Presidential elections in the Philippines

Selection of the Southeast Asian country's head of state

Politics of the Philippines

File:Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg

Government

* Constitution of the Philippines

* Charter Change

* * *

* Laws
* Legal codes
* Taxation

Executive

* President of the Philippines

* Bongbong Marcos (PFP)

* Vice President of the Philippines

* Sara Duterte (Lakas)

* * *

* Cabinet (lists)
* Executive departments

* Local government

Legislature

* Congress of the Philippines

* 19th Congress

* * *

* Senate

* President Juan Miguel Zubiri (Independent)

* * *

* House of Representatives

* Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas)

* Districts
* Party-list representation

* * *

* Bangsamoro Parliament
* Provincial boards
* City councils
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Judiciary

* Supreme Court of the Philippines

* Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo

* * *

* Court of Appeals
* Court of Tax Appeals
* Sandiganbayan
* Ombudsman
* Regional Trial Courts
* Barangay justice

Constitutional commissions

* Civil Service Commission

* Chairperson Karlo Nograles

* * *

* Commission on Audit

* Chairperson Gamaliel Cordoba

* * *

* Commission on Elections

* Chairperson George Garcia

Elections

* General
* 2016
* 2019
* 2022

* Barangay
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023

Political parties

* Akbayan
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* LDP
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Administrative divisions

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* Sitios
* Puroks

Related topics

* Foreign relations
* Human rights

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

This list of presidential elections in the Philippines includes election results of both presidential and vice presidential elections since 1899 with the candidates' political party and their corresponding percentage.

The offices of the president and vice president are elected separately; hence a voter may split their vote. The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the position.

There had been 17 direct presidential elections in history: 1935, 1941, 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1981, 1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2016 and 2022. When referring to "presidential elections", these 17 are usually the ones being referred to. All of these also included vice presidential elections, except for 1981.

There had also been two indirect elections: 1899 and 1943. Both were elected by the legislature (The Malolos Congress in 1899 and the National Assembly in 1943), and both resulted in unanimous and uncontested votes.

There had been two presidential referendums, in July 1973 and 1977. All in all, there had been 21 presidential ballots in Philippine history.

Since 1992, the elections have been held on the second Monday of May and every six years thereafter. The next presidential and vice presidential elections are in May 2028.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Summary
* 2 Results summary
* 2.1 For president
* 2.2 For vice president
* 2.3 Graphical
* 2.3.1 For president
* 2.3.2 For vice president
* 3 Incumbent president running for re-election
* 4 Incumbent vice president running for president
* 5 Regional trends
* 5.1 Regional corridors
* 5.2 Metro Manila as an opposition stronghold
* 5.3 Bellwether provinces
* 5.4 Home province as a stronghold
* 5.4.1 President
* 5.4.2 Vice president
* 6 Results by popular vote margin
* 6.1 For president
* 6.2 For vice president
* 7 Results per election
* 7.1 1899
* 7.2 1935
* 7.2.1 For President
* 7.2.2 For Vice President
* 7.3 1941
* 7.3.1 For President
* 7.3.2 For Vice President
* 7.4 1943
* 7.5 1946
* 7.5.1 For President
* 7.5.2 For Vice President
* 7.6 1949
* 7.6.1 For President
* 7.6.2 For Vice President
* 7.7 1953
* 7.7.1 For President
* 7.7.2 For Vice President
* 7.8 1957
* 7.8.1 For President
* 7.8.2 For Vice President
* 7.9 1961
* 7.9.1 For President
* 7.9.2 For Vice President
* 7.10 1965
* 7.10.1 For President
* 7.10.2 For Vice President
* 7.11 1969
* 7.11.1 For President
* 7.11.2 For Vice President
* 7.12 1973 martial law referendum
* 7.13 1977 presidential referendum
* 7.14 1981
* 7.15 1986
* 7.15.1 For President
* 7.15.2 For Vice President
* 7.16 1992
* 7.16.1 For President
* 7.16.2 For Vice President
* 7.17 1998
* 7.17.1 For President
* 7.17.2 For Vice President
* 7.18 2004
* 7.18.1 For President
* 7.18.2 For Vice President
* 7.19 2010
* 7.19.1 For President
* 7.19.2 For Vice President
* 7.20 2016
* 7.20.1 For President
* 7.20.2 For Vice President
* 7.21 2022
* 7.21.1 For President
* 7.21.2 For Vice President
* 8 Results per province/city
* 9 References

## History[edit | edit source]

During the Philippine Revolution, several leadership elections for the Katipunan were later on described as precursors of presidential elections. One example of this is the Tejeros Convention of 1897, where Emilio Aguinaldo successfully removed erstwhile Katipunan leader Andres Bonifacio. From that point on, it was Aguinaldo who would lead the revolution, declare independence from Spain, and convened the Malolos Congress. The Malolos Congress elected Aguinaldo as president on January 1, 1899, passed a constitution on January 22, and Aguinaldo and the First Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899. The First Republic existed until Aguinaldo's capture by the Americans on March 23, 1901.

The first presidential election by popular vote was on September 15, 1935, after the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines; Manuel Quezon of the Nacionalista Party emerged as the victor, defeating previous president Emilio Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo was elected president by the Malolos Congress). As a commonwealth then of the United States, the constitution decreed that the president shall have one term of six years without reelection. In 1940, it was amended to allow one reelection, but with the term shortened to four years; this setup was first used in the second election in 1941 with Quezon being reelected.

However, World War II intervened and thus suspended the elections of 1945. The Empire of Japan set up the Second Philippine Republic that elected José P. Laurel as president by the National Assembly in 1943. After the Japanese were defeated, Congress rescheduled the much-delayed election in 1946. Manuel Roxas of the newly formed Liberal Party won the election a few weeks prior to the granting of independence by the United States. In 1949, the first election for the newly independent republic was held with President Elpidio Quirino winning; Quirino succeeded Roxas, who died while in office. Thereafter, elections were held every four years every second Tuesday of November of the election year, with the winning president and vice president inaugurated on December 30 succeeding the election. The alternation between the Nacionalistas and the Liberals characterized an apparent two-party system of the Third Republic.

In the operation of the 1935 constitution, there were nine presidential elections; excluding the first election where there were no incumbents, the incumbent was beaten four times (1946, 1953, 1961, 1965), the incumbent won upon ascending to the presidency from a vacancy twice (1949, 1957), and two incumbents won a second term after being elected to a first term as president (1941, 1969).

In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and ruled by decree. At this time, a new constitution was ratified in 1973 in which the office of the vice president being abolished. and that the president shall be elected by the National Assembly among themselves, although once elected, the president will cease to be a member of the National Assembly and any political party (similar to the British Speaker of the House of Commons). With the members of the National Assembly having no term limits, the president may serve indefinitely. Before parliament was elected referendums in 1973 and 1977 affirmed that Marcos will stay as president and prime minister even after parliament has been organized.

In 1981, via constitutional amendment, the president is again elected via popular vote, with a term of office of six years starting at the thirtieth of June of the year of the election. In the succeeding election on June 16, 1981 (third Monday of June); Marcos was again elected, with much of the opposition boycotting the election. In addition, the amendment also renamed the National Assembly into its Filipino translation as "Batasang Pambansa." In 1984, another amendment reinstated the office of the vice president. The election of the vice president is similar to the United States presidential election, in which a vote for the president is also a vote for the vice president, although this was later changed to a separate vote for each position. Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement or KBL) won every presidential election of the Fourth Republic until 1986.

In 1986, Marcos called for an early or "snap" election (the next scheduled election was in 1987) and was, including his running mate Arturo Tolentino, declared the winners. The People Power Revolution erupted that drove Marcos out of power, and Corazon Aquino, the runner-up, assumed the presidency. A new constitution was ratified in 1987 that was essentially identical with the provisions of the amended 1973 constitution as long as the election of the president and vice president is concerned, with the presidential election occurring at the second Monday of May and the inauguration every June 30 of the election year. The 1992 election was the first election under the new constitution and elections are held every six years thereafter. Fidel V. Ramos won the 1992 election with just 23% of the vote, the lowest plurality in history; it also ushered in the multi-party system of the Fifth Republic. Thereafter, no winner has won via a majority, although each has had an increasing percentage of votes with every succeeding election. Joseph Estrada won in 1998 in what was described as landslide, getting just under 40% of the votes, while second place Jose de Venecia getting 16%. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who succeeded Estrada at the outcome of the 2001 EDSA Revolution, was the first sitting president to run, and defeated Fernando Poe, Jr. in the closest margin in history. Benigno Aquino III won in 2010 with 42% of the vote in what was also called as a landslide, defeating Estrada who had 26% of the vote, and seven others. Rodrigo Duterte won with just under 40% of the vote, but with a 14% margin of victory from second-placer Mar Roxas in 2016. In the 2022 election, under the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP), Ferdinand Marcos Jr. won by a landslide and received nearly 59% of the votes, becoming the first to be elected by a majority since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1986\.

In the operation of the 1987 constitution, incumbents who have in office for more than four years are barred to defend their seats, but all but one (1992) candidate endorsed by the incumbent lost, and one defended the seat after ascending to the presidency (2004).

### Summary[edit | edit source]

Manner of election  | Constitution  | Term of service  | Reelection  | Election day  | Inauguration  | Elections implemented

|
|
|
|
|
|

President  | Vice president
Majority of the members of the Malolos Congress | none  | Malolos Constitution | Four years  | None  | January 1  | January 23  | 1899
Popular vote  | Popular vote  | 1935 Constitution  | Six years  | No  | Second Tuesday of November  | December 30  | 1935
Popular vote  | Popular vote  | 1935 Constitution as amended  | Four years  | Once  | Second Tuesday of November  | December 30  | 1941, 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969
Majority of the members of the National Assembly | none  | 1943 Constitution  | Six years  | No  | varies  | December 30  | 1943
Majority of the members of the National Assembly | none  | 1973 Constitution  | Six years  | Unlimited  | varies  | "Not be later than three days after his proclamation by the National Assembly, nor in any case earlier than the expiration of the term of his predecessor"  | None
Popular vote  | none  | 1973 Constitution as amended  | Six years  | Unlimited  | Second Tuesday of June  | June 30  | 1981
Popular vote  | Together with the president  | 1973 Constitution as amended  | Six years  | Unlimited  | As provided by law  | June 30  | None
Popular vote  | Popular vote  | 1973 Constitution as amended  | Six years  | Unlimited  | As provided by law  | June 30  | None
Popular vote  | Popular vote  | Batas Pambansa Bilang 883  | Six years  | Unlimited  | February 7, 1986  | "Ten days after proclamation by the Batasang Pambansa" (February 25, 1986)  | 1986
Popular vote  | Popular vote  | 1987 Constitution  | Six years  | No for the incumbent president  | Second Monday of May  | June 30  | 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2016, 2022

## Results summary[edit | edit source]

* Boldface: Incumbent
* Italics: Nominee of the ruling party, or supported by the incumbent
* Only candidates from third parties whose votes surpassed the margin between the winner and the best loser are included.

Year  | Type  | President-elect  | Incumbent won?  | Total candidates  | Vice president-elect  | Incumbent won?  | Total candidates  | Winners came from the same ticket?

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1899  | Indirect | Emilio Aguinaldo | —  | 1  | —  | —  | —  | —
1935 | Direct | Manuel L. Quezon | —  | 3  | Sergio Osmeña | —  | 3  | Yes
1941 | Direct | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes  | 2  | Sergio Osmeña | Yes  | 2  | Yes
1943 | Indirect | Jose P. Laurel | —  | 1  | —  | —  | —  | —
1946 | Direct | Manuel Roxas | No  | 3  | Elpidio Quirino | —  | 3  | Yes
1949 | Direct | Elpidio Quirino | Yes  | 3  | Fernando Lopez | —  | 3  | Yes
1953 | Direct | Ramon Magsaysay | No  | 3  | Carlos P. Garcia | No  | 2  | Yes
1957 | Direct | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes  | 7  | Diosdado Macapagal | —  | 5  | No
1961 | Direct | Diosdado Macapagal | No  | 6  | Emmanuel Pelaez | No  | 4  | Yes
1965 | Direct | Ferdinand Marcos | No  | 12  | Fernando Lopez | No  | 6  | Yes
1969 | Direct | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | 12  | Fernando Lopez | Yes  | 4  | Yes
1973 | Referendum | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1977 | Referendum | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1981 | Direct | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | 13  | —  | —  | —  | —
1986 | Direct | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | 4  | Arturo Tolentino | —  | 4  | Yes
1992 | Direct | Fidel V. Ramos | No  | 7  | Joseph Estrada | No  | 7  | No
1998 | Direct | Joseph Estrada | No  | 10  | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | No  | 9  | No
2004 | Direct | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes  | 5  | Noli de Castro | No  | 4  | Yes
2010 | Direct | Benigno Aquino III | No  | 9  | Jejomar Binay | No  | 8  | No
2016 | Direct | Rodrigo Duterte | No  | 5  | Leni Robredo | No  | 6  | No
2022 | Direct | Bongbong Marcos | No  | 10  | Sara Duterte | No  | 9  | Yes

### For president[edit | edit source]

Year | President-elect | Losing candidates*  | Valid votes

|
|
|

Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate(s) | Votes | %
1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | 695,332 | 67.99%  | Emilio Aguinaldo | 179,349 | 17.53%  | 2 others | 148,168 | 14.49%  | 1,022,849
1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | 1,340,320  | 81.78%  | Juan Sumulong | 298,608  | 18.22%  |  |  |  | 1,638,928
1946 | Manuel Roxas | 1,333,392 | 53.93%  | Sergio Osmeña | 1,051,243 | 45.72%  | 1 other | 8,538 | 0.35%  | 2,471,538
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | 1,803,808 | 50.93%  | Jose P. Laurel | 1,318,330 | 37.22%  | 1 other | 419,890 | 11.85%  | 3,542,018
1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | 2,912,992 | 68.90%  | Elpidio Quirino | 1,313,991 | 31.08%  | 1 other | 736 | 0.02%  | 4,227,719
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | 2,072,257 | 41.28%  | José Yulo | 1,386,829 | 27.62%  | Manuel Manahan
4 others  | 1,049,420
511,698  | 20.90%
10.19%  | 5,020,204
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | 3,554,840 | 55.05%  | Carlos P. Garcia | 2,902,996 | 44.95%  | 4 others | 11 | <0.01%  | 6,457,817
1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | 3,861,324 | 51.94%  | Diosdado Macapagal | 3,187,752 | 42.88%  | 10 others | 385,355  | 5.18%  | 7,434,431
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | 5,017,343 | 61.47%  | Sergio Osmeña Jr. | 3,143,122 | 38.51%  | 10 others | 1,339 | 0.02%  | 8,061,804
1973 referendum | Ferdinand Marcos ("yes")  | 17,653,200  | 90.67%  | "No"  | 1,856,744  | 9.33%  |  |  |  | 19,908,760
1977 referendum | Ferdinand Marcos ("yes")  | 20,062,782  | 89.27%  | "No"  | 2,104,209  | 9.37%  |  |  |  | 24,094,227
1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | 18,309,360 | 88.02%  | Alejo Santos | 1,716,449 | 8.25%  | 11 others | 775,594 | 3.73%  | 20,801,403
1986 | Ferdinand Marcos | 10,807,197 | 53.62%  | Corazon Aquino | 9,291,761 | 46.10%  | 2 others | 57,693 | 0.29%  | 20,156,606
1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | 5,342,521 | 23.58%  | Miriam Defensor Santiago | 4,468,173 | 19.72%  | Danding Cojuangco
Ramon Mitra Jr.
Imelda Marcos
Jovito Salonga
1 other  | 4,116,376
3,316,661
2,338,294
2,302,124
770,046  | 18.17%
14.64%
10.32%
10.16%
3.40%  | 22,654,195
1998 | Joseph Estrada | 10,722,295 | 39.86%  | Jose de Venecia Jr. | 4,258,483 | 15.87%  | 8 others | 11,911,758 | 44.28%  | 26,902,536
2004 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 12,905,808 | 39.99%  | Fernando Poe Jr. | 11,782,232 | 36.51%  | Panfilo Lacson
Raul Roco
Eddie Villanueva | 3,510,080
2,082,762
1,988,218 | 10.88%
6.45%
6.16%  | 32,269,100
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | 15,208,678 | 42.08%  | Joseph Estrada | 9,487,837 | 26.25%  | 7 others | 11,442,587 | 31.66%  | 36,139,102
2016 | Rodrigo Duterte | 16,601,997 | 39.01%  | Mar Roxas | 9,978,175 | 23.45%  | Grace Poe
2 others  | 9,100,991
6,871,672  | 21.39%
16.15%  | 42,552,835
2022 | Bongbong Marcos | 31,629,783 | 58.77%  | Leni Robredo | 15,035,773 | 27.94%  | 8 others  | 7,149,928  | 13.28%  | 53,815,484

### For vice president[edit | edit source]

Year | Vice president-elect | Losing candidates*  | Valid votes

|
|
|

Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate | Votes | % | Candidate(s) | Votes | %
1935 | Sergio Osmeña | 812,352  | 86.91%  | Raymundo Melliza | 70,899  | 7.59%  | 1 other | 51,443 | 5.50%  | 934,694
1941 | Sergio Osmeña | 1,445,897 | 81.78%  | Emilio Javier | 124,035 | 7.90%  |  |  |  | 1,569,932
1946 | Elpidio Quirino | 1,161,725  | 52.36%  | Eulogio Rodriguez | 1,051,243 | 47.38%  | 1 other | 5,879 | 0.26%  | 2,218,847
1949 | Fernando Lopez | 1,741,302  | 51.67%  | Manuel Briones | 1,184,215  | 35.14%  | 1 other | 444,550 | 13.19%  | 3,370,067
1953 | Carlos P. Garcia | 2,515,265  | 62.90%  | José Yulo | 1,483,802  | 37.10%  |  |  |  | 3,999,067
1957 | Diosdado Macapagal | 2,189,197  | 46.55%  | Jose Laurel Jr. | 1,783,012  | 37.92%  | 3 others | 730,269 | 15.53%  | 4,702,478
1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez | 2,394,400  | 37.57%  | Sergio Osmeña Jr. | 2,190,424 | 34.37%  | Gil Puyat
1 other  | 1,787,987
2  | 28.06%
<0.01%  | 6,372,813
1965 | Fernando Lopez | 3,531,550  | 51.94%  | Gerardo Roxas | 3,504,826  | 48.11%  | Manuel Manahan
3 others  | 247,426
1,009  | 3.40%
0.01%  | 7,284,811
1969 | Fernando Lopez | 5,001,737  | 62.75%  | Genaro Magsaysay | 2,968,526  | 37.24%  | 2 others | 390 | <0.01%  | 7,970,653
1986 | Arturo Tolentino | 10,134,130  | 50.66%  | Salvador Laurel | 9,173,105  | 45.85%  | 2 others | 698,159 | 3.49%  | 20,005,394
1992 | Joseph Estrada | 6,739,738  | 33.01%  | Marcelo Fernan | 4,438,494  | 21.74%  | Lito Osmeña
Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
3 others  | 3,362,467
2,900,556
2,978,914  | 16.47%
14.20%
14.59%  | 22,654,195
1998 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 12,667,252  | 49.56%  | Edgardo Angara | 5,652,068  | 22.11%  | 7 others | 7,239,949 | 28.32%  | 25,559,269
2004 | Noli de Castro | 15,100,431  | 49.80%  | Loren Legarda | 14,218,709  | 46.89%  | Herminio Aquino
1 other  | 981,500
22,244  | 3.24%
0.07%  | 30,322,884
2010 | Jejomar Binay | 14,645,574 | 41.65%  | Mar Roxas | 13,918,490  | 39.58%  | Loren Legarda
Bayani Fernando
Edu Manzano
3 others  | 4,294,664
1,017,631
807,728
481,444  | 12.21%
2.89%
2.30%
1.37%  | 35,165,531
2016 | Leni Robredo | 14,418,817  | 35.11%  | Bongbong Marcos | 14,155,344 | 34.47%  | Alan Peter Cayetano
Francis Escudero
Antonio Trillanes
Gregorio Honasan | 5,903,379
4,931,962
868,501
788,881 | 14.38%
12.01%
2.11%
1.92%  | 41,066,884
2022 | Sara Duterte | 32,208,417 | 61.53%  | Francis Pangilinan | 9,329,207 | 17.82%  | 7 others  | 10,808,376  | 20.65%  | 52,346,000

### Graphical[edit | edit source]

#### For president[edit | edit source]

Year | Result | Valid votes | Turnout

|
|
|

1935 |  | 68%  | 18%  | 14%

|
|

| 99%  |

|

1941 |  | 82%  | 18%

|

—  | —
1946 |  | 55%  | 46%  |

|
|

| 90%  |

|

| 95%  |

|

1949 |  | 51%  | 37%  | 12%

|
|

| 99%  |

|

| 70%  |

|

1953 |  | 69%  | 31%  |

|
|

| 98%  |

|

| 77%  |

|

1957 |  | 41%  | 28%  | 21%  | 9%  |

|
|
|
|

| 98%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

1961 |  | 55%  | 45%

|

| 96%  |

|

| 79%  |

|

1965 |  | 52%  | 43%  | 5%

|
|

| 98%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

1969 |  | 61%  | 39%

|

| 98%  |

|

| 80%  |

|

1981 |  | 88%  | 8%  |

|
|

| 95%  |

|

| 81%  |

|

1986 |  | 54%  | 46%  |

|
|

| 97%  |

|

| 79%  |

|

1992 |  | 24%  | 20%  | 18%  | 15%  | 10%  | 10%  |

|
|
|
|
|
|

| 93%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

1998 |  | 40%  | 16%  | 14%  | 12%  | 9%  |  |  |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 92%  |

|

| 87%  |

|

2004 |  | 40%  | 37%  | 11%  | 6%  | 6%

|
|
|
|

| 96%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

2010 |  | 42%  | 26%  | 15%  | 11%  |  |

|
|
|
|
|

| 95%  |

|

| 74%  |

|

2016 |  | 39%  | 23%  | 21%  | 13%  |

|
|
|
|

| 95%  |

|

| 81%  |

|

2022 |  | 59%  | 28%  | 7%  |  |

|
|
|
|

| 96%  |

|

| 83%  |

|

#### For vice president[edit | edit source]

Year | Result | Valid votes | Turnout

|
|
|

1935 |  | 87%  | 8%  | 6%

|
|

| 99%  |

|

1941 |  | 92%  | 8%

|

—  | —
1946 |  | 53%  | 47%  |

|
|

| 85%  |

|

| 90%  |

|

1949 |  | 52%  | 35%  | 14%

|
|

| 94%  |

|

| 70%  |

|

1953 |  | 63%  | 37%  |

|
|

| 92%  |

|

| 77%  |

|

1957 |  | 46%  | 38%  | 8%  | 7%  |

|
|
|
|

| 92%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

1961 |  | 38%  | 34%  | 28%

|
|

| 95%  |

|

| 79%  |

|

1965 |  | 48%  | 48%  |

|
|

| 98%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

1969 |  | 63%  | 37%

|

| 97%  |

|

| 80%  |

|

1981 | —  | —  | —
1986 |  | 51%  | 46%  |

|
|

| 97%  |

|

| 79%  |

|

1992 |  | 33%  | 22%  | 16%  | 14%  | 10%  |

|
|
|
|
|

| 84%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

1998 |  | 50%  | 22%  | 13%  | 9%  |

|
|
|
|

| 87%  |

|

| 87%  |

|

2004 |  | 50%  | 47%  |  |

|
|
|

| 90%  |

|

| 76%  |

|

2010 |  | 42%  | 40%  | 12%  |

|
|
|

| 92%  |

|

| 74%  |

|

2016 |  | 35%  | 34%  | 14%  | 12%  |

|
|
|
|

| 91%  |

|

| 81%  |

|

2022 |  | 62%  | 18%  | 16%  |  |

|
|
|
|

| 93%  |

|

| 83%  |

|

## Incumbent president running for re-election[edit | edit source]

Based on the 1935 constitution, from 1935 to 1940, the incumbent president is eligible for one six-year term and cannot be reelected.

In 1940, a plebiscite approved an amendment that set a four-year term for a president, and that a president can be re-elected, but cannot serve for more than an amount of time that is worth two full terms (eight years).

In 1973, a plebiscite adopted a new constitution that abolished term limits, and set up a six-year term for the president.

In 1987, a plebiscite approved a new constitution that set a six-year term with no reelection for the incumbent. A vice president who became president cannot be elected as president if that person served as president for more than four years. As the incumbent president at that time was elected under the 1973 constitution, she was allowed to run anew but chose not to.

Year  | Incumbent president  | Eligible to run?  | Ran for president?  | Ran for another position?  | Won?

|
|
|
|
|

1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes  | Yes  | —  | Yes
1946 | Sergio Osmeña | Yes  | Yes  | —  | No
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | Yes  | Yes  | —  | Yes
1953 | Yes  | Yes  | —  | No
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes  | Yes  | —  | Yes
1961 | Yes  | Yes  | —  | No
1965 | Diosdado Macapagal | Yes  | Yes  | —  | No
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | Yes  | —  | Yes
1981 | Yes  | Yes  | —  | Yes
1986 | Yes  | Yes  | —  | Disputed
1992 | Corazon Aquino | Yes  | No  | No  | —
1998 | Fidel V. Ramos | No  | —  | No  | —
2004 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes
2010 | No  | —  | Yes, congresswoman  | Yes
2016 | Benigno Aquino III | No  | —  | No  | —
2022 | Rodrigo Duterte | No  | —  | No  | —

Every president who is eligible to run for president ran again, except in 1992 where Corazon Aquino did not run.

Vice presidents who became president upon vacancy of the latter office ran four times, and won as presidents in their own right in 1949, 1957 and 2004, and lost In 1946.

## Incumbent vice president running for president[edit | edit source]

In 1946, 1949 and 1957, no vice president was in office due to the erstwhile officeholder becoming president upon death of the president, and that there was no constitutional mechanism to fill up the office upon vacancy.

In 1981, the constitution had by then abolished the office of the vice president. It was reinstated upon a plebiscite in 1984, and the vice presidency was first elected in 1986.

Year  | Incumbent vice president  | Ran for president?  | Ran for vice president?  | Ran for another position?  | Did not pursue office?  | Incumbent won election?

|
|
|
|
|
|

1941 | Sergio Osmeña | No  | Yes  | —  | —  | Yes
1946 | None  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1949 | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1953 | Fernando Lopez | No  | No  | Yes, senator  | —  | Yes
1957 | None  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | Yes
1965 | Emmanuel Pelaez | No  | No  | Yes, congressman  | —  | Yes
1969 | Fernando Lopez | No  | Yes  | —  | —  | Yes
1981 | None  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1986 | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
1992 | Salvador Laurel | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | No
1998 | Joseph Estrada | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | Yes
2004 | Teofisto Guingona Jr. | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | —
2010 | Noli de Castro | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | —
2016 | Jejomar Binay | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | No
2022 | Leni Robredo | Yes  | —  | —  | —  | No

Five vice presidents ran for the presidency after their vice presidential term ended. Two of them won, in 1961, beating the incumbent president, and in 1998. Three of them, in 1992, 2016, and 2022 lost. Two vice presidents ran for another office after their vice presidential term ended; both won: in 1953, the vice president ran and won for senator, finishing first, and in 1965 where the vice president ran for a seat in the House of Representatives. Two vice presidents defended the seat, with both succeeding in 1941 and 1969. Two vice presidents did not pursue other office after their vice presidential term ended.

## Regional trends[edit | edit source]

### Regional corridors[edit | edit source]

Political strategists have divided the country into several "corridors" that replicate or combine administrative regions, which in turn are mostly based from the main ethnic groups. In 1992, prior to the 1992 election, Luis Villafuerte outlined several "corridors" throughout the country, from north to south:[1]

Corridor | Region/Province | Voters as of 2016 | % | Map

|
|
|
|

| Solid North | Ilocos Region (minus Pangasinan), Cagayan Valley and Cordillera Administrative Region | 4,072,629 | 7.49% | File:Philippine election corridors.png
| Lingayen-Lucena corridor | Pangasinan (part of Ilocos Region), Central Luzon, Metro Manila and Calabarzon | 21,634,173 | 39.80%
| Bicol corridor | Bicol Region | 3,121,662 | 5.74%
| Panay corridor | Western Visayas | 2,578,661 | 4.74%
| Negros corridor | Negros Island | 2,449,204 | 4.51%
| Cebu-Bohol corridor | Central Visayas | 3,590,044 | 6.60%
| Samar-Leyte corridor | Eastern Visayas | 2,698,880 | 4.97%
| Northern Mindanao corridor | Northern Mindanao and Caraga | 4,088,424 | 7.52%
| Zamboanga corridor | Zamboanga Peninsula | 1,931,795 | 3.56%
| Davao corridor | Davao Region | 2,659,704 | 4.89%
| Cotabato corridor | Soccsksargen and Maguindanao (part of ARMM) | 2,720,435 | 5.00%
| Not mentioned by Villafuerte | Mimaropa and the rest of ARMM | 2,818,233 | 5.18%

### Metro Manila as an opposition stronghold[edit | edit source]

Manila, and by extension, Metro Manila when it was created in 1975, has voted for the opposition candidate (or the opponent(s) of the incumbent's party) in the election.

This became apparent in the 1935 election, where it was thought that the opponents of the Nacionalista candidates (as this was the first election, the Nacionalistas were the ruling party of the insular territory) would beat them in Manila. The Nacionalistas still prevailed.[2]

Election | Party of incumbent | Winner in Manila | Opposition won at Manila?

|
|
|

1941 |  | Nacionalista |  | Nacionalista | No
1946 |  | Nacionalista |  | Liberal | Yes
1949 |  | Liberal |  | Nacionalista | Yes
1953 |  | Liberal |  | Nacionalista | Yes
1957 |  | Nacionalista |  | Liberal | Yes
1961 |  | Nacionalista |  | Liberal | Yes
1965 |  | Liberal |  | Nacionalista | Yes
1969 |  | Nacionalista |  | Nacionalista | No
Election  | Party of incumbent  | Winner in Metro Manila | Opposition won at Metro Manila?
1981 |  | KBL |  | KBL | No
1986 |  | KBL |  | UNIDO | Yes
1992 |  | Independent; incumbent supported Lakas candidate  |  | PRP | Yes
1998 |  | Lakas |  | LAMMP | Yes
2004 |  | Lakas |  | KNP | Yes
2010 |  | Lakas–Kampi |  | Liberal | Yes
2016 |  | Liberal |  | PDP–Laban | Yes
2022 |  | PDP–Laban; party supported PFP candidate  |  | PFP | No

### Bellwether provinces[edit | edit source]

See also: Bellwether

Since the creation of the province of Basilan, the province has always had the provincial winner be elected President. The national winner has always been the winner in Negros Oriental except in 1961 and 2016.

Election | National winner | Winner in Basilan | Basilan winner won nationally?  | Winner in Agusan del Norte | Agusan del Norte winner won nationally?  | Winner in Lanao del Sur | Lanao del Sur winner won nationally?

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | —  | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes  | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes
1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes  | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes
1946 | Manuel Roxas | Manuel Roxas | Yes  | Sergio Osmeña | No
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | Elpidio Quirino | Yes  | Elpidio Quirino | Yes
1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | Ramon Magsaysay | Yes  | Ramon Magsaysay | Yes
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes  | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | Carlos P. Garcia | No  | Carlos P. Garcia | No
1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | Diosdado Macapagal | No  | Diosdado Macapagal | No
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes
1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes  | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes
1986 | Corazon Aquino assumed presidency | Corazon Aquino | Yes  | Corazon Aquino | Yes  | Corazon Aquino | Yes
1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | Fidel V. Ramos | Yes  | Fidel V. Ramos | Yes  | Fidel V. Ramos | Yes
1998 | Joseph Estrada | Joseph Estrada | Yes  | Joseph Estrada | Yes  | Joseph Estrada | Yes
2004 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes  | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes  | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | Benigno Aquino III | Yes  | Benigno Aquino III | Yes  | Benigno Aquino III | Yes
2016 | Rodrigo Duterte | Rodrigo Duterte | Yes  | Rodrigo Duterte | Yes  | Rodrigo Duterte | Yes
2022 | Bongbong Marcos | Bongbong Marcos | Yes  | Bongbong Marcos | Yes  | Faisal Mangondato | No

After the losing candidate won in Negros Oriental in 2016, the longest streak belongs to Agusan del Norte and Lanao del Sur, which both had its provincial winners follow the national winner since the 1969 election; Lanao del Sur broke its streak when the losing candidate won there in 2022.

### Home province as a stronghold[edit | edit source]

Candidates usually win their home provinces. and by extension, region, except when the province has two or more candidates as residents.

#### President[edit | edit source]

Bolded name indicates the national winner.

Election | Candidate | Home province of the candidate | Winner at the home province | Candidate won at home province?

|
|
|
|

1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | Tayabas | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes
Emilio Aguinaldo | Cavite | Emilio Aguinaldo | Yes
Gregorio Aglipay | Ilocos Norte | Gregorio Aglipay | Yes
1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | Tayabas | Manuel L. Quezon | Yes
Juan Sumulong | Rizal | Manuel L. Quezon | No
1946 | Manuel Roxas | Capiz | Manuel Roxas | Yes
Sergio Osmeña | Cebu | Sergio Osmeña | Yes
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | Ilocos Sur | Elpidio Quirino | Yes
Jose Paciano Laurel | Batangas | Jose Paciano Laurel | Yes
Jose Avelino | Samar | Jose Avelino | Yes
1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | Zambales | Ramon Magsaysay | Yes
Elpidio Quirino | Ilocos Sur | Elpidio Quirino | Yes
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes
Jose Yulo | Negros Occidental | Carlos P. Garcia | No
Manuel Manahan | La Union | Jose Yulo | No
Claro M. Recto | Quezon | Claro M. Recto | Yes
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | Pampanga | Diosdado Macapagal | Yes
Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes
1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ilocos Norte | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes
Diosdado Macapagal | Pampanga | Diosdado Macapagal | Yes
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ilocos Norte | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes
Sergio Osmeña, Jr. | Cebu | Ferdinand Marcos | No
1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | Ilocos Norte | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes
Alejo Santos | Bulacan | Ferdinand Marcos | No
1986 | Corazon Aquino | Tarlac | Corazon Aquino | Yes
Ferdinand Marcos | Ilocos Norte | Ferdinand Marcos | Yes
1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | Pangasinan | Fidel V. Ramos | Yes
Miriam Defensor-Santiago | Iloilo | Miriam Defensor-Santiago | Yes
Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. | Tarlac | Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. | Yes
Ramon Mitra, Jr. | Palawan | Ramon Mitra, Jr. | Yes
Imelda Marcos | Leyte | Imelda Marcos | Yes
Jovito Salonga | Rizal | Miriam Defensor-Santiago | No
Salvador Laurel | Batangas | Salvador Laurel | Yes
1998 | Joseph Estrada | San Juan | Joseph Estrada | Yes
Jose de Venecia, Jr. | Pangasinan | Jose de Venecia, Jr. | Yes
Raul Roco | Camarines Sur | Raul Roco | Yes
Emilio Osmeña | Cebu | Emilio Osmeña | Yes
Alfredo Lim | Manila | Joseph Estrada | No
Renato de Villa | Batangas | Renato de Villa | Yes
Miriam Defensor-Santiago | Iloilo | Miriam Defensor-Santiago | Yes
Juan Ponce Enrile | Cagayan | Juan Ponce Enrile | Yes
2004 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Pampanga | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes
Fernando Poe, Jr. | Manila | Fernando Poe, Jr. | Yes
Panfilo Lacson | Cavite | Panfilo Lacson | Yes
Raul Roco | Camarines Sur | Raul Roco | Yes
Eddie Villanueva | Bulacan | Fernando Poe, Jr. | No
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | Tarlac | Benigno Aquino III | Yes
Joseph Estrada | San Juan | Benigno Aquino III | No
Manny Villar | Las Piñas | Manny Villar | Yes
Gilbert Teodoro | Tarlac | Benigno Aquino III | No
Eddie Villanueva | Bulacan | Benigno Aquino III | No
2016 | Jejomar Binay | Makati | Jejomar Binay | Yes
Miriam Defensor-Santiago | Iloilo | Mar Roxas | No
Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City | Rodrigo Duterte | Yes
Grace Poe | San Juan | Rodrigo Duterte | No
Mar Roxas | Capiz | Mar Roxas | Yes
2022 | Ernesto Abella | Davao City | Bongbong Marcos | No
Leody de Guzman | Rizal | Bongbong Marcos | No
Norberto Gonzales | Bataan | Bongbong Marcos | No
Panfilo Lacson | Cavite | Bongbong Marcos | No
Faisal Mangondato | Lanao del Sur | Faisal Mangondato | Yes
Bongbong Marcos | Ilocos Norte | Bongbong Marcos | Yes
Jose Montemayor Jr. | Cavite | Bongbong Marcos | No
Isko Moreno | Manila | Bongbong Marcos | No
Manny Pacquiao | Sarangani | Manny Pacquiao | Yes
Leni Robredo | Camarines Sur | Leni Robredo | Yes

#### Vice president[edit | edit source]

Election | Home province of the national winner | Winner at the home province of the national winner | National winner | National winner won at home province?

|
|
|
|

1935 | Cebu | Sergio Osmeña | Sergio Osmeña | Yes
1941 | Cebu | Sergio Osmeña | Sergio Osmeña | Yes
1946 | Ilocos Sur | Elpidio Quirino | Elpidio Quirino | Yes
1949 | Iloilo | Fernando Lopez | Fernando Lopez | Yes
1953 | Bohol | Carlos P. Garcia | Carlos P. Garcia | Yes
1957 | Pampanga | Diosdado Macapagal | Diosdado Macapagal | Yes
1961 | Misamis Oriental | Gil Puyat | Emmanuel Pelaez | No
1965 | Iloilo | Fernando Lopez | Fernando Lopez | Yes
1969 | Iloilo | Fernando Lopez | Fernando Lopez | Yes
1986 | Batangas | Salvador Laurel | Salvador Laurel | Yes
1992 | San Juan | Joseph Estrada | Joseph Estrada | Yes
1998 | Pampanga | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Yes
2004 | Oriental Mindoro | Noli de Castro | Noli de Castro | Yes
2010 | Makati | Jejomar Binay | Jejomar Binay | Yes
2016 | Camarines Sur | Leni Robredo | Leni Robredo | Yes
2022 | Davao City | Sara Duterte | Sara Duterte | Yes

## Results by popular vote margin[edit | edit source]

### For president[edit | edit source]

Year | Winner | % of vote | % margin | Votes | Vote margin | Second place

|
|
|
|
|
|

2004 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 39.99% | 3.48% | 12,905,808 | 1,123,576 | Fernando Poe, Jr.
1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | 23.58% | 3.86% | 5,342,521 | 874,348 | Miriam Defensor Santiago
1986 | Ferdinand Marcos | 53.62% | 7.52% | 10,807,197 | 1,515,436 | Corazon Aquino
1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | 51.94% | 9.06% | 3,861,324 | 673,572 | Diosdado Macapagal
1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | 55.05% | 10.10% | 3,554,840 | 651,844 | Carlos P. Garcia
1946 | Manuel Roxas | 55.78% | 11.80% | 1,333,392 | 282,149 | Sergio Osmeña
1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | 41.28% | 13.66% | 2,072,257 | 685,428 | José Yulo
1949 | Elpidio Quirino | 50.93% | 13.71% | 1,803,808 | 485,478 | José P. Laurel
2016 | Rodrigo Duterte | 39.01% | 15.56% | 16,601,997 | 6,623,822 | Mar Roxas
2010 | Benigno Aquino III | 42.08% | 15.83% | 15,208,678 | 5,720,841 | Joseph Estrada
1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | 61.47% | 22.96% | 5,017,343 | 1,874,221 | Sergio Osmeña, Jr.
1998 | Joseph Estrada | 39.86% | 23.99% | 10,722,295 | 6,463,812 | Jose de Venecia
2022 | Bongbong Marcos | 58.77% | 30.83% | 31,629,783 | 16,594,010 | Leni Robredo
1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | 68.90% | 37.82% | 2,912,992 | 1,599,001 | Elpidio Quirino
1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | 67.99% | 50.45% | 695,332 | 515,983 | Emilio Aguinaldo
1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | 86.91% | 79.33% | 812,352 | 741,453 | Juan Sumulong
1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | 88.02% | 79.77% | 18,309,360 | 16,592,911 | Alejo Santos

### For vice president[edit | edit source]

Year | Winner | % of vote | % margin | Votes | Vote margin | Second place

|
|
|
|
|
|

1965 | Fernando Lopez | 48.48% | 0.37% | 3,531,550 | 26,724 | Gerardo Roxas
2016 | Leni Robredo | 35.11% | 0.61% | 14,418,817 | 263,473 | Bongbong Marcos
2010 | Jejomar Binay | 41.65% | 2.07% | 14,645,574 | 727,084 | Mar Roxas
2004 | Noli de Castro | 49.80% | 2.91% | 15,100,431 | 881,722 | Loren Legarda
1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez | 37.57% | 3.20% | 2,394,400 | 203,976 | Sergio Osmeña, Jr.
1986 | Arturo Tolentino | 50.65% | 4.80% | 10,134,130 | 961,025 | Salvador Laurel
1946 | Elpidio Quirino | 52.36% | 4.98% | 1,161,725 | 110,482 | Eulogio Rodriguez
1949 | Fernando Lopez | 52.19% | 6.11% | 1,341,284 | 157,069 | Manuel Briones
1957 | Diosdado Macapagal | 46.55% | 8.64% | 2,189,197 | 406,185 | José Laurel, Jr.
1992 | Joseph Estrada | 33.00% | 11.27% | 6,739,738 | 2,301,244 | Marcelo Fernan
1969 | Fernando Lopez | 62.76% | 25.51% | 5,001,737 | 2,033,211 | Genaro Magsaysay
1953 | Carlos P. Garcia | 62.90% | 25.79% | 2,515,265 | 1,031,463 | José Yulo
1998 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 49.56% | 27.45% | 12,667,252 | 7,015,184 | Edgardo Angara
2022 | Sara Duterte | 61.53% | 43.71% | 32,208,417 | 22,879,210 | Francis Pangilinan
1935 | Sergio Osmeña | 86.91% | 82.86% | 812,352 | 741,453 | Raymundo Melliza
1941 | Sergio Osmeña | 92.10% | 84.20% | 1,445,897 | 1,321,862 | Emilio Javier

## Results per election[edit | edit source]

### 1899[edit | edit source]

1899 Philippine presidential electionFile:Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg

* * *

| <- Nov 1897 | 1 January 1899 | 1935 ->

|
|

|  |

File:PresidentAguinaldo.jpg

|
|

Nominee  | Emilio Aguinaldo |  |
Party  | Nonpartisan |
Percentage  | 100.00%  |

* * *

| President before election

Emilio Aguinaldo
Magdalo
(as Alliance)

| Elected President

Emilio Aguinaldo
Nonpartisan

|

Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president unopposed by the Malolos Congress on January 1, 1899. He was inaugurated on January 23, along with the First Philippine Republic.

### 1935[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1935 Philippine presidential election

In the first presidential election by popular vote, Quezon defeated former president Aguinaldo and Philippine Independent Church Supreme Bishop Gregorio Aglipay.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Manuel L. Quezon| Nacionalista Party| 695,332| 67.98
| Emilio Aguinaldo| National Socialist Party| 179,349| 17.53
| Gregorio Aglipay| Republican Party| 148,010| 14.47
| Pascual Racuyal| Independent| 158| 0.02
Total| 1,022,849| 100.00

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sergio Osmeña| Nacionalista Party| 812,352| 86.91
| Raymundo Melliza| National Socialist Party| 70,899| 7.59
| Norberto Nabong| Republican Party[a]| 51,443| 5.50
Total| 934,694| 100.00

1. ^ Member of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas carrying the Republican Party banner

### 1941[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1941 Philippine presidential election

President Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmeña resoundingly defeated their opponents to stay in office.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Manuel L. Quezon| Nacionalista Party| 1,340,320| 81.78
| Juan Sumulong| Popular Front| 298,608| 18.22
| Hilario Moncado| Modernist Party| 0| 0.00
Total| 1,638,928| 100.00

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sergio Osmeña| Nacionalista Party| 1,445,897| 92.10
| Emilio Javier| Popular Front| 124,035| 7.90
Total| 1,569,932| 100.00

### 1943[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1943 Philippine presidential election

Jose P. Laurel was elected president unopposed by the National Assembly on September 25, 1943.

Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Jose P. Laurel| KALIBAPI| 108| 100.00
Total| 108| 100.00
Valid votes| 108| 100.00
Invalid/blank votes| 0| 0.00
Total votes| 108| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 108| 100.00

### 1946[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1946 Philippine presidential election

In 1944, President Quezon died, thereby Vice President Osmeña succeeded him as president. By 1946, the ruling Nacionalista Party was split into two, with its liberal wing putting up its own candidate for president in the person of Manuel Roxas. Roxas defeated Osmeña in the election. Roxas's running mate Elpidio Quirino defeated Eulogio Rodriguez to win the vice presidency.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Manuel Roxas| Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)[a]| 1,333,006| 53.93
| Sergio Osmeña| Nacionalista Party[a]| 1,129,994| 45.72
| Hilario Moncado| Modernist Party| 8,538| 0.35
Total| 2,471,538| 100.00
Valid votes| 2,471,538| 95.17
Invalid/blank votes| 125,342| 4.83
Total votes| 2,596,880| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 2,898,604| 89.59
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[3]

1. ^ a b The Nacionalista Party was split into two wings: those who supported Osmeña or the "conservative wing", and those who supported Roxas or the "liberal wing". The liberal wing eventually split off after the election and became the Liberal Party.

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Elpidio Quirino| Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)[a]| 1,161,725| 52.36
| Eulogio Rodriguez| Nacionalista Party[a]| 1,051,243| 47.38
| Luis Salvador| Modernist Party| 5,879| 0.26
Total| 2,218,847| 100.00
Valid votes| 2,218,847| 85.44
Invalid/blank votes| 378,033| 14.56
Total votes| 2,596,880| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 2,898,604| 89.59
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[4]

1. ^ a b The Nacionalista Party was split into two wings: those who supported Osmeña or the "conservative wing", and those who supported Roxas or the "liberal wing". The liberal wing eventually split off after the election and became the Liberal Party.

### 1949[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1949 Philippine presidential election

President Roxas died in 1948. Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded him, and was elected president on his own right in 1949. His runnin running mate, senator Fernando Lopez won the vice presidential election.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Elpidio Quirino| Liberal Party (Quirino wing)[a]| 1,803,808| 50.93
| Jose P. Laurel| Nacionalista Party| 1,318,320| 37.22
| José Avelino| Liberal Party (Avelino wing)[a]| 419,890| 11.85
Total| 3,542,018| 100.00
Valid votes| 3,542,018| 98.94
Invalid/blank votes| 37,899| 1.06
Total votes| 3,579,917| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 5,135,814| 69.70
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[5]

1. ^ a b The Liberal Party was split into two wings: those who supported Quirino or the "Quirinitas" or the "Quirino wing", and those who supported Avelino or the "Avelinistas" or the "Avelino wing".

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Fernando Lopez| Liberal Party (Quirino wing)[a]| 1,741,302| 51.67
| Manuel Briones| Nacionalista Party| 1,184,215| 35.14
| Vicente J. Francisco| Liberal Party (Avelino wing)[a]| 444,550| 13.19
Total| 3,370,067| 100.00
Valid votes| 3,370,067| 94.14
Invalid/blank votes| 209,850| 5.86
Total votes| 3,579,917| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 5,135,814| 69.70
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[6]

1. ^ a b The Liberal Party was split into two wings: those who supported Elpidio Quirino or the "Quirinitas" or the "Quirino wing", and those who supported Jose Avelino or the "Avelinistas" or the "Avelino wing".

### 1953[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

President Quirino was defeated by former Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay in 1953 in a record margin post-independence. His running mate, senator Carlos P. Garcia also resoundingly defeated his opponent.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Ramon Magsaysay| Nacionalista Party| 2,912,992| 68.90
| Elpidio Quirino| Liberal Party| 1,313,991| 31.08
| Gaudencio Bueno| Independent| 736| 0.02
Total| 4,227,719| 100.00
Valid votes| 4,227,719| 97.71
Invalid/blank votes| 98,987| 2.29
Total votes| 4,326,706| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 5,603,231| 77.22
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[7]

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Carlos P. Garcia| Nacionalista Party| 2,515,265| 62.90
| José Yulo| Liberal Party| 1,483,802| 37.10
Total| 3,999,067| 100.00
Valid votes| 3,999,067| 92.43
Invalid/blank votes| 327,639| 7.57
Total votes| 4,326,706| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 5,603,231| 77.22
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[8]

### 1957[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1957 Philippine presidential election

President Magsaysay died in 1957 a few months before the election. His Vice President, Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him, and was elected president on his own right later that year. The opposition won the vice presidency, with Diosdado Macapagal defeating Jose Laurel Jr.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Carlos P. Garcia| Nacionalista Party| 2,072,257| 41.28
| José Yulo| Liberal Party| 1,386,829| 27.62
| Manuel Manahan| Progressive Party| 1,049,420| 20.90
| Claro M. Recto| Nationalist Citizens' Party| 429,226| 8.55
| Antonio Quirino| Liberal Party (Quirino wing)[a]| 60,328| 1.20
| Valentin de los Santos| Lapiang Malaya| 21,674| 0.43
| Alfredo Abcede| Federal Party| 470| 0.01
Total| 5,020,204| 100.00
Valid votes| 5,020,204| 98.28
Invalid/blank votes| 87,908| 1.72
Total votes| 5,108,112| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 6,763,897| 75.52
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[9]

1. ^ Quirino ran under his own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of the party supported Yulo's candidacy.

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Diosdado Macapagal| Liberal Party| 2,189,197| 46.55
| Jose Laurel Jr.| Nacionalista Party| 1,783,012| 37.92
| Vicente Araneta| Progressive Party| 375,090| 7.98
| Lorenzo Tañada| Nationalist Citizens' Party| 344,685| 7.33
| Restituto Fresto| Lapiang Malaya| 10,494| 0.22
Total| 4,702,478| 100.00
Valid votes| 4,702,478| 92.06
Invalid/blank votes| 405,634| 7.94
Total votes| 5,108,112| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 6,763,897| 75.52
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[10]

### 1961[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1961 Philippine presidential election

President Garcia was defeated by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal. This was the only election where the two top office-holders faced each other for the presidency. Macapagal's running mate Emmanuel Pelaez kept the vice presidency under the Liberal Party's hands.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Diosdado Macapagal| Liberal Party| 3,554,840| 55.05
| Carlos P. Garcia| Nacionalista Party| 2,902,966| 44.95
| Alfredo Abcede| Federal Party| 7| 0.00
| German P. Villanueva| Independent| 2| 0.00
| Gregorio L. Llanza| Independent| 2| 0.00
| Praxedes Floro| Independent| 0| 0.00
Total| 6,457,817| 100.00
Valid votes| 6,457,817| 95.83
Invalid/blank votes| 280,988| 4.17
Total votes| 6,738,805| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 8,483,568| 79.43
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[11]

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Emmanuel Pelaez| Liberal Party| 2,394,400| 37.57
| Sergio Osmeña Jr.| Independent| 2,190,424| 34.37
| Gil Puyat| Nacionalista Party| 1,787,987| 28.06
| Chencay Reyes Juta| Dominion Status Party| 2| 0.00
Total| 6,372,813| 100.00
Valid votes| 6,372,813| 94.57
Invalid/blank votes| 365,992| 5.43
Total votes| 6,738,805| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 8,483,568| 79.43
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[12]

### 1965[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1965 Philippine presidential election

President Macapagal got the nomination of the Liberal Party. This led to Senator Ferdinand Marcos to abandon the party in favor of the Nacionalistas. Marcos and his running mate former vice president Fernando Lopez defeated President Macapagal and Gerardo Roxas in the election.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Ferdinand Marcos| Nacionalista Party| 3,861,324| 51.94
| Diosdado Macapagal| Liberal Party| 3,187,752| 42.88
| Raul Manglapus| Party for Philippine Progress| 384,564| 5.17
| Gaudencio Bueno| New Leaf Party| 199| 0.00
| Aniceto A. Hidalgo| NLP| 156| 0.00
| Segundo Baldove| Partido ng Bansa| 139| 0.00
| Nic V. Garces| People’s Progressive Democratic Party| 130| 0.00
| German F. Villanueva| Independent| 106| 0.00
| Guillermo M. Mercado| Labor Party| 27| 0.00
| Antonio Nicolas Jr.| Allied Party| 27| 0.00
| Blandino P. Ruan| Independent| 6| 0.00
| Praxedes Floro| Independent| 1| 0.00
Total| 7,434,431| 100.00
Valid votes| 7,434,431| 97.69
Invalid/blank votes| 175,620| 2.31
Total votes| 7,610,051| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 9,962,345| 76.39
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[13]

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Fernando Lopez| Nacionalista Party| 3,531,550| 48.48
| Gerardo Roxas| Liberal Party| 3,504,826| 48.11
| Manuel Manahan| Party for Philippine Progress| 247,426| 3.40
| Gonzalo D. Vasquez| Reformist Party of the Philippines| 644| 0.01
| Severo Capales| New Leaf Party| 193| 0.00
| Eleodoro Salvador| Partido ng Bansa| 172| 0.00
Total| 7,284,811| 100.00
Valid votes| 7,284,811| 95.73
Invalid/blank votes| 325,240| 4.27
Total votes| 7,610,051| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 9,962,345| 76.39
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[14]

### 1969[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1969 Philippine presidential election

President Marcos became the first president to defend the presidency on his first full term in 1969. Vice president Lopez won an unprecedented third vice presidential term.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Ferdinand Marcos| Nacionalista Party| 5,017,343| 62.24
| Sergio Osmeña Jr.| Liberal Party| 3,043,122| 37.75
| Pascual Racuyal| Independent| 778| 0.01
| Segundo Baldovi| Partido ng Bansa| 177| 0.00
| Pantaleon Panelo| Independent| 123| 0.00
| German Villanueva| Independent| 82| 0.00
| Gaudencio Bueno| New Leaf Party| 44| 0.00
| Angel Comagon| Independent| 35| 0.00
| Cesar Bulacan| Independent| 31| 0.00
| Espiridion Buencamino| NP| 23| 0.00
| Nic Garces| Philippine Pro-Socialist Party| 23| 0.00
| Benito Jose| Independent| 23| 0.00
Total| 8,061,804| 100.00
Valid votes| 8,061,804| 98.28
Invalid/blank votes| 140,989| 1.72
Total votes| 8,202,793| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 10,300,898| 79.63
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[15]

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Fernando Lopez| Nacionalista Party| 5,001,737| 62.75
| Genaro Magsaysay| Liberal Party| 2,968,526| 37.24
| Victoriano Mallari| Partido ng Bansa| 229| 0.00
| Modesto T. Jalandoni| Philippine Pro-Socialist Party| 161| 0.00
Total| 7,970,653| 100.00
Valid votes| 7,970,653| 97.17
Invalid/blank votes| 232,140| 2.83
Total votes| 8,202,793| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 10,300,898| 79.63
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[16]

### 1973 martial law referendum[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1973 Philippine martial law referendum

By 1972, President Marcos declared martial law. A year later, a plebiscite approved a new constitution that allowed the president to stay in power beyond 1973 as allowed by the previous (1935) constitution. A few months after that, another referendum asked voters if they wanted Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973:

Do you want President Marcos to continue beyond 1973 and finish the reforms he has initiated under the martial law?  Choice  | Votes  | %

|
|

File:Yes check.svg Yes  | 17,653,200 | 90.67
No  | 1,856,744  | 9.33
Total votes | 19,908,760 | 100.00

### 1977 presidential referendum[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1977 Philippine presidential referendum

In 1977, a referendum approved Marcos staying as president after the Interim Batasang Pambansa was organized a year later.

Do you vote that President Ferdinand E. Marcos continue in office as incumbent president and be prime minister after the organization of the Interim Batasang Pambansa in 1978?  Choice  | Votes  | %

|
|

Yes | 20,062,782 | 89.27
No  | 2,104,209  | 9.37
Abstain  | 1,927,236  | 1.33
Total votes | 24,094,227 | 100.00

### 1981[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum

In 1981, President Marcos won in an election that was boycotted by much of the opposition. His winning margin is a record, and his vote total has not been matched to date in a single-winner election.

Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Ferdinand Marcos| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan| 18,309,360| 88.02
| Alejo Santos| Nacionalista Party (Roy wing)[a]| 1,716,449| 8.25
| Bartolome Cabangbang| Federal Party| 749,845| 3.60
| Delfin Manapaz| Independent| 6,499| 0.03
| Ursula Dajao| Independent| 4,955| 0.02
| Benito Valdez| Independent| 4,224| 0.02
| Lope Rimando| Independent| 1,954| 0.01
| Lucio Hinigpit| Sovereign Citizen Party| 1,945| 0.01
| Pacifico Morelos| Independent| 1,740| 0.01
| Jose Igrobay| Independent| 1,421| 0.01
| Simeon del Rosario| Independent| 1,234| 0.01
| Salvador Enage| Independent| 1,185| 0.01
| Florencio Tipano| Independent| 592| 0.00
Total| 20,801,403| 100.00
Valid votes| 20,801,403| 95.23
Invalid/blank votes| 1,042,426| 4.77
Total votes| 21,843,829| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 26,986,451| 80.94
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[17]

### 1986[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1986 Philippine presidential election

In 1986, President Marcos called for a special presidential election. He was proclaimed winner despite allegations of massive fraud, but was ousted by the People Power Revolution weeks later. The revolution installed Marcos's opponent, Corazon Aquino, as president and her running mate Salvador Laurel, as vice president.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Ferdinand Marcos| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan| 10,807,197| 53.62
| Corazon Aquino| United Nationalist Democratic Organization| 9,291,716| 46.10
| Reuben Canoy| Social Democratic Party| 34,041| 0.17
| Narciso Padilla| Movement for Truth, Order and Righteousness| 23,652| 0.12
Total| 20,156,606| 100.00
Valid votes| 20,156,606| 97.30
Invalid/blank votes| 559,469| 2.70
Total votes| 20,716,075| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 26,278,744| 78.83
Source: Annex XXXVIII of the report by the International Observer Delegation

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Arturo Tolentino| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan| 10,134,130| 50.66
| Salvador Laurel| United Nationalist Democratic Organization| 9,173,105| 45.85
| Eva Estrada Kalaw| Liberal Party (Kalaw wing)[b]| 662,185| 3.31
| Roger Arienda| Movement for Truth, Order and Righteousness| 35,974| 0.18
Total| 20,005,394| 100.00
Valid votes| 20,005,394| 96.57
Invalid/blank votes| 710,681| 3.43
Total votes| 20,716,075| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 26,278,744| 78.83
Source: Annex XXXVIII of the report by the International Observer Delegation

1. ^ Santos ran under Jose Roy's wing of the Nacionalista Party, while the rest of the party boycotted the election.
2. ^ Kalaw ran under her own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of party supported Laurel's candidacy.

### 1992[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1992 Philippine presidential election

Prior to the election, President Aquino announced that she won't be running, anointing Speaker Ramon Mitra Jr. as her preferred successor. She later changed her mind, and picked Secretary of Defense Fidel V. Ramos instead. Ramos narrowly defeated Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago, who alleged fraud, Mitra and four others.

Josepoh Estrada, who initially ran for president, slid down to become the vice presidential running mate of Danding Cojuangco and won.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Fidel V. Ramos| Lakas–NUCD| 5,342,521| 23.58
| Miriam Defensor Santiago| People's Reform Party| 4,468,173| 19.72
| Danding Cojuangco| Nationalist People's Coalition| 4,116,376| 18.17
| Ramon Mitra Jr.| Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino| 3,316,661| 14.64
| Imelda Marcos| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan| 2,338,294| 10.32
| Jovito Salonga| Liberal Party| 2,302,124| 10.16
| Salvador Laurel| Nacionalista Party| 770,046| 3.40
Total| 22,654,195| 100.00
Valid votes| 22,654,195| 93.40
Invalid/blank votes| 1,600,759| 6.60
Total votes| 24,254,954| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 32,141,079| 75.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[18]

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Joseph Estrada| Nationalist People's Coalition| 6,739,738| 33.01
| Marcelo Fernan| Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino| 4,438,494| 21.74
| Lito Osmeña| Lakas–NUCD| 3,362,467| 16.47
| Ramon Magsaysay Jr.| People's Reform Party| 2,900,556| 14.20
| Aquilino Pimentel Jr.[a]| PDP–Laban| 2,023,289| 9.91
| Vicente Magsaysay| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan| 699,895| 3.43
| Eva Estrada Kalaw| Nacionalista Party| 255,730| 1.25
Total| 20,420,169| 100.00
Valid votes| 20,420,169| 84.19
Invalid/blank votes| 3,834,785| 15.81
Total votes| 24,254,954| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 32,141,079| 75.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[19]

1. ^ Running mate of Jovito Salonga (Liberal Party)

### 1998[edit | edit source]

Main article: 1998 Philippine presidential election

President Ramos handpicked Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. as his preferred successor. He was defeated by Vice President Joseph Estrada who had a healthy lead against de Venecia. In the vice presidential election, senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo also had a clear advantage over Estrada's running mate senator Edgardo Angara.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Joseph Estrada| Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino| 10,722,295| 39.86
| Jose de Venecia Jr.| Lakas–NUCD–UMDP| 4,268,483| 15.87
| Raul Roco| Aksyon Demokratiko| 3,720,212| 13.83
| Lito Osmeña| PROMDI| 3,347,631| 12.44
| Alfredo Lim| Liberal Party| 2,344,362| 8.71
| Renato de Villa| Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma–Lapiang Manggagawa| 1,308,352| 4.86
| Miriam Defensor Santiago| People's Reform Party| 797,206| 2.96
| Juan Ponce Enrile| Independent| 343,139| 1.28
| Santiago Dumlao| Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago| 32,212| 0.12
| Manuel Morato| Partido Bansang Marangal| 18,644| 0.07
Total| 26,902,536| 100.00
Valid votes| 26,902,536| 91.86
Invalid/blank votes[a]| 2,383,239| 8.14
Total votes| 29,285,775| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 33,873,665| 86.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[20]

1. ^ Includes 232,714 votes for Imelda Marcos (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) who withdrew after the ballots were printed.

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo| Lakas–NUCD–UMDP| 12,667,252| 49.56
| Edgardo Angara| Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino| 5,652,068| 22.11
| Oscar Orbos| Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma–Lapiang Manggagawa| 3,321,779| 13.00
| Serge Osmeña| Liberal Party| 2,351,462| 9.20
| Francisco Tatad| Grand Alliance for Democracy| 745,389| 2.92
| Ismael Sueno| PROMDI| 537,677| 2.10
| Irene Santiago| Aksyon Demokratiko| 240,210| 0.94
| Camilo Sabio| Partido Bansang Marangal| 22,010| 0.09
| Reynaldo Pacheco| Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago| 21,422| 0.08
Total| 25,559,269| 100.00
Valid votes| 25,559,269| 87.28
Invalid/blank votes| 3,726,506| 12.72
Total votes| 29,285,775| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 33,873,665| 86.46

### 2004[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2004 Philippine presidential election

In 2001, President Estrada was ousted via the 2001 EDSA Revolution due to massive corruption. Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeded him and was elected president on her own right in 2004 against Estrada's friend Fernando Poe Jr. Poe died later that year, and by 2005, the Hello Garci scandal erupted where Arroyo was seen to have benefitted from massive cheating in the election.

Senator Noli de Castro narrowly defeated senator Loren Legarda, who also alleged cheating.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo| Lakas–CMD| 12,905,808| 39.99
| Fernando Poe Jr.| Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino| 11,782,232| 36.51
| Panfilo Lacson| Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Aquino wing)[a]| 3,510,080| 10.88
| Raul Roco| Aksyon Demokratiko| 2,082,762| 6.45
| Eddie Villanueva| Bangon Pilipinas| 1,988,218| 6.16
Total| 32,269,100| 100.00
Valid votes| 32,269,100| 96.30
Invalid/blank votes| 1,240,992| 3.70
Total votes| 33,510,092| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 43,895,324| 76.34

1. ^ Lacson ran under the wing of the LDP led by Butz Aquino; the rest of the party supported Poe's candidacy.

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Noli de Castro[a]| Independent| 15,100,431| 49.80
| Loren Legarda| Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino| 14,218,709| 46.89
| Herminio Aquino| Aksyon Demokratiko| 981,500| 3.24
| Rodolfo Pajo[b]| Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa| 22,244| 0.07
Total| 30,322,884| 100.00
Valid votes| 30,322,884| 90.49
Invalid/blank votes| 3,187,208| 9.51
Total votes| 33,510,092| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 43,895,324| 76.34

1. ^ Running mate of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD)
2. ^ Running mate of Eddie Gil (Partido Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa) who was disqualified

### 2010[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2010 Philippine presidential election

Approaching the 2010 election, President Arroyo was deeply unpopular. Her Lakas Kampi CMD party nominated Secretary of Defense Gilbert Teodoro, but rumors persisted that she wanted Senator Manuel Villar to succeed her. In 2009, former president Aquino died, catapulting her son Senator Benigno Aquino III in the presidential race. Aquino defeated former president Estrada, Villar, Teodoro and several others in the election.

Estrada's running mate Makati mayor Jejomar Binay narrowly defeated senator Mar Roxas, the initial presidential nominee who slid down for Aquino.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Benigno Aquino III| Liberal Party| 15,208,678| 42.08
| Joseph Estrada| Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino| 9,487,837| 26.25
| Manny Villar| Nacionalista Party| 5,573,835| 15.42
| Gilbert Teodoro| Lakas Kampi CMD| 4,095,839| 11.33
| Eddie Villanueva| Bangon Pilipinas| 1,125,878| 3.12
| Dick Gordon| Bagumbayan–VNP| 501,727| 1.39
| Nicanor Perlas| Independent| 54,575| 0.15
| Jamby Madrigal| Independent| 46,489| 0.13
| John Carlos de los Reyes| Ang Kapatiran| 44,244| 0.12
Total| 36,139,102| 100.00
Valid votes| 36,139,102| 94.73
Invalid/blank votes| 2,010,269| 5.27
Total votes| 38,149,371| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 51,317,073| 74.34
Source: COMELEC

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Jejomar Binay[a]| PDP–Laban| 14,645,574| 41.65
| Mar Roxas| Liberal Party| 13,918,490| 39.58
| Loren Legarda[b]| Nationalist People's Coalition| 4,294,664| 12.21
| Bayani Fernando| Bagumbayan–VNP| 1,017,631| 2.89
| Edu Manzano| Lakas Kampi CMD| 807,728| 2.30
| Perfecto Yasay Jr.| Bangon Pilipinas| 364,652| 1.04
| Jay Sonza[c]| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan| 64,230| 0.18
| Dominador Chipeco Jr.| Ang Kapatiran| 52,562| 0.15
Total| 35,165,531| 100.00
Valid votes| 35,165,531| 92.18
Invalid/blank votes| 2,983,840| 7.82
Total votes| 38,149,371| –
Registered voters/turnout| 51,317,073| 74.34
Source: COMELEC

1. ^ Running mate of Joseph Estrada (Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino)
2. ^ Running mate of Manny Villar (Nacionalista Party)
3. ^ Running mate of Vetellano Acosta (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) who was disqualified

### 2016[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2016 Philippine presidential election

In 2016, President Aquino's Liberal Party nominated former Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Mar Roxas (President Roxas's grandson) as their presidential candidate. Roxas had previously gave way to Aquino in 2010. Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte had previously denied running for president, only to have him substituted as PDP-Laban's candidate. Duterte defeated Roxas and three others in the election.

In the vice presidential election, House Representative from Camarines Sur Leni Robredo narrowly defeated senator Bongbong Marcos.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Rodrigo Duterte| PDP–Laban| 16,601,997| 39.02
| Mar Roxas| Liberal Party| 9,978,175| 23.45
| Grace Poe| Independent| 9,100,991| 21.39
| Jejomar Binay| United Nationalist Alliance| 5,416,140| 12.73
| Miriam Defensor Santiago| People's Reform Party| 1,455,532| 3.42
Total| 42,552,835| 100.00
Valid votes| 42,552,835| 94.61
Invalid/blank votes[a]| 2,426,316| 5.39
Total votes| 44,979,151| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 55,739,911| 80.69
Source: Congress

1. ^ Includes 25,779 votes for Roy Señeres (Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka) who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed.

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Leni Robredo| Liberal Party| 14,418,817| 35.11
| Bongbong Marcos[a]| Independent[b]| 14,155,344| 34.47
| Alan Peter Cayetano[c]| Independent[b]| 5,903,379| 14.38
| Francis Escudero[d]| Independent| 4,931,962| 12.01
| Antonio Trillanes[e]| Independent[b]| 868,501| 2.11
| Gregorio Honasan| United Nationalist Alliance| 788,881| 1.92
Total| 41,066,884| 100.00
Valid votes| 41,066,884| 91.30
Invalid/blank votes| 3,912,267| 8.70
Total votes| 44,979,151| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 55,739,911| 80.69
Source: Congress

1. ^ Running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago (People's Reform Party)
2. ^ a b c Nacionalista Party member running as an independent
3. ^ Running mate of Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)
4. ^ Running mate of Grace Poe (independent)
5. ^ Supporting Grace Poe (independent)

### 2022[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2022 Philippine presidential election

The ruling PDP–Laban was split into two factions heading into the election. The titular head of one faction, president Rodrigo Duterte, pushed for the presidential ticket of senator Bong Go and himself. Another faction pushed for the presidential candidacy of senator Manny Pacquiao. In the end, neither faction using the "PDP–Laban" label to avoid complications, with Bong Go ultimately withdrawing as a presidential candidate of Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan. Sara Duterte, the president's daughter, then ran as the vice presidential running mate of Bongbong Marcos, while the Liberal Party-led opposition chose vice president Leni Robredo as its standard bearer. The Marcos–Duterte ticket won in a landslide, and the first majority mandates in the Fifth Republic era.

#### For President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Bongbong Marcos| Partido Federal ng Pilipinas| 31,629,783| 58.77
| Leni Robredo| Independent[a]| 15,035,773| 27.94
| Manny Pacquiao| PROMDI| 3,663,113| 6.81
| Isko Moreno| Aksyon Demokratiko| 1,933,909| 3.59
| Panfilo Lacson| Independent[b]| 892,375| 1.66
| Faisal Mangondato| Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi| 301,629| 0.56
| Ernesto Abella| Independent| 114,627| 0.21
| Leody de Guzman| Partido Lakas ng Masa| 93,027| 0.17
| Norberto Gonzales| Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas| 90,656| 0.17
| Jose Montemayor Jr.| Democratic Party of the Philippines| 60,592| 0.11
Total| 53,815,484| 100.00
Valid votes| 53,815,484| 96.24
Invalid/blank votes| 2,101,913| 3.76
Total votes| 55,917,397| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 67,368,508| 83.00
Source: Congress (vote totals); COMELEC (election day turnout, absentee turnout)

1. ^ Liberal Party member running as an independent
2. ^ Originally ran under Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma; resigned from the party mid-way through the campaign. Still labeled as a Reporma candidate on the official ballots.

#### For Vice President[edit | edit source]

| Candidate| Party| Votes| %

|
|
|

| Sara Duterte[a]| Lakas–CMD| 32,208,417| 61.53
| Francis Pangilinan[b]| Liberal Party| 9,329,207| 17.82
| Tito Sotto[c]| Nationalist People's Coalition| 8,251,267| 15.76
| Willie Ong| Aksyon Demokratiko| 1,878,531| 3.59
| Lito Atienza| PROMDI| 270,381| 0.52
| Manny SD Lopez| Labor Party Philippines| 159,670| 0.31
| Walden Bello| Partido Lakas ng Masa| 100,827| 0.19
| Carlos Serapio| Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi| 90,989| 0.17
| Rizalito David| Democratic Party of the Philippines| 56,711| 0.11
Total| 52,346,000| 100.00
Valid votes| 52,346,000| 93.61
Invalid/blank votes| 3,571,397| 6.39
Total votes| 55,917,397| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 67,368,508| 83.00
Source: Congress (vote totals); COMELEC (election day turnout, absentee turnout)

1. ^ Running mate of Bongbong Marcos (Partido Federal ng Pilipinas)
2. ^ Running mate of Leni Robredo (Independent)
3. ^ Running mate of Panfilo Lacson (Independent)

## Results per province/city[edit | edit source]

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)

|

Main article: List of Philippine presidential election results by province

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Felipe B. Miranda and Alex Magno (co-discussants) (1992-02-21). "Strategies and Statistics: The Presidential Battle for Ballots". University of the Philippines Diliman.
2. ^ "Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935". 21 September 1935. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
3. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
4. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
5. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
6. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
7. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
8. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
9. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
10. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
11. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
12. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
13. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
14. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
15. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
16. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
17. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
18. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
19. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
20. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.

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Presidential elections in the Philippines

Direct elections|

* 1935
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Canvassing|

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Presidents of the Philippines

List

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File:Seal of the President of the Philippines.svg

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* Manuel L. Quezon
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Martial law era (1973–1981)|

* Ferdinand Marcos

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* Ferdinand Marcos
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Fifth Republic (1986–present)|

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File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Elections and referendums in the Philippines

General elections|

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