Republics of the Soviet Union

Top-level political division of the Soviet Union

"Soviet socialist republic" redirects here. For the type of government, see Soviet republic (system of government).

This article is about the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. For other uses, see Soviet Republic.

For the republics after Soviet dissolution, see Post-Soviet states.

Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

File:Soviet Union Administrative Divisions 1989.jpg
Category| Federated state
Location| File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
Created by| Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
Created|

* 30 December 1922

Abolished by|

* State Council recognition of the Baltic states' independence
* Declaration no. 142-Н

Abolished|

* 6 September 1991
* 26 December 1991

Number| 21 (as of 1933)
Populations| Smallest: 1,565,662 (Estonian SSR)
Largest: 147,386,000 (Russian SFSR)
Areas| Smallest: 29,800 km2 (11,500 sq mi) (Armenian SSR)
Largest: 17,075,400 km2 (6,592,800 sq mi) (Russian SFSR)
Government|

* One-party socialist republics

Subdivisions|

* Autonomous SSRs, oblasts, Autonomous oblasts

Eastern Bloc

File:Warsaw Pact Logo.svg

Republics of the USSR

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Byelorussia
* Estonia
* Georgia
* Kazakhstan
* Kirghizia
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Moldavia
* Russia
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenia
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan

Allied states

* Afghanistan
* Albania (until 1961)
* Angola
* Benin
* Bulgaria
* China (until 1961)
* Congo
* Cuba
* Czechoslovakia
* East Germany
* Ethiopia
* Grenada
* Hungary
* Kampuchea
* Laos
* Mongolia
* Mozambique
* North Korea
* Poland (until 1989)
* Romania
* Somalia (until 1977)
* South Yemen
* Vietnam (North Vietnam, PRG)
* Yugoslavia (until 1948)

Related organizations

* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Cominform
* World Federation of Trade Unions
* World Federation of Democratic Youth

Dissent and opposition

|  Anti-Soviet partisans

* Albania
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Poland
* Romania
* Serbia
* Ukraine

Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

* Soviet occupation
* Estonia
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Operation Jungle

Protests and uprisings

* Poland 1944–1989
* Poznań 1956
* 1980–89
* Plzeň 1953
* East Germany 1953
* Georgia 1956
* Hungary 1956
* Novocherkassk 1962
* Prague 1968
* Invasion
* Moscow
* Czechoslovakia 1976–92
* Romania 1977
* Kazakhstan 1986
* Brașov 1987
* Tbilisi 1989
* Baku 1990
* Lithuania 1991
* Riga 1991

Cold War events

* Marshall Plan
* Czechoslovak coup
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Korean War
* Secret Speech
* Sino-Soviet split
* Soviet–Albanian split
* De-satellization of Communist Romania
* Berlin Wall
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Vietnam War
* Cuban intervention in Angola
* Afghan War
* 1980 Moscow Olympics
* 1984 Los Angeles Olympics
* Gulf War

Fall

* Singing Revolution
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* January Events
* Barricades in Latvia
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Yugoslav Wars
* End of the Soviet Union
* Post-Soviet conflicts
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

* v
* t
* e

The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (Russian: Сою́зные Респу́блики, tr. Soyúznye Respúbliki) were national-based former countries and ethnically based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).[1] The Soviet Union was created by the treaty between the Soviet socialist republics of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, and the Transcaucasian Federation, by which they became its constituent republics. On 8 December 1991 those three out of four initial republics signed Belovezh Accords on dissolution of the Soviet Union and creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (a variation of the New Union Treaty).

For most of its history, the USSR was a highly centralized state despite its nominal structure as a federation of republics; the decentralization reforms during the era of Perestroika ("Restructuring") and Glasnost ("Openness") conducted by Mikhail Gorbachev are cited as one of the factors which led to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

There were two very distinct types of republics in the Soviet Union: the larger union republics, representing the main ethnic groups of the Union and with the constitutional right to secede from it, and the smaller autonomous republics, located within the union republics and representing ethnic minorities. The union republics carried a very limited form of sovereignty with at least two of them becoming founding members of the United Nations and had own ministries of foreign affairs. Upon creation of the Soviet Union, the union republics were established after Russian forces reoccupied short-lived nations that tried to succeed from the Russian Empire with at least two Poland and Finland that managed to preserve their independence.

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, a relic of the Soviet-Finnish War, became the only union republic to be deprived of its status in 1956. The decision to downgrade Karelia to an autonomous republic within the RSFSR was made unilaterally by the central government without consulting its population.[citation needed]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Union Republics of the Soviet Union
* 2.1 Temporary Union Republics of the Soviet Union
* 2.2 Republics not recognized by the Soviet Union
* 2.3 Other non-union Soviet republics
* 2.4 Unrealized Soviet states
* 2.4.1 Workers' communes
* 3 Autonomous Republics of the Soviet Union
* 3.1 Former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
* 4 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading

## Overview[edit | edit source]

See also: National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Korenizatsiya, and Religion in the Soviet Union

According to Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, a Union Republic was a sovereign Soviet socialist state that had united with other Soviet Republics in the USSR. Article 81 of the Constitution stated that "the sovereign rights of Union Republics shall be safeguarded by the USSR".[2]

In the final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union officially consisted of fifteen Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs). All of them, with the exception of the Russian Federation (until 1990), had their own local party chapters of the All-Union Communist Party.

Outside the territory of the Russian Federation, the republics were constituted mostly in lands that had formerly belonged to the Russian Empire and had been acquired by it between the 1700 Great Northern War and the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907.

In 1944, amendments to the All-Union Constitution allowed for separate branches of the Red Army for each Soviet Republic. They also allowed for Republic-level commissariats for foreign affairs and defense, allowing them to be recognized as de jure independent states in international law. This allowed for two Soviet Republics, Ukraine and Byelorussia, (as well as the USSR as a whole) to join the United Nations General Assembly as founding members in 1945.[3][4][5]

All of the former Republics of the Union are now independent countries, with ten of them (all except the Baltic states, Georgia and Ukraine) being very loosely organized under the heading of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Baltic states assert that their incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940 (as the Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian SSRs) under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was illegal, and that they therefore remained independent countries under Soviet occupation.[6][7] Their position is supported by the European Union,[8] the European Court of Human Rights,[9] the United Nations Human Rights Council[10] and the United States.[11] In contrast, the Russian government and state officials maintain that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate.[12]

Constitutionally, the Soviet Union was a federation. In accordance with provisions present in the Constitution (versions adopted in 1924, 1936 and 1977), each republic retained the right to secede from the USSR. Throughout the Cold War, this right was widely considered to be meaningless; however, the corresponding Article 72 of the 1977 Constitution was used in December 1991 to effectively dissolve the Soviet Union, when Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus seceded from the Union.

In practice, the USSR was a highly centralised entity from its creation in 1922 until the mid-1980s when political forces unleashed by reforms undertaken by Mikhail Gorbachev resulted in the loosening of central control and its ultimate dissolution. Under the constitution adopted in 1936 and modified along the way until October 1977, the political foundation of the Soviet Union was formed by the Soviets (Councils) of People's Deputies. These existed at all levels of the administrative hierarchy, with the Soviet Union as a whole under the nominal control of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, located in Moscow within the Russian SFSR.

Along with the state administrative hierarchy, there existed a parallel structure of party organizations, which allowed the Politburo to exercise large amounts of control over the republics. State administrative organs took direction from the parallel party organs, and appointments of all party and state officials required approval of the central organs of the party.

Each republic had its own unique set of state symbols: a flag, a coat of arms, and, with the exception of Russia until 1990, an anthem. Every republic of the Soviet Union also was awarded with the Order of Lenin.

* E7901-Bishkek-museum-Lenin-carpet.jpg

A hall in Bishkek's Soviet-era Lenin Museum decorated with the flags of Soviet Republics

* USSRRepublicsPoster.jpg

Poster of the unity of the Soviet republics in the late 1930s. All republics, except Russia, are shown with their respective traditional clothes.

* Ltsr plakatas 1946 tsrs.jpg

Poster of the unity of the Soviet republics in the late 1940s. Note that the map also points out the Karelo-Finnish SSR capital, Petrozavodsk.

## Union Republics of the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

See also: Flag of the Soviet Union

File:USSR Republics numbered by Constitution.svg

Map of the Union Republics from 1956 to 1991, as numbered by the Soviet Constitution: 1 Russia, 2 Ukraine, 3 Belarus, 4 Uzbekistan, 5 Kazakhstan, 6 Georgia, 7 Azerbaijan, 8 Lithuania, 9 Moldova, 10 Latvia, 11 Kyrgyzstan, 12 Tajikistan, 13 Armenia, 14 Turkmenistan, 15 Estonia

The number of the union republics of the USSR varied from 4 to 16. From 1956 until its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. (In 1956, the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, created in 1940, was absorbed into the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic.) Rather than listing the republics in alphabetical order, the republics were listed in constitutional order, which, particularly by the last decades of the Soviet Union, did not correspond to order either by population or economic power.[citation needed]

Emblem | Name  | Flag | Capital  | Official languages  | Established  | Joined  | Sovereignty  | Independence  | Population
(1989) | Pop.
%  | Area (km2)
(1991) | Area
%  | Post-Soviet and de facto states  | №

|
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|
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|
|

File:Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg | Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Armenian SSR | Yerevan | Armenian, Russian  | 2 December 1920 | 30 December 1922 | 23 August 1990 | 21 September 1991 | 3,287,700 | 1.15 | 29,800 | 0.13 | File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | 13
File:Emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR.svg | Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Azerbaijan SSR | Baku | Azerbaijani, Russian  | 28 April 1920 | 30 December 1922 | 23 September 1989 | 30 August 1991 | 7,037,900 | 2.45 | 86,600 | 0.39 | File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan
File:Flag of Artsakh.svg Artsakh | 7
File:Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR (1981-1991).svg | Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Belarusian SSR | Minsk | Byelorussian, Russian  | 31 July 1920 | 30 December 1922 | 27 July 1990 | 10 December 1991 | 10,151,806 | 3.54 | 207,600 | 0.93 | File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | 3
File:Emblem of the Estonian SSR.svg | Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic[a] | Flag of Estonian SSR | Tallinn | Estonian, Russian  | 21 July 1940[b] | 6 August 1940 | 16 November 1988 | 20 August 1991 | 1,565,662 | 0.55 | 45,226 | 0.20 | File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia | 15
File:Emblem of the Georgian SSR.svg | Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Georgian SSR | Tbilisi | Georgian, Russian  | 25 February 1921 | 30 December 1922 | 18 November 1989 | 9 April 1991 | 5,400,841 | 1.88 | 69,700 | 0.31 | File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia
File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia
File:Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia | 6
File:Emblem of Kazakh SSR.svg | Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Kazakhstan SSR | Alma-Ata | Kazakh, Russian  | 5 December 1936 | 25 October 1990 | 16 December 1991 | 16,711,900 | 5.83 | 2,717,300 | 12.24 | File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan | 5
File:Emblem of the Kirghiz SSR.svg | Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Kyrgyzstan SSR | Frunze | Kirghiz, Russian  | 5 December 1936 | 15 December 1990 | 31 August 1991 | 4,257,800 | 1.48 | 198,500 | 0.89 | File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan | 11
File:Emblem of the Latvian SSR.svg | Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic[a] | Flag of Latvian SSR | Riga | Latvian, Russian  | 21 July 1940[b] | 3 August 1940 | 28 July 1989 | 4 May 1990 | 2,666,567 | 0.93 | 64,589 | 0.29 | File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia | 10
File:Emblem of the Lithuanian SSR.svg | Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic[a] | Flag of Lithuanian SSR | Vilnius | Lithuanian, Russian  | 21 July 1940[b] | 5 August 1940 | 18 May 1989 | 11 March 1990 | 3,689,779 | 1.29 | 65,200 | 0.29 | File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania | 8
File:Emblem of the Moldavian SSR (1981-1990).svg | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Moldovan SSR | Kishinev | Moldavian, Russian  | 2 August 1940 | 23 June 1990 | 27 August 1991 | 4,337,600 | 1.51 | 33,843 | 0.15 | File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova
File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria | 9
File:Emblem of the Russian SFSR.svg | Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Flag of Russian SFSR | Moscow | Russian | 7 November 1917 | 30 December 1922 | 12 June 1990 | 12 December 1991 | 147,386,000 | 51.40 | 17,075,400 | 76.62 | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 1
File:Emblem of the Tajik SSR.svg | Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Tajikistan SSR | Dushanbe | Tajik,
Russian  | 5 December 1929 | 24 August 1990 | 9 September 1991 | 5,112,000 | 1.78 | 143,100 | 0.64 | File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan | 12
File:Emblem of the Turkmen SSR.svg | Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Turkmenistan SSR | Ashkhabad | Turkmen, Russian  | 13 May 1925 | 27 August 1990 | 27 October 1991 | 3,522,700 | 1.23 | 488,100 | 2.19 | File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan | 14
File:Emblem of the Ukrainian SSR.svg | Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Ukrainian SSR | Kiev | Ukrainian, Russian  | 10 March 1919 | 30 December 1922 | 16 July 1990 | 24 August 1991 | 51,706,746 | 18.03 | 603,700 | 2.71 | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 2
File:Emblem of the Uzbek SSR.svg | Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic | Flag of Uzbekistan SSR | Tashkent | Uzbek,
Russian  | 5 December 1924 | 20 June 1990 | 31 August 1991 | 19,906,000 | 6.94 | 447,400 | 2.01 | File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan | 4

### Temporary Union Republics of the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

Emblem  | Name  | Flag  | Capital  | Titular nationality  | Years of
membership  | Population  | Area (km2)  | Soviet successor

|
|
|
|
|
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|
|

File:Emblem of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.svg | Bukharan People's Soviet Republic | File:Flag of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.svg | Bukhara | Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens | 1920–1925  | 2,000,000  | 182,193  | File:Flag of the Uzbek SSR.svg Uzbek SSR
File:Flag of Tajik SSR.svg Tajik SSR
File:Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Turkmen SSR
File:Emblem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.svg | Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.svg | Petrozavodsk | Karelians, Finns | 1940–1956  | 651,300
(1959) | 172,400  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR
File:Emblem of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1923–25).svg | Khorezm People's Soviet Republic | File:Flag of Khiva 1920-1923.svg | Khiva | Uzbeks, Turkmens | 1920–1925  | 800,000  | 62,200  | File:Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Turkmen SSR
File:Flag of the Uzbek SSR.svg Uzbek SSR
File:Emblem of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1930-1936).svg | Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic | File:Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR (1925-1936).svg | Tiflis | Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians | 1922–1936  | 5,861,600
(1926) | 186,100  | File:Flag of Armenian SSR.svg Armenian SSR
File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1956–1991).svg Azerbaijan SSR
File:Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Georgian SSR

### Republics not recognized by the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

Emblem  | Name  | Flag  | Capital  | Official languages  | Independence from Moldavian SSR declared  | Independence from USSR declared  | Population  | Area (km2)  | Post-Soviet states

|
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|

File:Emblem of the Moldavian SSR (1981-1990).svg | Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1952–1990).svg | Tiraspol | Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan  | 2 September 1990  | 25 August 1991  | 680,000
(1989) | 4,163
(1989) | File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova

### Other non-union Soviet republics[edit | edit source]

Emblem  | Name  | Flag  | Capital  | Created  | Defunct  | Successor states  | Modern states

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

File:Red star.svg | Bavarian Soviet Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Munich | 1919  | File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic | File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany
File:Red star.svg | Bremen Soviet Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Bremen | 1919  | File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic | File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany
File:National Emblem of the Chinese Soviet Republic.svg | Chinese Soviet Republic | File:National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg | Ruijin
Bao'an
Yan'an | 1931  | 1937  | File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg China | File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg People's Republic of China
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China (disputed)
File:Герб Дальневосточная Республика.png | Far Eastern Republic | File:Flag of Far Eastern republic.svg | Verkhneudinsk
Chita | 1920  | 1922  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
| Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Kharkiv | December 1917  | March 1918  | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukrainian People's Republic | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
| Commune of the Working People of Estonia | File:Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg | Narva
| 1918  | 1919  | File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia
File:Red star.svg | Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Helsinki | 1918  | File:Flag of Finland (1918–1920).svg Kingdom of Finland | File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland
| Galician Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Galician SSR.svg | Ternopil | 1920  | File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Polish Republic | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
File:Red star.svg | Hungarian Soviet Republic | File:Flag of Hungary (1919).svg | Budapest | 1919  | File:Flag of Hungary (1920–1946).svg Hungarian Republic | File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
File:Emblem of the Latvian SSR (1918-1920).svg | Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic | File:Flag of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920).svg | Riga
Dvinsk
Rezhitsa | 1918  | 1920  | File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia
File:Red star.svg | Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg | Vilnius | 1918  | 1919  | File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg Litbel | File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania
| Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia | File:Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg | Vilnius
Minsk
Smolensk | 1919  | File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania
File:Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Polish Republic
File:Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1951–1991).svg Byelorussian SSR | File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus
File:No image.svg | Limerick Soviet |  | Limerick | 1919  | File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg United Kingdom | File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
| Mughan Soviet Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Lankaran | 1919  | File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1918.svg Azerbaijan DR | File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan
File:Arms of Odessa, 1918.svg | Odessa Soviet Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Odessa | 1918  | File:Flag of the Ukrainian State.svg Ukrainian People's Republic | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
| Persian Socialist Soviet Republic | File:Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg | Rasht | 1920  | 1921  | File:State flag of Persia (1907–1933).svg Qajar Persia | File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran
File:Red star.svg | Slovak Soviet Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Prešov | 1919  | File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovak Republic | File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia
| Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Socialist red flag.svg | Simferopol | 1918  | File:Flag of the Crimean Regional Government.svg Crimean Regional Government | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
File:Emblem of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg | Tuvan People's Republic | File:Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg | Kyzyl
| 1921  | 1944  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russian Federation
| Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets | File:Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic of the Soviets.svg | Kyiv (Kharkiv)  | December 1917  | March 1918  | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukrainian People's Republic | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine

The Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic was proclaimed in 1918 but did not survive to the founding of the USSR, becoming the short-lived Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the RSFSR. The Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida) was also proclaimed in 1918, but did not become a union republic and was made into an autonomous republic of the RSFSR, although the Crimean Tatars had a relative majority until the 1930s or 1940s according to censuses. When the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Soviet Union in 1944, it did not become a union republic, and was instead established as an autonomous republic of the RSFSR.

The leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov, suggested in the early 1960s that the country should become a union republic, but the offer was rejected.[16][17][18] During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviet Union proposed to annex Northern Afghanistan as its 16th union republic in what was to become the Afghan Soviet Socialist Republic.[19]

### Unrealized Soviet states[edit | edit source]

* Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
* Polish Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
* East Polish Soviet Socialist Republic (1990)

#### Workers' communes[edit | edit source]

* The Volga Germans Workers' Commune
* The Estland Workers' Commune
* The Karelian Workers' Commune
* The Petrograd Workers' Commune, later the Northern Oblast Communes Association

## Autonomous Republics of the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

See also: Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics

Several of the Union Republics themselves, most notably Russia, were further subdivided into Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs). Though administratively part of their respective Union Republics, ASSRs were also established based on ethnic/cultural lines.

According to the constitution of the USSR, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs had the right, by means of a referendum, to independently resolve the issue of staying in the USSR or in the seceding union republic, as well as to raise the issue of their state-legal status.[20]

File:Wiki letter w cropped.svg|

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)

|

Emblem  | Name  | Flag  | Years of
membership  | Capital  | Official languages  | Area (km2) | Soviet Socialist Republic  | Post-Soviet subjects

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File:Emblem of the Abkhaz ASSR (1978–1992).svg | Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Abkhaz ASSR.svg | 1931–1992  | Sukhumi | Abkhazian, Georgian, Russian  | 8,600  | File:Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Georgian SSR | File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia
File:Emblem of the Adjar ASSR.svg | Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Adjarian ASSR.svg | 1921–1990  | Batumi | Georgian, Russian  | 2,880  | File:Flag of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Georgian SSR | File:Flag of Adjara.svg Adjara
File:Coat of arms of Bashkir ASSR.svg | Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Bashkir ASSR.svg | 1919–1991  | Ufa | Bashkir, Russian  | 143,600  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Bashkortostan.svg Bashkortostan
File:Coat of arms of the Buryat ASSR.svg | Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Buryat ASSR.svg | 1923–1990  | Ulan-Ude | Buryat, Russian  | 69,857  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Buryatia.svg Buryatia
File:Coat of arms of Chechen-Ingush ASSR.png | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR.svg | 1936–1944
1957–1991  | Grozny | Chechen, Ingush, Russian  | 19,300  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of the Chechen Republic.svg Chechnya
File:Flag of Ingushetia.svg Ingushetia
File:Coat of Arms of Chuvash ASSR.svg | Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Chuvash ASSR.svg | 1925–1992  | Cheboksary | Chuvash, Russian  | 18,300  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Chuvashia.svg Chuvashia
File:Emblem of the Dagestan ASSR (1978-1991).svg | Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Dagestan ASSR.svg | 1921–1991  | Makhachkala | Aghul, Avar, Azerbaijani, Chechen, Kumyk, Lezgian, Lak, Nogai, Tabasaran, Tat, Russian  | 50,300  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Dagestan.svg Dagestan
| Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[note 1] |  | 1990–1991  | Gorno-Altaysk | Altai, Russian[citation needed] | 92,600  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Altai Republic.svg Altai Republic
File:Coat of Arms of Kabardino-Balkar ASSR.png | Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Kabardino-Balkar ASSR.svg | 1936–1944
1957–1991  | Nalchik | Kabardian, Karachay-Balkar, Russian  | 12,500  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg Kabardino-Balkaria
File:Coat of arms of Kalmyk ASSR.svg | Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Kalmyk ASSR.svg | 1935–1943
1958–1991  | Elista | Kalmyk Oirat, Russian  | 76,100  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Kalmykia.svg Kalmykia
File:QoraqalpogistonASSRgerbi.png | Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Karakalpak ASSR.svg | 1932–1991  | Nukus | Karakalpak (1956-1980s), Russian  | 165,000  | File:Flag of the Uzbek SSR.svg Uzbek SSR | File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg Karakalpakstan
File:Coat of arms of Karelian ASSR.svg | Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Karelian ASSR.svg | 1923–1940
1956–1991  | Petrozavodsk | Finnish (1956-1980s), Russian  | 147,000  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Karelia.svg Karelia
File:Coat of arms of Komi ASSR.svg | Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Komi ASSR.svg | 1936–1990  | Syktyvkar | Komi, Russian  | 415,900  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Komi.svg Komi Republic
File:Coat of arms of Mari ASSR.svg | Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Mari ASSR.svg | 1936–1990  | Yoshkar-Ola | Mari (Meadow and Hill variants), Russian  | 23,200  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Mari El.svg Mari El
File:Coat of Arms of Mordovian ASSR.png | Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Mordovian ASSR.svg | 1934–1990  | Saransk | Erzya, Moksha, Russian  | 26,200  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Mordovia.svg Mordovia
File:Coat of Arms of Nakhichevan ASSR.png | Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Nakhichevan ASSR.svg | 1921–1990  | Nakhichevan | Azerbaijani, Armenian, Russian  | 5,500  | File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1956–1991).svg Azerbaijan SSR | File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Nakhchivan
File:Coat of arms of North Ossetian ASSR.svg | North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the North Ossetian ASSR.svg | 1936–1993  | Ordzhonikidze | Ossetian, Russian  | 8,000  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of North Ossetia.svg North Ossetia
File:Coat of Arms of Tatarstan ASSR.png | Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Tatar ASSR.svg | 1920–1990  | Kazan | Tatar, Russian  | 68,000  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Tatarstan.svg Tatarstan
File:Coat of arms of the Tuvan ASSR (1978-1992).svg | Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Tuvan ASSR (1978-1992).svg | 1961–1992  | Kyzyl | Tuvan, Russian  | 170,500  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Tuva.svg Tuva
File:Coat of Arms of Udmurt ASSR.png | Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Udmurt ASSR.svg | 1934–1990  | Izhevsk | Udmurt, Russian  | 42,100  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Udmurtia.svg Udmurtia
File:Emblem of the Yakut ASSR.svg | Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Yakut ASSR.svg | 1922–1991  | Yakutsk | Yakut, Russian  | 3,083,523  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Sakha.svg Sakha Republic

### Former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

File:Wiki letter w cropped.svg|

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018)

|

Emblem  | Name  | Flag  | Capital  | Titular nationality  | Years of
membership  | Population  | Area (km2)  | Soviet Socialist Republic  | Post-Soviet states

|
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File:Coat of arms of Crimean ASSR.svg | Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Crimean ASSR (1939) copy.svg | Simferopol | Crimean Tatars

* * *

Russians  | 1921–1945

* * *

1991–1992  | 1,126,000
(1939) | 26,860  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR

* * *

File:Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Ukrainian SSR | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
| Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Kabardin ASSR (1954-1957).svg | Nalchik | Kabardians | 1944–1957  | 420,115
(1959) | 12,470  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
File:Coat of arms of the Kirghiz ASSR (1921-1925).gif | Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic | File:Flag of The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920-36).svg | Alma-Ata | Kazakhs | 1920–1925  | 6,503,000
(1926) | 2,960,000  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
File:Coat of Arms of the Kazakh ASSR (1927-1937).gif | Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic | 1925–1936
| Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic | File:Flag of the Kirghiz ASSR (1929-1937).svg | Frunze | Kyrgyz | 1926–1936  | 993,000
(1926) | 196,129  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan
File:Coat of Arms of Moldavian ASSR (1927-1938).png | Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Moldavian ASSR (1925-1932).svg | Tiraspol | Moldovans | 1924–1940  | 599,150
(1939) | 8,288  | File:Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg Ukrainian SSR | File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
| Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |  | Vladikavkaz | Balkars, Chechens, Ingush, Kabardians, Karachays, Ossetians, Terek Cossacks | 1921–1924  | 1,286,000
(1921) | 74,000  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
File:Coat of Arms of Tajik ASSR.png | Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1929).svg | Dushanbe | Tajiks | 1924–1929  | 740,000
(1924) |  | File:Flag of the Uzbek SSR.svg Uzbek SSR | File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan

File:Emblem of the Turkestan ASSR.svg | Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Turkestan Autonomous SSR Flag.svg | Tashkent | Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Turkmens | 1918–1924  | 5,221,963
(1920) |  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan
File:Coat of arms of Volga German ASSR.svg | Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | File:Flag of Volga German ASSR.svg | Engels | Soviet Germans | 1923–1941  | 606,532
(1939) | 27,400  | File:Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.svg Russian SFSR | File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia

## Dissolution of the Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

Further information: Dissolution of the Soviet Union

File:USSR - Then and Now.png

Country emblems of the Union republics, before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Note that the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind, and the emblem is unofficial.

Starting in the late 1980s, under the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet government undertook a program of political reforms (glasnost and perestroika) intended to liberalise and revitalise the Union. These measures, however, had a number of unintended political and social effects. Political liberalisation allowed the governments of the union republics to openly invoke the principles of democracy and nationalism to gain legitimacy. In addition, the loosening of political restrictions led to fractures within the Communist Party which resulted in a reduced ability to govern the Union effectively. The rise of nationalist and right-wing movements, notably led by Boris Yeltsin in Russia, in the previously homogeneous political system undermined the Union's foundations. With the central role of the Communist Party removed from the constitution, the Party lost its control over the State machinery and was banned from operating after an attempted coup d'état.

Throughout this period of turmoil, the Soviet government attempted to find a new structure that would reflect the increased authority of the republics. Some autonomous republics, like Tatarstan, Checheno-Ingushetia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Crimea, Transnistria, Gagauzia sought the union statute in the New Union Treaty. Efforts to found a Union of Sovereign States, however, proved unsuccessful and the republics began to secede from the Union. By 6 September 1991, the Soviet Union's State Council recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania bringing the number of union republics down to 12. On 8 December 1991, the remaining leaders of the republics signed the Belavezha Accords which agreed that the USSR would be dissolved and replaced with a Commonwealth of Independent States. On 25 December, President Gorbachev announced his resignation and turned all executive powers over to Yeltsin. The next day the Council of Republics voted to dissolve the Union. Since then, the republics have been governed independently with some reconstituting themselves as liberal parliamentary republics and others, particularly in Central Asia, devolving into highly autocratic states under the leadership of the old Party elite.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Flags of the Soviet Republics
* Emblems of the Soviet Republics
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Eurasian Economic Union
* National delimitation in the Soviet Union
* Bavarian Soviet Republic
* Hungarian Soviet Republic
* Slovak Soviet Republic
* Limerick Soviet
* Paris Commune
* Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (Polish SSR)
* Republics of Russia
* Federal subjects of Russia
* Post-Soviet states (former Soviet Republics)

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b c The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current Baltic governments and by a number of foreign countries.[6][9][10][11][13][14][15] The Soviet Union considered the initial annexation legal, but officially recognized their independence on 6 September 1991, three months prior to its final dissolution
2. ^ a b c Not internationally recognized, independent republic continued de jure.

1. ^ Known as Oyrot Autonomous Oblast in 1922-1948 and Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast in 1948-1990.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Hough, Jerry F (1997). Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991. Brookings Institution Press. p. 214. ISBN 0-8157-3749-1.
2. ^ Federalism and the Dictatorship of Power in Russia By Mikhail Stoliarov. Taylor & Francis. 2014. p. 56\. ISBN 978-0-415-30153-4. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
3. ^ "Walter Duranty Explains Changes In Soviet Constitution". Miami News. 6 February 1944. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
4. ^ "League of Nations Timeline - Chronology 1944". Indiana.edu. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
5. ^ "United Nations - Founding Members". Un.org. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
6. ^ a b "The Occupation of Latvia at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia". Am.gov.
7. ^ "Estonia says Soviet occupation justifies it staying away from Moscow celebrations". Pravda.Ru. 3 May 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
8. ^ Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia by the EU
9. ^ a b European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
10. ^ a b "UNITED NATIONS Human Rights Council Report". Ap.ohchr.org. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
11. ^ a b "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. 14 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
12. ^ Russia denies Baltic 'occupation' by BBC News
13. ^ European parliament: Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (No C 42/78) (1983). Official Journal of the European Communities. European Parliament.
14. ^ Aust, Anthony (2005). Handbook of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53034-7.
15. ^ Ziemele, Ineta (2005). State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-04-14295-9.
16. ^ Elster, Jon (1996). The roundtable talks and the breakdown of communism. University of Chicago Press. p. 179\. ISBN 0-226-20628-9.
17. ^ Held, Joseph (1994). Dictionary of East European history since 1945. Greenwood Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-313-26519-4.
18. ^ Gökay, Bülent (2001). Eastern Europe since 1970. Longman. p. 19\. ISBN 0-582-32858-6.
19. ^ Soviets may be poised to annex the Afghan North \- Chicago Tribune. 19 August 1984. Retrieved on 10 December 2016. "Miraki said then-Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev urged Afghan President Babrak Karmal to win Afghan Communist Party approval for Moscow's annexation of eight northern provinces and their formation into the 16th Soviet republic, the Socialist Republic of Afghanistan. The defector said Brezhnev envisioned the southern half of the country as a powerless, Pa-than-speaking buffer with U.S.-backed Pakistan."
20. ^ "СОЮЗ СОВЕТСКИХ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСПУБЛИК. ЗАКОН О порядке решения вопросов, связанных с выходом союзной республики из СССР" (in Russian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
* Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
* Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union

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