McCarthyism

Phenomenon in the US consisting of making unfounded accusations of subversion, communism and treason

File:Anticommunist Literature 1950s.png

American anti-communist propaganda of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry

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Discrimination

Forms

* Institutional
* Structural

Attributes

* Age
* Disability
* Genetics
* Hair color
* Hair texture
* Height
* Looks
* Size
* Language
* Race / Ethnicity
* Nordicism
* Skin color
* Rank
* Caste
* Class
* Religion
* Sex
* Sexual orientation

Social

* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-albinism
* Anti-autism
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Cronyism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Homophobia
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Nepotism
* Pedophobia
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Black
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious

* Ahmadiyya
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Christianity
* post–Cold War era
* Druze
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Judaism
* Persecution
* LDS or Mormon
* Neopaganism
* non-Muslims
* Eastern Orthodox
* Oriental Orthodox
* Copts
* Protestantism
* Rastafari
* Sikhs
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* Zoroastrianism

Ethnic/national

* African
* Albanian
* American
* Arab
* Armenian
* Australian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* British
* Canadian
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chilean
* Chinese
* Croat
* English
* Filipino
* Finnish
* French
* Fulani
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hispanic
* Hungarian
* Igbo
* Indian
* Canadian and US indigenous peoples
* Indonesian
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Khmer
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Malay
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Muhajirs
* Pakistani
* Palestinian
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese

Manifestations

* Blood libel
* Bullying
* online
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Disability hate crime
* Dog-whistle politics
* Eliminationism
* Economic
* Education
* Employment
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* LGBT
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* online
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Indian rolling
* Infantilization
* Lavender scare
* Lynching
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascots
* Occupational segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Purge
* Red Scare
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Segregation academy
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slavery
* Slut-shaming
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against men
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White power music
* Wife selling
* Witch-hunt

Policies

* Age of candidacy
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Crime of apartheid
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Environmental racism
* Ethnocracy
* Ethnopluralism
* Gender pay gap
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Jim Crow laws
* Ketuanan Melayu
* Kinder der Landstrasse
* Law for Protection of the Nation
* McCarthyism
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* Nonpersons
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* Nuremberg Laws
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* religious
* sexual
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Vergonha
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Environmental justice
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex rights
* LGBT rights
* Masculism
* Multiculturalism
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration

Related topics

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms
* Bias
* Christian privilege
* Civil liberties
* Dehumanization
* Diversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Eugenics
* Gender roles
* Heteronormativity
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Male privilege
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Multiculturalism
* Net bias
* Neurodiversity
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Political correctness
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news
* Racism by country
* Religious intolerance
* Reverse discrimination
* Reverse racism
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social exclusion
* Social model of disability
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk
* White privilege
* Woke

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Socialism in
the United States

History

Utopian socialism

* Bishop Hill Commune
* Brook Farm
* Icarians
* Looking Backward
* New Harmony
* Oneida Community

* * *

Progressive Era

* 1877 St. Louis general strike
* 1912 Lawrence textile strike
* Catholic Worker Movement
* Green Corn Rebellion
* Labor unionization
* Haymarket affair
* May Day
* Women's suffrage

* * *

Repression and persecution

* American Defense Society
* American Protective League
* Communist Party USA and African Americans
* Communists in the labor movement
* 1919–1937
* 1937–1957
* Espionage Act of 1917
* First Red Scare
* John Birch Society
* McCarthyism
* Seattle General Strike
* Smith Act
* Smith Act trials

* * *

Anti-war and civil rights movements

* Black Power movement
* COINTELPRO
* "I Have a Dream"
* March on Washington
* New Left
* Poor People's Campaign

* * *

Contemporary

* 1999 Seattle WTO protests
* Financial crisis of 2007–08
* Occupy Wall Street

People

* Abern
* Andrews
* Avrich
* Balagroon
* Barnes
* Bellamy (Edward)
* Bellamy (Francis)
* Berger
* Berkman
* Bookchin
* Brisbane
* Brooks
* Browder
* Cabet
* Cannon
* Carmichael
* Chomsky
* Clayre
* Cockburn
* Davis
* Day
* Debs
* Dennis
* De Leon
* Dobbs
* Dreiser
* Du Bois
* Einstein
* Fearing
* Feinberg
* Ford
* Foster
* Galleani
* Gitlow
* Goldman
* Graeber
* Greene
* Guthrie
* Hall
* Hammett
* Hampton
* Harrington
* Hay
* Haywood (Bill)
* Haywood (Harry)
* Hawkins
* Hedges
* Heywood (Angela)
* Heywood (Ezra)
* Hill
* Hillquit
* Hoan
* Hoffman
* Keller
* Labadie
* London
* Lovestone
* Lum
* Marcy
* McReynolds
* Moore
* Most
* Mitchell
* Newton
* Noyes
* Ocasio-Cortez
* Ochs
* Owen
* Parenti
* Parsons (Albert)
* Parsons (Lucy)
* Piker
* Piven
* Randolph
* Ripley
* Reed
* Rocker
* Rustin
* Ruthenberg
* Sacco
* Sandburg
* Sanders
* Sawant
* Seale
* Seidel
* Shachtman
* Sinclair
* Spooner
* Stone
* Sweezy
* Thomas
* Tucker
* Turner
* Vanzetti
* Warren
* West
* Wolff
* Zeidler
* Zerzan
* Zinn

Active organizations

* American Party of Labor
* Black Riders Liberation Party
* Black Socialists in America
* Communist Party USA
* Democratic Socialists of America
* Freedom Road Socialist Organization
* Freedom Socialist Party
* Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
* Green Party of the United States
* Industrial Workers of the World
* New Afrikan Black Panther Party
* Party for Socialism and Liberation
* Peace and Freedom Party
* Progressive Labor Party
* Redneck Revolt
* Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
* Socialist Action
* Socialist Alternative
* Socialist Equality Party
* Socialist Party USA
* Socialist Rifle Association
* Socialist Workers Party
* Solidarity
* Spark
* Spartacist League
* Vermont Progressive Party
* Workers World Party
* Working Class Party
* World Socialist Party of the United States

Inactive or defunct organizations

* American Labor Party
* American Union of Associationists
* American Workers Party
* Black Panther Party
* Colorado Springs Socialists
* Communist League of America
* Communist League of Struggle
* Communist Workers' Party
* Democratic Socialist Federation
* Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee
* Freedom Party of New York
* Human Rights Party
* Independent Socialist League
* International Socialists
* International Socialist Organization
* Maoist Internationalist Movement
* New American Movement
* Nonpartisan League
* Proletarian Party of America
* Puerto Rican Socialist Party
* Revolutionary Socialist League
* Revolutionary Youth Movement
* Social Democracy of America
* Social Democratic Federation
* Social Democratic Party of America
* Social Democrats, USA
* Socialist Labor Party of America
* Socialist Party of America
* Students for a Democratic Society
* Weather Underground
* White Panther Party
* Working Families Party
* Workers Party of the United States
* Youth International Party

Literature

* Appeal to Reason
* Current Affairs
* Daily Worker
* Dissent
* International Socialist Review
* Jacobin
* The Jungle
* Looking Backward
* Monopoly Capital
* Monthly Review
* The Other America
* A People's History of the United States
* Voluntary Socialism
* Why Socialism?
* Z

Related topics

* American Left
* Anarchism
* Anarchism in the United States
* Anarcho-communism
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Anarcho-syndicalism
* Bill of Rights socialism
* Democratic socialism
* Green anarchism
* Individualist anarchism
* Individualist anarchism in the United States
* Labor history
* Labor laws
* Labor unions
* Libertarian socialism
* Marxism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Minimum wage
* Mutualism
* Post-left anarchy
* Scientific socialism
* Social democracy
* Socialism
* Trotskyism
* Utopian socialism

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Marxism–Leninism
File:Marx Lenin oval.svg

Concepts

* Administrative-command system
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-revisionism
* Central planning
* Soviet-type economic planning
* Collective leadership
* Collectivization
* Commanding heights of the economy
* Democratic centralism
* Dialectical logic
* Dialectical materialism
* Foco
* Intensification of the class struggle
under socialism
* Labour aristocracy
* Marxist–Leninist atheism
* One-party state
* Partiinost'
* People's democracy
* Popular front
* Proletarian internationalism
* Protracted people's war
* Self-criticism
* Social fascism
* Socialism in one country
* Socialist patriotism
* Soviet
* Yugoslav
* State
* Socialist
* Theory of the productive forces
* Third Period
* Vanguardism
* Wars of national liberation

Variants

* Castroism
* Guevarism
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Hoxhaism
* Husakism
* Kádárism
* Khrushchevism
* Maoism
* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* Stalinism
* Titoism

People

* Joseph Stalin
* Mao Zedong
* Ernst Thälmann
* Khorloogiin Choibalsan
* Ehmetjan Qasim
* José Díaz
* Maurice Thorez
* Palmiro Togliatti
* Ho Chi Minh
* Võ Nguyên Giáp
* Earl Browder
* Nikita Khrushchev
* Walter Ulbricht
* Josip Broz Tito
* Mátyás Rákosi
* Lazar Kaganovich
* Georgi Dimitrov
* Bolesław Bierut
* Valko Chervenkov
* Klement Gottwald
* Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
* Enver Hoxha
* Kaysone Phomvihane
* Khalid Bakdash
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Deng Xiaoping
* Pol Pot
* Nikos Zachariadis
* Che Guevara
* Fidel Castro
* Agostinho Neto
* Mengistu Haile Mariam
* Kim Il-sung
* Chin Peng
* Hardial Bains
* Sanzō Nosaka
* Nicolae Ceaușescu
* Gustáv Husák
* János Kádár
* Erich Honecker
* Władysław Gomułka
* Samora Machel
* Thomas Sankara
* Mathieu Kérékou
* Siad Barre
* Nur Muhammad Taraki
* Alfonso Cano
* Rohana Wijeweera
* Gus Hall
* Harpal Brar
* Gennady Zyuganov
* Xi Jinping

Theoretical works

* Foundations of Leninism
* Dialectical and Historical Materialism
* The History of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
* Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
* A Critique of Soviet Economics
* Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
* Guerrilla Warfare
* Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
* President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
* The Governance of China

History

* Soviet Union
* 1927–1953
* 1953–1964
* 1964–1982
* 1982–1991
* Great Break
* Collectivization in the Soviet Union
* Industrialization in the Soviet Union
* Great Purge
* Spanish Civil War
* World War II
* Great Patriotic War
* Greek Civil War
* Cold War
* Eastern Bloc
* Chinese Revolution
* China
* 1949–1976
* 1976–1989
* 1989–2002
* 2002–present
* Korean War
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* De-Stalinization
* Warsaw Pact
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Vietnam War
* Sino-Soviet split
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Great Leap Forward
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Black Power movement
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Cultural Revolution
* Prague Spring
* Naxalite insurgency
* Revolutions of 1989
* Nepalese Civil War

By country

* Afghanistan
* Albania
* Angola
* Benin
* Bulgaria
* Cambodia
* China
* Congo
* Cuba
* Czechoslovakia
* Czechia
* Slovakia
* East Germany
* Ethiopia
* Grenada
* Hungary
* Laos
* Mongolia
* Mozambique
* North Korea
* Poland
* Romania
* Somalia
* South Yemen
* Soviet Union
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Byelarus
* Estonia
* Georgia
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* Russia
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yugoslavia
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Macedonia
* Montenegro
* Serbia
* Slovenia

Organizations

* Comecon
* Comintern
* Chinese Communist Party
* Communist Party of Cuba
* Communist Party of India
* Communist Party of Kampuchea
* Communist Party of the Russian Federation
* Communist Party of the Soviet Union
* Communist Party of Vietnam
* French Communist Party
* Indochinese Communist Party
* Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
* Lao People's Revolutionary Party
* Nepal Communist Party
* Party of Labour of Albania
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
* Sandinista National Liberation Front
* Workers' Party of Korea

Related topics

* Bolshevism
* Leninism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Trotskyism

See also

* All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
* Anti-communism
* Mass killings
* Cold War
* Crimes against humanity
under communist regimes
* Mass killings
* Criticism of communist party rule
* Cult of personality
* Marxist schools of thought
* National Bolshevism
* New class
* Post-communism
* Red fascism
* Red Scare
* Second
* Second World
* State capitalism
* State socialism
* State ideology of China
* State ideology of the Soviet Union
* Third-Worldism
* Totalitarianism

*   *   *

* v
* t
* e

McCarthyism is the practice of making false or unfounded accusations of subversion and treason, especially when related to anarchism, communism and socialism, and especially when done in a public and attention-grabbing manner.[1][2]

The term originally referred to the controversial practices and policies of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, and has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting from the late 1940s through the 1950s.[3] It was characterized by heightened political repression and persecution of left-wing individuals, and a campaign spreading fear of alleged communist and socialist influence on American institutions and of espionage by Soviet agents.[3] After the mid-1950s, McCarthyism began to decline, mainly due to Joseph McCarthy's gradual loss of public popularity and credibility after several of his accusations were found to be false, and sustained opposition from the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren on human rights grounds.[4][5] The Warren Court made a series of rulings on civil and political rights that overturned several key laws and legislative directives, and helped bring an end to the Second Red Scare.[6][7][8] Historians have suggested since the 1980s that as McCarthy's involvement was less central than that of others, a different and more accurate term should be used instead that more accurately conveys the breadth of the phenomenon, and that the term McCarthyism is now outdated. Ellen Schrecker has suggested that Hooverism after FBI Head J. Edgar Hoover is more appropriate.[9] Others, including Stanley Kutler, have instead suggested the term McCarranism after Senator Pat McCarran of Nevada, a key legislative figure in the movement.[10][11][12]

What would become known as the McCarthy era began before McCarthy's rise to national fame. Following the breakdown of the wartime East-West alliance with the Soviet Union, and with many remembering the First Red Scare, President Harry S. Truman signed an executive order in 1947 to screen federal employees for possible association with organizations deemed "totalitarian, fascist, communist, or subversive", or advocating "to alter the form of Government of the United States by unconstitutional means." The following year, the Czech coup by the Czechoslovakian Communist Party heightened concern in the West about Communist parties seizing power and the possibility of subversion. In 1949, a high-level State Department official was convicted of perjury in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested a nuclear bomb. The Korean War started the next year, significantly raising tensions and fears of impending communist upheavals in the United States. In a speech in February 1950, McCarthy claimed to have a list of members of the Communist Party USA working in the State Department, which attracted substantial press attention, and the term McCarthyism was published for the first time in late March of that year in The Christian Science Monitor, along with a political cartoon by Herblock in The Washington Post. The term has since taken on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts to crack down on alleged "subversive" elements. In the early 21st century, the term is used more generally to describe reckless and unsubstantiated accusations of treason and far-left extremism, along with demagogic personal attacks on the character and patriotism of political adversaries.

The primary targets for persecution were government employees, prominent figures in the entertainment industry, academics, left-wing politicians, and labor union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive and questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations and beliefs were often exaggerated. Many people suffered loss of employment and the destruction of their careers and livelihoods as a result of the crackdowns on suspected communists, and some were outright imprisoned. Most of these reprisals were initiated by trial verdicts that were later overturned,[13] laws that were later struck down as unconstitutional,[14] dismissals for reasons later declared illegal[15] or actionable,[16] and extra-judiciary procedures, such as informal blacklists by employers and public institutions, that would come into general disrepute, though by then many lives had been ruined. The most notable examples of McCarthyism include the investigations of alleged communists that were conducted by Senator McCarthy, and the hearings conducted by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).

## Contents

* 1 Origins
* 2 Institutions
* 2.1 Executive branch
* 2.1.1 Loyalty-security reviews
* 2.1.2 J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI
* 2.1.3 Allen Dulles and the CIA
* 2.2 Congress
* 2.2.1 House Committee on Un-American Activities
* 2.2.2 Senate committees
* 2.3 Blacklists
* 2.4 Laws and arrests
* 2.5 Repression in the individual states
* 3 Popular support
* 4 Portrayals of Communists
* 5 Victims of McCarthyism
* 6 Critical reactions
* 7 Decline
* 7.1 Notable events
* 7.2 Warren Court
* 8 Repercussions
* 8.1 Study and reactions to Constitutional implications
* 8.2 Historical study on anti-communism and Soviet espionage
* 8.3 Later political usage of term
* 9 In popular culture
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 11.1 Citations
* 11.2 Sources
* 11.3 Historiography
* 12 Further reading
* 13 External links

## Origins[edit | edit source]

File:Herblock1950.jpg

One of the earliest uses of the term McCarthyism was in a cartoon by Herbert Block ("Herblock"), published in The Washington Post, March 29, 1950.

President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9835 of March 21, 1947, required that all federal civil-service employees be screened for "loyalty". The order said that one basis for determining disloyalty would be a finding of "membership in, affiliation with or sympathetic association" with any organization determined by the attorney general to be "totalitarian, fascist, communist or subversive" or advocating or approving the forceful denial of constitutional rights to other persons or seeking "to alter the form of Government of the United States by unconstitutional means".[17]

The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthy's own involvement in it. Many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them with roots in the First Red Scare (1917–20), inspired by communism's emergence as a recognized political force and widespread social disruption in the United States related to unionizing and anarchist activities. Owing in part to its success in organizing labor unions and its early opposition to fascism, and offering an alternative to the ills of capitalism during the Great Depression, the Communist Party of the United States increased its membership through the 1930s, reaching a peak of about 75,000 members in 1940–41.[18] While the United States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union, the issue of anti-communism was largely muted. With the end of World War II, the Cold War began almost immediately, as the Soviet Union installed communist puppet régimes in areas it had occupied across Central and Eastern Europe. In a March 1947 address to Congress, Truman enunciated a new foreign policy doctrine that committed the United States to opposing Soviet geopolitical expansion. This doctrine came to be known as the Truman Doctrine, and it guided United States support for anti-communist forces in Greece and later in China and elsewhere.[19]

Although the Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley affairs had raised the issue of Soviet espionage in 1945, events in 1949 and 1950 sharply increased the sense of threat in the United States related to communism. The Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected, raising the stakes in the Cold War. That same year, Mao Zedong's communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang. In 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U.S., U.N., and South Korean forces against communists from North Korea and China.

During the following year, evidence of increased sophistication in Soviet Cold War espionage activities was found in the West. In January 1950, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury. Hiss was in effect found guilty of espionage; the statute of limitations had run out for that crime, but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the HUAC. In Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested in 1950 in the United States on charges of stealing atomic-bomb secrets for the Soviets, and were executed in 1953.

Other forces encouraged the rise of McCarthyism. The more conservative politicians in the United States had historically referred to progressive reforms, such as child labor laws and women's suffrage, as "communist" or "Red plots", trying to raise fears against such changes.[20] They used similar terms during the 1930s and the Great Depression when opposing the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Many conservatives equated the New Deal with socialism or Communism, and thought the policies were evidence of too much influence by allegedly communist policy makers in the Roosevelt administration.[21] In general, the vaguely defined danger of "Communist influence" was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti-communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity.

File:Joseph McCarthy.jpg

Senator Joseph McCarthy

McCarthy's involvement in these issues began publicly with a speech he made on Lincoln Day, February 9, 1950, to the Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia. He brandished a piece of paper, which he claimed contained a list of known communists working for the State Department. McCarthy is usually quoted as saying: "I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department."[22] This speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and helped establish his path to becoming one of the most recognized politicians in the United States.

The first recorded use of the term "McCarthyism" was in the Christian Science Monitor on March 28, 1950 ("Their little spree with McCarthyism is no aid to consultation").[23] The paper became one of the earliest and most consistent critics of the Senator.[24] The next recorded use happened on the following day, in a political cartoon by Washington Post editorial cartoonist Herbert Block (Herblock). The cartoon depicts four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant (the traditional symbol of the Republican Party) to stand on a platform atop a teetering stack of ten tar buckets, the topmost of which is labeled "McCarthyism". Block later wrote:

"nothing [was] particularly ingenious about the term, which is simply used to represent a national affliction that can hardly be described in any other way. If anyone has a prior claim on it, he's welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it. I will also throw in a set of free dishes and a case of soap."[25]

## Institutions[edit | edit source]

A number of anti-communist committees, panels, and "loyalty review boards" in federal, state, and local governments, as well as many private agencies, carried out investigations for small and large companies concerned about possible Communists in their work forces.

In Congress, the primary bodies that investigated Communist activities were the HUAC, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Between 1949 and 1954, a total of 109 investigations were carried out by these and other committees of Congress.[26]

On December 2, 1954, the United States Senate voted 67 to 22[27] to condemn McCarthy for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute".

### Executive branch[edit | edit source]

#### Loyalty-security reviews[edit | edit source]

File:Page one of Executive Order 9835.jpg

Executive Order 9835, signed by President Truman in 1947

In the federal government, President Truman's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947. It called for dismissal if there were "reasonable grounds ... for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States."[28] Truman, a Democrat, was probably reacting in part to the Republican sweep in the 1946 Congressional election and felt a need to counter growing criticism from conservatives and anti-communists.[29]

When President Dwight Eisenhower took office in 1953, he strengthened and extended Truman's loyalty review program, while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees. Hiram Bingham, chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as "just not the American way of doing things."[30] The following year, J. Robert Oppenheimer, scientific director of the Manhattan Project that built the first atomic bomb, then working as a consultant to the Atomic Energy Commission, was stripped of his security clearance after a four-week hearing. Oppenheimer had received a top-secret clearance in 1947, but was denied clearance in the harsher climate of 1954.

Similar loyalty reviews were established in many state and local government offices and some private industries across the nation. In 1958, an estimated one of every five employees in the United States was required to pass some sort of loyalty review.[31] Once a person lost a job due to an unfavorable loyalty review, finding other employment could be very difficult. "A man is ruined everywhere and forever," in the words of the chairman of President Truman's Loyalty Review Board. "No responsible employer would be likely to take a chance in giving him a job."[32]

The Department of Justice started keeping a list of organizations that it deemed subversive beginning in 1942. This list was first made public in 1948, when it included 78 groups. At its longest, it comprised 154 organizations, 110 of them identified as Communist. In the context of a loyalty review, membership in a listed organization was meant to raise a question, but not to be considered proof of disloyalty. One of the most common causes of suspicion was membership in the Washington Bookshop Association, a left-leaning organization that offered lectures on literature, classical music concerts, and discounts on books.[33]

#### J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI[edit | edit source]

File:Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg

J. Edgar Hoover in 1961

FBI director J. Edgar Hoover designed President Truman's loyalty-security program, and its background investigations of employees were carried out by FBI agents. This was a major assignment that led to the number of agents in the bureau being increased from 3,559 in 1946 to 7,029 in 1952. Hoover's sense of the communist threat and the standards of evidence applied by his bureau resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs. Due to Hoover's insistence upon keeping the identity of his informers secret, most subjects of loyalty-security reviews were not allowed to cross-examine or know the identities of those who accused them. In many cases, they were not even told of what they were accused.[34]

Hoover's influence extended beyond federal government employees and beyond the loyalty-security programs. The records of loyalty review hearings and investigations were supposed to be confidential, but Hoover routinely gave evidence from them to congressional committees such as HUAC.[35]

From 1951 to 1955, the FBI operated a secret "Responsibilities Program" that distributed anonymous documents with evidence from FBI files of communist affiliations on the part of teachers, lawyers, and others. Many people accused in these "blind memoranda" were fired without any further process.[36]

The FBI engaged in a number of illegal practices in its pursuit of information on communists, including burglaries, opening mail, and illegal wiretaps.[37] The members of the left-wing National Lawyers Guild (NLG) were among the few attorneys who were willing to defend clients in communist-related cases, and this made the NLG a particular target of Hoover's; the office of the NLG was burgled by the FBI at least 14 times between 1947 and 1951.[38] Among other purposes, the FBI used its illegally obtained information to alert prosecuting attorneys about the planned legal strategies of NLG defense lawyers.[39][40]

The FBI also used illegal undercover operations to disrupt communist and other dissident political groups. In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute communists. At this time, he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO.[37] COINTELPRO actions included planting forged documents to create the suspicion that a key person was an FBI informer, spreading rumors through anonymous letters, leaking information to the press, calling for IRS audits, and the like. The COINTELPRO program remained in operation until 1971.

Historian Ellen Schrecker calls the FBI "the single most important component of the anti-communist crusade" and writes: "Had observers known in the 1950s what they have learned since the 1970s, when the Freedom of Information Act opened the Bureau's files, 'McCarthyism' would probably be called 'Hooverism'."[41]

#### Allen Dulles and the CIA[edit | edit source]

In March 1950, McCarthy had initiated a series of investigations into potential infiltration of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) by communist agents and came up with a list of security risks that matched one previously compiled by the Agency itself. At the request of CIA director Allen Dulles, President Eisenhower demanded that McCarthy discontinue issuing subpoenas against the CIA. Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, under Dulles' orders, had broken into McCarthy's Senate office and fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him and stop his investigation from proceeding any further.[42]

### Congress[edit | edit source]

#### House Committee on Un-American Activities[edit | edit source]

Main article: House Un-American Activities Committee

The House Committee on Un-American Activities – commonly referred to as the HUAC – was the most prominent and active government committee involved in anti-communist investigations. Formed in 1938 and known as the Dies Committee, named for Rep. Martin Dies, who chaired it until 1944, HUAC investigated a variety of "activities", including those of German-American Nazis during World War II. The committee soon focused on Communism, beginning with an investigation into Communists in the Federal Theatre Project in 1938. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss in 1948. This investigation ultimately resulted in Hiss's trial and conviction for perjury, and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering Communist subversion.

HUAC achieved its greatest fame and notoriety with its investigation into the Hollywood film industry. In October 1947, the committee began to subpoena screenwriters, directors, and other movie-industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communist Party, association with its members, or support of its beliefs. At these testimonies, this question was asked: "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States?"[43][44] Among the first film industry witnesses subpoenaed by the committee were ten who decided not to cooperate. These men, who became known as the "Hollywood Ten", cited the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech and free assembly, which they believed legally protected them from being required to answer the committee's questions. This tactic failed, and the ten were sentenced to prison for contempt of Congress. Two of them were sentenced to six months, the rest to a year.

In the future, witnesses (in the entertainment industries and otherwise) who were determined not to cooperate with the committee would claim their Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination. William Grooper and Rockwell Kent, the only two visual artists to be questioned by McCarthy, both took this approach, and emerged relatively unscathed by the experience.[45] However, while this usually protected witnesses from a contempt-of-Congress citation, it was considered grounds for dismissal by many government and private-industry employers. The legal requirements for Fifth Amendment protection were such that a person could not testify about his own association with the Communist Party and then refuse to "name names" of colleagues with communist affiliations.[46] Thus, many faced a choice between "crawl[ing] through the mud to be an informer," as actor Larry Parks put it, or becoming known as a "Fifth Amendment Communist"—an epithet often used by Senator McCarthy.[47]

#### Senate committees[edit | edit source]

In the Senate, the primary committee for investigating communists was the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS), formed in 1950 and charged with ensuring the enforcement of laws relating to "espionage, sabotage, and the protection of the internal security of the United States". The SISS was headed by Democrat Pat McCarran and gained a reputation for careful and extensive investigations. This committee spent a year investigating Owen Lattimore and other members of the Institute of Pacific Relations. As had been done numerous times before, the collection of scholars and diplomats associated with Lattimore (the so-called China Hands) were accused of "losing China", and while some evidence of pro-communist attitudes was found, nothing supported McCarran's accusation that Lattimore was "a conscious and articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy". Lattimore was charged with perjuring himself before the SISS in 1952. After many of the charges were rejected by a federal judge and one of the witnesses confessed to perjury, the case was dropped in 1955.[48]

McCarthy headed the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953 and 1954, and during that time, used it for a number of his communist-hunting investigations. McCarthy first examined allegations of communist influence in the Voice of America, and then turned to the overseas library program of the State Department. Card catalogs of these libraries were searched for works by authors McCarthy deemed inappropriate. McCarthy then recited the list of supposedly pro-communist authors before his subcommittee and the press. Yielding to the pressure, the State Department ordered its overseas librarians to remove from their shelves "material by any controversial persons, Communists, fellow travelers, etc." Some libraries actually burned the newly forbidden books.[49] Though he did not block the State Department from carrying out this order, President Eisenhower publicly criticized the initiative as well, telling the graduating class of Dartmouth College President in 1953: “Don’t join the book burners! … Don’t be afraid to go to the library and read every book so long as that document does not offend our own ideas of decency—that should be the only censorship.”[50] The president then settled for a compromise by retaining the ban on Communist books written by Communists, while also allowing the libraries to keep books on Communism written by anti-Communists.[51]

McCarthy's committee then began an investigation into the United States Army. This began at the Army Signal Corps laboratory at Fort Monmouth. McCarthy garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers, but ultimately nothing came of this investigation.[52]

McCarthy next turned his attention to the case of a U.S. Army dentist who had been promoted to the rank of major despite having refused to answer questions on an Army loyalty review form. McCarthy's handling of this investigation, including a series of insults directed at a brigadier general, led to the Army–McCarthy hearings, with the Army and McCarthy trading charges and counter-charges for 36 days before a nationwide television audience. While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive, this exposure of McCarthy to the American public resulted in a sharp decline in his popularity.[53] In less than a year, McCarthy was censured by the Senate, and his position as a prominent force in anti-communism was essentially ended.[54]

### Blacklists[edit | edit source]

Main article: Hollywood blacklist

On November 25, 1947, the day after the House of Representatives approved citations of contempt for the Hollywood Ten, Eric Johnston, president of the Motion Picture Association of America, issued a press release on behalf of the heads of the major studios that came to be referred to as the Waldorf Statement. This statement announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten and stated: "We will not knowingly employ a Communist or a member of any party or group which advocates the overthrow of the government of the United States..." This marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist. In spite of the fact that hundreds were denied employment, the studios, producers, and other employers did not publicly admit that a blacklist existed.

At this time, private loyalty-review boards and anti-communist investigators began to appear to fill a growing demand among certain industries to certify that their employees were above reproach. Companies that were concerned about the sensitivity of their business, or which, like the entertainment industry, felt particularly vulnerable to public opinion, made use of these private services. For a fee, these teams investigated employees and questioned them about their politics and affiliations.

At such hearings, the subject usually did not have a right to the presence of an attorney, and as with HUAC, the interviewee might be asked to defend himself against accusations without being allowed to cross-examine the accuser. These agencies kept cross-referenced lists of leftist organizations, publications, rallies, charities, and the like, as well as lists of individuals who were known or suspected communists. Books such as Red Channels and newsletters such as Counterattack and Confidential Information were published to keep track of communist and leftist organizations and individuals.[55] Insofar as the various blacklists of McCarthyism were actual physical lists, they were created and maintained by these private organizations.[citation needed][further explanation needed]

### Laws and arrests[edit | edit source]

See also: Smith Act trials of communist party leaders

Efforts to protect the United States from the perceived threat of communist subversion were particularly enabled by several federal laws. The Hatch Act of 1939 banned membership in subversive organizations, which was interpreted as being anti-labor legislation.[56] The Hatch Act would allow for the reduction of influence of the Workers' Alliance, which was claimed to have been created by the Soviet Union based on a model of their unemployed councils.[57] The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act of 1940 made the act of "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the ... desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association" a criminal offense.

Hundreds of communists and others were prosecuted under this law between 1941 and 1957. Eleven leaders of the Communist Party were convicted under the Smith Act in 1949 in the Foley Square trial. Ten defendants were given sentences of five years and the eleventh was sentenced to three years. The defense attorneys were cited for contempt of court and given prison sentences.[58] In 1951, 23 other leaders of the party were indicted, including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union. Many were convicted on the basis of testimony that was later admitted to be false.[59] By 1957, 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law, of whom 93 were convicted.[60]

The McCarran Internal Security Act, which became law in 1950, has been described by scholar Ellen Schrecker as "the McCarthy era's only important piece of legislation"[61] (the Smith Act technically antedated McCarthyism). However, the McCarran Act had no real effect beyond legal harassment. It required the registration of Communist organizations with the U.S. Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate possible communist-action and communist-front organizations so they could be required to register. Due to numerous hearings, delays, and appeals, the act was never enforced, even with regard to the Communist Party of the United States itself, and the major provisions of the act were found to be unconstitutional in 1965 and 1967.[62] In 1952, the Immigration and Nationality, or McCarran–Walter, Act was passed. This law allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also to bar suspected subversives from entering the country.

The Communist Control Act of 1954 was passed with overwhelming support in both houses of Congress after very little debate. Jointly drafted by Republican John Marshall Butler and Democrat Hubert Humphrey, the law was an extension of the Internal Security Act of 1950, and sought to outlaw the Communist Party by declaring that the party, as well as "Communist-Infiltrated Organizations" were "not entitled to any of the rights, privileges, and immunities attendant upon legal bodies." While the Communist Control Act had an odd mix of liberals and conservatives among its supporters, it never had any significant effect.

The act was successfully applied only twice. In 1954 it was used to prevent Communist Party members from appearing on the New Jersey state ballot, and in 1960, it was cited to deny the CPUSA recognition as an employer under New York state's unemployment compensation system. The New York Post called the act "a monstrosity", "a wretched repudiation of democratic principles," while The Nation accused Democratic liberals of a "neurotic, election-year anxiety to escape the charge of being 'soft on Communism' even at the expense of sacrificing constitutional rights."[63]

### Repression in the individual states[edit | edit source]

In addition to the federal laws and responding to the worries of the local opinion, several states enacted anti-communist statutes.

By 1952, several states had enacted statutes against criminal anarchy, criminal syndicalism, and sedition; banned from public employment or even from receiving public aid, communists and "subversives"; asked for loyalty oaths from public servants, and severely restricted or even banned the Communist Party. In addition, six states had equivalents to the HUAC.[64] The California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities[65] and the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee were established by their respective legislatures.

Some of these states had very severe, or even extreme, laws against communism. In 1950, Michigan enacted life imprisonment for subversive propaganda; the following year, Tennessee enacted the death penalty for advocating the violent overthrow of the government.[64] The death penalty for membership in the Communist Party was discussed in Texas by Governor Allan Shivers, who described it as "worse than murder."[66][67]

Municipalities and counties also enacted anti-communist ordinances: Los Angeles banned any communist or "Muscovite model of police-state dictatorship" from owning arms and Birmingham, Alabama, and Jacksonville, Florida, banned any communist from being within the city's limits.[64]

## Popular support[edit | edit source]

File:Unholy three.png

Flier issued in May 1955 by the Keep America Committee urging readers to "fight communistic world government" by opposing public health programs

McCarthyism was supported by a variety of groups, including the American Legion and various other anti-communist organizations. One core element of support was a variety of militantly anti-communist women's groups such as the American Public Relations Forum and the Minute Women of the U.S.A. These organized tens of thousands of housewives into study groups, letter-writing networks, and patriotic clubs that coordinated efforts to identify and eradicate what they saw as subversion.[68]

Although right-wing radicals were the bedrock of support for McCarthyism, they were not alone. A broad "coalition of the aggrieved" found McCarthyism attractive, or at least politically useful. Common themes uniting the coalition were opposition to internationalism, particularly the United Nations; opposition to social welfare provisions, particularly the various programs established by the New Deal; and opposition to efforts to reduce inequalities in the social structure of the United States.[69]

One focus of popular McCarthyism concerned the provision of public health services, particularly vaccination, mental health care services, and fluoridation, all of which were denounced by some to be communist plots to poison or brainwash the American people. Such viewpoints led to collisions between McCarthyite radicals and supporters of public-health programs, most notably in the case of the Alaska Mental Health Bill controversy of 1956.[70]

William F. Buckley Jr., the founder of the influential conservative political magazine National Review, wrote a defense of McCarthy, McCarthy and his Enemies, in which he asserted that "McCarthyism ... is a movement around which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks."[71]

In addition, as Richard Rovere points out, many ordinary Americans became convinced that there must be "no smoke without fire" and lent their support to McCarthyism. The Gallup poll found that at his peak in January 1954, 50% of the American public supported McCarthy, while 29% had an unfavorable opinion. His support fell to 34% in June 1954.[72] Republicans tended to like what McCarthy was doing and Democrats did not, though McCarthy had significant support from traditional Democratic ethnic groups, especially Catholics, as well as many unskilled workers and small-business owners. (McCarthy himself was a Catholic.) He had very little support among union activists and Jews.[73]

## Portrayals of Communists[edit | edit source]

Those who sought to justify McCarthyism did so largely through their characterization of communism, and American communists in particular. Proponents of McCarthyism claimed that the CPUSA was so completely under Moscow's control that any American communist was a puppet of the Soviet intelligence services. This view, if restricted to the Communist Party's leadership[74] is supported by recent documentation from the archives of the KGB[75] as well as post-war decodes of wartime Soviet radio traffic from the Venona project,[76] showing that Moscow provided financial support to the CPUSA and had significant influence on CPUSA policies. J. Edgar Hoover commented in a 1950 speech, "Communist members, body and soul, are the property of the Party."

According to historian Richard G. Powers, McCarthy added "bogus specificity" to "sweeping accusation[s]", gaining support among "countersubversive anticommunists" on one hand, who sought to find and punish perceived communists. On the other hand, "liberal anticommunists" believed that the Communist Party was "despicable and annoying" but ultimately politically irrelevant.[77]

President Harry Truman, who pursued the anti-Soviet Truman Doctrine, called McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has" by "torpedo[ing] the bipartisan foreign policy of the United States."[78]

Historian Landon R. Y. Storrs writes that the CPUSA's "secretiveness, its authoritarian internal structure, and the loyalty of its leaders to the Kremlin were fundamental flaws that help explain why and how it was demonized. On the other hand, most American Communists were idealists attracted by the party’s militance against various forms of social injustice." Furthermore, based on later declassified evidence, "The paradoxical lesson from several decades of scholarship is that the same organization that inspired democratic idealists in the pursuit of social justice also was secretive, authoritarian, and morally compromised by ties to the Stalin regime."[79]

In the mid 20th century, this attitude was not confined to arch-conservatives. In 1940, the American Civil Liberties Union ejected founding member Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, saying that her membership in the Communist Party was enough to disqualify her as a civil libertarian. In the government's prosecutions of Communist Party members under the Smith Act (see above), the prosecution case was based not on specific actions or statements by the defendants, but on the premise that a commitment to violent overthrow of the government was inherent in the doctrines of Marxism–Leninism. Passages of the CPUSA constitution that specifically rejected revolutionary violence were dismissed as deliberate deception.[80]

In addition, it was often claimed that the party didn't allow members to resign; thus someone who had been a member for a short time decades previously could be thought a current member. Many of the hearings and trials of McCarthyism featured testimony by former Communist Party members such as Elizabeth Bentley, Louis Budenz, and Whittaker Chambers, speaking as expert witnesses.[81][82]

Various historians and pundits have discussed alleged Soviet-directed infiltration of the U.S. government and the possible collaboration of high U.S. government officials.[83][84][85][86]

## Victims of McCarthyism[edit | edit source]

See also: List of films by the Hollywood Ten, Hollywood blacklist, and Lavender scare

Estimating the number of victims of McCarthy is difficult. The number imprisoned is in the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand lost their jobs.[87] In many cases, simply being subpoenaed by HUAC or one of the other committees was sufficient cause to be fired.[88]

For the vast majority, both the potential for them to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous.[89] After the extremely damaging "Cambridge Five" spy scandal (Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, Anthony Blunt, et al.), suspected homosexuality was also a common cause for being targeted by McCarthyism. The hunt for "sexual perverts", who were presumed to be subversive by nature, resulted in over 5,000 federal workers being fired, and thousands were harassed and denied employment.[90][91] Many have termed this aspect of McCarthyism the "lavender scare".[92][93]

Homosexuality was classified as a psychiatric disorder in the 1950s.[94] However, in the context of the highly politicized Cold War environment, homosexuality became framed as a dangerous, contagious social disease that posed a potential threat to state security.[94] As the family was believed to be the cornerstone of American strength and integrity,[95] the description of homosexuals as "sexual perverts" meant that they were both unable to function within a family unit and presented the potential to poison the social body.[96] This era also witnessed the establishment of widely spread FBI surveillance intended to identify homosexual government employees.[97]

The McCarthy hearings and according "sexual pervert" investigations can be seen to have been driven by a desire to identify individuals whose ability to function as loyal citizens had been compromised.[96] McCarthy began his campaign by drawing upon the ways in which he embodied traditional American values to become the self-appointed vanguard of social morality.[98]

File:Dalton and Cleo Trumbo (1947 HUAC hearings).png

Dalton Trumbo and his wife, Cleo, at the HUAC in 1947

In the film industry, more than 300 actors, authors, and directors were denied work in the U.S. through the unofficial Hollywood blacklist. Blacklists were at work throughout the entertainment industry, in universities and schools at all levels, in the legal profession, and in many other fields. A port-security program initiated by the Coast Guard shortly after the start of the Korean War required a review of every maritime worker who loaded or worked aboard any American ship, regardless of cargo or destination. As with other loyalty-security reviews of McCarthyism, the identities of any accusers and even the nature of any accusations were typically kept secret from the accused. Nearly 3,000 seamen and longshoremen lost their jobs due to this program alone.[99]

Some of the notable people who were blacklisted or suffered some other persecution during McCarthyism include:

* Larry Adler, musician
* Nelson Algren, writer[100]
* Lucille Ball, actress, model, and film studio executive.[101]
* Alvah Bessie, Abraham Lincoln Brigade, writer, journalist, screenwriter, Hollywood Ten
* Elmer Bernstein, composer and conductor[102]
* Leonard Bernstein, conductor, pianist, composer[103]
* David Bohm, physicist and philosopher[104]
* Bertolt Brecht, poet, playwright, screenwriter
* Archie Brown, Abraham Lincoln Brigade, veteran of World War II, union leader, imprisoned. Successfully challenged Landrum–Griffin Act provision[105]
* Esther Brunauer, forced from the U.S. State Department[106]
* Luis Buñuel, film director, producer[107]
* Charlie Chaplin, actor and director[108]
* Aaron Copland, composer[109]
* Bartley Crum, attorney[110]
* Howard Da Silva, actor[111]
* Jules Dassin, director[112]
* Dolores del Río, actress[113]
* Edward Dmytryk, director, Hollywood Ten
* W.E.B. Du Bois, civil rights activist and author[114]
* George A. Eddy, pre-Keynesian Harvard economist, US Treasury monetary policy specialist[115]
* Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, philosopher, mathematician, activist[116]
* Hanns Eisler, composer[117]
* Howard Fast, writer[118]
* Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist and playwright[119]
* Carl Foreman, writer of High Noon
* John Garfield, actor[109]
* C.H. Garrigues, journalist[120]
* Jack Gilford, actor[111]
* Allen Ginsberg, Beat poet
* Ruth Gordon, actress[111]
* Lee Grant, actress[121]
* Dashiell Hammett, author[109]
* Elizabeth Hawes, clothing designer, author, equal rights activist[122]
* Lillian Hellman, playwright[109]
* Dorothy Healey, union organizer, CPUSA official[123]
* Lena Horne, singer[111]
* Langston Hughes, writer, poet, playwright[109]
* Marsha Hunt, actress
* Sam Jaffe, actor[109]
* Theodore Kaghan, diplomat[124]
* Garson Kanin, writer and director[109]
* Danny Kaye, comedian, singer[125][full citation needed]
* Benjamin Keen, historian[126]
* Otto Klemperer, conductor and composer[127]
* Gypsy Rose Lee, actress and stripper[109]
* Cornelius Lanczos, mathematician and physicist[128]
* Ring Lardner Jr., screenwriter, Hollywood Ten
* Arthur Laurents, playwright[111]
* Philip Loeb, actor[129]
* Joseph Losey, director[109]
* Albert Maltz, screenwriter, Hollywood Ten
* Heinrich Mann, novelist[130]
* Klaus Mann, writer[130]
* Thomas Mann, Nobel Prize winning novelist and essayist[130]
* Thomas McGrath, poet
* Burgess Meredith, actor[109]
* Arthur Miller, playwright and essayist[109]
* Jessica Mitford, author, muckraker. Refused to testify to HUAC.
* Dimitri Mitropoulos, conductor, pianist, composer[131]
* Zero Mostel, actor[109]
* Joseph Needham, biochemist, sinologist, historian of science
* J. Robert Oppenheimer, physicist, scientific director of the Manhattan Project[132]
* Dorothy Parker, writer, humorist[109]
* Linus Pauling, chemist, Nobel prizes for Chemistry and Peace[133]
* Samuel Reber, diplomat[134]
* Al Richmond, union organizer, editor[135]
* Martin Ritt, actor and director[136]
* Paul Robeson, actor, athlete, singer, writer, political activist[137]
* Edward G. Robinson, actor[109]
* Waldo Salt, screenwriter[138]
* Jean Seberg, actress[139]
* Pete Seeger, folk singer, songwriter[109]
* Artie Shaw, jazz musician, bandleader, author[109]
* Irwin Shaw, writer[111]
* William L. Shirer, journalist, author[140]
* Lionel Stander, actor[141]
* Dirk Jan Struik, mathematician, historian of maths[142]
* Paul Sweezy, economist and founder-editor of Monthly Review[143]
* Charles W. Thayer, diplomat[144]
* Dalton Trumbo, screenwriter, Hollywood Ten
* Tsien Hsue-shen, physicist[145]
* Sam Wanamaker, actor, director, responsible for recreating Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London, England.
* Orson Welles, actor, author, film director[146]
* Gene Weltfish, anthropologist fired from Columbia University[147]

In 1953, Robert K. Murray, a young professor of history at Pennsylvania State University who had served as an intelligence officer in World War II, was revising his dissertation on the Red Scare of 1919–20 for publication until Little, Brown and Company decided that "under the circumstances ... it wasn't wise for them to bring this book out." He learned that investigators were questioning his colleagues and relatives. The University of Minnesota press published his volume, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, in 1955.[148]

## Critical reactions[edit | edit source]

The nation was by no means united behind the policies and activities that have come to be associated with McCarthyism. The critics of various aspects of McCarthyism included many figures not generally noted for their liberalism. In his overridden veto of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950, President Truman wrote, "In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have."[149] Truman also unsuccessfully vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act, which among other provisions denied trade unions National Labor Relations Board protection unless union leaders signed affidavits swearing they were not and had never been Communists. In 1953, after he left office, Truman criticized the current Eisenhower administration:

> It is now evident that the present Administration has fully embraced, for political advantage, McCarthyism. I am not referring to the Senator from Wisconsin. He is only important in that his name has taken on the dictionary meaning of the word. It is the corruption of truth, the abandonment of the due process law. It is the use of the big lie and the unfounded accusation against any citizen in the name of Americanism or security. It is the rise to power of the demagogue who lives on untruth; it is the spreading of fear and the destruction of faith in every level of society.[150]

On June 1, 1950, Senator Margaret Chase Smith, a Maine Republican, delivered a speech to the Senate she called a "Declaration of Conscience". In a clear attack upon McCarthyism, she called for an end to "character assassinations" and named "some of the basic principles of Americanism: The right to criticize; the right to hold unpopular beliefs; the right to protest; the right of independent thought". She said "freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America", and decried "cancerous tentacles of 'know nothing, suspect everything' attitudes".[151] Six other Republican senators—Wayne Morse, Irving M. Ives, Charles W. Tobey, Edward John Thye, George Aiken, and Robert C. Hendrickson—joined Smith in condemning the tactics of McCarthyism.

File:Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg

Joseph N. Welch (left) and Senator McCarthy, June 9, 1954

Elmer Davis, one of the most highly respected news reporters and commentators of the 1940s and 1950s, often spoke out against what he saw as the excesses of McCarthyism. On one occasion he warned that many local anti-communist movements constituted a "general attack not only on schools and colleges and libraries, on teachers and textbooks, but on all people who think and write ... in short, on the freedom of the mind".[152]

In 1952, the Supreme Court upheld a lower-court decision in Adler v. Board of Education, thus approving a law that allowed state loyalty review boards to fire teachers deemed "subversive". In his dissenting opinion, Justice William O. Douglas wrote: "The present law proceeds on a principle repugnant to our society—guilt by association.... What happens under this law is typical of what happens in a police state. Teachers are under constant surveillance; their pasts are combed for signs of disloyalty; their utterances are watched for clues to dangerous thoughts."[153]

File:Edward r murrow challenge of ideas screenshot 2.jpg

Broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow

One of the most influential opponents of McCarthyism was the famed CBS newscaster and analyst Edward R. Murrow. On October 20, 1953, Murrow's show See It Now aired an episode about the dismissal of Milo Radulovich, a former reserve Air Force lieutenant who was accused of associating with Communists. The show was strongly critical of the Air Force's methods, which included presenting evidence in a sealed envelope that Radulovich and his attorney were not allowed to open.

On March 9, 1954, See It Now aired another episode on the issue of McCarthyism, this one attacking Joseph McCarthy himself. Titled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy", it used footage of McCarthy speeches to portray him as dishonest, reckless, and abusive toward witnesses and prominent Americans. In his concluding comment, Murrow said:

> We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men.[47]

This broadcast has been cited as a key episode in bringing about the end of McCarthyism.[154]

In April 1954, McCarthy was also under attack in the Army–McCarthy hearings. These hearings were televised live on the new American Broadcasting Company network, allowing the public to view first-hand McCarthy's interrogation of individuals and his controversial tactics. In one exchange, McCarthy reminded the attorney for the Army, Joseph Welch, that he had an employee in his law firm who had belonged to an organization that had been accused of Communist sympathies. In an exchange that reflected the increasingly negative public opinion of McCarthy, Welch rebuked the senator: "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?"[155]

## Decline[edit | edit source]

In the mid and late 1950s, the attitudes and institutions of McCarthyism slowly weakened. Changing public sentiments heavily contributed to the decline of McCarthyism. Its decline may also be charted through a series of court decisions.

### Notable events[edit | edit source]

A key figure in the end of the blacklisting of McCarthyism was John Henry Faulk. Host of an afternoon comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. He was scrutinized by AWARE, Inc., one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of communist "disloyalty". Marked by AWARE as unfit, he was fired by CBS Radio. Almost uniquely among the many victims of blacklisting, Faulk decided to sue AWARE in 1957 and finally won the case in 1962.[156]

With this court decision, the private blacklisters and those who used them were put on notice that they were legally liable for the professional and financial damage they caused. Although some informal blacklisting continued, the private "loyalty checking" agencies were soon a thing of the past.[157] Even before the Faulk verdict, many in Hollywood had decided it was time to break the blacklist. In 1960, Dalton Trumbo, one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten, was publicly credited with writing the films Exodus and Spartacus.

### Warren Court[edit | edit source]

Much of the undoing of McCarthyism came at the hands of the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren.[4][5] As Richard Rovere wrote in his biography of Joseph McCarthy, "[T]he United States Supreme Court took judicial notice of the rents McCarthy was making in the fabric of liberty and thereupon wrote a series of decisions that have made the fabric stronger than before."[158] Two Eisenhower appointees to the court—Earl Warren (who was made Chief Justice) and William J. Brennan, Jr.—proved to be more liberal than Eisenhower had anticipated.[159]

The Warren Court made a series of rulings that helped bring an end to the McCarthyism.[6][7][8]

In 1956, the Warren Court heard the case of Slochower v. Board of Education. Harry Slochower was a professor at Brooklyn College who had been fired by New York City for invoking the Fifth Amendment when McCarthy's committee questioned him about his past membership in the Communist Party. The court prohibited such actions, ruling "...we must condemn the practice of imputing a sinister meaning to the exercise of a person's constitutional right under the Fifth Amendment… The privilege against self-incrimination would be reduced to a hollow mockery if its exercise could be taken as equivalent either to a confession of guilt or a conclusive presumption of perjury."[160] In addition, the 1956 Cole v. Young ruling also greatly weakened the ability to discriminate in the federal civilian workforce.[161]

Another key decision was in the 1957 case Yates v. United States, in which the convictions of fourteen Communists were reversed. In Justice Black's opinion, he wrote of the original "Smith Act" trials: "The testimony of witnesses is comparatively insignificant. Guilt or innocence may turn on what Marx or Engels or someone else wrote or advocated as much as a hundred years or more ago… When the propriety of obnoxious or unfamiliar view about government is in reality made the crucial issue, …prejudice makes conviction inevitable except in the rarest circumstances."[162]

Also in 1957, the Supreme Court ruled on the case of Watkins v. United States, curtailing the power of HUAC to punish uncooperative witnesses by finding them in contempt of Congress. Justice Warren wrote in the decision: "The mere summoning of a witness and compelling him to testify, against his will, about his beliefs, expressions or associations is a measure of governmental interference. And when those forced revelations concern matters that are unorthodox, unpopular, or even hateful to the general public, the reaction in the life of the witness may be disastrous."[163][164]

In its 1958 decision in Kent v. Dulles, the Supreme Court halted the State Department from using the authority of its own regulations to refuse or revoke passports based on an applicant's communist beliefs or associations.[165]

## Repercussions[edit | edit source]

### Study and reactions to Constitutional implications[edit | edit source]

The political divisions McCarthyism created in the United States continue to make themselves manifest, and the politics and history of anti-communism in the United States are still contentious. Portions of the massive security apparatus established during the McCarthy era still exist. Loyalty oaths are still required by the California Constitution for all officials and employees of the government of California (which is highly problematic for Quakers and Jehovah's Witnesses whose beliefs preclude them from pledging absolute loyalty to the state).[166] At the federal level, a few portions of the McCarran Internal Security Act remain in effect. However, the act's detention provision was repealed in 1971.[167] The McCarran Act's Communist registration requirement was declared unconstitutional in the 1965 Supreme Court ruling in Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board as well. The McCarran Act's Subversive Activities Control Board, which enforced the law's investigation requirement for persons alleged to be involved in "subversive activities," was officially abolished through Congressional legislation in 1972 as well.[168]

### Historical study on anti-communism and Soviet espionage[edit | edit source]

McCarthyism also attracts controversy purely as a historical issue. Through declassified documents from Soviet archives and Venona project decryptions of coded Soviet messages, the Soviet Union was found to have engaged in substantial espionage activities in the United States during the 1940s. The Communist Party USA also was substantially funded and its policies controlled by the Soviet Union, and accusations existed that CPUSA members were often recruited as spies.[169][170]

Liberal anti-communists like Edward Shils and Daniel Moynihan had a contempt for McCarthyism. Sociologist Edward Shils criticized an excessive policy of secrecy during the Cold War, that led to the misdirection of McCarthyism, which was addressed during the 1994-1997 Moynihan Commission. As Moynihan put it, "reaction to McCarthy took the form of a modish anti-anti-Communism that considered impolite any discussion of the very real threat Communism posed to Western values and security." After revelations of Soviet spy networks from the declassified Venona project, Moynihan wondered: "Might less secrecy have prevented the liberal overreaction to McCarthyism as well as McCarthyism itself?" He described the situation during the McCarthy era as "ignorant armies clashed by night". With McCarthy advocating an extremist view, the discussion of communist subversion was made into a civil rights issue instead of a counterintelligence one.[74]

In the view of some contemporary commentators, the revelations from Venona and other archives on espionage, stand as at least a partial vindication of McCarthyism.[171] Some such as Goldberg feel that a genuinely dangerous subversive element was in the United States, and that this danger justified extreme measures.[172] The opposing view holds that, recent revelations notwithstanding, by the time McCarthyism began in the late 1940s, the CPUSA was an ineffectual fringe group, and the damage done to U.S. interests by Soviet spies after World War II was minimal.[173] Historian Ellen Schrecker states, "in this country, McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did."[174]

Historian John Earl Haynes, while acknowledging that inexcusable excesses occurred during McCarthyism, argues that some contemporary historians of McCarthyism underplay the un-democratic nature of the CPUSA.[175] At the same time, Haynes, who studied the Venona decryptions extensively, argued that McCarthy's attempts to "make anti-communism a partisan weapon" actually "threatened [the post-War] anti-Communist consensus", thereby ultimately harming anti-Communist efforts more than helping them.[176] Of the 159 people who were identified on lists used or referenced by McCarthy, evidence only substantially proved that nine of them had aided Soviet espionage efforts -- while several hundred Soviet spies were actually known based on Venona and other evidence, most were never named by McCarthy.[177][178]

### Later political usage of term[edit | edit source]

A number of observers have compared the oppression of liberals and leftists during the McCarthy period to 2000s-era actions against suspected terrorists, most of them Muslims. In The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism, author Haynes Johnson compares the "abuses suffered by aliens thrown into high-security U.S. prisons in the wake of 9/11" to the excesses of the McCarthy era.[179] Similarly, David D. Cole has written that the Patriot Act "in effect resurrects the philosophy of McCarthyism, simply substituting 'terrorist' for 'communist'."[180]

From the opposite pole, conservative writer Ann Coulter devotes much of her book Treason to drawing parallels between past opposition to McCarthy and McCarthyism and the policies and beliefs of modern-day liberals, arguing that the former hindered the anti-communist cause and the latter hinder the War on Terrorism.[181] Other authors who have drawn on a comparison between current anti-terrorism policies and McCarthyism include Geoffrey R. Stone,[182] Ted Morgan,[183] and Jonah Goldberg.[172]

Since the time of McCarthy, the word McCarthyism has entered American speech as a general term for a variety of practices: aggressively questioning a person's patriotism, making poorly supported accusations, using accusations of disloyalty to pressure a person to adhere to conformist politics or to discredit an opponent, subverting civil and political rights in the name of national security, and the use of demagoguery are all often referred to as McCarthyism.[184][185][186]

## In popular culture[edit | edit source]

The 1951 novel The Troubled Air by Irwin Shaw tells the story of the director of a (fictional) radio show, broadcast live at the time, who is given a deadline to investigate his cast for alleged links to communism. The novel recounts the devastating effects on all concerned.[187]

The 1952 Arthur Miller play The Crucible used the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for McCarthyism, suggesting that the process of McCarthyism-style persecution can occur at any time or place. The play focused on the fact that once accused, a person had little chance of exoneration, given the irrational and circular reasoning of both the courts and the public. Miller later wrote: "The more I read into the Salem panic, the more it touched off corresponding images of common experiences in the fifties."[188]

The 1976 film The Front starring Woody Allen dealt with the McCarthy-era Hollywood blacklist. The film was made by those blacklisted: producer and director Martin Ritt; writer Walter Bernstein; and actors Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Michael Murphy, John Randolph, Lloyd Gough, and Joshua Shelley.[189]

Guilty by Suspicion is a 1991 American drama film about the Hollywood blacklist, McCarthyism, and the activities of the HUAC. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler, it starred Robert De Niro, Annette Bening, and George Wendt.

The 2005 film Good Night, and Good Luck by George Clooney starred David Strathairn as broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow and contained archival footage of McCarthy.[190]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Cancel culture
* Deplatforming
* Enemy of the people
* Litmus test (politics)
* Mundt–Ferguson Communist Registration Bill of 1950
* Ostracism
* Palmer Raids
* Red-baiting
* Red-tagging in the Philippines
* Red Purge
* Relational aggression
* Social exclusion
* Sycophancy
* Witch-hunt

## References[edit | edit source]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "McCarthyism". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
2. ^ "McCarthyism / The "Red Scare"". Eisenhower Presidential Library. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
3. ^ a b Storrs, Landon R. Y. (July 2, 2015). "McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare". American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6. ISBN 9780199329175. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
4. ^ a b Lichtman, Robert M. "UI Press | Robert M. Lichtman | The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression: One Hundred Decisions". www.press.uillinois.edu. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
5. ^ a b "Revisiting McCarthyism in the Patriot Act Era". NPR.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
6. ^ a b Horwitz, Morton J. (April 30, 1999). The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice. Macmillan. ISBN 9780809016259. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
7. ^ a b "Yates v. United States". Oyez. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
8. ^ a b "Watkins v. United States". Oyez. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
9. ^ Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America, (New York: Little, Brown & Company, 1998): 203
10. ^ Stanley I. Kutler, The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War, (Hill and Wang, 1982): 184
11. ^ William M. Wiecek, "The Legal Foundations of Domestic Anticommunism: The Background of Dennis v. United States," The Supreme Court Review (2001): 375-434 footnote 3
12. ^ Jodie Childers, "Performing Dissent: Pete Seeger and Paul Robeson before HUAC (1955-1956), Transatlantica (2:2021) https://doi.org/10.4000/transatlantica.17937
13. ^ For example, Yates v. United States (1957) and Watkins v. United States (1957): Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509701-7., pp. 205, 207.
14. ^ For example, California's "Levering Oath" law, declared unconstitutional in 1967: Fried (1997), p. 124.
15. ^ For example, Slochower v. Board of Education (1956): Fried (1997), p. 203.
16. ^ For example, Faulk vs. AWARE Inc., et al. (1962): Fried (1997), p. 197.
17. ^ Robert J, Goldstein (2006). "Prelude to McCarthyism: The Making of a Blacklist". Prologue Magazine. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
18. ^ Weir (2007), pp. 148–49.
19. ^ Merrill, Dennis (2006). "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00284.x.
20. ^ Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504361-8., p. 41.
21. ^ Brinkley (1995), p. 141; Fried (1990), pp. 6, 15, 78–80.
22. ^ Griffith (1970), p. 49.
23. ^ "McCarthyism, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); citing Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 1950, p. 20.
24. ^ Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). Covering McCarthyism: how the 'Christian Science Monitor' handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. "Introduction".
25. ^ Block (1952), p. 152.
26. ^ Fried (1990), p. 150.
27. ^ "On This Day: December 2, 1954".
28. ^ McCoy, Donald R. (1991). Fausold, Martin; Shank, Alan (eds.). The Constitution of the Truman Presidency and the Post–World War II Era. The Constitution and the American Presidency. SUNY Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7914-0468-3.
29. ^ Fried (1997).
30. ^ Fried (1990), p. 133.
31. ^ Brown (1958).
32. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 271.
33. ^ Fried (1990), p. 70.
34. ^ Schrecker (1998), pp. 211, 266 et seq.
35. ^ Schrecker (2002), p. 65.
36. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 212.
37. ^ a b Cox and Theoharis (1988), p. 312.
38. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 225.
39. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 224
40. ^ Yoder, Traci (April 2014). "Breach of Privilege: Spying on Lawyers in the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
41. ^ Schrecker (1998), pp. 239, 203.
42. ^ Weiner 2007, pp. 105–106. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeiner2007 (help)
43. ^ Case, Sue-Ellen; Reinelt, Janelle G., eds. (1991). The Performance of Power: Theatrical Discourse and Politics. University of Iowa Press. p. 153\. ISBN 9781587290343. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
44. ^ Dmytryk, Edward (1996). Odd Man Out: A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 59\. ISBN 9780809319992. "In the early days of the Martin Dies Committee [...] the question had simply been, Are you a member of the Communist Party of the United States? As a countermeasure, the Party adopted a rule that automatically cancelled a Communist's membership the moment the question was asked. He could then answer 'No' without perjuring himself. The final wording [...] was adopted to circumvent the Party's tactic."
45. ^ nublockmuseum (May 31, 2013). "Behind Blacklisted". Stories From The Block. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
46. ^ Fried (1990), pp. 154–55; Schrecker (2002), p. 68.
47. ^ a b "See it Now: A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (transcript)". CBS-TV. March 9, 1954. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
48. ^ Fried (1990), pp. 145–50.
49. ^ Griffith (1970), p. 216.
50. ^ "The Horrible, Oppressive History of Book Burning in America". The New Republic. June 26, 1953. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
51. ^ Kareem Abdul-Jabbar; Raymond Obstfeld (August 23, 2016). Writings on the Wall: Searching for a New Equality Beyond Black and White. Time Inc. Books. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-1-61893-543-4.
52. ^ Stone (2004), p. 384.
53. ^ Fried (1990), p. 138.
54. ^ 83rd U.S. Congress (July 30, 1954). "Senate Resolution 301: Censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
55. ^ Fried (1997), p. 116.
56. ^ Goldstein, Robert Justin (2014). Little 'Red Scares' : Anti-Communism and Political Repression in the United States, 1921-1946. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4724-1377-2. OCLC 879022662.
57. ^ Goldstein, Robert Justin (2014). Little 'Red Scares' : Anti-Communism and Political Repression in the United States, 1921-1946. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4724-1377-2. OCLC 879022662.
58. ^ Fried (1997), pp. 13, 15, 27, 110–12, 165–68.
59. ^ Fried (1997), pp. 201–02.
60. ^ Levin, Daniel, "Smith Act", in Paul Finkelman, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. CRC Press. p. 1488\. ISBN 0-415-94342-6.
61. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 141.
62. ^ Fried (1990), p. 187.
63. ^ McAuliff (1978), p. 142.
64. ^ a b c Linfield, Michael (1990). Freedom Under Fire: U.S. Civil Liberties in Times of War. South End Press. pp. 107–11. ISBN 9780896083745.
65. ^ "California Creates Un-American Activities Committee". Today in Civil Liberties History. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
66. ^ Richards, Dave (August 19, 2009). "So Long to the Communist Threat". The Texas Observer. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
67. ^ McEnteer, James (2004). Deep in the Heart: The Texas Tendency in American Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 87\. ISBN 9780275983062. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
68. ^ Nickerson, Michelle M., "Women, Domesticity, and Postwar Conservatism Archived March 10, 2003, at the Wayback Machine", OAH Magazine of History 17 (January 2003). ISSN 0882-228X.
69. ^ Rovere (1959), pp. 21–22.
70. ^ Marmor, Judd, Viola W. Bernard, and Perry Ottenberg, "Psychodynamics of Group Opposition to Mental Health Programs", in Judd Marmor (1994). Psychiatry in Transition (2nd ed.). Transaction. pp. 355–73. ISBN 1-56000-736-2.
71. ^ Buckley (1954), p. 335.
72. ^ Robert Griffith (1987). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 263. ISBN 0870235559.
73. ^ Arthur Herman (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Simon and Schuster. pp. 160–61. ISBN 9780684836256.
74. ^ a b Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998). Secrecy: The American Experience. Yale University Press. pp. 15-16. ISBN 978-0-300-08079-7.
75. ^ Andrew, Christopher; Vasili Mitrokhin (1999). The Sword and the Shield. New York: Basic Books. pp. 108, 110, 122, 148, 164, 226, 236–37, 279–80, 294–306. ISBN 0-465-00310-9.
76. ^ Haynes, John; Harvey Klehr (1999). Venona – Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Connecticut: Yale University. pp. 221–26. ISBN 0-300-07771-8.
77. ^ Powers, Richard Gid (1995). Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism. Free Press. pp. 129, 214, 240. ISBN 978-0-684-82427-7.
78. ^ "President Harry S. Truman Responds to Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's Accusations of Disloyalty". historymatters.gmu.edu.
79. ^ Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2015-07-02). "McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
80. ^ Schrecker (1998), pp. 161, 193–94.
81. ^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. p. 799\. ISBN 978-0-8488-0958-4.
82. ^ Schrecker (1998), pp. 130–37.
83. ^ Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. Free Press. pp. 5–6.
84. ^ Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era (New York: Modern Library, 2000) ISBN 978-0-375-75536-1, pp. 48, 158, 162, 169, 229
85. ^ M. Stanton Evans. Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight against America's Enemies. Crown Forum, 2007 pp. 19–21.
86. ^ John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press, 1999, p. 18.
87. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. xiii.
88. ^ Schrecker (2002), pp. 63–64.
89. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 4.
90. ^ Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (September 2009). Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment (PDF). Los Angeles: The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at UCLA School of Law. pp. 5–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017. "From 1947 to 1961, more than 5,000 allegedly homosexual federal civil servants lost their jobs in the purges for no reason other than sexual orientation, and thousands of applicants were also rejected for federal employment for the same reason. During this period, more than 1,000 men and women were fired for suspected homosexuality from the State Department alone—a far greater number than were dismissed for their membership in the Communist party. The Cold War and anticommunist efforts provided the setting in which a sustained attack upon gay men and lesbians took place. The history of this 'lavender scare' by the federal government has been extensively documented by historian David Johnson, who has demonstrated that during this era, government officials intentionally engaged in campaigns to associate homosexuality with Communism: 'homosexual' and 'pervert' became synonyms for 'Communist' and 'traitor.' LGBT people were treated as a national-security threat, demanding the attention of Congress, the courts, statehouses, and the media."
91. ^ D'Emilio (1998), pp. 41–49.
92. ^ David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.), p. 10
93. ^ "An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government". press.uchicago.edu. The University of Chicago. 2004. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2017. "The Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated. Both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed. And both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government."
94. ^ a b Gary Kinsman and Patrizia Gentile. The Canadian War on Queers: National Security as Sexual Regulation. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010, p. 65.
95. ^ Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline Davis. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold. New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 75.
96. ^ a b Kinsman and Gentile, p. 8.
97. ^ John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 316.
98. ^ David K. Johnson, p. 96.
99. ^ Schrecker (1998), p. 267.
100. ^ Publication canceled after FBI contact: Horvath, Brooke (2005). Understanding Nelson Algren. University of South Carolina Press. p. 84\. ISBN 1-57003-574-1.
101. ^ Investigated by the FBI and brought before HUAC for having registered as a Communist supporter in 1936: "Lucille Ball". FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
102. ^ On Hollywood "graylist": "Composer Elmer Bernstein Dead at 82". Today.com. Associated Press. August 19, 2004. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
103. ^ Schrecker, Ellen (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents. New York, Palgrave. p. 244\. ISBN 0-312-29425-5.
104. ^ Lost his job, exiled: Jessica Wang (1999). American Science in an Age of Anxiety: scientists, anticommunism, & the cold war. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 277–78. ISBN 978-0-8078-2447-4.
105. ^ "Obituary" Archived March 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 25, 1990. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
106. ^ "McCarthy Target Ousted" (PDF). The New York Times. November 21, 1952. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
107. ^ Buhle, Paul & David Wagner (2003b). Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6145-X.
108. ^ Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States while traveling abroad: Lev, Peter (1999). Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. University of California Press. p. 159\. ISBN 0-520-24966-6.
109. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p On the Red Channels blacklist of artists and entertainers: Schrecker (2002), p. 244.
110. ^ Blacklisted in his profession, committed suicide in 1959: Bosworth, Patricia (1998). Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-83848-6.
111. ^ a b c d e f "The Authentic History Center: Red Channels, The Blacklist". Retrieved July 21, 2010.[dead link]
112. ^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 105.
113. ^ Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States, thus prevented from acting in the movie Broken Lance: Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. Clío. p. 44\. ISBN 968-6932-35-6.
114. ^ Indicted under the Foreign Agents Registration Act: Du Bois, W.E.B. (1968). The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois. International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0234-5.
115. ^ Craig, R. Bruce (2004). Treasonable Doubt. University Press of Kansas. p. 496\. ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3.
116. ^ Jerome, Fred (2002). The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-28856-5.
117. ^ Herman, Jan (1995). A Talent for Trouble: The Life of Hollywood's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80798-X.
118. ^ Blacklisted, imprisoned for three months for contempt of Congress: Sabin (1999), p. 75.
119. ^ Alexander, Stephan (2007). Überwacht. Ausgebürgert. Exiliert: Schriftsteller und der Staat. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag. pp. 36–52. ISBN 978-3-89528-634-6.
120. ^ Investigation of Communist Activities in the Los Angeles Area – Part 5, United States Congress, House Committee on Un-American Activities
121. ^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 31.
122. ^ Berch, Bettina (1988). Radical By Design: The Life and Style of Elizabeth Hawes. Dutton Adult. ISBN 0-525-24715-7.
123. ^ "Dorothy Healey Lifelong Communist Fought for Workers" Archived December 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, Dennis McLellan, August 8, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
124. ^ ""Theodore Kaghan, 77; Was in Foreign Service Archived 2020-11-13 at the Wayback Machine". The New York Times, August 11, 1989. Accessed March 7, 2011.
125. ^ Freedom of Information/Privacy Act Section. "Subject: Danny Kaye". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013. `{{cite web}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
126. ^ Keith Haynes "Benjamin Keen 1913–2002" Hispanic American Historical Review 83.2 (2003) 357–59
127. ^ Heyworth, Peter (1996). Otto Klemperer: Vol. 2, 1933–1973: His Life and Times. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521244886.
128. ^ Louis Komzsik (2003). The Lanczos Method:Evolution and Application. SIAM. p. 79. ISBN 9780898715378.
129. ^ Blacklisted and unemployed, committed suicide in 1955: Fried (1990), p. 156.
130. ^ a b c Stephan, Alexander (1995). Im Visier des FBI: deutsche Exilschriftsteller in den Akten amerikanischer Geheimdienste. Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01381-2.
131. ^ Trotter, William R. (1995). Priest of Music. The Life of Dimitri Mitropoulos. Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-81-0.
132. ^ Security clearance withdrawn: Schrecker (2002), p. 41.
133. ^ Repeatedly denied passport: Thompson, Gail & R. Andrew Viruleg. "Linus Pauling". Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
134. ^ Robert D. Dean, The Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 65, 127, 140
135. ^ "Obituary" Archived May 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 9, 1987. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
136. ^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 18.
137. ^ Blacklisted, passport revoked: Manning, Marable; McMillian, John; Frazier ), Nishani, eds. (2003). Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience. Columbia University Press. p. 559. ISBN 0-231-10890-7.
138. ^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 208.
139. ^ Brodeur, Paul (1997). A Writer in the Cold War. Faber and Faber. pp. 159–65. ISBN 978-0-571-19907-5.
140. ^ Herbert Mitgang. "William L. Shirer, Author, Is Dead at 89 Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine". The New York Times, December 29, 1993. Accessed March 5, 2011.
141. ^ Lawrence Van Gelder. "Lionel Stander Dies at 86; Actor Who Defied Blacklist Archived 2017-02-19 at the Wayback Machine". The New York Times, December 2, 1994. Accessed March 5, 2011.
142. ^ [1] Archived March 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine p. 7
143. ^ Subpoenaed by New Hampshire Attorney General, indicted for contempt of court: Heale, M. J. (1998). McCarthy's Americans: Red Scare Politics in State and Nation, 1935–1965. University of Georgia Press. p. 73\. ISBN 0-8203-2026-9.
144. ^ Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 141–44
145. ^ Passport revoked, incarcerated: Chang, Iris (1996). Thread of the Silkworm. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00678-7.
146. ^ Evan, Anderson. "7 Artists Whose Careers Were Almost Derailed by the Hollywood Blacklist". History.com. A+E Networks. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
147. ^ David H. Price. 2004. Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. Duke University Press, March 30, 2004
148. ^ Organization of American Historians: Lee W. Formwalt, "Robert Murray's Two Red Scares," in OAH Newsletter, November 2003 Archived September 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, accessed January 28, 2011
149. ^ Truman, Harry S. (September 1950). "Veto of the Internal Security Bill". Truman Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
150. ^ Doherty (2005), pp. 14–15.
151. ^ Smith, Margaret Chase (June 1, 1950). "Declaration of Conscience". Margaret Chase Smith Library. Archived from the original on October 8, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
152. ^ Fried (1990), p. 29.
153. ^ Fried (1997), p. 114.
154. ^ Streitmatter (1998), p. 154.
155. ^ Doherty (2005), p. 207.
156. ^ Faulk, John Henry (1963). Fear on Trial. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72442-X.
157. ^ Fried (1997), p. 197.
158. ^ Rovere (1959), p. 264.
159. ^ Sabin (1999), p. 5.
160. ^ Fried (1997), p. 203.
161. ^ "Cole v. Young 351 U.S. 536 (1956)". Justia. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
162. ^ Fried (1997), p. 205.
163. ^ Fried (1997), p. 207.
164. ^ full text Archived June 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Caselaw, Findlaw.
165. ^ Fried (1997), p. 211.
166. ^ Paddock, Richard C. (May 11, 2008), "Loyalty oath poses ethical dilemmas" Archived July 7, 2012, at archive.today, San Francisco Chronicle
167. ^ Izumi, Masumi (May 2005). "Prohibiting "American Concentration Camps"". Pacific Historical Review. 74 (2): 166. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.165.
168. ^ Kesaris, Paul L. (ed.). "Records of the Subversive Activities Control Board" (PDF). University Publications of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
169. ^ Marshall, Joshua, "Exhuming McCarthy"[permanent dead link], American Prospect 10, no. 43 (1999).
170. ^ Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2015-07-02). "McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6. ISBN 978-0199329175.
171. ^ David Aaronovitch McCarthy: There Were Reds Under the Bed Archived March 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine BBC Radio 4 airdate August 9, 2010
172. ^ a b Goldberg, Jonah (February 26, 2003). "Two Cheers for "McCarthyism"?". National Review Online. Archived from the original on December 10, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
173. ^ Theoharis, Athan (2002). Chasing Spies: How the FBI Failed in Counter-Intelligence But Promoted the Politics of McCarthyism in the Cold War Years. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-420-2.
174. ^ Schrecker, Ellen (Winter 2000). "Comments on John Earl Haynes' The Cold War Debate Continues". Journal of Cold War Studies. Harvard University – Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2009. Emphasis in original.
175. ^ Haynes, John Earl. "Reflections on Ellen Schrecker and Maurice Isserman's essay, "The Right's Cold War Revision"". Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
176. ^ Haynes, John Earl (February 2000). "Exchange with Arthur Herman and Venona book talk". Retrieved July 11, 2007.
177. ^ Haynes, John Earl (2006). "Senator Joseph McCarthy's Lists and Venona". Retrieved August 31, 2006.
178. ^ Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.
179. ^ Johnson, Haynes (2005). The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism. Harcourt. p. 471. ISBN 0-15-101062-5.
180. ^ Cole, David, "National Security State Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine", The Nation (December 17, 2001). See also Cole, David, "The New McCarthyism: Repeating History in the War on Terrorism", Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 38, no. 1 (Winter 2003).
181. ^ Coulter, Ann (2003). Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-5032-4.
182. ^ Geoffrey R. Stone (October 17, 2004). "America's new McCarthyism". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
183. ^ Morgan, Ted (2004). Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America. Random House. p. 597 et seq. ISBN 0-8129-7302-X.
184. ^ Rosenthal, Jack (October 7, 1984). "President vs. Demagogue". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
185. ^ Boot, Max (April 2000). "Joseph McCarthy by Arthur Herman". Commentary. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
186. ^ What Qualifies as Demagoguery? (October 19, 2004). "What Qualifies as Demagoguery?". History News Network. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
187. ^ "The Troubled Air". Open Road Media. 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
188. ^ Miller, Arthur (October 21, 1996). "Why I Wrote The Crucible". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
189. ^ Georgakas, Dan. "The Hollywood Blacklist". www.english.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
190. ^ "'Good Night and Good Luck': Murrow vs. McCarthy". NPR.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2018.

### Sources[edit | edit source]

* Block, Herbert (1952). The Herblock Book. Beacon. ISBN 1-4992-5346-X.
* Brinkley, Alan (1995). The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-75314-1.
* Brown, Ralph S. (1958). Loyalty and Security: Employment Tests in the United States. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-306-70218-5.
* Buckley, William F. (1977). A Hymnal: The Controversial Arts. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0399-12227-3.
* Buckley, William F. (1954). McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning. Regnery. ISBN 0-89526-472-2.
* Buhle, Paul & David Wagner (2003). Hide in Plain Sight: The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950–2002. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6144-1.
* Cox, John Stuart & Athan G. Theoharis (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-532-X.
* D'Emilio, John (1998). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (2d ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14267-1.
* Doherty, Thomas (2005). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12953-X.
* Fried, Albert (1997). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509701-7.
* Fried, Richard M. (1990). Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504361-8.
* Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-555-9.
* Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Herman, Arthur (2000). Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. The Free Press. ISBN 0-68483625-4.
* McAuliff, Mary Sperling (1978). Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947–1954. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-241-X.
* Rovere, Richard H. (1959). Senator Joe McCarthy. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
* Sabin, Arthur J. (1999). In Calmer Times: The Supreme Court and Red Monday. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3507-X.
* Schrecker, Ellen (1998). Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-77470-7.
* Schrecker, Ellen (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents (2d ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29425-5.
* Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05880-8.
* Streitmatter, Rodger (1998). Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3211-7.
* Weir, Robert E. (2007). Class in America: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33720-8.

### Historiography[edit | edit source]

* Haynes, John Earl. "The Cold War debate continues: A traditionalist view of historical writing on domestic Communism and anti-Communism." Journal of Cold War Studies 2.1 (2000): 76–115.
* Hixson Jr, William B. Search for the American right wing: An analysis of the social science record, 1955–1987 (Princeton University Press, 2015).
* Reeves, Thomas C. "McCarthyism: Interpretations since Hofstadter." Wisconsin Magazine of History (1976): 42–54. online
* Selverstone, Marc J. "A Literature So Immense: The Historiography of Anticommunism." Organization of American Historians Magazine of History 24.4 (2010): 7–11.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2000). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00312-5.
* Byman, Jeremy (2004). Showdown at High Noon: Witch-hunts, Critics, and the End of the Western. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4998-4. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
* Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
* Caute, David (1978). The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22682-7.
* Coulter, Ann (2003). Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. Crown Forum. ISBN 1-4000-5030-8.
* Evans, M. Stanton (2007). Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies. Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9.
* Haynes, John Earl (2000). Red Scare or Red Menace?: American Communism and Anti Communism in the Cold War Era. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-091-6.
* Haynes, John Earl & Harvey Klehr (2003). In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage. Encounter. ISBN 1-893554-72-4.
* Latham, Earl (ed.). The Meaning of McCarthyism (1965). excerpts from primary and secondary sources
* Lichtman, Robert M. The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression: One Hundred Decisions. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2012.
* McDaniel, Rodger. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt. WordsWorth, 2013.
* Morgan, Ted (2004). Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-7302-X.
* Navasky, Victor S. (1980). Naming Names. Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-0183-7.
* Powers, Richard Gid (1997). Not Without Honor: A History of American Anticommunism. Free Press. ISBN 0-300-07470-0.
* Schrecker, Ellen (1994). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-08349-1.
* Storrs, Landon R.Y., The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
* Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev (2000). The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era. Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75536-5.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Joseph McCarthy.

* Badash, Lawrence (October 30, 2007). "Science in the McCarthy Period: Training Ground for Scientists as Public Citizens". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
* Beyer, Mary & Michael Beyer (January 2006). "McCarthyism Today". International Journal of Baudrillard Studies. Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2006.
* "McCarthyism / The "Red Scare"". Dwight D. Eisenhower Online Documents. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
* Navasky, Victor S. (June 28, 2001). "Cold War Ghosts". The Nation. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2006.
* Rusher, William A. (Fall 2004). "A Closer Look Under The Bed". Claremont Review of Books. Claremont Institute. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.

* v
* t
* e

Cold War

* USA
* USSR
* NATO
* Warsaw Pact
* ANZUS
* SEATO
* METO
* Rio Pact
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap Rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Percentages agreement
* Yalta Conference
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Operation Downfall
* Potsdam Conference
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
* Indonesian National Revolution
* Operation Masterdom
* Operation Beleaguer
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Greek Civil War
* Baruch Plan
* Corfu Channel incident
* Turkish straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* Truman Doctrine
* Asian Relations Conference
* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
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* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Annexation of Hyderabad
* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo Curtain
* Korean War
* McCarthyism
* Mau Mau rebellion
* Algerian War
* Egyptian revolution of 1952
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* East German uprising of 1953
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* Petrov Affair
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of Tanker Tuapse
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Vietnam War
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Cyprus Emergency
* Kashmir Princess
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Bandung Conference
* Poznań protests of 1956
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Ifni War
* Operation Gladio
* Arab Cold War
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* Sputnik crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* Laotian Civil War
* Cuban Revolution
* Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution
* Kitchen Debate
* Sino-Soviet split

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen Civil War
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* Domino theory
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar Rebellion
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan coup d'état
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* Communist rebellion in the Philippines

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Cambodian Civil War
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* Yemenite War of 1972
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* Angolan Civil War
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup d'état attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Sino-Albanian split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan conflict
* Yemenite War of 1979
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian Revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen Civil War
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation INFEKTION
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* Nagorno-Karabakh
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-Worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Pravda
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
* Radio Free Asia
* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Mary Elise Sarotte
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* SS (MI5)
* United States involvement in regime change
* SIS (MI6)
* MVD
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* USSR–USA summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* Commons
* Timeline
* List of conflicts

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History of the United States

Timeline|

* Prehistory
* Pre-Columbian
* Colonial
* 1776–1789
* 1789–1849
* 1849–1865
* 1865–1918
* 1918–1945
* 1945–1964
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* Reagan Era
* 1991–2008
* 2008–present

Topics|

* Agriculture
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By region|

* New England
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* Category Category

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Discrimination

Forms|

* Institutional
* Structural

Attributes|

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Dialect
* Disability
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Race / Ethnicity
* Skin color
* Rank
* Sex
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social|

* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-albinism
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Antisemitism
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Cronyism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Homophobia
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Nepotism
* Pedophobia
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Reverse
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Black
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious|

* Ahmadiyya
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Christianity
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Judaism
* Persecution
* LDS or Mormon
* Neopaganism
* Eastern Orthodox
* Oriental Orthodox
* Protestantism
* Rastafari
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Zoroastrianism

Ethnic/National|

* African
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* United States
* South Africa
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African Americans
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
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* Igbo
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* Indigenous people
* Australia
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* Iranian
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* Korean
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* Mexican
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* Mongolian
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* Pashtun
* Polish
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Tatar
* Thai
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Uyghur genocide
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese

Manifestations|

* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Disability hate crime
* Dog whistle
* Economic
* Education
* Employment
* Eliminationism
* Enemy of the people
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* LGBT
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Indian rolling
* Intersectionality
* Lavender scare
* Lynching
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascot controversy
* Occupational segregation
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political repression
* Purge
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Segregation academy
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* Wife selling
* Witch-hunt

Discriminatory
policies|

* Age of candidacy
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Crime of apartheid
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Law for Protection of the Nation
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* Nonpersons
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial segregation
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* religious
* sexual
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression

Countermeasures|

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Masculism
* Multiculturalism
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration

Related topics|

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms
* Bias
* Christian privilege
* Civil liberties
* Dehumanization
* Diversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Eugenics
* Heteronormativity
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Male privilege
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Multiculturalism
* Net bias
* Neurodiversity
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Political correctness
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social exclusion
* Social model of disability
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk
* White privilege

* Category Category
* Commons page Commons

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Socialism in the United States

History|

| Utopian socialism|

* Bishop Hill Commune
* Brook Farm
* Icarians
* Looking Backward
* New Harmony
* Oneida Community

|

Progressive Era|

* 1877 St. Louis general strike
* 1912 Lawrence textile strike
* Catholic Worker Movement
* Green Corn Rebellion
* Labor unionization
* Haymarket affair
* May Day
* Women's suffrage

Repression and persecution|

* American Defense Society
* American Protective League
* Communist Party USA and African Americans
* Communists in the labor movement
* 1919–1937
* 1937–1957
* Espionage Act of 1917
* First Red Scare
* John Birch Society
* McCarthyism
* Seattle General Strike
* Smith Act
* Smith Act trials

Anti-war and civil rights movements|

* Black Power movement
* COINTELPRO
* Great Society
* "I Have a Dream"
* March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
* New Left
* Poor People's Campaign
* War on poverty

Contemporary|

* 1999 Seattle WTO protests
* Financial crisis of 2007–08
* Occupy Wall Street
* 2011 Wisconsin protests
* 2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States

Parties and organizations|

| Active|

* Black Riders Liberation Party
* Colorado Springs Socialists
* Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism
* Communist Party USA
* Democratic Socialists of America
* Freedom Road Socialist Organization
* Freedom Socialist Party
* Industrial Workers of the World
* International Socialist Organization
* Legal Marijuana Now Party
* New Afrikan Black Panther Party
* New Students for a Democratic Society
* Party for Socialism and Liberation
* Peace and Freedom Party
* Progressive Labor Party
* Redneck Revolt
* Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
* Social Democrats, USA
* Socialist Action
* Socialist Alternative
* Socialist Equality Party
* Socialist Party USA
* Socialist Rifle Association
* Socialist Workers Party
* Spartacist League
* Workers World Party
* World Socialist Party of the United States

|

Former|

* American Labor Party
* American Workers Party
* Black Panther Party
* Communist League of America
* Communist Workers' Party
* Democratic Socialist Federation
* Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee
* Farmer–Labor Party
* Maoist Internationalist Movement
* New American Movement
* Proletarian Party of America
* Puerto Rican Socialist Party
* Social Democracy of America
* Social Democratic Federation
* Social Democratic Party of America
* Socialist Labor Party of America
* Socialist Party of America
* Students for a Democratic Society
* Weather Underground
* White Panther Party
* Workers Party of the United States
* Youth International Party

People|

* Martin Abern
* Stephen Pearl Andrews
* Paul Avrich
* Kuwasi Balagoon
* Jack Barnes
* Edward Bellamy
* Victor L. Berger
* Alexander Berkman
* Murray Bookchin
* Earl Browder
* Étienne Cabet
* James P. Cannon
* Stokely Carmichael
* Noam Chomsky
* Voltairine de Cleyre
* Angela Davis
* Dorothy Day
* Eugene V. Debs
* Daniel De Leon
* Farrell Dobbs
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Albert Einstein
* James W. Ford
* William Z. Foster
* Luigi Galleani
* Benjamin Gitlow
* Emma Goldman
* William Batchelder Greene
* Gus Hall
* Michael Harrington
* Harry Hay
* Bill Haywood
* Harry Haywood
* Chris Hedges
* Angela Heywood
* Ezra Heywood
* Joe Hill
* Morris Hillquit
* Daniel Hoan
* Abbie Hoffman
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Jo Labadie
* Jay Lovestone
* Dyer Lum
* David McReynolds
* Charlene Mitchell
* Johann Most
* Huey P. Newton
* Phil Ochs
* Robert Owen
* Albert Parsons
* Lucy Parsons
* A. Philip Randolph
* George Ripley
* John Reed
* Rudolf Rocker
* Bayard Rustin
* Charles Ruthenberg
* Nicola Sacco
* Bernie Sanders
* Kshama Sawant
* Bobby Seale
* Emil Seidel
* Max Shachtman
* Upton Sinclair
* Lysander Spooner
* Paul Sweezy
* Norman Thomas
* Benjamin Tucker
* Bartolomeo Vanzetti
* Josiah Warren
* Cornel West
* Malcolm X
* Frank Zeidler
* John Zerzan

Literature|

* Appeal to Reason
* Daily Worker
* International Socialist Review
* Jacobin
* The Jungle
* Looking Backward
* Monopoly Capital
* Monthly Review
* The Other America
* Voluntary Socialism
* Why Socialism?

Related topics|

* American Left
* Anarchism
* Anarchism in the United States
* Anarcho-communism
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Anarcho-syndicalism
* Democratic socialism
* Green anarchism
* Individualist anarchism
* Individualist anarchism in the United States
* Labor history
* Labor laws
* Labor unions
* Libertarian socialism
* Marxism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Minimum wage
* Mutualism
* Post-left anarchy
* Scientific socialism
* Social democracy
* Socialism
* Utopian socialism

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