San Diego

City in Southern California, United States

This article is about the city in California. For other uses, see San Diego (disambiguation).

"San Diegan" redirects here. For the historical train, see San Diegan (train).

City in California, United States

San Diego, California

City

City of San Diego

San Diego skyline in 2021

La Jolla

Casa de Balboa

Old Point Loma lighthouse

Presidio Park

From top, left to right: Downtown; La Jolla; Casa de Balboa; Old Point Loma lighthouse; and Presidio Park.

Flag of San Diego, California

Flag

Official seal of San Diego, California

Seal

Nickname(s):

"America's Finest City", "Birthplace of California", "City in Motion"[1]

Motto:

Semper Vigilans (Latin for 'Ever Vigilant')

Location within San Diego County

Location within San Diego County

San Diego is located in California

San Diego

Location within California

Show map of California

San Diego

Location within the United States

Show map of the United States

Coordinates: 32°42′54″N 117°09′45″W﻿ / ﻿32.71500°N 117.16250°W﻿ / 32.71500; -117.16250Coordinates: 32°42′54″N 117°09′45″W﻿ / ﻿32.71500°N 117.16250°W﻿ / 32.71500; -117.16250
Country|  United States
State| File:Flag of California.svg California
County| File:Flag of San Diego County, California.png San Diego County
Established| July 16, 1769
Incorporated| March 27, 1850[2]
Named for| Saint Didacus of Alcalá
Government

• Type| Strong Mayor[3]
• Body| San Diego City Council
• Mayor| Todd Gloria (D)
• City Attorney| Mara Elliott (D)[4]
• City Council[5]|

List

* • Joe LaCava
D-District 1
* • Jennifer Campbell
D-District 2
* • Stephen Whitburn
D-District 3
* • Monica Montgomery
D-District 4
* • Marni von Wilpert
D-District 5
* • Chris Cate
R-District 6
* • Raul Campillo
D-District 7
* • Vivian Moreno
D-District 8
* • Sean Elo-Rivera
D-District 9

• State Assembly Members|

List

* • Brian Maienschein
D-77th District
* • Chris Ward
D-78th District
* • Akilah Weber
D-79th District
* • David Alvarez
D-80th District

• State Senators|

List

* • Brian Jones
R-38th District
* • Toni Atkins
D-39th District
* • Ben Hueso
D-40th District

Area

[6]

• Total| 372.42 sq mi (964.56 km2)
• Land| 325.88 sq mi (844.02 km2)
• Water| 46.54 sq mi (120.54 km2)  12.68%
Elevation

[7]

| 62 ft (19 m)
Highest elevation

[8]

| 1,591 ft (485 m)
Lowest elevation

| 0 ft (0 m)
Population

(2020)

• Total| 1,386,932
• Rank| 8th in the United States
2nd in California
• Density| 4,255.96/sq mi (1,643.25/km2)
• Metro

[9]

| 3,298,634 (17th)
Demonym| San Diegan
Time zone| UTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[10]|

92101–92124, 92126–92132, 92134–92140, 92142, 92143, 92145, 92147, 92149–92155, 92158–92161, 92163, 92165–92179, 92182, 92186, 92187, 92190–92199

Area codes| 619/858
FIPS code| 06-66000
GNIS feature IDs| 1661377, 2411782
Website| SanDiego.gov

San Diego (/ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ SAN dee-AY-goh, Spanish: [san ˈdjeɣo]; Spanish for 'Saint Didacus') is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932,[11] it is also the eighth most populous city in the United States and the seat of San Diego County, the fifth most populous county in the United States, with 3,338,330 estimated residents as of 2019. The city is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches and parks, long association with the U.S. armed forces, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center. San Diego is the second largest city in the state of California after Los Angeles.

Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego is frequently referred to as the “Birthplace of California”, as it was the first site visited and settled by Europeans on what is now the U.S. west coast.[12] Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. California became part of the U.S. in 1848 following the Mexican–American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850.

San Diego's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, research, and manufacturing. The city is the economic center of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second most populous transborder metropolitan area in the Western Hemisphere (after Detroit–Windsor), home to an estimated 4,922,723 people as of 2012.[13] The primary border crossing between San Diego and Tijuana, the San Ysidro Port of Entry, is the busiest international land border crossing in the world outside of Asia (fourth-busiest overall). The city's airport, San Diego International Airport, is the busiest single-runway airport in the world.[a][14]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Pre-colonial period
* 1.2 Spanish period
* 1.3 Mexican period
* 1.4 American period
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Communities and neighborhoods
* 2.2 Cityscape
* 2.3 Climate
* 2.4 Ecology
* 3 Demographics
* 4 Economy
* 4.1 Defense and military
* 4.2 Tourism
* 4.3 International trade
* 4.4 Companies
* 4.5 Top employers
* 4.6 Real estate
* 5 Government
* 5.1 Local government
* 5.2 State and federal representation
* 5.3 Election history
* 5.4 Major scandals
* 5.5 Crime
* 6 Education
* 6.1 Primary and secondary schools
* 6.2 Colleges and universities
* 6.3 Libraries
* 7 Culture
* 8 Sports
* 8.1 Teams
* 8.1.1 Major professional team
* 8.1.2 Highest-level professional teams
* 8.1.3 Minor league professional teams
* 8.1.4 College teams
* 8.2 Events
* 8.2.1 Annual events
* 9 Media
* 10 Infrastructure
* 10.1 Utilities
* 10.2 Street lights
* 10.3 Transportation
* 11 Notable people
* 12 Sister cities
* 13 Notes
* 14 References
* 14.1 General sources
* 15 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

See also: History of San Diego

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of San Diego.

### Pre-colonial period[edit | edit source]

File:Kumeyaay.jpg

The Kumeyaay, also known as the Diegueño, have inhabited the area of San Diego for thousands of years.

The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito and La Jolla people.[15][16] The Kumeyaay people migrated into the area of San Diego around 1000 CE,[17][unacceptable source?][18] who erected villages scattered across the region, including the village of Cosoy (Kosa'aay) which was the Kumeyaay village that the future settlement of San Diego would stem from in today's Old Town.[19][20] The village of Cosoy was made up of thirty to forty families living in pyramid-shaped housing structures and was supported by a freshwater spring from the hillsides.[19]

### Spanish period[edit | edit source]

File:San Diego de Alcalá, atribuido a Francisco Rizi (Museo Cerralbo, Madrid).jpg

San Diego's namesake is the 15th-century Spanish saint Didacus of Alcalá.

The first European to visit the region was explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing under the flag of Castile but possibly born in Portugal. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site "San Miguel".[21] In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión, a member of Vizcaíno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego.[22]

The permanent European colonization of both California and San Diego began in 1769 with the arrival of four contingents of Spaniards from New Spain and the Baja California peninsula. Two seaborne parties reached San Diego Bay: the San Carlos, under Vicente Vila and including as notable members the engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó and the soldier and future governor Pedro Fages, and the San Antonio, under Juan Pérez. An initial overland expedition to San Diego from the south was led by the soldier Fernando Rivera and included the Franciscan missionary, explorer, and chronicler Juan Crespí, followed by a second party led by the designated governor Gaspar de Portolà and including the mission president (and now saint) Junípero Serra.[23]

In May 1769, Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River above the Kumeyaay village of Cosoy,[19] which would later become incorporated into the Spanish settlement,[20] making it the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Serra.[24][25] The mission became a site for a Kumeyaay revolt in 1775, which forced the mission to relocate six miles (10 km) up the San Diego River.[26] By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper.[27] Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in Alta California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks.[28][29]

### Mexican period[edit | edit source]

File:José María Estudillo.jpg

José María Estudillo served as commandant of the Presidio of San Diego and founded the Estudillo family, a powerful San Diego clan of Californios.

In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began its attempt to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1834, and most of the Mission lands were granted to former soldiers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. Beyond the town, Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s, due to increasing tension between the settlers and the indigenous Kumeyaay and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents.[30] The ranchos in the San Diego region would face Kumeyaay raids in the late 1830s and the town itself would face raids in the 1840s.[31]

Americans gained an increased awareness of California, and its commercial possibilities, from the writings of two countrymen involved in the often officially forbidden, to foreigners, but economically significant hide and tallow trade, where San Diego was a major port and the only one with an adequate harbor: William Shaler's "Journal of a Voyage Between China and the North-Western Coast of America, Made in 1804" and Richard Henry Dana's more substantial and convincing account, of his 1834–36 voyage, the classic Two Years Before the Mast.[32]

File:SanPasqual.jpg

The 1846 Battle of San Pasqual was a decisive battle between American and Californio forces during the U.S. Conquest of California.

In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first, they had an easy time of it, capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1, the American garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently, a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.[33]

Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the "Treaty of Cahuenga" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican–American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.[34]

### American period[edit | edit source]

File:Alonzo Horton.jpg

The namesake of Horton Plaza, Alonzo Horton developed Downtown San Diego.

The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established County of San Diego and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt;[35] the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was reestablished in 1889, and today's city charter was adopted in 1931.[36]

The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water at its port at La Playa. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the bay shore called "New San Diego", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only of a pier, a few houses and an Army depot for the support of Fort Yuma. After 1854, the fort became supplied by sea and by steamboats on the Colorado River and the depot fell into disuse. From 1857 to 1860, San Diego became the western terminus of the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, the earliest overland stagecoach and mail operation from the Eastern United States to California, coming from Texas through New Mexico Territory in less than 30 days.[37]

In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because its location on San Diego Bay was convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city.[38] Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878. In 1884–1886, John J. Montgomery made the first controlled flights by an American in a heavier-than-air unpowered glider just south of San Diego at Otay Mesa, helping to pioneer a new science of aerodynamics.

In 1912, San Diego was the site of a free speech fight between the Industrial Workers of the World and the city government who passed an ordinance forbidding the freedom of speech along an area of "Soapbox Row" that led to civil disobedience, vigilantism, police violence, the abduction of Emma Goldman's husband Ben Reitman and multiple riots.[39][40] San Diego's proximity to Tijuana during the Mexican Revolution made this one of the most significant free speech fights during the Wobbly era.[41]

In 1916, the neighborhood of Stingaree, the original home of San Diego's first Chinatown and "Soapbox Row", was demolished by anti-vice campaigners to make way for the Gaslamp Quarter.[42]

File:Guide Book of the Panama California Exposition.jpg

Balboa Park on the cover of a guidebook for the World Exposition of 1915

In the early part of the 20th century, San Diego hosted the World's Fair twice: the Panama-California Exposition (1915) and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. Both expositions were held in Balboa Park, and many of the Spanish/Baroque-style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as central features of the park. The buildings were intended to be temporary structures, but most remained in continuous use until they progressively fell into disrepair. Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style.[43] The menagerie of exotic animals featured at the 1915 exposition provided the basis for the San Diego Zoo.[44] During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the area's Spanish and Mexican past.[45] In the 2010s there was a proposal for a large-scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of Balboa Park, but the plans were abandoned when the organization tasked with putting on the celebration went out of business.[46]

The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans.[47] Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s.[48] By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar). The city was also an early center for aviation: as early as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself "The Air Capital of the West".[49] The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines (later Ryan Aeronautical), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft (later Convair), founded in 1923.[50] Charles A. Lindbergh's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines.[49]

During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865).[51] During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier.[52][53][54][55]

After World War II, the military continued to play a major role in the local economy, but post-Cold War cutbacks took a heavy toll on the local defense and aerospace industries. The resulting downturn led San Diego leaders to seek to diversify the city's economy by focusing on research and science, as well as tourism.[56]

From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, "the tuna capital of the world".[57] San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan, and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma.[58][59] Due to rising costs and foreign competition, the last of the canneries closed in the early 1980s.[60]

Downtown San Diego was in decline in the 1960s and 1970s, but experienced some urban renewal since the early 1980s, including the opening of Horton Plaza, the revival of the Gaslamp Quarter, and the construction of the San Diego Convention Center; Petco Park opened in 2004.[61] Outside of downtown, San Diego annexed large swaths of land and for suburban expansion to the north and control of the San Ysidro Port of Entry.

As the Cold War ended, the military shrank and so did defense spending. San Diego has since become a center of the emerging biotech industry and is home to telecommunications giant Qualcomm. San Diego had also grown in the tourism industry with the popularity of attractions such as the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld San Diego, and Legoland California in Carlsbad.[citation needed]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

See also: List of beaches in San Diego, California and Parks in San Diego

File:San Diego with Tijuana by Sentinel-2, 2020-03-09.jpg

Satellite view of San Diego and Tijuana, Mexico

According to SDSU professor emeritus Monte Marshall, San Diego Bay is "the surface expression of a north-south-trending, nested graben". The Rose Canyon and Point Loma fault zones are part of the San Andreas Fault system. About 40 miles (64 km) east of the bay are the Laguna Mountains in the Peninsular Ranges, which are part of the backbone of the American continents.[62]

The city lies on approximately 200 deep canyons and hills separating its mesas, creating small pockets of natural open space scattered throughout the city and giving it a hilly geography.[63] Traditionally, San Diegans have built their homes and businesses on the mesas, while leaving the urban canyons relatively wild.[64] Thus, the canyons give parts of the city a segmented feel, creating gaps between otherwise proximate neighborhoods and contributing to a low-density, car-centered environment. The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west, creating a river valley that serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments. During the historic period and presumably earlier as well, the river has shifted its flow back and forth between San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, and its fresh water was the focus of the earliest Spanish explorers. Miguel Costansó, a cartographer, wrote in 1769, "When asked by signs where the watering-place was, the Indians pointed to a grove which could be seen at a considerable distance to the northeast, giving to understand that a river or creek flowed through it, and that they would lead our men to it if they would follow."[65][66] That river was the San Diego River.[65] Several reservoirs and Mission Trails Regional Park also lie between and separate developed areas of the city.

File:Mission Valley facing NW.jpg

Mission Valley facing Northwest, taken from Arista Street. Mission Bay can be seen in the distance.

Notable peaks within the city limits include Cowles Mountain, the highest point in the city at 1,591 feet (485 m);[8] Black Mountain at 1,558 feet (475 m); and Mount Soledad at 824 feet (251 m). The Cuyamaca Mountains and Laguna Mountains rise to the east of the city, and beyond the mountains are desert areas. The Cleveland National Forest is a half-hour drive from downtown San Diego. Numerous farms are found in the valleys northeast and southeast of the city.

In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that San Diego had the 9th-best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[67] ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes acreage, access, and service and investment.

### Communities and neighborhoods[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of communities and neighborhoods of San Diego

File:Normal Height's sign, Adams Avenue.jpg

Normal Heights, a neighborhood of San Diego

The City of San Diego recognizes 52 individual areas as Community Planning Areas.[68] Within a given planning area there may be several distinct neighborhoods. Altogether the city contains more than 100 identified neighborhoods.

Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego (an Exclave), such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico–United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city.[69]

For the most part, San Diego neighborhood boundaries tend to be understood by its residents based on geographical boundaries like canyons and street patterns.[70] The city recognized the importance of its neighborhoods when it organized its 2008 General Plan around the concept of a "City of Villages".[71]

### Cityscape[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of tallest buildings in San Diego

File:San Diego Night Time Skyline.jpg

San Diego skyline, seen in January 2021

San Diego was originally centered on the Old Town district, but by the late 1860s the focus had shifted to the bayfront, in the belief that this new location would increase trade. As the "New Town" – present-day Downtown – waterfront location quickly developed, it eclipsed Old Town as the center of San Diego.[38]

The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet (91 m) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963.[72] As time went on, multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego's tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet (150 m) tall, which was completed in 1991.[73] The downtown skyline contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet (152 m) limit on the height of buildings within a one-mile (1.6 km) radius of the San Diego International Airport.[74] An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox.[75]

There are several new high-rises under construction, including two that exceed 400 feet (122 m) in height.

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Main article: Climate of San Diego

San Diego

Climate chart (explanation)

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2.2

1.5

0.7

0.3

0.1

0.1

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0.5

0.8

1.7

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NOAA[76]
| Metric conversion

7.1

1.3

0.3

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

San Diego has one of the top-ten best climates in the United States, according to the Farmers' Almanac[77] and has one of the two best summer climates in the country as scored by The Weather Channel.[78] Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate (BSh in the original classification[79] and BSkn in modified Köppen classification with the n denoting summer fog)[80] or a Mediterranean climate[81] (Csa).[82] San Diego's climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild winters, with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March. The city has a mild climate year-round,[83] with an average of 201 days above 70 °F (21 °C) and low rainfall (9–13 inches [230–330 mm] annually).

The climate in San Diego, like most of Southern California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances, resulting in microclimates. In San Diego, this is mostly because of the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/June gloom" period, a thick "marine layer" cloud cover keeps the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but yields to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5–10 miles (8–16 km) inland.[84] Sometimes the June gloom lasts into July, causing cloudy skies over most of San Diego for the entire day.[85][86] Even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas, where the ocean serves as a moderating influence. Thus, for example, downtown San Diego averages January lows of 50 °F (10 °C) and August highs of 78 °F (26 °C). The city of El Cajon, just 12 miles (19 km) inland from downtown San Diego, averages January lows of 42 °F (6 °C) and August highs of 88 °F (31 °C).

The average surface temperature of the water at Scripps Pier in the California Current has increased by almost 3 °F (1.7 °C) since 1950, according to scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[87] Additionally, the mean minimum is now above 40 °F (4 °C), putting San Diego in hardiness zone 11, with the last freeze having occurred many decades ago.

File:SurfPacificBeach.jpg

Surfers at Pacific Beach

Annual rainfall along the coast averages 10.65 inches (271 mm) and the median is 9.6 inches (240 mm).[88] The months of December through March supply most of the rain, with February the only month averaging 2 inches (51 mm) or more. The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry. Although there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does fall. Rainfall is usually greater in the higher elevations of San Diego; some of the higher areas can receive 11–15 inches (280–380 mm) per year. Variability from year to year can be dramatic: in the wettest years of 1883/1884 and 1940/1941, more than 24 inches (610 mm) fell, whilst in the driest years there was as little as 3.2 inches (80 mm). The wettest month on record is December 1921 with 9.21 inches (234 mm).

Snow in the city is so rare that it has been observed only six times in the century-and-a-half that records have been kept. In 1949 and 1967, snow stayed on the ground for a few hours in higher locations like Point Loma and La Jolla. The other three occasions, in 1882, 1946, and 1987, involved flurries but no accumulation.[89] On February 21, 2019, snow fell and accumulated in residential areas of the city, but none fell in the downtown area.[90]

* v
* t
* e

Climate data for San Diego Int'l Airport (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1874–present)[c]

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 88
(31)  | 91
(33)  | 99
(37)  | 98
(37)  | 98
(37)  | 101
(38)  | 100
(38)  | 98
(37)  | 111
(44)  | 107
(42)  | 100
(38)  | 88
(31)  | 111
(44)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 78.8
(26.0)  | 78.6
(25.9)  | 80.2
(26.8)  | 82.1
(27.8)  | 79.3
(26.3)  | 79.6
(26.4)  | 82.9
(28.3)  | 85.2
(29.6)  | 90.6
(32.6)  | 87.8
(31.0)  | 85.4
(29.7)  | 77.0
(25.0)  | 94.0
(34.4)
Average high °F (°C)  | 66.4
(19.1)  | 66.2
(19.0)  | 67.0
(19.4)  | 68.8
(20.4)  | 69.5
(20.8)  | 71.7
(22.1)  | 75.3
(24.1)  | 77.3
(25.2)  | 77.2
(25.1)  | 74.6
(23.7)  | 70.7
(21.5)  | 66.0
(18.9)  | 70.9
(21.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 58.4
(14.7)  | 59.0
(15.0)  | 60.7
(15.9)  | 62.9
(17.2)  | 64.8
(18.2)  | 67.2
(19.6)  | 70.7
(21.5)  | 72.4
(22.4)  | 71.7
(22.1)  | 68.1
(20.1)  | 62.7
(17.1)  | 57.9
(14.4)  | 64.7
(18.2)
Average low °F (°C)  | 50.3
(10.2)  | 51.8
(11.0)  | 54.5
(12.5)  | 57.1
(13.9)  | 60.0
(15.6)  | 62.6
(17.0)  | 66.1
(18.9)  | 67.5
(19.7)  | 66.2
(19.0)  | 61.5
(16.4)  | 54.8
(12.7)  | 49.8
(9.9)  | 58.5
(14.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | 43.7
(6.5)  | 46.1
(7.8)  | 48.7
(9.3)  | 51.9
(11.1)  | 55.8
(13.2)  | 59.3
(15.2)  | 63.0
(17.2)  | 63.9
(17.7)  | 61.8
(16.6)  | 55.5
(13.1)  | 48.2
(9.0)  | 43.0
(6.1)  | 42.6
(5.9)
Record low °F (°C)  | 25
(−4)  | 34
(1)  | 36
(2)  | 39
(4)  | 45
(7)  | 50
(10)  | 54
(12)  | 54
(12)  | 50
(10)  | 43
(6)  | 36
(2)  | 32
(0)  | 25
(−4)
Average rainfall inches (mm)  | 1.98
(50)  | 2.20
(56)  | 1.46
(37)  | 0.65
(17)  | 0.28
(7.1)  | 0.05
(1.3)  | 0.08
(2.0)  | 0.01
(0.25)  | 0.12
(3.0)  | 0.50
(13)  | 0.79
(20)  | 1.67
(42)  | 9.79
(249)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.5  | 7.1  | 6.2  | 3.8  | 2.2  | 0.7  | 0.7  | 0.3  | 0.9  | 2.4  | 3.7  | 5.8  | 40.3
Average relative humidity (%)  | 63.1  | 65.7  | 67.3  | 67.0  | 70.6  | 74.0  | 74.6  | 74.1  | 72.7  | 69.4  | 66.3  | 63.7  | 69.0
Average dew point °F (°C)  | 42.8
(6.0)  | 45.3
(7.4)  | 47.3
(8.5)  | 49.5
(9.7)  | 53.1
(11.7)  | 57.0
(13.9)  | 61.2
(16.2)  | 62.4
(16.9)  | 60.6
(15.9)  | 55.6
(13.1)  | 48.6
(9.2)  | 43.2
(6.2)  | 52.2
(11.2)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 239.3  | 227.4  | 261.0  | 276.2  | 250.5  | 242.4  | 304.7  | 295.0  | 253.3  | 243.4  | 230.1  | 231.3  | 3,054.6
Percent possible sunshine | 75  | 74  | 70  | 71  | 58  | 57  | 70  | 71  | 68  | 69  | 73  | 74  | 69
Source: NOAA (sun, relative humidity, and dew point 1961–1990)[92][93][94]

1. ^ London-Gatwick and Mumbai International, which both handle more traffic, each have two operational runways, though only one can be used at a time because of aircraft separation requirements (leading to these airports frequently being misleadingly referred to as "single-runway airports").
2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
3. ^ Official precipitation records for San Diego were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from October 1850 to December 1859 at the Mission San Diego and from November 1871 to June 1939 and a variety of buildings at downtown, and at San Diego Int'l (Lindbergh Field) since July 1939.[91] Temperature records, however, only date from October 1874. For more information on data coverage, see ThreadEx

### Ecology[edit | edit source]

See also: California coastal sage and chaparral

File:Torrey Pines State Park Valley.jpg

Coastal canyon in Torrey Pines State Reserve

Like much of Southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied on the west by coastal sage scrub and on the east by chaparral, plant communities made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs.[95] The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas.[96]

San Diego's broad city limits encompass a number of large nature preserves, including Torrey Pines State Reserve, Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve, and Mission Trails Regional Park. Torrey Pines State Reserve and a coastal strip continuing to the north constitute one of only two locations where the rare species of Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana, is found.[97]

File:San Diego skyline against smoke from wildfires Oct 2007.jpg

San Diego viewed against the Witch Creek Fire smoke

Due to the steep topography that prevents or discourages building, along with some efforts for preservation, there are also a large number of canyons within the city limits that serve as nature preserves, including Switzer Canyon, Tecolote Canyon Natural Park,[98] and Marian Bear Memorial Park in San Clemente Canyon,[99] as well as a number of small parks and preserves.

San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered list of counties in the United States.[100] Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded 492 different bird species, more than any other region in the country.[101] San Diego always scores high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count, sponsored by the Audubon Society, and it is known as one of the "birdiest" areas in the United States.[102][103]

San Diego and its backcountry suffer from periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire, at that time the largest wildfire in California over the past century.[104] The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes.[105] In addition to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye irritation, and smoke inhalation; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week.[106] Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within Rancho Bernardo, as well as the nearby communities of Rancho Santa Fe and Ramona.[100]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Historical population

Census | Pop. |  | %±
1850| 500| | —
1860| 731| | 46.2%
1870| 2,300| | 214.6%
1880| 2,637| | 14.7%
1890| 16,159| | 512.8%
1900| 17,700| | 9.5%
1910| 39,578| | 123.6%
1920| 74,361| | 87.9%
1930| 147,995| | 99.0%
1940| 203,341| | 37.4%
1950| 334,387| | 64.4%
1960| 573,224| | 71.4%
1970| 696,769| | 21.6%
1980| 875,538| | 25.7%
1990| 1,110,549| | 26.8%
2000| 1,223,400| | 10.2%
2010| 1,307,402| | 6.9%
2020| 1,386,932| | 6.1%
Population History of Western
U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990[51]
U.S. Decennial Census[107]
2010–2020[11]
Racial composition | 2020[108] | 2010[109] | 1990[110] | 1970[110] | 1940[110]

|
|
|
|
|

White (non-Hispanic) | 40.7% | 45.1% | 58.7% | 78.9%[111] | n/a
Hispanic or Latino | 29.7% | 28.8% | 20.7% | 10.7%[111] | n/a
Asian (non-Hispanic) | 17.6% | 15.9% | 11.8% | 2.2% | 1.0%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 6.6% | 6.7% | 9.4% | 7.6% | 2.0%

File:Race and ethnicity 2010- San Diego (5560483270).png

Map of racial distribution in San Diego, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2).[112] The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside–San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, which had a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census.

The 2010 population represents an increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000.[109] The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,456.3/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 58.9% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race);[109][113] 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, 1.4% were Spanish American and 0.6% were Puerto Rican. Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years, compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18, and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1% of population 55 and older.

File:US Navy 091008-N-9761H-041 Vice Adm. D.C. Curtis and Intelligence Specialist 3rd Class Ryan Paigo cut a cake during a ceremony in observance of Hispanic American Heritage Month.jpg

A U.S. Navy vice admiral and an intelligence specialist celebrating Hispanic American Heritage Month in San Diego

As of January 2019[update], the San Diego City and County had the fifth-largest homeless population among major cities in the United States, with 8,102 people experiencing homelessness.[114] In the city of San Diego, 4,887 individuals were experiencing homelessness according to the 2020 count.[115]

In 2000 there were 451,126 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. Households made up of individuals account for 28.0%, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61, and the average family size was 3.30.

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000, 24.0% of San Diego residents were under 18, and 10.5% were 65 and over.[109] As of 2011[update] the median age was 35.6; more than a quarter of residents were under age 20 and 11% were over age 65.[116] Millennials (ages 18 through 34) constitute 27.1% of San Diego's population, the second-highest percentage in a major U.S. city.[117] The San Diego County regional planning agency, SANDAG, provides tables and graphs breaking down the city population into five-year age groups.[118]

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $35,199.[119] According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city,[120] but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.[119] San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine,[121] and it was rated #6 in Best Big Cities in 2018.[122] As of January 1, 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $66,715, up from $45,733 in 2000.[123]

San Diego was named the ninth-most LGBT-friendly city in the U.S. in 2013.[124] The city also has the seventh-highest population of gay residents in the U.S. Additionally in 2013, San Diego State University (SDSU), one of the city's prominent universities, was named one of the top LGBT-friendly campuses in the nation.[125]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 68% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 32% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 32% professing Roman Catholic beliefs.[126][127] while 27% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 5% of the population.

## Economy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economy of San Diego

The largest sectors of San Diego's economy are defense/military, tourism, international trade, and research/manufacturing.[128][129] In 2014, San Diego was designated by a Forbes columnist as the best city in the country to launch a small business or startup company.[130] San Diego recorded a median household income of $79,646 in 2018, an increase of 3.89% from $76,662 in 2017.[131] The median property value in San Diego in 2018 was $654,700,[131] and the average home has two cars per household.[131]

### Defense and military[edit | edit source]

File:San Diego SW10.jpg

USS Midway museum ship

File:FA18CHornetOverSanDiegoNov08.jpg

F/A-18 Hornet flying over San Diego and the USS John C. Stennis

The economy of San Diego is influenced by its deepwater port, which includes the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast.[132] Several major national defense contractors were started and are headquartered in San Diego, including General Atomics, Cubic, and NASSCO.[133][134]

San Diego hosts the largest naval fleet in the world:[135] In 2008 it was home to 53 ships, over 120 tenant commands, and more than 35,000 sailors, marines, Department of Defense civilian employees and contractors.[136] About 5 percent of all civilian jobs in the county are military-related, and 15,000 businesses in San Diego County rely on Department of Defense contracts.[136]

Military bases in San Diego include US Navy facilities, Marine Corps bases, and Coast Guard stations. The city is "home to the majority of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's surface combatants, all of the Navy's West Coast amphibious ships and a variety of Coast Guard and Military Sealift Command vessels".[136][137]

The military infrastructure in San Diego is still growing and developing, with numerous military personnel stationed there, numbers of which are expected to rise. This plays a significant role in the city's economy, as of 2020, it provides roughly 25% of the GDP and provides 23% of the total jobs in San Diego.[138][139][140]

### Tourism[edit | edit source]

File:Harbor Drive, San Diego.jpg

View on Harbor Drive

Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, beaches,[141] and tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcalá and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors[142] for "beer tours" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November;[143] San Diego has been called "America's Craft Beer Capital."[144]

San Diego County hosted more than 32 million visitors in 2012; collectively they spent an estimated $8 billion. The visitor industry provides employment for more than 160,000 people.[145]

San Diego's cruise ship industry used to be the second-largest in California. Numerous cruise lines operate out of San Diego. However, cruise ship business has been in decline since 2008, when the Port hosted over 250 ship calls and more than 900,000 passengers. By 2016–2017, the number of ship calls had fallen to 90.[146]

Local sightseeing cruises are offered in San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, as well as whale-watching cruises to observe the migration of gray whales, peaking in mid-January.[147] Sport fishing is another popular tourist attraction; San Diego is home to southern California's biggest sport fishing fleet.[148]

### International trade[edit | edit source]

File:San Diego Skyline Panorama.jpg

Downtown San Diego, as seen from Coronado Island

San Diego's commercial port and its location on the United States–Mexico border make international trade an important factor in the city's economy. The city is authorized by the United States government to operate as a Foreign Trade Zone.[149]

The city shares a 15-mile (24 km) border with Mexico that includes two border crossings. San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world, in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry.[150] A second, primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.[151]

One of the Port of San Diego's two cargo facilities is located in Downtown San Diego at the Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal. This terminal has facilities for containers, bulk cargo, and refrigerated and frozen storage, so that it can handle the import and export of many commodities.[152] In 2009 the Port of San Diego handled 1,137,054 short tons of total trade; foreign trade accounted for 956,637 short tons while domestic trade amounted to 180,417 short tons.[153]

Historically tuna fishing and canning was one of San Diego's major industries,[154] although the American tuna fishing fleet is no longer based in San Diego. Seafood company Bumble Bee Foods is headquartered in San Diego and Chicken of the Sea was until 2018.[155][156]

### Companies[edit | edit source]

File:Qualcomm Headquarters La Jolla.jpg

Qualcomm corporate headquarters

San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego.[157] Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia, LG Electronics,[158] Kyocera International,[159] Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless.[160] San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET.[161] San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for potential collaboration between wireless and the life sciences.[162]

The University of California, San Diego and other research institutions have helped to fuel the growth of biotechnology.[163] In 2013, San Diego had the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area.[164] There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area.[165] In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies.[166] Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many other biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.[167]

### Top employers[edit | edit source]

See also: List of companies headquartered in San Diego

According to the city's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,[168] the top employers in the city are:

Employer  | Employees

|

Naval Base San Diego | 43,003
University of California, San Diego | 35,807
Sharp HealthCare | 19,321
County of San Diego | 17,285
Scripps Health | 14,001
San Diego Unified School District | 13,559
Qualcomm, Inc. | 11,200
City of San Diego  | 11,295
Kaiser Permanente | 9,166
Northrop Grumman Corporation | 5,652

### Real estate[edit | edit source]

File:LaJollaSkyline.jpg

Skyline view of the Village of La Jolla in San Diego

San Diego has high real estate prices. San Diego home prices peaked in 2005, and then declined along with the national trend. As of December 2010, prices were down 36 percent from the peak,[169] median price of homes having declined by more than $200,000 between 2005 and 2010.[170] As of May 2015, the median price of a house was $520,000.[171] In November 2018 the median home price was $558,000. The San Diego metropolitan area had one of the worst housing affordability rankings of all metropolitan areas in the United States in 2009.[172]

Consequently, San Diego has experienced negative net migration since 2004. A significant number of people moved to adjacent Riverside County, commuting daily to jobs in San Diego, while others are leaving the region altogether and moving to more affordable regions.[173]

## Government[edit | edit source]

### Local government[edit | edit source]

See also: Mayor of San Diego, San Diego City Council, and Government of San Diego County

File:AssemblymemberToddGloria.jpg

Official portrait of Mayor Todd Gloria

The city is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council. In 2006, its government changed from a council–manager government to a strong mayor government, as decided by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body.[174] The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city,[175] however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program.[176][177] As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million.[178]

The members of the city council are each elected from single-member districts within the city. The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city. The mayor, city attorney, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit.[179] Elections are held on a non-partisan basis per California state law; nevertheless, most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans. In 2007, registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city,[180] and Democrats currently (as of 2022[update]) hold an 8–1 majority in the city council. The current mayor, Todd Gloria, is a member of the Democratic Party.

File:San Diego City Council chambers.jpg

San Diego City Council chambers

San Diego is part of San Diego County, and includes all or part of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors,[181] Other county officers elected in part by city residents include the Sheriff, District Attorney, Assessor/Recorder/County Clerk, and Treasurer/Tax Collector.

Areas of the city immediately adjacent to San Diego Bay ("tidelands") are administered by the Port of San Diego, a quasi-governmental agency which owns all the property in the tidelands and is responsible for its land use planning, policing, and similar functions. San Diego is a member of the regional planning agency San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG). Public schools within the city are managed and funded by independent school districts (see below).

### State and federal representation[edit | edit source]

In the California State Senate, San Diego County encompasses the 38th, 39th and 40th districts,[182] represented by Brian Jones (R), Toni Atkins (D), and Ben Hueso (D), respectively.

In the California State Assembly, lying partially within the city of San Diego are the 77th, 78th, 79th, and 80th districts,[183] represented by Brian Maienschein (D), Chris Ward (D), Akilah Weber (D), and David Alvarez (D), respectively.

In the United States House of Representatives, San Diego County includes parts or all of California's 49th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, and 53rd congressional districts,[184] represented by Mike Levin (D), Darrell Issa (R), Juan Vargas (D), Scott Peters (D), and Sara Jacobs (D), respectively.

### Election history[edit | edit source]

After narrowly supporting Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, San Diego provided majorities to all six Republican presidential candidates from 1968 to 1988. However, in more recent decades, San Diego has trended in favor of Democratic presidential candidates for president. George H. W. Bush in 1988 is the last Republican candidate to carry San Diego in a presidential election.

San Diego city vote
by party in presidential elections  Year  | Democratic | Republican | Third Parties

|
|
|

2020[185] | 68.55% 461,985 | 29.14% 196,373 | 2.32% 15,614
2016[186] | 65.86% 364,108 | 28.00% 154,797 | 6.13% 33,909
2012[187] | 61.29% 312,832 | 36.43% 185,922 | 2.28% 11,660
2008[188] | 62.57% 335,724 | 35.73% 191,711 | 1.69% 9,086
2004[189] | 55.06% 270,746 | 43.91% 215,904 | 1.03% 5,071
2000[190] | 53.13% 221,979 | 42.27% 176,616 | 4.59% 19,193
1996[191] | 50.75% 198,169 | 39.93% 155,912 | 9.33% 36,414
1992[192] | 43.53% 192,829 | 31.85% 141,093 | 24.62% 109,084
1988[193] | 43.94% 177,207 | 54.67% 220,472 | 1.40% 5,631
1984[194] | 39.10% 142,985 | 59.61% 218,025 | 1.29% 4,716
1980[195] | 31.32% 106,282 | 54.96% 186,491 | 13.72% 46,569
1976[196] | 44.63% 131,525 | 53.54% 157,780 | 1.97% 5,801
1972[197] | 39.04% 114,997 | 57.93% 170,636 | 3.03% 8,916
1968[198] | 39.58% 91,276 | 54.10% 124,769 | 6.32% 14,572
1964[199] | 51.38% 112,469 | 48.62% 106,422

### Major scandals[edit | edit source]

San Diego was the site of the 1912 San Diego free speech fight, in which the city restricted speech, vigilantes brutalized and tortured anarchists, and the San Diego Police Department killed a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).

In 1916, rainmaker Charles Hatfield was blamed for $4 million in damages and accused of causing San Diego's worst flood, during which about 20 Japanese American farmers died.[200]

Then-mayor Roger Hedgecock was forced to resign his post in 1985, after he was found guilty of one count of conspiracy and 12 counts of perjury, related to the alleged failure to report all campaign contributions.[201][202] After a series of appeals, the 12 perjury counts were dismissed in 1990 based on claims of juror misconduct; the remaining conspiracy count was reduced to a misdemeanor and then dismissed.[203]

A 2002 scheme to underfund pensions for city employees led to the San Diego pension scandal. This resulted in the resignation of newly re-elected Mayor Dick Murphy[204] and the criminal indictment of six pension board members.[205] Those charges were finally dismissed by a federal judge in 2010.[206]

On November 28, 2005, U.S. Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham resigned after being convicted on federal bribery charges. He had represented California's 50th congressional district, which includes much of the northern portion of the city of San Diego. In 2006, Cunningham was sentenced to a 100-month prison sentence.[207] He was released in 2013.

In 2005 two city council members, Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet – who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned – were convicted of extortion, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates, allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city's "no touch" laws at strip clubs.[208] Both subsequently resigned. Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison.[209] In 2009, a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him, and granted his petition for a new trial on the other two charges;[210] the remaining charges were eventually dropped.[211]

In July 2013, three former supporters of mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment.[212] Over the ensuing six weeks, 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them,[213] and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign. Filner agreed to resign effective August 30, 2013, subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation.[214][215]

### Crime[edit | edit source]

Main article: Crime in San Diego

File:San Diego Police Department car.jpg

San Diego Police Department car in the city center

Like most major cities, San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000. 1991 would mark the city's deadliest year, registering 179 homicides[216] within city limits (while the region as a whole peaked at 278 homicides),[217] capping off an unabated, eight-year climb in murders, rapes, robberies, and assault dating back to 1983. At the time, the city was ranked last among the 10 most populous U.S. cities in homicides per 1,000 population, and ninth in crimes per 1,000.[218] From 1980 to 1994, San Diego surpassed 100 murders ten times before tapering off to 91 homicides in 1995. That number would not exceed 79 for the next 15 years.[219] Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s.[220][221][222] In 2004, San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents.[222] From 2002 to 2006, the crime rate overall dropped 0.8%, though not evenly by category. While violent crime decreased 12.4% during this period, property crime increased 1.1%. Total property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008.[223]

According to Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2010, there were 5,616 violent crimes and 30,753 property crimes. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of forcible rapes, 73 robberies and 170 aggravated assaults, while 6,387 burglaries, 17,977 larceny-thefts, 6,389 motor vehicle thefts and 155 acts of arson defined the property offenses.[224] In 2013, San Diego had the lowest murder rate of the ten largest cities in the United States.[225]

## Education[edit | edit source]

### Primary and secondary schools[edit | edit source]

Main article: Primary and secondary schools in San Diego

Public schools in San Diego are operated by independent school districts. The majority of the public schools in the city are served by the San Diego Unified School District, the second-largest school district in California, which includes 11 K–8 schools, 107 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, 13 atypical and alternative schools, 28 high schools, and 45 charter schools.[226]

Several adjacent school districts which are headquartered outside the city limits serve some schools within the city; these include the Poway Unified School District, Del Mar Union School District, San Dieguito Union High School District, and Sweetwater Union High School District. In addition, there are a number of private schools in the city.

### Colleges and universities[edit | edit source]

File:Hepner Hall, San Diego State University.jpg

San Diego State University's Hepner Hall

According to education rankings released by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2017, 44.4% of San Diegans (city, not county) ages 25 and older hold bachelor's degrees, compared to 30.9% in the United States as a whole. The census ranks the city as the ninth-most educated city in the United States, based on these figures.[227]

The largest university in the area is the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). The university is the southernmost campus of the University of California system and is the second largest employer in the city. It is the only university in the city that is classified "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity", and it has the 7th largest research expenditure in the country.[228]

Other public colleges and universities in the city include San Diego State University (SDSU) and the San Diego Community College District, which includes San Diego City College, San Diego Mesa College, and San Diego Miramar College.

Private non-profit colleges and universities in the city include the University of San Diego (USD), Point Loma Nazarene University (PLNU), National University's San Diego campus, University of Redlands' School of Business San Diego campus, Brandman University's San Diego campus, San Diego Christian College, and John Paul the Great Catholic University. For-profit institutions include Alliant International University (AIU), California International Business University (CIBU), California College San Diego, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's San Diego campus, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, Platt College, Southern States University (SSU), UEI College, and Woodbury University School of Architecture's satellite campus.

There is one medical school in the city, the UCSD School of Medicine. There are three ABA accredited law schools in the city, which include California Western School of Law, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, and University of San Diego School of Law. There is also one law school, Western Sierra Law School, not accredited by the ABA.

### Libraries[edit | edit source]

File:Geisel-Library.jpg

University of California, San Diego's Geisel Library, named for Theodor Seuss Geisel ("Dr. Seuss")

The city-run San Diego Public Library system is headquartered downtown and has 36 branches throughout the city.[229] The newest location is in Skyline Hills, which broke ground in 2015.[230] The libraries have had reduced operating hours since 2003 due to the city's financial problems. In 2006 the city increased spending on libraries by $2.1 million.[231] A new nine-story Central Library on Park Boulevard at J Street opened on September 30, 2013.[232]

In addition to the municipal public library system, there are nearly two dozen libraries open to the public run by other governmental agencies, and by schools, colleges, and universities.[233] Noteworthy are the Malcolm A. Love Library at San Diego State University, and the Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego.

## Culture[edit | edit source]

Main article: Culture of San Diego

See also: City of San Diego Commission for Arts and Culture

File:San Diego Museum of Man 01.jpg

The Museum of Us

Many popular museums, such as the San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Natural History Museum, the Museum of Us, the Museum of Photographic Arts, and the San Diego Air & Space Museum, are located in Balboa Park, which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo. The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD) is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot downtown. The downtown branch consists of two buildings on two opposite streets. The Columbia district downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum, headlined by the Star of India, as well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier.

The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis; from 2004 to 2017, its director was Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, directed by David Bennett. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually. The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley. Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards[234] or nominations[235] on Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center's Performing Arts Center is a 600-seat state-of-the-art theatre that hosts music, dance, and theatre performances. The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Westfield Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals. Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego, a tradition going back as far as 1898.[236]

## Sports[edit | edit source]

Main article: Sports in San Diego

File:Petco Park Padres Game.jpg

Petco Park, home of the Padres since 2004

San Diego is home to one major professional sports team, MLB's San Diego Padres. The area once hosted the NFL's Chargers and the NBA's Clippers, but those teams moved to the Los Angeles metropolitan area. San Diego has other highest-level professional teams, minor league teams, semi-pro and amateur teams, and college athletics teams.

### Teams[edit | edit source]

#### Major professional team[edit | edit source]

Club  | Sport  | Since  | League  | Venue (capacity)

|
|
|
|

San Diego Padres | Baseball | 1969[a] | Major League Baseball (MLB)  | Petco Park (40,209)

1. ^ Originally founded in 1936 as a minor league team: San Diego Padres (PCL)

#### Highest-level professional teams[edit | edit source]

Club  | Sport  | Since  | League  | Venue (capacity)  | Titles

|
|
|
|
|

San Diego Wave FC | Soccer (women's) | 2022  | National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)  | Snapdragon Stadium (35,000)[a] |
San Diego Seals | Lacrosse | 2017  | National Lacrosse League (NLL)  | Pechanga Arena (12,920)  |
San Diego Legion | Rugby union | 2018  | Major League Rugby (MLR)  | Snapdragon Stadium (35,000)[b] |
San Diego Sockers | Indoor soccer | 1978[c] | Major Arena Soccer League (MASL)  | Pechanga Arena (12,000)[d] | 15[e]
San Diego Strike Force | Indoor football | 2019  | Indoor Football League (IFL)  | Pechanga Arena (12,000)  |
San Diego Aviators | Tennis | 2014[f] | World TeamTennis (WTT)  | Omni La Costa Court (2,100)  | 1 (2016)[g][h]
San Diego Surfers | Rugby union(women's) | 2011[i] | Women's Premier League Rugby (WPL)  | Robb Athletic Field  | 2 (2016, 2018)
San Diego Lions | Australian football | 1997  | United States Australian Football League (USAFL)  | varies  | 2 (2001, 2006)
San Diego Growlers | Ultimate disc | 2015  | American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL)  | varies  |
San Diego Yacht Club | Sailing | 1886  | America's Cup | San Diego Bay  | 3 (1987, 1988, 1992)

1. ^ Wave FC plans to move to Snapdragon Stadium (capacity 35,000) upon the stadium's completion in September 2022[237]
2. ^ The Legion plans to move to Snapdragon Stadium (capacity 35,000) in 2023[238]
3. ^ 3rd San Diego Sockers iteration of highest-level professional indoor soccer, re-founded in 2009. Previous teams: San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) and San Diego Sockers (2001–2004)
4. ^ The Sockers plan to move to CaliFino Arena (capacity 6,367), a newly constructed arena in Oceanside in 2023[239]
5. ^ Sockers franchise includes titles won by its previous iteration, San Diego Sockers (1978–1996), in preceding top professional indoor soccer leagues. The franchise's titles by league are as follows:
MASL: 5 (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2021)
MISL: 8 (1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992)
NASL Indoor: 2 (1982, 1984)
6. ^ Franchise was founded in 1995 in New York City, relocated to San Diego in 2014
7. ^ Does not include 2 titles (2005 & 2008) won by the franchise before relocating from New York to San Diego
8. ^ The city's previous WTT franchise, the San Diego Buds, additionally won 2 titles (1984 & 1985)
9. ^ Founded in 1975 as an amateur club

#### Minor league professional teams[edit | edit source]

Club  | Sport  | Since  | League  | Venue (capacity)  | Competition

Tier

|
|
|
|
|

San Diego Gulls | Ice hockey | 1966[a] | American Hockey League (AHL)  | Pechanga Arena (12,920)  | 2
San Diego Loyal SC | Soccer | 2020  | USL Championship (USLC)  | Torero Stadium (6,000)  | 2
San Diego Surf Riders | Cricket | 2021  | Minor League Cricket (MiLC)  | Canyonside Park  | 2
Albion San Diego | Soccer | 2019  | National Independent Soccer Association (NISA)  | varies  | 3

1. ^ 4th San Diego Gulls iteration of minor league professional ice hockey, re-founded in 2015. Previous teams: San Diego Gulls (1966–1974), San Diego Gulls (1990–1995) & San Diego Gulls (1995–2006)

#### College teams[edit | edit source]

San Diego hosts three NCAA Division I universities: San Diego State University; the University of California, San Diego; and the University of San Diego. The city also hosts Point Loma Nazarene University of NCAA Division II. Also in the San Diego area are California State University, San Marcos of NCAA Division II and the University of Saint Katherine of the NAIA, both located in San Marcos, and San Diego Christian College of the NAIA, located in Santee.

Club  | University  | Founding  | Enrollment  | Affiliation  | League  | Primary conference

|
|
|
|
|
|

San Diego State Aztecs | San Diego State University | 1897  | 35,081  | Public (California State University)  | NCAA Division I (FBS)  | Mountain West Conference
San Diego Toreros | University of San Diego | 1949  | 8,328  | Private (Roman Catholic)  | NCAA Division I (FCS)  | West Coast Conference
UC San Diego Tritons | University of California, San Diego | 1960  | 40,473  | Public (University of California)  | NCAA Division I | Big West Conference
Cal State San Marcos Cougars | California State University San Marcos | 1989  | 13,893  | Public (California State University)  | NCAA Division II | California Collegiate Athletic Association
Point Loma Nazarene Sea Lions | Point Loma Nazarene University | 1902  | 3,480  | Private (Church of the Nazarene)  | NCAA Division II | Pacific West Conference
San Diego Christian Hawks | San Diego Christian College | 1970  | 681  | Private (Evangelical)  | NAIA | Golden State Athletic Conference
Saint Katherine Firebirds | University of Saint Katherine | 2011  | 300  | Private (Eastern Orthodox)  | NAIA | California Pacific Conference

### Events[edit | edit source]

#### Annual events[edit | edit source]

Event  | Sport  | Since  | League  | Current venue

|
|
|
|

Farmers Insurance Open | Golf | 1952  | PGA Tour | Torrey Pines Golf Course
Holiday Bowl | College football | 1978  | NCAA Division I FBS | Petco Park
JTBC Classic | Golf (women's) | 2012  | LPGA Tour | Aviara Golf Club (Carlsbad)
San Diego Bayfair Cup | Hydroplane racing | 1964  | H1 Unlimited | Mission Bay Park

San Diego has hosted numerous other major sports events. College football's annual bowl game, the Holiday Bowl, is held in the city. The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament (formerly the San Diego Open and Buick Invitational) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course. This course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship. Soccer, American football, and track and field are also played in Balboa Stadium, the city's first stadium, which was constructed in 1914.[240]

The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America's Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995. The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego,[241] and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year.[242]

## Media[edit | edit source]

See also: Media in San Diego and List of media set in San Diego

Published within the city are the daily newspaper, The San Diego Union Tribune and its online portal of the same name,[243] and the alternative newsweeklies, the San Diego CityBeat and San Diego Reader. Times of San Diego is a free online newspaper covering news in the metropolitan area. Voice of San Diego is a non-profit online news outlet covering government, politics, education, neighborhoods, and the arts. The San Diego Daily Transcript is a business-oriented online newspaper.

San Diego is also the headquarters of national far-right cable TV channel One America News Network (OANN), which was founded in 2013 and is owned by Herring Networks. The network gained notoriety for being ardent supporters of Donald Trump and providing a platform for right-wing conspiracy theories.

San Diego led U.S. local markets with 69.6 percent broadband penetration in 2004 according to Nielsen//NetRatings.[244]

San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949.[245] Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHCPDE 11 (Canal Once (Mexico)), XETV 6 (Canal 5/Nueve), KFMB 8 (CBS, with The CW/MNTV on DT2), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 1 (Azteca Uno), XHAS 33 (Azteca America), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 36 (Unimás), KNSD 39 (NBC), KUAN-LD 48 (Telemundo), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Canal 6 (Mexico)), XHDTV 49 (Milenio Televisión), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 19 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate.[246]

Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power television stations and require that there be eight unique station owners that remain once a duopoly is formed (there are only seven full-power stations on the California side of the San Diego-Tijuana market).[247] Though the E. W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD-LP, they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC's legal definition as common ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. As a whole, the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly (Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV, Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV, and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV, which was formerly managed by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television).

San Diego's television market is limited to only San Diego County. The Imperial Valley, including El Centro, is in the Yuma, Arizona television market while neighboring Orange and Riverside counties are part of the Los Angeles market. (Sometimes in the past, a missing network affiliate in the Imperial Valley would be available on cable TV from San Diego.) As a result, San Diego is the largest single-county media market in the United States.

The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster iHeartMedia; Entercom Communications, Local Media San Diego, and many other smaller stations and networks. Stations include: KOGO AM 600, KGB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM News and Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, Free Radio San Diego (AKA Pirate Radio San Diego) 96.9FM FRSD, KWFN 97.3, KXSN 98.1, Big-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, KSON 103.7, Rock 105.3, and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9FM, as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations.

## Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

### Utilities[edit | edit source]

Water is supplied to residents by the Water Department of the City of San Diego. The city receives most of its water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Gas and electric utilities are provided by San Diego Gas & Electric, a division of Sempra Energy.

### Street lights[edit | edit source]

In the mid-20th century the city had mercury vapor street lamps. In 1978, the city decided to replace them with more efficient sodium vapor lamps. This triggered an outcry from astronomers at Palomar Observatory 60 miles (100 km) north of the city, concerned that the new lamps would increase light pollution and hinder astronomical observation.[248] The city altered its lighting regulations to limit light pollution within 30 miles (50 km) of Palomar.[249]

In 2011, the city announced plans to upgrade 80% of its street lighting to new energy-efficient lights that use induction technology, a modified form of fluorescent lamp producing a broader spectrum than sodium vapor lamps. The new system is predicted to save $2.2 million per year in energy and maintenance.[250] The city stated the changes would "make our neighborhoods safer."[250] They also increase light pollution.[251]

In 2014, San Diego announced plans to become the first U.S. city to install cyber-controlled street lighting, using an "intelligent" lighting system to control 3,000 LED street lights.[252]

### Transportation[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Transportation in San Diego and Streets and highways of San Diego

File:I-5 South in San Diego.jpg

I-5 looking south toward downtown San Diego

With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley.

Major state highways include SR 94, which connects downtown with I-805, I-15 and East County; SR 163, which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city, intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar; SR 52, which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125; SR 56, which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Peñasquitos; SR 75, which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue; and SR 905, which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry.

The stretch of SR 163 that passes through Balboa Park is San Diego's oldest freeway, and has been called one of America's most beautiful parkways.[253]

Error creating thumbnail:

View of Coronado and San Diego from the air

San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of cycle routes. Its dry and mild climate makes cycling a convenient year-round option; however, the city's hilly terrain and long average trip distances make cycling less practicable. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be oriented to utility cycling. This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core, where suburban style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, the majority of cycling is recreational. In 2006, San Diego was rated the best city (with a population over 1 million) for cycling in the U.S.[254]

San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system,[255] by the SDMTS bus system,[256] private jitneys in some neighborhoods,[257] and by Coaster[258] and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner[259] commuter rail; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line.[260] The trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east county, and coastal south bay. A mid-coast extension of the Trolley operates from Old Town to University City and the University of California, San Diego along the I-5 Freeway since November 2021. The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown. San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing "511" from any phone in the area.[261]

File:View of CBX bridge from parking lot on U.S. side.jpg

Cross Border Xpress bridge from the terminal in San Diego on the right to the main terminal of Tijuana Airport on the left

The city has two major commercial airports within or near its city limits. Downtown San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field, is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States.[262] It served over 24 million passengers in 2018, and is dealing with larger numbers every year.[263] It is located on San Diego Bay, three miles (4.8 km) from downtown, and maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States (including Hawaii), as well as to Canada, Germany, Mexico, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. Tijuana International Airport has a terminal within the city limits in the Otay Mesa district connected to the rest of the airport in Tijuana, Mexico, via the Cross Border Xpress cross-border footbridge. It is the primary airport for flights to the rest of Mexico, and offers connections via Mexico City to the rest of Latin America. In addition, the city has two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM).[264]

Recent regional transportation projects have sought to mitigate congestion, including improvements to local freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around "The Merge" where these two freeways meet, as well as expansion of Interstate 15 through North County, which includes new high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) "managed lanes". A tollway (the southern portion of SR 125, known as the South Bay Expressway) connects SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to an assessment in 2007, 37 percent of city streets were in acceptable condition. However, the proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing streets up to an acceptable level.[265] Expansion at the port has included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier, opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal Two.[266]

## Notable people[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of people from San Diego

## Sister cities[edit | edit source]

San Diego's sister cities are:[267]

* Alcalá de Henares, Spain (est. 1982)
* File:Flag of Brazil.svg Campinas, Brazil (est. 1995)
* File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Cavite City, Philippines (est. 1969)
* File:Flag of Scotland.svg Edinburgh, Scotland (est. 1977)
* File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Jalalabad, Afghanistan (est. 2004)
* File:Flag of South Korea.svg Jeonju, South Korea (est. 1983)
* File:Flag of Mexico.svg León, Mexico (est. 1969)
* File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama City, Panama (est. 2015)
* Perth, Australia (est. 1986)
* File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taichung, Taiwan (est. 1983)
* File:Flag of Ghana.svg Tema, Ghana (est. 1976)
* File:Flag of Mexico.svg Tijuana, Mexico (est. 1993)
* Vladivostok, Russia (est. 1991)
* File:Flag of Poland.svg Warsaw, Poland (est. 1996)
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Yantai, China (est. 1985)
* File:Flag of Japan.svg Yokohama, Japan (est. 1957)

## Notes[edit | edit source]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "California City Nicknames List". www.seecalifornia.com. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
2. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
3. ^ "City of San Diego City Charter, Article XV" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
4. ^ "Office of the City Attorney". The City of San Diego. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
5. ^ "City Council Offices". City of San Diego. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
6. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
7. ^ "City of San Diego". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
8. ^ a b "San Diego: Geography and Climate". city-data.com. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
9. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
10. ^ "ZIP code(tm) Lookup". United States Postal Service. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
11. ^ a b "QuickFacts: San Diego city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
12. ^ McGrew, Clarence Alan (1922). City of San Diego and San Diego County: the birthplace of California. American Historical Society. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
13. ^ America: metropolitan areas. World Gazetteer. 2011. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
14. ^ "San Diego Int'l Airport will dig up the runway every night for a year". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2017-11-20. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
15. ^ Gallegos, Dennis R. (editor). 1987. San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. San Diego County Archaeological Society, Research Paper No. 1.
16. ^ Gallegos, Dennis R. 2017. First People: A Revised Chronology for San Diego County. StorySeekers, San Diego.
17. ^ "Kumeyaay indians". kumeyaay.info. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
18. ^ "Lesson Plan: For the Last 10,000 Years..." (PDF). National Estuarine Research Reserves via NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
19. ^ a b c Mogilner, Geoffrey. "Cosoy: Birthplace of New California". San Diego History Center | San Diego, CA | Our City, Our Story. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
20. ^ a b "Kosa'aay (Cosoy) History". www.cosoy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
21. ^ "San Diego Historical Society". Sandiegohistory.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
22. ^ Mills, James (October 1967). "San Diego...Where California Began". Journal of San Diego History. 13 (4). Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
23. ^ Pourade, Richard F. 1960. The History of San Diego: The Explorers. Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego.
24. ^ Ide, Arthur Frederick (Fall 1976). "San Diego: The Saint and the City". Journal of San Diego History. 22 (4).
25. ^ "San Diego Historical Society:Timeline of San Diego history". Sandiegohistory.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
26. ^ Carrico, Richard. "Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcala". San Diego History Center | San Diego, CA | Our City, Our Story. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
27. ^ "Keyfacts". missionscalifornia.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
28. ^ "Mission San Diego". Mission San Diego. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
29. ^ "National Park Service, National Historical Landmarks Program: San Diego Presidio". Tps.cr.nps.gov. October 10, 1960. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
30. ^ "Timeline of San Diego History | San Diego History Center". 2015-12-24. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
31. ^ Connolly, Mike. "Kumeyaay - The Mexican Period". www.kumeyaay.com.
32. ^ Bean, Walton (1973). California: An Interpretive History (Second ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-0-07-004224-7.
33. ^ Griswold del Castillo, Richard (Winter 2003). "The U.S.-Mexican War in San Diego, 1846–1847". San Diego Historical Society Quarterly.
34. ^ Griswold de Castillo 1990, p. 39
35. ^ "A History of San Diego Government". Office of the City Clerk. City of San Diego. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
36. ^ "City of San Diego website". Sandiego.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
37. ^ Basil C. Pearce, "The Jackass Mail—San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line", San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Spring 1969, Volume 15, Number 2
38. ^ a b Engstrand 2005, p. 80
39. ^ Hall, Matthew T. (2012-02-08). "100 years ago, San Diego banned free speech". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
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231. ^ Hall, Matthew T. (April 12, 2006). "Budget spares libraries, parks". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
232. ^ "New main library is a creation in concrete", San Diego Union-Tribune, November 16, 2011
233. ^ "San Diego Area Libraries". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on November 3, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
234. ^ "La Jolla Playhouse". La Jolla Playhouse. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
235. ^ "Old Globe Theater". Oldglobe.org. December 2, 1937. Archived from the original on September 25, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
236. ^ "Journal of San Diego History, vol. 48, no. 2". Sandiegohistory.org. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
237. ^ "San Diego Wave FC unveils crest, stadium at official launch". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
238. ^ Tripp, Darnay. "Legion to Play at Snapdragon Stadium Beginning in 2023". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
239. ^ "CaliFino Arena". CaliFino Arena. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
240. ^ "Balboa Stadium". Stadiums of Pro Football. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
241. ^ Granberry, Mike (July 10, 1981). "Over-the-Line". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
242. ^ "Over-the-Line official website". Ombac.org. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
243. ^ Hello, Guest (January 3, 2012). "To our readers". UTSanDiego.com. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
244. ^ "San Diego, Phoenix and Detroit Lead Broadband Wired Cities, According to Nielsen//NetRatings" (PDF). Nielsen//NetRatings. September 15, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
245. ^ Stigall, Gary (May 3, 1999). "KFMB-TV Turns 50". Society of Broadcast Engineers Chapter 36 San Diego. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
246. ^ San Diego market in "Market Profiles". Television Bureau of Advertising. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
247. ^ "FCC revives local television ownership rules". Federal Communications Commission. August 5, 1999.
248. ^ Blakeslee, Sandra (August 14, 1983). "Astronomers say street lights will blind Palomar". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
249. ^ "Outdoor lighting regulations" (PDF). City of San Diego. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
250. ^ a b "San Diego to install brighter, more efficient streetlights". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. September 19, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
251. ^ City of San Diego official website, "Street Division: Electrical Street Lights" Retrieved February 15, 2014
252. ^ "San Diego to Link Street Lights to Industrial Internet". Daily Fusion. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
253. ^ Marshall, David (2007). San Diego's Balboa Park. Postcard History Series. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4754-1.
254. ^ "San Diego, Madison (WI) and Boulder (CO) Are Best among Cities of Their Size, While Atlanta, Boston and Houston Are Worst". Bicycling. January 26, 2006. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
255. ^ "SDMTS – Trolley Information". San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
256. ^ "SDMTS – Bus Routes". San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
257. ^ "System and Service Evaluation" (PDF). San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. January 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
258. ^ "COASTER – NCTD". North County Transit District. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
259. ^ "Pacific Surfliner Train – from Los Angeles to San Diego & More – Amtrak". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
260. ^ "SPRINTER – NCTD". North County Transit District. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
261. ^ "511 Overview". SANDAG. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
262. ^ Downey, Dave (April 24, 2006). "FAA chief says region right to consider bases". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
263. ^ "San Diego International Airport: Air Traffic Reports". San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
264. ^ "City of San Diego:Airports". Sandiego.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
265. ^ Hall, Matthew (May 2, 2007). "City: 37 percent of streets in acceptable driving condition". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
266. ^ "San Diego International Airport – Airport Development Plan". San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
267. ^ "Our Sister Cities". San Diego International Sister Cities Association. Retrieved 2020-07-19.

### General sources[edit | edit source]

* Engstrand, Iris Wilson (May 30, 2005). San Diego: California's Cornerstone. Sunbelt Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-932653-72-7. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
* Griswold de Castillo, Richard (1990). The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2478-0.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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* Official website
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Articles relating to San Diego and San Diego County

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Municipalities and communities of San Diego County, California, United States

County seat: San Diego

Cities|

* Carlsbad
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San Diego County map

CDPs|

* Alpine
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Unincorporated
communities|

* 4S Ranch
* Ballena
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* Elfin Forest
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* Pauma Valley
* Pine Hills
* Ranchita
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* Tecate
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* Wynola

Indian
reservations|

* Barona Reservation
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* Jamul Indian Village
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Ghost towns|

* Banner City
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* Coleman City
* Cuyamaca City
* Eastwood
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* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

San Diego metropolitan area

Counties|

* San Diego

File:Sdmetro.jpg

Major city|

* San Diego

Cities 100k+|

* Carlsbad
* Chula Vista
* El Cajon
* Escondido
* Oceanside
* Vista

Cities 20k–99k|

* Coronado
* Encinitas
* Imperial Beach
* La Mesa
* Lemon Grove
* National City
* San Marcos
* Santee
* Poway

Cities less than 20k|

* Del Mar
* Solana Beach

CDPs 20k+|

* Fallbrook
* La Presa
* Lakeside
* Ramona
* Rancho San Diego
* Spring Valley
* Winter Gardens

Bodies of water|

* Chollas Creek
* Mission Bay
* Otay River
* San Diego Bay
* San Diego River
* San Luis Rey River
* Santa Margarita River
* San Mateo Creek (Southern California)
* Sweetwater River
* Tijuana River

Regions|

* East County
* North County
* City of San Diego
* South Bay

Parks and monuments|

* Agua Caliente
* Anza-Borrego
* Balboa Park
* Border Field
* Cabrillo Monument
* Cleveland Forest
* Cuyamaca
* Old Town
* Palomar Mountain
* Torrey Pines

History Culture Transportation (MTS NCTD Roads) Economy Education Government

* v
* t
* e

San Diego–Tijuana

* History
* Geography
* Geology
* Populace
* Economy
* Transportation
* Education
* Communication
* Border
* Other infrastructure
* Culture

Counties and municipalities|

* Rosarito
* San Diego
* Tecate
* Tijuana

File:San Diego–TijuanaMontage.jpg

Major cities|

* San Diego
* Tijuana

Cities
100k–250k|

* Carlsbad
* Chula Vista
* El Cajon
* Escondido
* Oceanside
* Vista

Cities and towns
20k–99k|

* Coronado
* El Refugio
* Encinitas
* Fallbrook
* Imperial Beach
* La Joya
* La Mesa
* La Presa
* Lemon Grove
* National City
* Pórticos de San Antonio
* Poway
* Ramona
* Rancho San Diego
* Rosarito
* San Marcos
* Santee
* Spring Valley
* Tecate
* Terrazas del Valle

Cities and towns
10k–19k|

* Alpine
* Bonita
* Bostonia
* Casa de Oro-Mount Helix
* Las Delicias
* San Diego Country Estates
* Solana Beach
* Villa del Campo
* Villa del Prado
* Winter Gardens

Bodies of water|

* Agua Hedionda Lagoon
* Batiquitos Lagoon
* El Capitan Lake
* Abelardo L. Rodriguez
* Lake Hodges
* Lake Sutherland
* Lower Otay Reservoir
* Loveland Reservoir
* Mission Bay
* Pacific Ocean
* San Elijo Lagoon
* San Diego Bay
* San Vicente Reservoir
* Sweetwater Reservoir
* Tijuana River Estuary

Sub-regions|

* Anza Borrego
* Coronado Peninsula
* Cuyamaca
* East County
* Mountain Empire
* North County
* Palm Valley
* Playas de Rosarito
* San Diego
* South Bay
* Tecate
* Tijuana

* Category
* Images
*   *

* v
* t
* e

Southern Border Region

Counties|

* San Diego
* Imperial

File:San diego panorama.jpg

Global city
1.4 million|

* San Diego

Major cities
100k–250k|

* Carlsbad
* Chula Vista
* El Cajon
* Escondido
* Oceanside
* Vista

Cities and towns
25k–100k|

* Brawley
* Calexico
* El Centro
* Encinitas
* Fallbrook
* Imperial Beach
* La Mesa
* La Presa
* Lemon Grove
* National City
* Poway
* San Marcos
* Santee
* Spring Valley

Cities and towns
under 25k|

* Alpine
* Bombay Beach
* Bonita
* Bonsall
* Borrego Springs
* Bostonia
* Boulevard
* Casa de Oro-Mount Helix
* Calipatria
* Campo
* Camp Pendleton North
* Camp Pendleton South
* Coronado
* Crest
* Del Mar
* Descanso
* Desert Shores
* Fairbanks Ranch
* Harbison Canyon
* Heber
* Hidden Meadows
* Holtville
* Imperial
* Jacumba Hot Springs
* Jamul
* Julian
* Lakeside
* Lake San Marcos
* Mount Laguna
* Niland
* Ocotillo
* Palo Verde
* Pine Valley
* Potrero
* Rainbow
* Ramona
* Rancho San Diego
* Rancho Santa Fe
* Salton City
* Salton Sea Beach
* San Diego Country Estates
* Seeley
* Solana Beach
* Valley Center
* Westmorland
* Winter Gardens
* Winterhaven

Bodies of water|

* Alamo River
* Agua Hedionda Lagoon
* Batiquitos Lagoon
* Buena Vista Lagoon
* Colorado River
* Mission Bay
* New River
* Salton Sea
* San Diego Bay
* San Diego River
* San Elijo Lagoon
* San Luis Rey River
* Santa Margarita River
* Sweetwater River
* Otay River
* Tijuana River (Tijuana River Estuary)

Landforms|

* Algodones Dunes
* Black Hills
* Black Mountain
* Blue Angels Peak
* Buena Vista Hills
* Cargo Muchacho Mountains (Pilot Knob)
* Chocolate Mountains
* Colorado Desert
* Cowles Mountain
* Coyote Mountain
* Coyote Mountains
* Cuyamaca Peak
* Double Peak
* Fish Creek Mountains
* Fletcher Hills
* Grapevine Hills
* Hot Springs Mountain
* In-Ko-Pah Mountains
* Jacumba Mountains
* Jamul Mountains
* Laguna Mountains
* Lake Cahuilla
* Little Mule Mountains
* Margarita Peak
* Merriam Mountains
* Mount Soledad
* Mud Caves
* North Pinyon Mountains
* Oakzanita Peak
* Oat Hills
* Palo Verde Mountains
* Palomar Mountain
* Palomar Mountain Range
* Pine Hills
* Pinyon Mountains
* Salton Buttes
* San Felipe Hills
* San Marcos Mountains
* San Ysidro Mountains
* Santa Ana Mountains
* Santa Margarita Mountains
* Santa Rosa Mountains
* Sawtooth Mountains
* Sawtooth Range
* Superstition Hills
* Tierra Blanca Mountains
* Vallecito Mountains
* Viejas Mountain
* Volcanic Hills
* Yuha Buttes
* Yuha Desert

Regions|

* North County
* Borrego
* South Bay
* East County
* San Diego
* Imperial Valley
* Southern Border Region

* v
* t
* e

California county seats

Consolidated city-county|

* San Francisco

Municipalities|

* Alturas
* Auburn
* Bakersfield
* Colusa
* Crescent City
* El Centro
* Eureka
* Fairfield
* Fresno
* Hanford
* Hollister
* Jackson
* Lakeport
* Los Angeles
* Madera
* Martinez
* Marysville
* Merced
* Modesto
* Napa
* Nevada City
* Oakland
* Oroville
* Placerville
* Red Bluff
* Redding
* Redwood City
* Riverside
* Sacramento
* Salinas
* San Bernardino
* San Diego
* San Jose
* San Luis Obispo
* San Rafael
* Santa Ana
* Santa Barbara
* Santa Cruz
* Santa Rosa
* Sonora
* Stockton
* Susanville
* Ukiah
* Ventura
* Visalia
* Willows
* Woodland
* Yreka
* Yuba City

CDPs|

* Bridgeport
* Downieville
* Independence
* Mariposa
* Markleeville
* Quincy
* San Andreas
* Weaverville

* v
* t
* e

State of California

Sacramento (capital)

Topics|

* Culture
* food
* music
* California sound
* sports
* California Dream
* Demographics
* Earthquakes
* Economy
* agriculture
* Education
* Environment
* Geography
* climate
* ecology
* flora
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* Government
* Capitol
* districts
* governor
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* National Historic Landmarks
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* NRHP listings
* Politics
* congressional delegations
* elections
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* state parks
* state historic landmarks
* Symbols
* Transportation
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* Index of articles

Regions|

* Antelope Valley
* Big Sur
* California Coast Ranges
* Cascade Range
* Central California
* Central Coast
* Central Valley
* Channel Islands
* Coachella Valley
* Coastal California
* Conejo Valley
* Cucamonga Valley
* Death Valley
* East Bay (SF Bay Area)
* East County (SD)
* Eastern California
* Emerald Triangle
* Gold Country
* Great Basin
* Greater San Bernardino
* Inland Empire
* Klamath Basin
* Lake Tahoe
* Greater Los Angeles
* Los Angeles Basin
* Lost Coast
* Mojave Desert
* Mountain Empire
* North Bay (SF)
* North Coast
* North Coast (SD)
* Northern California
* Orange Coast
* Owens Valley
* Oxnard Plain
* Peninsular Ranges
* Pomona Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Sacramento Valley
* Saddleback Valley
* Salinas Valley
* San Fernando Valley
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Peninsula
* San Gabriel Valley
* San Joaquin Valley
* Santa Clara Valley
* Santa Clara River Valley
* Santa Clarita Valley
* Santa Ynez Valley
* Shasta Cascade
* Sierra Nevada
* Silicon Valley
* South Bay (LA)
* South Bay (SD)
* South Bay (SF)
* South Coast
* Southern Border Region
* Southern California
* Transverse Ranges
* Tri-Valley
* Victor Valley
* Wine Country

Metro regions|

* Fresno–Madera
* Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim
* Sacramento–Roseville
* Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario
* San Diego–Tijuana
* San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland

Counties|

* Alameda
* Alpine
* Amador
* Butte
* Calaveras
* Colusa
* Contra Costa
* Del Norte
* El Dorado
* Fresno
* Glenn
* Humboldt
* Imperial
* Inyo
* Kern
* Kings
* Lake
* Lassen
* Los Angeles
* Madera
* Marin
* Mariposa
* Mendocino
* Merced
* Modoc
* Mono
* Monterey
* Napa
* Nevada
* Orange
* Placer
* Plumas
* Riverside
* Sacramento
* San Benito
* San Bernardino
* San Diego
* San Francisco
* San Joaquin
* San Luis Obispo
* San Mateo
* Santa Barbara
* Santa Clara
* Santa Cruz
* Shasta
* Sierra
* Siskiyou
* Solano
* Sonoma
* Stanislaus
* Sutter
* Tehama
* Trinity
* Tulare
* Tuolumne
* Ventura
* Yolo
* Yuba

Most populous
cities|

* Los Angeles
* San Diego
* San Jose
* San Francisco
* Fresno
* Sacramento
* Long Beach
* Oakland
* Bakersfield
* Anaheim

* v
* t
* e

Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in California

1. Eric Garcetti (D)
(Los Angeles)
2. Todd Gloria (D)
(San Diego)
3. Sam Liccardo (D)
(San Jose)
4. London Breed (D)
(San Francisco)
5. Jerry Dyer (R)
(Fresno)
6. Darrell Steinberg (D)
(Sacramento)
7. Robert Garcia (D)
(Long Beach)
8. Libby Schaaf (D)
(Oakland)
9. Karen Goh (R)
(Bakersfield)
10. Trevor O'Neil (R)
(Anaheim)
11. Kevin Lincoln (R)
(Stockton)
12. Patricia Lock Dawson (D)
(Riverside)
13. Vicente Sarmiento (D)
(Santa Ana)
14. Farrah Khan (D)
(Irvine)
15. Mary Salas (D)
(Chula Vista)
16. Lily Mei (D)
(Fremont)
17. Laurene Weste (R)
(Santa Clarita)*
18. John Valdivia (R)
(San Bernardino)
19. Sue Zwahlen (D)
(Modesto)
20. Yxstian Gutierrez (D)
(Moreno Valley)*
21. Acquanetta Warren (R)
(Fontana)
22. John Zaragoza (D)
(Oxnard)
23. Barbara Delgleize
(Huntington Beach)*
24. Ardy Kassakhian (D)
(Glendale)*
25. Bobbie Singh-Allen (D)
(Elk Grove)
26. Paul S. Leon (R)
(Ontario)
27. Chris Rogers (D)
(Santa Rosa)*
28. L. Dennis Michael (D)
(Rancho Cucamonga)
29. Esther Sanchez (D)
(Oceanside)
30. Steven R. Jones (R)
(Garden Grove)
31. R. Rex Parris (R)
(Lancaster)
32. Steve Hofbauer (R)
(Palmdale)
33. Kimbely Craig (R)
(Salinas)
34. Barbara Halliday (D)
(Hayward)
35. Wes Speake (R)
(Corona)*
36. Larry Klein (D)
(Sunnyvale)
37. Krista Bernasconi (R)
(Roseville)
38. Paul McNamara (D)
(Escondido)
39. Tim Sandoval (D)
(Pomona)
40. George Chen (R)
(Torrance)
41. Steve Nelsen (R)
(Visalia)
42. Fred Jung (D)
(Fullerton)*
43. Mark Murphy (R)
(Orange)
44. Debra Jones (R)
(Victorville)
45. Victor Gordo (D)
(Pasadena)
46. Lisa Gillmor (D)
(Santa Clara)
47. Keith Mashburn (R)
(Simi Valley)
48. Bob Engler (D)
(Thousand Oaks)*
49. Robert McConnell (D)
(Vallejo)
50. Dominic Aliano (D)
(Concord)*
51. José Flores (R)
(Clovis)*
52. Harry T. Price (D)
(Fairfield)
53. Jesse Arreguín (D)
(Berkeley)
54. Tom Butt (D)
(Richmond)
55. Matt Hall (R)
(Carlsbad)
56. Lamar Thorpe (D)
(Antioch)
57. Jonathan Ingram (R)
(Murrieta)
58. Blanca Pacheco (D)
(Downey)*
59. Matt Rahn (R)
(Temecula)
60. John Stephens (D)
(Costa Mesa)
61. Sofia Rubalcava (D)
(Ventura)*
62. Alice Patino (R)
(Santa Maria)
63. Dario Castellanos (R)
(West Covina)*
64. Chris Barajas (D)
(Jurupa Valley)
65. Jessica Ancona (D)
(El Monte)
66. Bill Zimmerman (R)
(Menifee)
67. Bill Wells (R)
(El Cajon)
68. Jess Talamantes (D)
(Burbank)*
69. James T. Butts Jr. (D)
(Inglewood)
70. Deborah Robertson (D)
(Rialto)
71. Ron Rowlett (D)
(Vacaville)
72. Andrew Coolidge (R)
(Chico)
73. Rick Bonilla (D)
(San Mateo)*
74. Rod Daus-Magbual (D)
(Daly City)
75. Brigit Bennington (R)
(Hesperia)*
76. Rick Ramirez (D)
(Norwalk)*

^* Mayor selected from city council

* v
* t
* e

Southern California megaregion

Metropolitan areas and cities in italics are located outside of California

| Metropolitan Los Angeles|

* Major cities: Los Angeles
* Long Beach
* Anaheim
* Santa Ana
* Santa Clarita
* Irvine
* Glendale
* Huntington Beach
* Garden Grove

|

San Diego–Tijuana|

* Major cities: San Diego
* Tijuana
* Chula Vista
* Oceanside
* Escondido
* Rosarito

Central Coast|

* Major cities: Santa Barbara
* Santa Maria
* San Luis Obispo

Inland Empire|

* Major cities: Riverside
* San Bernardino
* Fontana
* Moreno Valley
* Ontario
* Rancho Cucamonga
* Corona

Las Vegas Valley|

* Major cities: Las Vegas
* Henderson
* North Las Vegas

File:SoCal megaregion.png

Megapolitan areas of California

* v
* t
* e

The 100 most populous cities of the United States

|  |

1. New York, New York
2. Los Angeles, California
3. Chicago, Illinois
4. Houston, Texas
5. Phoenix, Arizona
6. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7. San Antonio, Texas
8. San Diego, California
9. Dallas, Texas
10. San Jose, California
11. Austin, Texas
12. Jacksonville, Florida
13. Fort Worth, Texas
14. Columbus, Ohio
15. Indianapolis, Indiana
16. Charlotte, North Carolina
17. San Francisco, California
18. Seattle, Washington
19. Denver, Colorado
20. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
21. Nashville, Tennessee
22. El Paso, Texas
23. Washington, D.C.
24. Boston, Massachusetts
25. Las Vegas, Nevada

26. Portland, Oregon
27. Detroit, Michigan
28. Louisville, Kentucky
29. Memphis, Tennessee
30. Baltimore, Maryland
31. Milwaukee, Wisconsin
32. Albuquerque, New Mexico
33. Fresno, California
34. Tucson, Arizona
35. Sacramento, California
36. Mesa, Arizona
37. Kansas City, Missouri
38. Atlanta, Georgia
39. Omaha, Nebraska
40. Colorado Springs, Colorado
41. Raleigh, North Carolina
42. Virginia Beach, Virginia
43. Long Beach, California
44. Miami, Florida
45. Oakland, California
46. Minneapolis, Minnesota
47. Tulsa, Oklahoma
48. Bakersfield, California
49. Wichita, Kansas
50. Arlington, Texas

51. Aurora, Colorado
52. Tampa, Florida
53. New Orleans, Louisiana
54. Cleveland, Ohio
55. Anaheim, California
56. Honolulu, Hawaii
57. Henderson, Nevada
58. Stockton, California
59. Lexington, Kentucky
60. Corpus Christi, Texas
61. Riverside, California
62. Santa Ana, California
63. Orlando, Florida
64. Irvine, California
65. Cincinnati, Ohio
66. Newark, New Jersey
67. Saint Paul, Minnesota
68. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
69. Greensboro, North Carolina
70. St. Louis, Missouri
71. Lincoln, Nebraska
72. Plano, Texas
73. Anchorage, Alaska
74. Durham, North Carolina
75. Jersey City, New Jersey

76. Chandler, Arizona
77. Chula Vista, California
78. Buffalo, New York
79. North Las Vegas, Nevada
80. Gilbert, Arizona
81. Madison, Wisconsin
82. Reno, Nevada
83. Toledo, Ohio
84. Fort Wayne, Indiana
85. Lubbock, Texas
86. St. Petersburg, Florida
87. Laredo, Texas
88. Irving, Texas
89. Chesapeake, Virginia
90. Winston-Salem, North Carolina
91. Glendale, Arizona
92. Scottsdale, Arizona
93. Garland, Texas
94. Boise, Idaho
95. Norfolk, Virginia
96. Spokane, Washington
97. Fremont, California
98. Richmond, Virginia
99. Santa Clarita, California
100. San Bernardino, California

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Cities ranked by United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2021.
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