-luxury towers ... the smokestack-like protuberances that now disrupt the skyline of midtown Manhattan." The New York Review of Books
* Story, Louise and Saul, Stephanie (February 2015). Towers of Secrecy. A series of 6 articles "examining people behind shell companies buying high-end real estate" in midtown Manhattan. Part 1: Time Warner Center: Symbol of the Boom,  Part 2: The Mysterious Malaysian Financier,  Part 3: The Besieged Indian Builder,  Part 4: The Mexican Power Brokers,  Part 5: The Russian Minister and Friends,  Summary: The Hidden Money Buying Up New York Real Estate. The New York Times

## External links

[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Manhattan (category)

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:Manhattan#Template:Wikidata|Manhattan]].

### Local government and services

[edit | edit source]

* Manhattan Borough President official site
* New York City Government with links to Manhattan specific agencies

### Maps

[edit | edit source]

* Maps of Building Heights and Land Value, plus theoretical and zoning-based maps of underdevelopment, all from Radicalcartography.net
* Historical:
* 1729 map of Manhattan Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
* William J. Broad, Why They Called It the Manhattan Project, The New York Times, October 2007. Ten sites in Manhattan that helped to build the first atomic bomb in the 1940s
* Manhattan Lying on the North River by Joan Vinckeboons, 1639, from the World Digital Library

Places adjacent to Manhattan

| Bergen County,
New Jersey | Bronx County
(The Bronx) | Bronx County
(The Bronx)

|
|

|  |
Hudson County,
New Jersey |

New York County

| Queens County
(Queens)
|  |
Richmond County
(Staten Island) | Kings County
(Brooklyn) | Kings County
(Brooklyn)

* v
* t
* e

Museums in Manhattan

Financial District and Battery Park
(Below Chambers St)|

* Castle Clinton
* China Institute
* Federal Hall National Memorial
* Fraunces Tavern
* George Gustav Heye Center
* Mmuseumm
* Museum of American Finance
* Museum of Jewish Heritage
* National September 11 Memorial & Museum
* New York City Police Museum
* Skyscraper Museum
* South Street Seaport

Lower Manhattan
(Chambers-14th Sts)|

* Asian American Arts Centre
* Drawing Center
* Eldridge Street Synagogue
* FusionArts Museums
* International Center of Photography
* Leslie-Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art
* Lower East Side Tenement Museum
* Merchant's House Museum
* Museum of Chinese in America
* New Museum
* New York City Fire Museum
* The Theatre Museum
* Ukrainian Museum
* Whitney Museum of American Art

Chelsea, Flatiron, Gramercy
(14th-34th Sts)|

* Center for Jewish History
* Fotografiska New York
* International Print Center New York
* John J. Harvey
* The Museum at FIT
* Museum of Sex
* National Museum of Mathematics
* Poster House
* Rubin Museum of Art
* The Shed
* Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace
* Tibet House

Midtown
(34th-59th Sts)|

* Girl Scout Museum and Archives
* Houdini Museum of New York
* Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum
* Japan Society
* John M. Mossman Lock Museum
* Madame Tussauds New York
* Morgan Library & Museum
* Museum of Arts and Design
* Museum of Modern Art
* New York Public Library Main Branch
* New York Transit Museum
* Paley Center for Media
* Scandinavia House
* United Nations Art Collection

Upper West Side
(59th-125th Sts west of 5th Av)|

* American Folk Art Museum
* American Museum of Natural History
* Rose Center for Earth and Space
* Children's Museum of Manhattan
* New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
* New-York Historical Society
* Nicholas Roerich Museum
* Rose Museum

Upper East Side and East Harlem
(59th-125th Sts on or near 5th Av)|

* The Africa Center
* Asia Society
* Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
* El Museo del Barrio
* Frick Collection
* Frick Madison
* Gracie Mansion
* Grolier Club
* Guggenheim Museum
* Jewish Museum
* Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Mount Vernon Hotel Museum
* Museum of Motherhood
* Museum of the City of New York
* National Academy Museum and School
* Neue Galerie New York

Upper Manhattan
(Above 125th St)|

* American Academy of Arts and Letters
* The Cloisters
* Dyckman House
* Hamilton Grange National Memorial
* Hispanic Society of America
* Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center
* Morris–Jumel Mansion
* National Jazz Museum in Harlem
* National Track and Field Hall of Fame
* Yeshiva University Museum
* Studio Museum in Harlem

Islands|

* Ellis Island
* Statue of Liberty
* Statue of Liberty Museum

Defunct|

* Chelsea Art Museum
* Dahesh Museum of Art
* Forbes Galleries
* Met Breuer
* Museum of Biblical Art
* Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
* Museum of Primitive Art

Related|

* Museum Mile

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

New York City

By topic|

* History
* timeline
* Neighborhoods
* ethnic enclaves
* Architecture
* Art Deco
* monuments
* skyscrapers
* People
* Media
* Economy
* companies
* Geography
* Climate
* Flags
* Environmental issues
* environment
* food and water
* rats
* Demographics
* history
* Directories
* Brooklyn
* Manhattan
* Queens

Boroughs|

* The Bronx (Bronx County)
* Brooklyn (Kings County)
* Manhattan (New York County)
* Queens (Queens County)
* Staten Island (Richmond County)

Government|

* Mayor
* Elections
* Council
* Borough presidents
* Community Districts
* Politics
* City agencies

Emergency services|

* Hospitals
* Fire
* Police
* crime
* law enforcement
* Emergency Management

Transportation|

* History
* Entities
* DOT
* former BOT
* Vision Zero Initiative
* Metropolitan Transportation Authority
* Subway
* Bus
* Staten Island Railway
* Long Island Rail Road
* Metro-North Railroad
* PATH
* Bridges and tunnels
* Streets

Culture|

* Arts
* Books
* Cuisine
* Dialect
* Libraries
* Brooklyn
* New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island)
* Queens
* Museums
* Music
* Nicknames
* "Sixth borough"
* Sports
* Tourism
* gardens
* landmarks
* parks
* Community gardens in New York City

Education|

* Dept. of Education
* Elementary schools
* High schools
* Colleges

History|

* Timeline
* Prehistory-1664
* New Amsterdam
* 1665–1783
* 1784-1854
* 1855-1897
* Civil War
* Annexed District (1874)
* East Bronx expansion (1895)
* 1898 expansion
* 1898-1945
* 1946-1977
* 1978-present
* 9/11
* COVID-19
* Moving Day
* Tammany Hall

* '''''
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan

Lower Manhattan
below 14th St
(CB 1, 2, 3)|

* Alphabet City
* Battery Park City
* Bowery
* Chinatown
* Civic Center
* Cooperative Village
* East Village
* Essex Crossing
* Financial District
* Greenwich Village
* Hudson Square
* Little Australia
* Little Fuzhou
* Little Italy
* Loisaida
* Lower East Side
* Meatpacking District
* NoHo
* Nolita
* SoHo
* South Street Seaport
* South Village
* Tribeca
* Two Bridges
* West Village
* World Trade Center

Midtown (CB 5)|

* Columbus Circle
* Diamond District
* Flatiron District
* Garment District
* Herald Square
* Koreatown
* Madison Square
* Midtown South
* NoMad
* Silicon Alley
* Theater District
* Times Square

West Side (CB 4, 7)|

* Chelsea
* Hell's Kitchen
* Hudson Yards
* development
* Lincoln Square
* Manhattan Valley
* Penn South
* Pomander Walk
* Riverside South
* Upper West Side

East Side (CB 6, 8)|

* Carnegie Hill
* Gramercy Park
* Kips Bay
* Lenox Hill
* Murray Hill
* Peter Cooper Village
* Rose Hill
* Stuyvesant Square
* Stuyvesant Town
* Sutton Place
* Tudor City
* Turtle Bay
* Union Square
* Upper East Side
* Waterside Plaza
* Yorkville

Upper Manhattan
above 110th St
(CB 9, 10, 11, 12)|

* Astor Row
* East Harlem
* Fort George
* Hamilton Heights
* Harlem
* Hudson Heights
* Inwood
* Le Petit Senegal
* Manhattanville
* Marble Hill (Bx CB 8)
* Mount Morris Park
* Morningside Heights
* Sugar Hill
* Sylvan
* Washington Heights

Islands|

* Ellis Island (CB 1)
* Governors Island (CB 1)
* Liberty Island (CB 1)
* Randalls Island (CB 11)
* Roosevelt Island (CB 8)
* Wards Island (CB 11)

Former|

* Five Points (CB 3)
* Gas House District (CB 6)
* Jones's Wood (CB 8)
* Ladies' Mile (CB 5)
* Little Germany (CB 3)
* Little Spain (CB 4)
* Little Syria (CB 1)
* Manhattantown (CB 7)
* Radio Row (CB 1)
* San Juan Hill (CB 7)
* Seneca Village
* Tenderloin (CB 4)

* Community boards: 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* Joint interest area:
* 64 (Central Park)

* v
* t
* e

Financial District

Manhattan, New York City

Buildings

| West of Broadway/
State Street|

* 21 West Street
* 65 Broadway
* 90 West Street
* 88 Greenwich Street
* 94 Greenwich Street
* 125 Greenwich Street
* 130 Cedar Street
* 195 Broadway
* American Stock Exchange Building
* Bowling Green Offices Building
* Castle Clinton
* City Pier A
* Cunard Building
* Downtown Athletic Club
* Empire Building
* International Mercantile Marine Company Building
* James Watson House
* New York County Lawyers' Association Building
* Old New York Evening Post Building
* Robert and Anne Dickey House
* St. George's Syrian Catholic Church
* St. Paul's Chapel
* St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church
* Transportation Building
* Trinity and United States Realty Buildings
* Trinity Church
* Trinity Court Building
* Verizon Building
* Whitehall Building
* World Trade Center
* One
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 7
* Performing Arts Center
* St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
* Vehicular Security Center
* Westfield Mall

|

East of Broadway/
State Street|

* 1 Hanover Square
* 1 New York Plaza
* 1 Wall Street
* 1 Wall Street Court
* 1 William Street
* 2 Broadway
* 2 New York Plaza
* 5 Beekman Street
* 14 Wall Street
* 15 Broad Street
* 15 William
* 17 State Street
* 20 Exchange Place
* 23 Wall Street
* 26 Broadway
* 28 Liberty Street
* 32 Old Slip
* 37 Wall Street
* 40 Wall Street
* 45 Broad Street
* 48 Wall Street
* 52 Broadway
* 55 Wall Street
* 55 Water Street
* 56 Beaver Street (Delmonico's)
* 56 Pine Street
* 60 Wall Street
* 63 Wall Street
* 63 Nassau Street
* 70 Pine Street
* 75 Wall Street
* 90–94 Maiden Lane
* 116 John Street
* 120 Wall Street
* 130 William
* 140 Broadway
* 150 Nassau Street
* 161 Maiden Lane
* 170–176 John Street
* 250 Water Street
* Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
* American Bank Note Company Building
* American Surety Building
* Bennett Building
* Broad Exchange Building
* Chamber of Commerce Building
* Continental Bank Building
* Continental Center
* Corbin Building
* Down Town Association
* Equitable Building
* Excelsior Power Company Building
* Federal Hall National Memorial
* Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building
* Fraunces Tavern
* Home Insurance Plaza
* John Street Methodist Church
* Keuffel & Esser Company Building
* Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building
* Liberty Tower
* Morse Building
* New York City Police Museum
* New York Stock Exchange Building
* New York Times Building
* Park Row Building
* Potter Building

Former buildings|

* Alexander Macomb House
* Astor House
* Barnum's American Museum‎
* Blair Building
* City Hotel
* City Investing Building
* Equitable Life Building
* Gallatin Bank Building
* Gillender Building
* Government House
* Hanover National Building
* Howard Hotel
* Kemble Building
* Knickerbocker Trust Company Building
* Manhattan Life Insurance Building
* Mills Building
* Mortimer Building
* New York Produce Exchange
* New York Tribune Building
* New York World Building
* Pearl Street Station
* St. Paul Building
* Singer Building
* Stadt Huys
* Tontine Coffee House
* Tower Building
* Western Union Telegraph Building
* World Trade Center

Other points of interest

| Arts and culture|

* Charging Bull
* China Chalet
* Fearless Girl
* Four Continents
* The Sphere
* Titanic Memorial

|

Parks and plazas|

* The Battery
* Bowling Green
* Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza
* Hudson River Park
* Liberty Park
* Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden
* Vietnam Veterans Plaza
* Zuccotti Park

Education

| Schools|

* High School of Economics and Finance
* Leadership and Public Service High School
* Léman Manhattan Preparatory School
* Millennium High School
* Pace University
* Pine Street School New York

|

Museums|

* China Institute
* Federal Hall National Memorial
* Fraunces Tavern
* George Gustav Heye Center
* Mmuseumm
* Museum of American Finance
* Museum of Jewish Heritage
* New York City Police Museum
* Skyscraper Museum
* South Street Seaport

Transportation

| Public
transport|

* Subway
* Bowling Green
* Broad Street
* Fulton Street
* Rector St/Greenwich St
* Rector St/Trinity Pl
* South Ferry/Whitehall St
* Wall St/William St
* Wall St/Broadway
* WTC Cortlandt
* PATH
* World Trade Center
* Ferries
* Battery Maritime Building
* Pier 11/Wall Street
* Whitehall Terminal

|

Streets|

* Albany
* Beaver
* Bridge
* Broad
* Broadway
* Church/Trinity Place
* Cortlandt
* Dey
* Exchange
* Fulton
* Greenwich
* John
* Liberty
* Maiden Lane
* Marketfield
* Nassau
* Pearl
* South
* Spruce
* State
* Stone
* Theatre Alley
* Vesey/Ann
* Wall
* Washington
* West
* Whitehall
* William

See also: Manhattan Community Board 1

* v
* t
* e

Islands of New York City

Major islands|

* Long
* Manhattan
* Staten

Pelham Islands|

* The Blauzes
* Chimney Sweeps
* City
* Cuban Ledge
* Green Flats
* Hart
* High
* Hunter
* Rat
* Twin

New York Bay|

* Ellis
* Governors
* Hoffman
* Lafayette
* Liberty
* Swinburne

Jamaica Bay|

* Barren
* Bergen
* Broad Channel
* Coney
* Canarsie Pol
* Mau Mau
* Mill
* Ruffle Bar

* Arthur Kill
* Kill Van Kull

* Isle of Meadows
* Prall's
* Shooters

East River|

* Berrien's
* Mill Rock
* North and South Brother
* Randalls and Wards
* Rikers
* Roosevelt
* U Thant (Belmont)

Other|

* Black Tom
* Castle Clinton
* Mussel
* North Battery
* Paparinemin
* Plumb
* Robbins Reef, NJ
* Little Island Park

Former islands shown in italics

* v
* t
* e

New York metropolitan area

Counties|

* Bergen
* Bronx
* Dutchess
* Essex
* Fairfield
* Hudson
* Hunterdon
* Kings
* Litchfield
* Mercer
* Middlesex
* Monmouth
* Monroe
* Morris
* Nassau
* New Haven
* New York
* Ocean
* Orange
* Passaic
* Pike
* Putnam
* Queens
* Richmond
* Rockland
* Somerset
* Suffolk
* Sussex
* Ulster
* Union
* Westchester

Major cities|

* New York City
* The Bronx
* Brooklyn
* Manhattan
* Queens
* Staten Island

Cities and towns
over 100,000|

* Babylon
* Bridgeport
* Brookhaven
* Edison
* Elizabeth
* Hempstead
* Huntington
* Islip
* Jersey City
* Lakewood
* New Haven
* Newark
* North Hempstead
* Oyster Bay
* Paterson
* Smithtown
* Stamford
* Waterbury
* Woodbridge
* Yonkers

Cities and towns
over 25,000|

* Bayonne
* Bergenfield
* Branford
* Brick
* Bridgewater
* Carmel
* Cheshire
* Clifton
* Cortlandt
* Danbury
* Eastchester
* East Brunswick
* East Haven
* East Orange
* East Windsor
* Englewood
* Ewing
* Fairfield
* Fair Lawn
* Fort Lee
* Franklin Township
* Freehold Township
* Garfield
* Greenburgh
* Greenwich
* Hackensack
* Hamden
* Hamilton
* Hillsborough
* Hoboken
* Howell
* Jackson
* Kearny
* Livingston
* Long Beach
* Long Branch
* Mahwah
* Mamaroneck
* Manalapan
* Maplewood
* Marlboro
* Meriden
* Middletown, NJ
* Middletown, NY
* Milford
* Monroe, NJ
* Monroe, NY
* Montclair
* Mount Vernon
* Naugatuck
* New Brunswick
* New Milford
* New Rochelle
* Newburgh
* Newtown
* North Brunswick
* Norwalk
* Old Bridge
* Orange, NJ
* Ossining
* Paramus
* Passaic
* Pelham
* Perth Amboy
* Plainfield
* Poughkeepsie
* Princeton
* Rahway
* Rye (town)
* Shelton
* South Brunswick
* Stratford
* Teaneck
* Toms River
* Torrington
* Trenton
* Trumbull
* Union City
* Wall Township
* Wallingford
* West Haven
* West Orange
* West Windsor
* Westfield
* Westport
* White Plains
* Yorktown

Regions|

* Catskills
* Central Jersey
* Greater Danbury
* Greater Newark
* Greater New Haven
* Greater Torrington
* Greater Waterbury
* Housatonic Valley
* Hudson Valley
* Jersey Shore
* Litchfield Hills
* Long Island
* North Jersey
* Poconos
* Raritan Valley
* Skylands Region
* Watchung Mountains
* Western Connecticut

See Also|

* Northeast megalopolis

* v
* t
* e

Central Park

Manhattan, New York City

Geographical features

* Cedar Hill
* Conservatory Garden
* Conservatory Water
* Great Lawn and Turtle Pond
* Harlem Meer
* Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir
* McGowan's Pass
* North Woods and North Meadow
* The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary
* The Ramble and Lake
* Rat Rock
* Sawkill (historical)
* Seneca Village (historical)
* Sheep Meadow
* Strawberry Fields

Sculptures

* 107th Infantry Memorial
* Angel of the Waters
* Balto
* Simón Bolívar
* Burnett Memorial Fountain
* Robert Burns
* Christopher Columbus
* Cleopatra's Needle
* Delacorte Clock
* Duke Ellington Memorial
* Frederick Douglass Memorial
* Eagles and Prey
* The Falconer
* Fitz-Greene Halleck
* Alexander Hamilton
* Victor Herbert
* Indian Hunter
* King Jagiello Monument
* José Martí
* Giuseppe Mazzini
* Samuel Finley Breese Morse
* Romeo and Juliet
* José de San Martín
* Sir Walter Scott
* Seventh Regiment Memorial
* William Shakespeare
* J. Marion Sims (moved 2018)
* The Gates (temporary, 2005)
* The Tempest
* Untermyer Fountain
* Three Dancing Maidens
* USS Maine National Monument
* Daniel Webster
* Women's Rights Pioneers Monument

Other features

* Arsenal
* Ballplayers House
* Belvedere Castle
* Bethesda Terrace and Fountain
* Blockhouse
* Bridges
* Bow
* Carousel
* Central Park Casino (demolished)
* Cherry Hill Fountain
* The Dairy
* Delacorte Theater
* Diana Ross Playground
* Fort Clinton
* Heckscher Playground
* Lasker Rink
* Mall
* Marionette Theatre
* McGown's Pass Tavern (demolished)
* Richard Morris Hunt Memorial
* Rumsey Playfield
* Tavern on the Green
* Victorian Gardens
* Wollman Rink
* Zoo
* Zoo York Wall
* Zoo York

Events

* Be-Ins
* The Concert
* UAE Healthy Kidney 10K
* New York Mini 10K
* Concerto: One Night in Central Park
* Shakespeare in the Park
* SummerStage

Transport

| Border roads|

| Frederick Douglass Circle | 110th Street | Duke Ellington Circle

|
|

Eighth Avenue |

Central Park

| Fifth Avenue
Columbus Circle | 59th Street | Grand Army Plaza

Transverses|

* 66th
* 79th
* 85th
* 97th

Subway stations|

* Fifth Avenue–59th Street
* 59th Street–Columbus Circle
* 72nd Street
* 81st Street
* 86th Street
* 96th Street
* 103rd Street
* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street
* Central Park North–110th Street

Notable figures

* Elizabeth Barlow Rogers
* Andrew Haswell Green
* Jacob Wrey Mould
* Frederick Law Olmsted
* Ignaz Anton Pilat
* Starr Saphir
* Calvert Vaux
* Egbert Ludovicus Viele
* George E. Waring Jr.

Notable animals

* Barry
* Mandarin Patinkin
* Pale Male
* Pattycake

Miscellaneous

* Birdwatching incident
* Conservancy
* Jogger case
* Medical Unit
* Popular culture

See also: New York City Department of Parks and Recreation

* v
* t
* e

State of New York

Albany (capital)

Topics|

* Index
* Airports
* Bibliography
* Demographics
* Economy
* Education
* Geography
* Healthcare
* History
* Museums
* Music
* Nickname
* Parks
* People
* Politics
* Sports
* Symbols
* Transportation
* Tourist attractions

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Congressional districts
* Constitution
* Delegations
* Senators
* Representatives
* Elections
* Government
* Law

Regions|

* Adirondack Mountains
* Allegheny Plateau
* Capital District
* Catskill Mountains
* Central Region
* Central New York
* Champlain Valley
* New York City
* Finger Lakes
* Holland Purchase
* Hudson Highlands
* Hudson Valley
* Long Island
* Mohawk Valley
* Niagara Frontier
* North Country
* Ridge and Valley
* St. Lawrence Seaway
* Shawangunks
* Ski country
* Southern Tier
* Southtowns
* Tech Valley
* Thousand Islands
* Tug Hill
* Upstate
* Western

Metro areas|

* Albany / Schenectady / Troy
* Binghamton
* Buffalo / Niagara Falls
* Elmira / Corning
* Glens Falls
* Ithaca
* Jamestown
* Kingston
* New York City
* Rochester
* Syracuse
* Utica / Rome
* Watertown

Counties|

* Albany
* Allegany
* Bronx
* Broome
* Cattaraugus
* Cayuga
* Chautauqua
* Chemung
* Chenango
* Clinton
* Columbia
* Cortland
* Delaware
* Dutchess
* Erie
* Essex
* Franklin
* Fulton
* Genesee
* Greene
* Hamilton
* Herkimer
* Jefferson
* Kings
* Lewis
* Livingston
* Madison
* Monroe
* Montgomery
* Tryon
* Nassau
* New York
* Niagara
* Oneida
* Onondaga
* Ontario
* Orange
* Orleans
* Oswego
* Otsego
* Putnam
* Queens
* Rensselaer
* Richmond
* Rockland
* Saint Lawrence
* Saratoga
* Schenectady
* Schoharie
* Schuyler
* Seneca
* Steuben
* Suffolk
* Sullivan
* Tioga
* Tompkins
* Ulster
* Warren
* Washington
* Charlotte
* Wayne
* Westchester
* Wyoming
* Yates

Places|

* Cities
* Towns
* Indian reservations
* Villages
* Census-designated places

* v
* t
* e

Hudson River watershed

Tributaries|

* Batavia Kill
* Batten Kill
* Birch Creek
* Black Meadow Creek
* Boreas River
* Bowery Creek
* Bowmans Creek
* Breakneck Brook
* Brimstone Creek
* Canajoharie Creek
* Caroga Creek
* Casperkill
* Catskill Creek
* Cayadutta Creek
* Cedar River
* Claverack Creek
* Clove Brook
* Cobleskill Creek
* Coeymans Creek
* Coxsackie Creek
* Cross River
* Croton River
* East Branch Croton River
* East Branch Sacandaga River
* East Canada Creek
* East Kill
* Eightmile Creek
* Esopus Creek
* Fall Kill
* Fishkill Creek
* Fonteyn Kill
* Fulmer Creek
* Hannacrois Creek
* Honnedaga Brook
* Hoosic River
* Indian River
* Jackson Creek
* Jan De Bakkers Kill
* Kaaterskill Creek
* Kayaderosseras
* Kinderhook Creek
* Kisco River
* Lake Creek
* Little Shawangunk Kill
* Maritje Kill
* Miami River
* Mill Creek
* Mohawk River
* Moodna Creek
* Moordener Kill
* Moyer Creek
* Muddy Kill
* Neepaulakating Creek
* Normans Kill
* Nowadaga Creek
* Ohisa Creek
* Onesquethaw Creek
* Opalescent River
* Oriskany Creek
* Otsquago Creek
* Otter Kill
* Papakating Creek
* Peekskill Hollow Creek
* Plattekill Creek
* Platter Kill
* Pocantico River
* Pochuck Creek
* Poesten Kill
* Potic Creek
* Quassaick Creek
* Roeliff Jansen Kill
* Rondout Creek
* Sacandaga River
* Sauquoit Creek
* Saw Kill
* Saw Mill River
* Sawyer Kill
* Schoharie Creek
* Schroon River
* Shawangunk Kill
* Sparkill Creek
* Sprout Creek
* Steele Creek
* Stockport Creek
* Stony Clove Creek
* Taghkanic Creek
* Tenmile Creek
* Tin Brook
* Titicus River
* Verkeerder Kill
* Vloman Kill
* Wallkill River
* Walloomsac River
* Wappinger Creek
* Wawayanda Creek
* West Branch Papakating Creek
* West Branch Sacandaga River
* West Canada Creek
* West Kill
* Wynants Kill

Lakes|

* Alcove Reservoir
* Ashokan Reservoir
* Basic Creek Reservoir
* Beacon Reservoir
* Bog Brook Reservoir
* Cedar Lake
* Chadwick Lake
* Chub Lake
* Cross River Reservoir
* Croton Falls Reservoir
* Dyken Pond
* East Branch Reservoir
* East Caroga Lake
* Fall Lake
* Franklinton Vlaie
* Garnet Lake
* Glenmere Lake
* Great Sacandaga Lake
* Great Vlaie
* Henderson Lake
* Honnedaga Lake
* Indian Lake
* Lizard Pond
* Lake Maratanza
* Muscoot Reservoir
* Lake Neepaulin
* New Croton Reservoir
* Notch Lake
* Piseco Lake
* Lake Pleasant
* Queechy Lake
* Rondout Reservoir
* Sacandaga Lake
* Saratoga Lake
* Sturgeon Pool
* Surprise Lake
* Sylvan Lake
* Lake Tear of the Clouds
* Thompson Pond
* Titicus Reservoir
* Trout Lake
* West Caroga Lake
* Whaley Lake
* Winnisook Lake

Towns|

| New York|

* Albany
* Amsterdam
* Beacon
* Bedford
* Beekman
* Bennington
* Bethlehem
* Blooming Grove
* Briarcliff Manor
* Carmel
* Catskill
* Clifton Park
* Cohoes
* Colonie
* Cortlandt
* East Fishkill
* East Greenbush
* Fishkill
* Glenville
* Gloversville
* Greenburgh
* Guilderland
* Halfmoon
* Herkimer
* Haverstraw
* Hyde Park
* Kingston
* Kirkland
* LaGrange
* Lloyd
* Malta
* Middletown
* Milton
* Monroe
* Montgomery
* Moreau
* Mount Pleasant
* New Castle
* New Hartford
* New Paltz
* New Windsor
* New York City
* Newburgh
* Niskayuna
* North Adams
* Nyack
* Ossining
* Peekskill
* Plattekill
* Poughkeepsie
* Queensbury
* Rome
* Rotterdam
* Saugerties
* Schenectady
* Shawangunk
* Sleepy Hollow
* Somers
* Southeast
* Troy
* Utica
* Wallkill
* Wappinger
* Warwick
* West Point
* Whitestown
* Wilton
* Yonkers
* Yorktown

|

New Jersey|

* Alpine
* Bayonne
* Cliffside Park
* Edgewater
* Englewood Cliffs
* Fort Lee
* Hoboken
* Jersey City
* North Bergen
* Sparta
* Tenafly
* Weehawken
* West New York

Landmarks|

* Adirondack Mountains
* Adirondack Park
* Ashokan Bridge
* Blenheim Bridge
* Buskirk Bridge
* Catskill Mountains
* Champlain Canal
* Cohoes Falls
* Copeland Bridge
* Delaware and Hudson Canal
* Eagleville Bridge
* East River
* Erie Canal
* George Washington Bridge
* Harlem River
* Helderberg Escarpment
* Holland Tunnel
* Hudson Highlands State Park
* Kaaterskill Clove
* Kaaterskill Falls
* Kill Van Kull
* Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge
* Lincoln Tunnel
* Mid-Hudson Bridge
* Newburgh–Beacon Bridge
* Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)
* The Palisades
* Perrine's Bridge
* Plotter Kill Preserve
* Pollepel Island
* Popolopen
* Rexleigh Bridge
* Rip Van Winkle Bridge
* Salisbury Center Bridge
* Schoharie Bridge
* Shushan Bridge
* Statue of Liberty
* Taconic Mountains
* Verkeerder Kill Falls
* Walkway over the Hudson
* Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge
* West Canada Lake Wilderness Area

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