Politics of Sudan

Aspect of politics

Politics of Sudan

File:Emblem of Sudan.svg

Member State of the Arab League

* * *

Constitution

* 4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration (2019–2021)

Executive

* Transitional Sovereignty Council

Chairman

Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
Deputy Chairman

Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo
* Acting Prime Minister

Osman Hussein
* Cabinet

Legislature

* Transitional Legislative Council

Judiciary

* Constitutional Court
* Supreme Court

Chief Justice

Nemat Abdullah Khair
* Court of Cassation
* Public Court
* District Courts
* Town and rural courts

Administrative divisions

* States

Governors

Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council

Abyei Area

Interim Security Force (UNISFA)

* Districts

Elections

* Recent elections

* General: 2010
* 2015
* next

* Political parties

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Mariam al-Mahdi

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Sudan

* * *

* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* Foreign aid

Related topics

* United Nations (UN) in Sudan

Mission in Sudan (UNMIS)

Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)

* African Union and UN in Sudan

Darfur operation (UNAMID)
* Human rights
* ICC investigation
* Khartoum massacre investigation
* National Human Rights Commission

* v
* t
* e

The politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of a federal provisional government. Previously, a president was head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in the government and in the two chambers, the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (higher), of the bicameral National Legislature. The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court.[1] Following the Second Sudanese Civil War and the War in Darfur, Sudan was recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and their National Congress Party (NCP).[2][3][4][5] Al-Bashir and NCP were ousted in a military coup which occurred on April 11, 2019.[6][7] The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council or TMC.[8][9][10][11] On 20 August 2019, TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Sovereignty Council of Sudan, who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022, in the process of transitioning to democracy. The Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.[12]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Political parties and elections
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

The political system of Sudan was restructured following a military coup on 30 June 1989, when Omar al-Bashir, then a brigadier in the Sudanese Army, led a group of officers and ousted the government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi. Under al-Bashir's leadership, the military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.[13] They then became Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (a body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of chief of state, prime minister, chief of the armed forces, and minister of defense.[14] After institutionalizing Sharia law in the northern part of the country along with Hassan al-Turabi, al-Bashir issued purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.[15] In 1993, Sudan transformed into an Islamic totalitarian one-party state as al-Bashir abolished the Revolutionary Command Council and created the National Islamic Front (NIF) with a parliament and government obtained solely by members of NIF, and proclaimed themselves President of Sudan. As a result, the Second Sudanese Civil War with the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) would escalate in the following years.[16][17]

Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 between the government of Omar al-Bashir and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), a Government of National Unity was installed in accordance with the Interim Constitution whereby a co-Vice President position representing the south was created in addition to the northern Sudanese vice president. This allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally.[18]

Following the Darfur Peace Agreement, the office of senior presidential advisor, the fourth highest constitutional post, was allocated to Minni Minnawi, a Zaghawa of the Darfur-based Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA). Executive posts were divided between the National Congress Party (NCP), the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), Eastern Front and factions of the Umma Party and Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). This peace agreement with SPLM/A granted Southern Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum about independence in 2011. According to the 2005 constitution, the bicameral National Legislature is the official Sudanese parliament, and is divided between two chambers; the National Assembly, a lower house with 450 seats, and the Council of States, an upper house with 50 seats. Thus the parliament consists of 500 appointed members altogether, where all are indirectly elected by state legislatures to serve six-year terms.[1]

Omar al-Bashir was re-elected in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election, the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating in nine years.[19][20] Their political rival was Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit, leader of SPLA.[21][22]

On April 11, 2019, al-Bashir and their government were overthrown in a military coup led by their first vice president and defense minister, who then established a military junta.[8][6][9][7] The next day Auf handed power to Lt. General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan.[11][10][23][24]

Sudan’s Sovereign Council, the military-civilian body that is the highest power in the transitional government, has ruled Sudan since the fall of Omar al-Bashir. Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok is the civilian leader of the cabinet.[25]

In October 2020, Sudan made an agreement to normalize diplomatic relations with Israel, as part of the agreement the United States removed Sudan from the U.S. list of State Sponsors of Terrorism.[26]

As of August 2021, the country was jointly led by the chairman of the Sovereignty Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.[27]

On 25 October 2021, the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved after being overthrown in the 2021 Sudan coup.[28][29]

## Political parties and elections[edit | edit source]

For other political parties, see List of political parties in Sudan. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Sudan.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Corruption in Sudan
* Human rights in Sudan
* Sudanese peace process
* 2011–13 protests in Sudan
* 2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
* Sudanese Sovereignty Council
* Sudanese coup d'état

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b "Africa :: Sudan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
2. ^ Adam, Ahmed H. "What next for Sudan after Bashir's nomination for a third term?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
3. ^ Gallab, Abdúllahi A. (2001). "The Insecure Rendezvous Between Islam and Totalitarianism: The Failure of the Islamist State in the Sudan". Arab Studies Quarterly. 23 (2): 87–108. JSTOR 41858375.
4. ^ Olivia Warham, Special for. "President al-Bashir feels heat from 'Sudanese Spring'". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
5. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 - Sudan". Refworld. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
6. ^ a b "Sudan's military removes al-Bashir: All the latest updates". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
7. ^ a b "| Time". Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
8. ^ a b Abdelaziz, Khalid (2019-04-13). "Head of Sudan's military council steps down, a day after Bashir toppled". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
9. ^ a b "Sudan's defense minister, who ousted nation's longtime leader, resigns just one day after takeover - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
10. ^ a b "Sudan coup leader resigns, protesters celebrate 'triumph'". 12 April 2019.
11. ^ a b "Sudan replaces military leader linked to genocide, rejects extraditing ex-president | CBC News".
12. ^ "Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government". Reuters. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
13. ^ Bekele, Yilma (2008-07-12). "Chickens are coming home to roost!". Ethiopian Review. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
14. ^ Cowell, Alan (1989-07-01). "Military Coup In Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
15. ^ Kepel, Jihad (2002), p.181
16. ^ Wasil Ali, "Sudanese Islamist opposition leader denies link with Darfur rebels", Sudan Tribune, 13 May 2008.
17. ^ "Profile: Sudan's President Bashir". November 25, 2003. Retrieved October 3, 2019 - via news.bbc.co.uk.
18. ^ "Some Reflection on Upcoming Division of Sudan". Mohammad Mufti. 2011-01-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
19. ^ "SPLM Kiir to run for president in Sudan 2009 elections - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
20. ^ "Esatern Sudan Beja, SPLM discuss electoral alliance - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
21. ^ "SPLM Kiir to run for president in Sudan 2009 elections". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
22. ^ "404 De pagina is niet gevonden". home.kpn.nl. Retrieved October 4, 2019. `{{cite web}}`: Cite uses generic title (help)
23. ^ "Sudan's deputy head of transitional military appointed". euronews. April 12, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
24. ^ "The Latest: Sudan's post-coup transitional leader steps down - SFGate". Archived from the original on 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
25. ^ "Sudan Prime Minister Hamdok Names New Cabinet".
26. ^ "Sudan formally recognizes Israel in U.S.-brokered deal". NBC News.
27. ^ "Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia".
28. ^ "'Utterly unacceptable': World reacts to Sudan 'coup'". Al Jazeera English. 2021-10-25. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
29. ^ "Live: Sudan's General Burhan dissolves government, declares state of emergency". France 24. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Sudan Government at Curlie

* v
* t
* e

Sudan articles

History|

* Timeline
* Pre-independence governors
* Pre and early history
* Medieval
* Islamization
* Turkiyya
* Mahdiyya
* Anglo-Egyptian rule
* History
* Independent Sudan
* First Civil War
* 1958 coup d'état
* 1969 coup d'état
* Nimeiry Era
* Second Civil War
* 1985 coup d'état
* First Transitional Military Council
* 1986–2011 period
* 1989 coup d'état
* War in Darfur
* United Nations Mission
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Internal conflict (from 2011)
* 2019 coup d'état
* Second Transitional Military Council
* Sovereignty Council
* 2019–2024 transition to democracy
* Peace process
* September 2021 coup d'état attempt
* October 2021 coup d'état

Geography|

* Geology
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers
* Volcanoes
* Wildlife

Subdivisions|

| States|

* Al Jazirah
* Al Qadarif
* Blue Nile
* Central Darfur
* East Darfur
* Kassala
* Khartoum
* North Darfur
* North Kurdufan
* Northern
* Red Sea
* River Nile
* Sennar
* South Darfur
* South Kurdufan
* West Darfur
* West Kurdufan
* White Nile

|

* Districts
* Cities

Politics|

* Cabinet
* Constitution
* Corruption
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Human rights

* LGBT rights

* Military
* Parliament
* Prime Minister
* Sovereignty Council

* President
* Vice President

* State Governors

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Banking
* Central Bank
* Companies
* Dinar (former currency)
* Energy
* Pound (currency)
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Transport

Society|

* Child marriage
* Demographics
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* minorities
* Gender inequality
* Health
* Languages
* Refugees
* Religion
* Slavery
* Squatting

Culture|

* Anthem
* Architecture
* Art
* Cinema
* Emblem
* Fashion
* Flag
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Photography
* Sport

* Outline

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Politics of Africa

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

States with limited
recognition

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Dependencies and
other territories

* Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
* Madeira (Portugal)
* Mayotte / Réunion (France)
* Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
* Western Sahara

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template