Sevastopol

Crimea's largest city

This article is about the largest city in Crimea. For other uses, see Sevastopol (disambiguation).

"Sebastopol" redirects here. For other uses, see Sebastopol (disambiguation).

Place in Independent city1, Disputed:

Sevastopol

* Акъя́р / Aqyar (Crimean Tatar)
* Севастополь (Russian)
* Севастополь (Ukrainian)

File:1356 Памятник затопленным кораблям.jpg

File:St Vladimir Chersonesos 2012 G8.jpg

File:Sevastopol Chersonesus Basilica of 1935 IMG 0704 1725.jpg

File:Sevastopol Institute of biology of the Southern Seas IMG 4276 1725.jpg

File:Chersonesos Bell.jpg

File:Balaklava, Sevastopol.jpg

Flag of Sevastopol

Flag

Coat of arms of Sevastopol

Coat of arms

Orthographic projection of Sevastopol (in green)

Orthographic projection of Sevastopol (in green)

Map of the Crimean Peninsula with Sevastopol highlighted

Map of the Crimean Peninsula with Sevastopol highlighted

Sevastopol is located in Crimea

Sevastopol

Sevastopol

Location of Sevastopol within Crimea

Show map of Crimea

Sevastopol is located in Ukraine

Sevastopol

Sevastopol

Location of Sevastopol within Europe

Show map of Ukraine

Sevastopol is located in Europe

Sevastopol

Sevastopol

Sevastopol (Europe)

Show map of Europe

Coordinates: 44°36′18″N 33°31′21″E﻿ / ﻿44.60500°N 33.52250°E﻿ / 44.60500; 33.52250Coordinates: 44°36′18″N 33°31′21″E﻿ / ﻿44.60500°N 33.52250°E﻿ / 44.60500; 33.52250
Country| Disputed:

* Ukraine (part of)
* Russia (occupied by)

Status| Independent city1
Founded| 1783 (243 years ago)
Government

(under Russian occupation)[1]

• Body| Legislative Assembly
• Governor| Mikhail Razvozhayev
Area

• City| 864 km2 (334 sq mi)
Elevation

| 100 m (300 ft)
Population

(2021)

• City| 547,820
• Density| 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
• Urban

| 479,394
Demonym(s)| Sevastopolitan, Sevastopolian
Time zone| UTC+03:00

Sevastopol (/ˌsɛvəˈstoʊpəl, səˈvæstəpoʊl/[a]) is a major port on the Black Sea and largest city in Crimea. Founded in 1783, Sevastopol has been a significant base for the Russian Black Sea Fleet and served as a closed city during the Cold War, underscoring its strategic military importance. The city's administrative area spans 864 square kilometres (334 sq mi), including substantial rural land, with an urban population focused around Sevastopol Bay of 479,394, and a total population of 547,820.[2]

Sevastopol's status is both internationally and diplomatically complex. It is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, holding "city with special status" alongside Kyiv under Ukrainian law. However, since 27 February 2014, Russia has occupied Sevastopol, culminating in the disputed Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation on 18 March 2014, categorizing it as a federal city. Both Ukraine and Russia consider Sevastopol administratively distinct from the surrounding Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Republic of Crimea, with a predominantly Russian ethnic majority and a significant Ukrainian minority.

Economically, Sevastopol capitalizes on its naval and maritime assets, driving tourism and commerce bolstered by mild winters and warm summers, making it popular as a seaside resort. The city also plays a major role in scientific research, particularly in marine biology, including notable military projects involving dolphin training since the 1960s.[3]

The conflict involving Sevastopol and Crimea with Russia extends beyond territorial disputes, highlighting the media's role in shaping public perception during conflicts like the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[4][5] Western mainstream news media have faced scrutiny for their portrayal of the conflict, particularly concerning NATO's eastward expansion, which some argue might have provoked Russia. The media is expected to provide a balanced perspective on all sides of the conflict and critique official war justifications. This responsibility includes examining both Russia's actions and NATO's involvement, given their military support for Ukraine.[6]

Research into media coverage reveals two main narratives: one blaming Russia and President Vladimir Putin for pursuing imperial ambitions, and a second suggesting NATO's expansion may have contributed to provoking Russia. This framing significantly influences public understanding of the conflict and the discussion of potential solutions, underscoring media's crucial role in international affairs.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Ancient Chersonesus
* 2.2 Part of the Russian Empire
* 2.3 Crimean War
* 2.4 World War II
* 2.5 Part of Ukrainian SSR
* 2.6 Part of Ukraine
* 2.7 Occupation and annexation by Russia
* 2.8 Western media vs Crimea–Russia conflict
* 3 Geography
* 4 Climate
* 5 Politics and government
* 5.1 Ukrainian administration
* 5.2 Russian administration
* 6 Economy
* 6.1 Industry
* 6.2 Infrastructure
* 6.3 Tourism
* 7 Demographics
* 7.1 Life expectancy
* 8 Culture
* 9 Education
* 10 Notable people
* 10.1 Sport
* 11 Gallery
* 12 See also
* 13 Notes
* 14 References
* 15 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

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The name of Sevastopolis was originally chosen in the same etymological trend as other cities in the Crimean peninsula; it was intended to express its ancient Greek origins. It is a compound of the Greek adjective, σεβαστός (sebastós, Byzantine Greek pronunciation: [sevasˈtos]; 'venerable') and the noun πόλις (pólis, 'city'). Σεβαστός is the traditional Greek equivalent (see Sebastian) of the Roman honorific Augustus, originally given to the first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus and later awarded as a title to his successors.

Despite its Greek origin, the name is not from Ancient Greek times. The city was probably named after Empress ("Augusta") Catherine II of the Russian Empire who founded Sevastopol in 1783. She visited the city in 1787, accompanied by Joseph II, the Emperor of Austria, and other foreign dignitaries.

In the west of the city, there are well-preserved ruins of the ancient Greek port city of Chersonesos, founded in the 5th[7] century BC by settlers from Heraclea Pontica. This name means "peninsula", reflecting its immediate location. It is not related to the ancient Greek name for the Crimean Peninsula as a whole: Chersonēsos Taurikē ("the Taurian Peninsula").

The name of the city is spelled as:

* English: Sevastopol, the current prevalent spelling; the previously common spelling Sebastopol is still used by some publications, and formerly by The Economist.[8][9] The current spelling has the pronunciation /ˌsɛvəˈstoʊpəl, -ˈstɒpəl, sɪˈvæstəpəl, -pɒl, -poʊl/,[10][11] while the former spelling has the pronunciation /sɪˈbæstəpəl, -pɒl, -poʊl/.[12][13]
* Ukrainian: Севасто́поль, pronounced [sewɐˈstɔpolʲ]; Russian: Севасто́поль, pronounced [sʲɪvɐˈstopəlʲ].[14]
* Crimean Tatar: Aqyar, pronounced [aqˈjar], or Sivastopol.

## History[edit | edit source]

See also: History of Crimea

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File:Sevastopol 04-14 img36 Chersonesus.jpg

The ruins of the ancient Greek theatre in Chersonesos Taurica

Historical affiliations

> Chersonesus founded in 6th century BC
>  Hellenic Colonies 6th century BC – 480 BC
>  Bosporan Kingdom 480 BC – 107 BC
>  Kingdom of Pontus 107 BC – 63 BC
>  Roman Republic 63 BC – 27 BC
>  Roman Empire 27 BC – 330
>  Byzantine Empire 330 – 1204
>  Empire of Trebizond 1204 – 1461
>  Principality of Theodoro 1461 – 1475
>  Crimean Khanate 1475 – 1783 (Ottoman vassal from 1478 to 1774)
>  Russian Empire 1783 – 1917
>  Founded as Sevastopol in 1783
>  Russian Republic 1917
>  Russian SFSR (Soviet Union) 1917 – 1942
>  Nazi Germany 1942 – 1944 (de facto)
>  Russian SFSR (Soviet Union) 1944 – 1954
>  Ukrainian SSR (Soviet Union) 1954 – 1991
>  Ukraine 1991 – 2014 (de facto; de jure – 1991–present)
>  Russian Federation 2014 – present (de facto)

### Ancient Chersonesus[edit | edit source]

In the 6th century BC, a Greek colony was established in the area of the modern-day city. The Greek city of Chersonesus existed for almost two thousand years, first as an independent democracy and later as part of the Bosporan Kingdom. In the 13th and 14th centuries, it was sacked by the Golden Horde several times and was finally totally abandoned. The modern day city of Sevastopol has no connection to the ancient and medieval Greek city, but the ruins are a popular tourist attraction located on the outskirts of the city.

### Part of the Russian Empire[edit | edit source]

File:"Soldier and Sailor" Memorial to Heroic Defenders of Sevastopol.jpg

"Soldier and Sailor" Memorial to Heroic Defenders of Sevastopol

File:2012-09-09 Памятник затопленным кораблям в Севастополе (1).jpg

The Monument to the Sunken Ships, dedicated to ships scuttled during the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, designed by Amandus Adamson

File:Sevastopol Panorama.jpg

Sevastopol in 1889, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

Sevastopol was founded in June 1783 as a base for a naval squadron under the name Akhtiar[15] (White Cliff),[16] by Rear Admiral Thomas MacKenzie (Foma Fomich Makenzi), a native Scot in Russian service; soon after Russia annexed the Crimean Khanate. Five years earlier, Alexander Suvorov ordered that earthworks be erected along the harbour and Russian troops be placed there.

In February 1784, Catherine the Great ordered Grigory Potemkin to build a fortress there and call it Sevastopol. The realisation of the initial building plans fell to Captain Fyodor Ushakov who in 1788 was named commander of the port and of the Black Sea squadron.[17] It became an important naval base and later a commercial seaport. In 1797, under an edict issued by Emperor Paul I, the military stronghold was again renamed Akhtiar. Finally, on 29 April (10 May), 1826, the Senate returned the city's name to Sevastopol.[citation needed]

File:Sevastopol British Memorial Complex.jpg

British Memorial Complex, Sevastopol, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

### Crimean War[edit | edit source]

Main article: Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)

From 1853 to 1856, the Crimean peninsula's strategic position in controlling the Black Sea caused it to be the site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.[18]

After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now Constanța), the allied commanders decided to attack Sevastopol as Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched to a point south of Sevastopol after winning the Battle of the Alma on 20 September. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but the British Army's forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack, at Inkerman in November, ended in a stalemate as well. The front settled into the siege of Sevastopol, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides.

Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French had assaulted Fort Malakoff. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war and forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea.[19] This hampered the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and in the aftermath of that conflict, Russia moved to reconstitute its naval strength and fortifications in the Black Sea.[20]

### World War II[edit | edit source]

Main article: Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)

During World War II, Sevastopol withstood intensive bombardment by the Germans in 1941–42, supported by their Italian and Romanian allies during the Battle of Sevastopol. German forces used railway artillery—including history's largest-ever calibre railway artillery piece in battle, the 80-cm calibre Schwerer Gustav—and specialised mobile heavy mortars to destroy Sevastopol's extremely heavy fortifications, such as the Maxim Gorky Fortresses. After fierce fighting, which lasted for 250 days,[21][22][23] the fortress city finally fell to Axis forces in July 1942.[24] It was intended to be renamed to "Theodorichshafen"[25] (in reference to Theodoric the Great and the fact that the Crimea had been home to Germanic Goths until the 18th or 19th century) in the event of a German victory against the Soviet Union, and like the rest of the Crimea was designated for future colonisation by the Third Reich. It was liberated by the Red Army on 9 May 1944 and was awarded the Hero City title a year later.

### Part of Ukrainian SSR[edit | edit source]

During the Soviet era, Sevastopol became a so-called "closed city". This meant that any non-residents had to apply to the authorities for a temporary permit to visit the city.

On 29 October 1948, the Presidium of Supreme Council of the Russian SFSR issued an ukaz (order) which confirmed the special status of the city.[26] Soviet academic publications since 1954, including the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, indicated that Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast was part of the Ukrainian SSR.[27][16]

In 1954, under Nikita Khrushchev, both Sevastopol and the remainder of the Crimean peninsula were administratively transferred from being territories within the Russian SFSR to being territories administered by the Ukrainian SSR. Administratively, Sevastopol was a municipality excluded from the adjacent Crimean Oblast. The territory of the municipality was 863.5 km2 and it was further subdivided into four raions (districts). Besides the City of Sevastopol proper, it also included two towns—Balaklava (having had no status until 1957), Inkerman, urban-type settlement Kacha, and 29 villages.[28]

For the 1955 Ukrainian parliamentary elections on 27 February, Sevastopol was split into two electoral districts, Stalinsky and Korabelny (initially requested three Stalinsky, Korabelny, and Nakhimovsky).[26] Eventually, Sevastopol received two people's deputies of the Ukrainian SSR elected to the Verkhovna Rada, A. Korovchenko and M. Kulakov.[26][29]

In 1957, the town of Balaklava was incorporated into Sevastopol.

### Part of Ukraine[edit | edit source]

File:Музей Черноморского флота.jpg

The Black Sea Fleet Museum

Following Ukraine's declaration of independence from the USSR in 1991, Sevastopol became the principal base of the Ukrainian navy. As the key naval base of the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet, it was a source of tensions for Russia–Ukraine relations until a set-term lease agreement was signed in 1997.

On 10 July 1993, the Russian parliament passed a resolution declaring Sevastopol to be "a federal Russian city".[30] At the time, many supporters of President Boris Yeltsin had ceased taking part in the parliament's work.[31] On 20 July 1993, the United Nations Security Council denounced the decision of the Russian parliament. According to Anatoliy Zlenko, it was the first time that the council had to review and qualify actions of a legislative body.[26]

On 14 April 1993, the Presidium of the Crimean Parliament called for the creation of the presidential post of the Crimean Republic. A week later, the Russian deputy, Valentin Agafonov, said that Russia was ready to supervise a referendum on Crimean independence and include the republic as a separate entity in the CIS. On 28 July 1993, one of the leaders of the Russian Society of Crimea, Viktor Prusakov, said that his organisation was ready for an armed mutiny and establishment of Russian administration of Sevastopol.

In September, the commander of the joint Russian-Ukrainian Black Sea Fleet, Eduard Baltin [ru], accused Ukraine of converting some of his fleet and conducting an armed assault on his personnel and threatened to take countermeasures placing the fleet on alert. (In June 1992, the Russian president Yeltsin and the Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk had agreed to divide the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet between Russia and Ukraine. Eduard Baltin had been appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet by Yeltsin and Kravchuk on 15 January 1993.)

The Moscow mayor Yuriy Luzhkov campaigned to claim the city, and in December 1996, the Russian Federation Council officially endorsed the claim, threatening negotiations. Due to these revanchist claims, Ukraine proposed a "special partnership" with NATO in January 1997.[32]

In May 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed the Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty, ruling out Moscow's territorial claims to Ukraine.[33] This was followed by the Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet on 28 May 1997. A separate agreement established the terms of a long-term lease of land, facilities, and resources in Sevastopol and the Crimea by Russia.[citation needed] Russia kept its naval base, with around 15,000 troops stationed in Sevastopol.[34]

File:Vladimir Putin in Ukraine 28-29 July 2001-17.jpg

Russian president Vladimir Putin with Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma on board the Black Sea Fleet's flagship in July 2001

The ex-Soviet Black Sea Fleet and its facilities were divided between Russia's Black Sea Fleet and the Ukrainian Naval Forces. The two navies co-used some of the city's harbours and piers, while others were demilitarised or used by either country. Sevastopol remained the location of the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters, and the Ukrainian Naval Forces Headquarters were also located in the city. A judicial row periodically continued over the naval hydrographic infrastructure both in Sevastopol and on the Crimean coast (especially lighthouses historically maintained by the Soviet and Russian Navy and also used for civil navigation support).

As in the rest of Crimea, Russian remained the predominant language of the city, although following the independence of Ukraine there were some attempts at Ukrainisation, with very little success. Russian society in general and even some outspoken government representatives never accepted the loss of Sevastopol and tended to regard it as temporarily separated from Russia.[35]

In July 2009, the chairman of the Sevastopol city council, Valeriy Saratov (Party of Regions),[36] said that Ukraine should increase the amount of compensation it is paying to the city of Sevastopol for hosting the foreign Russian Black Sea Fleet, instead of requesting such compensation from the Russian government and the Russian Ministry of Defense in particular.[37]

On 27 April 2010, Russia and Ukraine ratified the Russian Ukrainian Naval Base for Gas treaty, which extended the Russian Navy's lease of Crimean facilities for 25 years after 2017 (through 2042) with the option to prolong the lease in five-year extensions. The ratification process in the Ukrainian parliament encountered stiff opposition and even resulted in a brawl in the parliament chamber. Eventually, the treaty was ratified by a 52% majority vote—236 of 450. The Russian Duma ratified the treaty by a 98% majority.[38]

### Occupation and annexation by Russia[edit | edit source]

See also: Russian occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, 2014 Crimean status referendum, and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

On 23 February 2014, a pro-Russian rally took place in Nakhimov Square declaring allegiance to Russia and protesting against the new government in Kyiv following the overthrow of the president, Viktor Yanukovych.[39] On 27 February, pro-Russian militia, including Russian troops, seized control of government buildings in Crimea, and by 28 February, controlled other strategic locations such as the military airport in Sevastopol.[40][41]

On 16 March 2014, an internationally unrecognized referendum was held in Sevastopol with official results claiming an 89.51% turnout and 95.6% of voters choosing to join Russia. Ukraine and almost all other countries of the United Nations General Assembly consider the referendum illegal and illegitimate.[42][43]

On 18 March, Russia annexed Crimea, incorporating the Republic of Crimea and federal city of Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia.[44][45] However, the annexation remains internationally unrecognized, with most countries recognizing Sevastopol as a city with special status within Ukraine.[46] While Russia has taken defacto control of Sevastopol and Crimea, the international community considers the area part of Ukraine.[47][48][49]

### Western media vs Crimea–Russia conflict[edit | edit source]

"The Sevastopol and Crimea conflict with Russia extends beyond territorial disputes, involving not only geopolitical dynamics but also the influential role of the media in shaping public perception during conflicts like the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[4] Western mainstream news media have faced scrutiny for their portrayal of the conflict, particularly in assessing the potential contributions of NATO's eastward expansion, which some argue may have provoked the war.[6][5]

According to liberal press theories, the media should present a balanced view of all sides involved in a conflict and critically examine official justifications of war to prevent unchecked government military actions. While it is crucial for the media to critique Russia's actions, similar scrutiny should be applied to NATO's involvement due to its military support for Ukraine, which could be seen as participation in the conflict.[6]

Research highlights how Western media have reported on Russia and the broader context of renewed Cold War dynamics. This includes an analysis of media outlets in the US, UK, and Germany, revealing two main narratives: one that places primary blame on Russia, portraying President Vladimir Putin as pursuing imperial ambitions; and another, supported by some diplomats and scholars, suggesting that NATO's expansion might have played a role in provoking Russia.[6]

The findings indicate that mainstream media often downplay Russia's security concerns and the impact of NATO's militarization of the region, influencing the portrayal of the war in Ukraine and the discussion of potential solutions. This underscores the media's significant role in shaping public understanding of international conflicts and the paths to resolution.[6]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

File:Sevastopol, Ukraine.jpg

Satellite image of the Sevastopol area.

File:Вид на залив Севастополе.jpg

A view of the Bay of Sevastopol.

File:Fiolent Sevastopol 2009 G1.jpg

Fiolent rocks formation on the coast of Sevastopol.

The city of Sevastopol is located at the southwestern tip of the Crimean peninsula in a headland known as Heracles peninsula on a coast of the Black Sea. The city is designated a special city-region of Ukraine which besides the city itself includes several of its outlying settlements. The city itself is concentrated mostly in the western portion of the region and around the long Bay of Sevastopol. This bay is a ria, a river canyon drowned by Holocene sea-level rise, and the outlet of Chorna River. Away in a remote location southeast of Sevastopol is located the former city of Balaklava (since 1957 incorporated within Sevastopol), the bay of which in Soviet times served as a main port for the Soviet diesel-powered submarines.

The coastline of the region is mostly rocky, in a series of smaller bays, a great number of which are located within the Bay of Sevastopol. The biggest of them are Southern Bay (within the Bay of Sevastopol), Archer Bay, a gulf complex that consists of Deergrass Bay, the Bay of Cossack, Salty Bay, and many others. There are over thirty bays in the immediate region.

Through the region flow three rivers: the Belbek, Chorna, and Kacha. All three mountain chains of Crimean mountains are represented in Sevastopol, the southern chain by the Balaklava Highlands, the inner chain by the Mekenziev Mountains, and the outer chain by the Kara-Tau Upland (Black Mountain).

## Climate[edit | edit source]

Sevastopol has a mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), closely bordering on a humid subtropical climate. Due to the summer mean straddling 22 °C (72 °F) it is also bordering on a four-season oceanic climate, with cool winters and warm to hot summers.

The average yearly temperature is 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) during the day and around 9 °C (48 °F) at night. In the coldest months, January and February, the average temperature is 5–6 °C (41–43 °F) during the day and around 1 °C (34 °F) at night. In the warmest months, July and August, the average temperature is around 26 °C (79 °F) during the day and around 19 °C (66 °F) at night. Generally, summer/holiday season lasts 5 months, from around mid-May and into September, with the temperature often reaching 20 °C (68 °F) or more in the first half of October.

The average annual temperature of the sea is 14.2 °C (58 °F), ranging from 7 °C (45 °F) in February to 24 °C (75 °F) in August. From June to September, the average sea temperature is greater than 20 °C (68 °F). In the second half of May and the first half of October; the average sea temperature is about 17 °C (63 °F). The average rainfall is about 400 millimetres (16 in) per year. There are about 2,345 hours of sunshine duration per year.[50]

Climate data for Sevastopol

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Average high °C (°F)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 13.6
(56.5)  | 19.2
(66.6)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 15.9
(60.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 2.9
(37.2)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 12.1
(53.8)
Average low °C (°F)  | −0.2
(31.6)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 11.1
(52.0)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 8.5
(47.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 26
(1.0)  | 25
(1.0)  | 24
(0.9)  | 27
(1.1)  | 18
(0.7)  | 26
(1.0)  | 32
(1.3)  | 33
(1.3)  | 42
(1.7)  | 32
(1.3)  | 42
(1.7)  | 52
(2.0)  | 379
(15)
Average precipitation days  | 6  | 3  | 4  | 2  | 2  | 1  | 2  | 0  | 1  | 3  | 2  | 5  | 31
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 72  | 75  | 145  | 202  | 267  | 316  | 356  | 326  | 254  | 177  | 98  | 64  | 2,352
Source: pogodaiklimat.ru[51]

## Politics and government[edit | edit source]

### Ukrainian administration[edit | edit source]

File:Sevastopol-boroughs.svg

Districts of Sevastopol:

Gagarin Raion (Gagarinsky)

Lenin Raion (Leninsky)

Nakhimov Raion (Nakhimovsky)

Balaklava Raion (Balaklavsky)

According to the Constitution of Ukraine, Sevastopol is administered as a City with special status. Executive power in Sevastopol is exercised by the Sevastopol City State Administration, led by a chairman (also known as mayor) appointed by the Ukrainian president.[52] The Sevastopol City Council is the legislature of Sevastopol.

Sevastopol is administratively divided into four districts:

* Gagarin Raion
* Lenin Raion
* Nakhimov Raion
* Balaklava Raion

### Russian administration[edit | edit source]

On 18 March 2014, Russia formally annexed Crimea with Sevastopol being administered as a federal city of Russia, the others being Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Executive

The head of the executive branch in the city is the Governor of Sevastopol. According to the city charter, amended on 29 November 2016, the governor is elected in a direct election for a term of five years and no more than two consecutive terms.[53] The current governor is Mikhail Razvozhayev.

Legislature

During the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia, the pro-Russian City Council threw its support behind Russian citizen Alexei Chaly as a "people's mayor" and said it would not recognise orders from Kyiv.[54][55] After Russia annexed Crimea, the Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol replaced the City Council.

Administrative and municipal divisions

Main article: Administrative and municipal divisions of Sevastopol

Within the Russian municipal framework, the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine municipal okrugs and the town of Inkerman. While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts, they are not otherwise related to the administrative districts.

## Economy[edit | edit source]

Apart from navy-related civil facilities, Sevastopol hosts some other notable industries. An example is Stroitel,[56] one of the leading plastic manufacturers in Russia.

### Industry[edit | edit source]

* Sevastopol Aircraft Plant, SMZ Sevastopol Shipyards (main at Naval Bay) & Inkerman Shipyards, Balaklava Bay Shipyard
* Impuls 2 SMZ
* Chornomornaftogaz § Chernomorneftegaz (Chjornomor), oil/gas extraction, petrochemical, jack rigs and oil platforms, LNG and oil tankers.
* AO FNGUP Granit subsidiary of Almaz Antej, assembly, overhaul, and maintenance of SAM and radar EW complexes, ADS services.
* Sevastopol (Parus SPriborMZ, Mayak, NPO Elektron, NPP Kvant, Tavrida Elektronik, Musson, and other industrial plants)
* Sevastopol Economic Industrial Zone SevPZ (SE area)
* Persej SMZ ship repair and floating dock yard plant (South Bay, Sevastopol)
* Sevastopol ship repair and floating docks yards (various)
* Metallurgy, Chemical Plants, and other industries.
* Agriculture: rice, wheat, grapes, tea, fruits, and tobacco (lesser).
* Mining: iron, titanium, manganese, aluminum, calcite silicates, and amethyst.
* Kerch bridge, Taurida highway, Sevastopol GasTES plus solar FV plants, gas and petrol depots, and coal derivatives.

### Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

File:Trolleybus Sevastopol 2012 G2.jpg

Trolleybuses ZiU-9 in Sevastopol

There are different types of transport in Sevastopol:

* Bus – 101 lines
* Trolley bus – 14 lines
* Minibus – 52 lines
* Cutter – 6 lines
* Ferry – 1 line
* Express bus – 15 lines
* HEV train (local, suburban route) – 1 route
* Airport – 1

Sevastopol Shipyard comprises three facilities that together repair, modernise, and re-equip Russian Naval ships and submarines.[57] The Sevastopol International Airport is used as a military aerodrome at the moment and being reconstructed to be used by international airlines.

Sevastopol maintains a large port facility in the Bay of Sevastopol and in smaller bays around the Heracles peninsula. The port handles traffic from passengers (local transportation and cruise), cargo, and commercial fishing. The port infrastructure is fully integrated with the city of Sevastopol and the naval bases of the Black Sea Fleet.

Panorama of the Sevastopol port entrance (left) with its monument to Russian ships which were sunk in the Crimean War to blockade the harbour (far right side).

Panorama of the Sevastopol port entrance (left) with its monument to Russian ships which were sunk in the Crimean War to blockade the harbour (far right side).

### Tourism[edit | edit source]

Due to its military history, most streets in the city are named after Russian and Soviet military heroes. There are hundreds of monuments and plaques in various parts of Sevastopol commemorating its military past.

Attractions include:

* Chersonessos National Archaeological Reserve
* MP Kroshitsky Sevastopol Art Museum
* Sevastopol Museum of Local History
* Aquarium-Museum of the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
* Dolphinarium of Sevastopol
* Sevastopol Zoo
* The Monument to the scuttled ships on the Marine Boulevard
* The Panorama Museum (The Heroic Defence of Sevastopol during the Crimean War)
* Malakhov Kurgan (Barrow) with its White Tower
* Admirals' Burial Vault
* The Black Sea Fleet Museum
* The Storming of Sapun-gora of 7 May 1944, the Diorama Museum (World War II)
* Naval museum complex "Balaklava", decommissioned underground submarine base, now opened to the public
* Cheremetieff brothers museum "Crimean war 1853–1856"
* Museum of the underground forces of 1942–1944
* Museum Historical Memorial Complex "35th Coastal Battery"
* The Naval Museum "Michael's battery"
* Fraternal (Communal) War Cemetery

* Sevastopol Artillery Bay view.

* The seaside of Sevastopol.

* St. Vladimir's Cathedral at 'the city hill'.

* Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral.

* View of the Northern side.

* Old city cemetery.

* Main railway station.

* The Panorama Museum (The Heroic Defence of Sevastopol during the Crimean War).

* The Storming of Sapun-gora of 7 May 1944, the Diorama Museum (World War II).

* Entrance to Balaklava bay, 2010.

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

The population of Sevastopol is 509,992, consisting of 479,394 urban residents and 30,598 rural (January 2021), making it the most populous city of the Crimean Peninsula.[58]

The city has retained an ethnic Russian majority throughout its history. In 1989 the proportion of Russians living in the city was 74.4%,[59] and by the time of the Ukrainian National Census, 2001, the ethnic groups of Sevastopol included Russians (71.6%), Ukrainians (22.4%), Belarusians (1.6%), Tatars (0.7%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Armenians (0.3%), Jews (0.3%), Moldovans (0.2%), and Azerbaijanis (0.2%).[60]

| Age structure

0–14 years old|  male 27,856 / female 26,532|  (14.3% Increase)
15–64 years old|  male 126,918 / female 141,304|  (70.3% )
65 years and over|  male 19,038 / female 39,826|  (15.4% Increase)
| Median age

Male|  36.0 years Increase
Female|  44.6 years Steady
Total|  40.2 years Increase

Vital statistics for 2015:

* Births: 5 471 (13.7 per 1000)
* Deaths: 6 072 (15.2 per 1000)

### Life expectancy[edit | edit source]

See also: List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy

In 2015, Sevastopol had the largest decrease in life expectancy at birth among all regions of Russia.
In 2020, after beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sevastopol became the only region of Russia where there was increase of life expectancy.
In 2021, average life expectancy at birth in Sevastopol was 72.25 years (67.87 for males and 76.43 for females).[2][61]

* Life expectancy in Russian subject -Sevastopol.png

Life expectancy in Sevastopol [2][61]

* Life expectancy in Russian subject -Sevastopol -diff.png

Life expectancy with calculated differences

* Life expectancy in Russia -Crimea.png

Life expectancy in Sevastopol in comparison with Crimea on average and neighboring regions of the country

* Life expectancy in Russian subject -Crimea and its parts.png

Life expectancy in Sevastopol in comparison with Crimea on average (in detail)

## Culture[edit | edit source]

There are many historical buildings in the central and eastern parts of the city and Balaklava, some of which are architectural monuments. The Western districts have modern architecture. More recently, numerous skyscrapers have been built. Balaklava Bayfront Plaza (on hold), currently under construction, will be one of the tallest buildings in Ukraine, at 173 m (568 ft) with 43 floors.[62]

After the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea the city's monument to Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny was removed and handed over to Kharkiv.[63]

## Education[edit | edit source]

* Economics and Humanities Institute (Branch), Crimean Federal University
* Sevastopol National Technical University
* Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry

## Notable people[edit | edit source]

File:Leonidoff-ileana1919.jpg

Ileana Leonidoff, 1919

File:Alexandr Nosatov (2018).jpg

Aleksandr Nosatov, 2018

* Arkady Averchenko (1881–1925) a Russian playwright and satirist.
* Oleksiy Bessarabov (born 1976) a Ukrainian journalist
* Igor Cassini (1915–2002) a Russian-American syndicated gossip columnist for the Hearst newspaper chain.
* Aleksei Chaly (born 1961) a businessman and former de facto mayor of Sevastopol.
* Alexander Galich (1918–1977) a Soviet poet, playwright, singer-songwriter and dissident.
* Gulyayev Dmitry Igorevich (born 1986), stage name Dimal, rapper, songwriter and entertainer, based in Malta.
* Lola Gjoka (1910–1985) an Albanian pianist
* Tatiana Godovalnikova (born 1962) a Russian contemporary artist.
* Rimma Kazakova (1932–2008) a Soviet/Russian poet who wrote popular songs.
* Sasha Krasny (1882– 1995), a Russian poet and songwriter.
* Aleksandr Kuznetsov (born 1992) a Ukrainian-Russian actor in Russian films and TV
* Ileana Leonidoff (1893–1968) emigrée actress in silent films; then dancer and choreographer.
* Kseniya Mishyna (born 1989) a Ukrainian film and stage actress.
* Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman (1905–1975) a Soviet physicist and academic professor.
* Aleksandr Nosatov (born 1963) an admiral in the Russian Navy.
* Ivan Papanin (1894–1986) a Soviet polar explorer, scientist and Counter Admiral
* Sergei Pinchuk (born 1971) a vice-admiral in the Russian Navy.
* Olga von Root (1901–????), Russian noblewoman, singer, and stage actress
* Mikhail Sablin (1869–1920), an admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy
* Anton Shkaplerov (born 1972) a Russian cosmonaut with four spaceflights.
* Antonina Shuranova (1936–2003) a Russian stage, TV and film actress.
* Alexandra Voronin (1905—1993) the Russian wife of Norwegian fascist Vidkun Quisling

### Sport[edit | edit source]

* Lyudmila Aksyonova (born 1947) 400 metre athlete, team bronze medallist at the 1976 Summer Olympics
* Aleksandr Fyodorov (born 1981) water polo player and team bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
* Svitlana Matevusheva (born 1981) a sailor and team silver medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
* Alexander Onischuk (born 1975) a Ukrainian-American chess Grandmaster
* Galina Prozumenshchikova (1948–2015) a Soviet breaststroke swimmer; five Olympic medals in 1964, 1968 and 1972

## Gallery[edit | edit source]

* Sevastopol 04-14 img04 view from Suvorov Square.jpg

View of Sevastopol

* Soviet and Russian Black Sea Fleet.jpg

Ships of the Black Sea Fleet docked in Sevastopol

* Sevastopol. Nakhimov square.JPG

Nakhimov Square

* Sevastopol Nahimova 4-1.jpg

Palace of Culture

* SevaTeatr.jpg

Lunacharsky Theater

* Sevastopol Nahimova 4-2.jpg

Artillery Bay

* Navy Day Sevastopol 2012 G03.jpg

2012 Navy Day joint celebration (Russian AF)

* Navy Day Sevastopol 2012 G04.jpg

2012 Navy Day joint celebration (Ukrainian AF)

* Boat U170 Skadovsk 2012 G1.jpg

Ukrainian Navy artillery boat U170 in the Bay of Sevastopol

* Celebrating Victory Day and the 70th anniversary of Sevastopol’s liberation (2493-07).jpg

Victory Day in Sevastopol, 9 May 2014

## See also[edit | edit source]

* 2121 Sevastopol – asteroid discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova and named after the city.[64]
* Sebastopol, Victoria
* Novorossiysk (new planned headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet)

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Russian: Севасто́поль, tr. Sevastópolʹ, IPA: [sʲɪvɐˈstopəlʲ]; Ukrainian: Севасто́поль, romanized: Sevastópolʹ, IPA: [seʋɐˈstɔpolʲ] (Audio file "Uk-Севастополь.ogg " not found); Medieval Greek: Σεβαστούπολις, romanized: Sevastoúpolis, IPA: [sevasˈtupolis]; Crimean Tatar: Акъя́р, romanized: Aqyár, IPA: [aqˈjar]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Zinets, Natalia (August 2022). "Russian strikes kill Ukrainian grain tycoon; drone hits Russian naval base". Reuters.
2. ^ a b c "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved 28 June 2022.
3. ^ Narula, Svati Kirsten (2014-03-26). "Ukraine Was Never Crazy About Its Killer Dolphins, Anyway". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
4. ^ a b "'Double standards': Western coverage of Ukraine war criticised". Al Jazeera. 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
5. ^ a b "State Narratives in Complex Media Environments:The Case of Ukraine" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
6. ^ a b c d e f Zollmann, Florian (2023-12-30). "A war foretold: How Western mainstream news media omitted NATO eastward expansion as a contributing factor to Russia's 2022 invasion of the Ukraine". Media, War & Conflict. SAGE Publications. 17 (3): 373–392. doi:10.1177/17506352231216908. ISSN 1750-6352.
7. ^ "Ancient Chersonesos" [Ancient Chersonesos]. wmf.org/. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
8. ^ "Sailors still battling fire on Russian cruiser". Retrieved 15 August 2022.
9. ^ "Britannica entry for Sevastopol". Retrieved 15 August 2022.
10. ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, archived from the original on 10 October 2020, retrieved 6 March 2014.
11. ^ "definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word". Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
12. ^ "definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word". Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
13. ^ "definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word". Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
14. ^ "definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word". Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
15. ^ "Sevastopol", The Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, UK: Leksika
16. ^ a b Севастополь (Sevastopol) (in Russian). Moscow: Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
17. ^ "Основание и развитие Севастополя (Osnovaniye i razvitiye Sevastopolya)" [Foundation and development of Sevastopol] (in Russian). Sevastopol.info. 28 May 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
18. ^ "Crimean War (1853–1856)". Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War. 2. 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015.
19. ^ Figes 2010, p. 415. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFiges2010 (help)
20. ^ "Czarist Navy in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877". www.globalsecurity.org.
21. ^ Pitt, Barrie (1966). History of the Second World War. Vol. 5\. Purnell. OCLC 1110288057.
22. ^ Willmott, H. P. (2008). The Great Crusade: A New Complete History of the Second World War. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 269\. ISBN 978-1-61234-387-7. OCLC 755581494.
23. ^ Hall, Michael Clement (2014). The Crimea. A very short history. p. 52\. ISBN 978-1-304-97576-8. OCLC 980143992.
24. ^ "WW2 Aerial Reconnaissance Studies - Sevastopol, Balaclava and the Crimea 1942-1943". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
25. ^ Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946: Proceedings. Vol. 1–42. International Military Tribunal. 1947. p. 168\. ISBN 0-404-53650-6. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
26. ^ a b c d "Українське життя в Севастополi Михайло ЛУКІНЮК ОБЕРЕЖНО: МІФИ! Міф про юридичну належність Севастополя Росії" [Ukrainian life in Sevastopol Mykhailo LUKINYUK CAUTION: MYTHS! The myth of the legal affiliation of Sevastopol in Russia]. ukrlife.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 - via archive.org.
27. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1976, Vol.23. p. 104
28. ^ Kuzio, Taras (15 April 1998). Contemporary Ukraine. ISBN 0-7656-3150-4.
29. ^ "Статьи / газета Флот України: ПОЧТИ 50 ЛЕТ НАЗАД. СЕВАСТОПОЛЬ В 1955 ГОДУ" (in Russian). 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
30. ^ Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements edited by Don Harrison Doyle (page 284)
31. ^ Schmemann, Serge (10 July 1993), "Russian Parliament Votes a Claim to Russian Port of Sevastopol", The New York Times
32. ^ Glenn E., Curtis (1998). Russia: A Country Study. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. xcii. ISBN 0-8444-0866-2. OCLC 36351361.
33. ^ "Review of Ukraine base lease 'fatal,' Russia warns". People's Daily. Beijing, China. 28 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
34. ^ Oğuz, Şafak (1 May 2017). "Russian Hybrid Warfare and Its Implications in The Black Sea". Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi. 1 (1): 10. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020 - via Paperity.org.
35. ^ "Лужков знайшов у серці рану і хоче почувати себе в Криму як вдома" [Luzhkov has found a wound in his heart and wants to feel at home in the Crimea]. pravda.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
36. ^ "Calm sea in Sevastopol", Kyiv Post, 4 September 2009, archived from the original on 15 September 2008
37. ^ "Sevastopol authorities asking to raise compensation fees for Russian Black Sea Fleet's basing", Kyiv Post, 28 July 2009, archived from the original on 1 March 2012
38. ^ "Parliamentary chaos as Ukraine ratifies fleet deal", World, UK: BBC, 27 April 2010
39. ^ "Ukraine crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south". The Guardian. 23 February 2014.
40. ^ "Gunmen 'seize control' of airport in Ukraine's Crimea region". France 24. 28 February 2014.
41. ^ "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot". BBC News. 9 March 2015.
42. ^ На сессии городского Совета утверждены результаты общекрымского референдума 16 марта 2014 года [Session of the City Council approved the results of the general referendum on March 16, 2014] (in Russian). Official site of the Sevastopol City Council. March 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014.
43. ^ "Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia". Reuters. 16 March 2014.
44. ^ "Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia". ITAR TASS. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
45. ^ Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 17 March 2014 No. 63-рп 'О подписании Договора между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов'. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
46. ^ Taylor & Francis (2020). "Republic of Crimea". The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-00706-7. "Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognised as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014."
47. ^ "Does Russia have a case?". BBC News. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
48. ^ "Russia takes defacto control of Ukraine's Crimea region". 3 March 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
49. ^ "Russia's southern seas after Crimea". Retrieved 30 September 2022.
50. ^ "The duration of sunshine in some cities of the former USSR" (in Russian). Meteoweb. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
51. ^ "Sevastopol Climate Summary". pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
52. ^ "The City State Administration". Sevastopol City State Administration. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014.
53. ^ "Закон города Севастополя от 29 ноября 2016 года № 292-ЗС "О внесении изменений в Устав города Севастополя"". sevzakon.ru.
54. ^ "Ukraine: Sevastopol installs pro-Russian mayor as separatism fears grow". The Guardian. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
55. ^ "Sevastopol City Council refuses to recognize Kyiv leadership". Kyiv Post. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
56. ^ Stroitel, Tradekey.com See https://www.tradekey.com/company/Stroitel-1284650.html
57. ^ "Sevmorverf (Sevastopol Shipyard)". Federation of American Scientists. 24 August 2000. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
58. ^ "Численность населения по муниципальным округам г. Севастополя на начало 2021 года" (PDF). crimea.gks.ru (in Russian). Federal State Statistic Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
59. ^ "Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | English version | Results | General results of the census | National composition of population". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
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62. ^ "Balaklava Bayfront Plaza, Sevastopol". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
63. ^ "В Харькове появится памятник Сагайдачному". Status Quo (in Russian).
64. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 172\. ISBN 3-540-00238-3.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* "Sevastopol" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 707.
* Official website (in Russian) (Russian administration)
* Official website at the Wayback Machine (archive index) (Ukrainian administration)
* Satellite picture by Google Maps
* The murder of the Jews of Sevastopol during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of Sevastopol.svg Administrative divisions of Sevastopol

Administrative center: Sevastopol

Raions|

* Balaklavskiy
* Gagarinskiy
* Leninskiy
* Nakhimovskiy

Coat of arms of Sevastopol

Hromadas|

Cities|

* Inkerman

Urban-type settlements|

* v
* t
* e

Administrative divisions of Ukraine

Capital: Kyiv

Oblasts|

* Cherkasy
* Chernihiv
* Chernivtsi
* Dnipropetrovsk
* Donetsk2
* Ivano-Frankivsk
* Kharkiv
* Kherson2
* Khmelnytskyi
* Kyiv
* Kirovohrad
* Luhansk2
* Lviv
* Mykolaiv2
* Odesa
* Poltava
* Rivne
* Sumy
* Ternopil
* Vinnytsia
* Volyn
* Zakarpattia
* Zaporizhzhia2
* Zhytomyr

Cities with special status|

* Kyiv
* Sevastopol1

Autonomous republic|

* Crimea1

Administrative centers|

* Cherkasy
* Chernihiv
* Chernivtsi
* Dnipro
* Donetsk2 (Kramatorsk)
* Ivano-Frankivsk
* Kharkiv
* Kherson2
* Khmelnytskyi
* Kyiv
* Kropyvnytskyi
* Luhansk2 (Severodonetsk2)
* Lutsk
* Lviv
* Mykolaiv
* Odesa
* Poltava
* Rivne
* Sevastopol1
* Simferopol1
* Sumy
* Ternopil
* Uzhhorod
* Vinnytsia
* Zaporizhzhia
* Zhytomyr

1Claimed and controlled by Russia as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol
2Partly under military occupation and controlled by Russia

* v
* t
* e

Subdivisions of Russia

Federal subjects

Oblasts (46)|

* Amur
* Arkhangelsk
* Astrakhan
* Belgorod
* Bryansk
* Chelyabinsk
* Irkutsk
* Ivanovo
* Kaliningrad
* Kaluga
* Kemerovo
* Kirov
* Kostroma
* Kurgan
* Kursk
* Leningrad
* Lipetsk
* Magadan
* Moscow
* Murmansk
* Nizhny Novgorod
* Novgorod
* Novosibirsk
* Omsk
* Orenburg
* Oryol
* Penza
* Pskov
* Rostov
* Ryazan
* Sakhalin
* Samara
* Saratov
* Smolensk
* Sverdlovsk
* Tambov
* Tomsk
* Tula
* Tver
* Tyumen
* Ulyanovsk
* Vladimir
* Volgograd
* Vologda
* Voronezh
* Yaroslavl

Republics (22)|

* Adygea
* Altai
* Bashkortostan
* Buryatia
* Chechnya
* Chuvashia
* Crimea1
* Dagestan
* Ingushetia
* Kabardino-Balkaria
* Kalmykia
* Karachay-Cherkessia
* Karelia
* Khakassia
* Komi
* Mari El
* Mordovia
* North Ossetia–Alania
* Sakha
* Tatarstan
* Tuva
* Udmurtia

Krais (9)|

* Altai
* Kamchatka
* Khabarovsk
* Krasnodar
* Krasnoyarsk
* Perm
* Primorsky
* Stavropol
* Zabaykalsky

Autonomous okrugs (4)|

* Chukotka
* Khanty-Mansi2
* Nenets3
* Yamalo-Nenets2

Federal cities (3)|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol1

Autonomous oblast (1)|

* Jewish

* 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine.

* 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast.

* 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions

* Federal districts (by President)
* Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development)
* Military districts (by Ministry of Defence)
* Judicial districts

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of European states and territories

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey3
* Astana, Kazakhstan3
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan3
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium2
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco5
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus3
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia3
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City5
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia3
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus3
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh3
* Sukhumi, Abkhazia3
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania

|

Federal cities|

* Moscow, Moscow
* Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol, Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zürich, Zürich Canton

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Spain|

| Autonomous
communities|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencia
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz , Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

|

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 3 Located in Asia, with socio-political connections with Europe
* 5 A city-state

* v
* t
* e

Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization

* Ovidiopol
* Odessa
* Mariupol
* Melitopol
* Simferopol
* Sevastopol
* Kherson
* Grigoriopol
* Tiraspol
* Olgopol
* Olviopol
* Nikopol
* Tarnopol
* Feodosia
* Yevpatoria
* Stavropol

* v
* t
* e

Cities in Ukraine

* City with special status
* City of regional significance
* City of district significance

1,000,000+|

* Kyiv
* Kharkiv
* Dnipro
* Odessa

500,000-1,000,000|

* Donetsk
* Zaporizhzhia
* Lviv
* Kryvyi Rih

200,000-500,000|

* Mykolaiv
* Mariupol
* Luhansk
* Makiivka
* Vinnytsia
* Simferopol
* Sevastopol
* Kherson
* Poltava
* Chernihiv
* Cherkasy
* Sumy
* Horlivka
* Zhytomyr
* Kamianske
* Kropyvnytskyi
* Khmelnytskyi
* Rivne
* Chernivtsi
* Kremenchuk
* Ternopil
* Ivano-Frankivsk
* Lutsk
* Bila Tserkva

100,000-200,000|

* Kramatorsk
* Melitopol
* Kerch
* Nikopol
* Sloviansk
* Berdiansk
* Sievierodonetsk
* Alchevsk
* Pavlohrad
* Uzhhorod
* Brovary
* Yevpatoria

* Crimea is the subject of a territorial dispute between Ukraine (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) and Russia (Republic of Crimea)

* v
* t
* e

Hero Cities of the Soviet Union

* Leningrad
* Odessa
* Sevastopol
* Stalingrad
* Kiev
* Brest Fortress
* Moscow
* Kerch
* Novorossiysk
* Minsk
* Tula
* Murmansk
* Smolensk

* v
* t
* e

Hero Cities of Ukraine

Awarded by the Soviet Union|

* Kerch
* Kyiv
* Odesa
* Sevastopol

Awarded by independent Ukraine|

* Bucha
* Chernihiv
* Hostomel
* Irpin
* Kharkiv
* Kherson
* Mariupol
* Mykolaiv
* Okhtyrka
* Volnovakha

* v
* t
* e

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

* Part of the: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Russo-Ukrainian War

Main topics|

* Timeline
* International reaction
* List of military units
* International sanctions
* List of sanctioned individuals
* List of companies that applied sanctions
* 2014 anti-war protests in Russia
* Reaction of Russian intelligentsia
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262
* Declaration of Independence
* Republic of Crimea
* 2014 Constitution of Crimea
* Political status
* Crimean Federal District
* Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
* Medal "For the Return of Crimea"
* Capture of the Crimean Parliament
* Capture of Southern Naval Base
* 2014 Simferopol incident

Background|

* History of Crimea
* 1783 annexation by Russian Empire
* Crimean People's Republic
* 1921–1945 Crimean ASSR
* 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars
* 1945–1991 Crimean Oblast
* 1954 transfer of Crimea
* 1991–1992 Crimean ASSR
* Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995)
* 1992 constitution of Crimea
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995)
* 1994–1995 President of Crimea
* Yuriy Meshkov
* 1994 Budapest Memorandum
* 1997 Partition Treaty
* 1998 Constitution of Crimea
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* 2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia
* 2010 Kharkiv Pact
* 2012 law on languages
* 2013–2014 Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* 40th G7 summit

Main places|

* Simferopol
* Simferopol Airport
* Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea
* Sevastopol
* Belbek Airport
* Crimean Bridge
* Donuzlav
* Ochakov scuttling
* Perevalne
* Armyansk
* Dzhankoy
* Chonhar
* Port Krym
* Strilkove
* Arabat Spit
* Novofedorivka

Pro-Russian|

| Organizations|

* Supreme Council of Crimea
* Council of Ministers of Crimea
* Sevastopol City Council
* Russian Armed Forces
* Black Sea Fleet
* Russian Airborne Troops
* Little green men
* Crimean Berkut
* Russian Unity
* Night Wolves
* Kuban Cossacks
* Ukrainian Choice

|

Lead figures (Russia)|

* Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Sergey Shoygu
* Vladislav Surkov
* Sergey Lavrov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Igor Sergun
* Aleksandr Vitko
* Oleg Belaventsev
* Rustam Minnikhanov

Lead figures (Crimea)|

* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vladimir Konstantinov
* Natalia Poklonskaya
* Rustam Temirgaliev
* Denis Berezovsky
* Sergei Yeliseyev
* Aleksei Chaly
* Igor Besler

Pro-Ukrainian|

| Organizations|

* Yatsenyuk government
* Parliamentary parties
* Batkivshchyna
* Svoboda
* UDAR
* Armed Forces of Ukraine
* Ukrainian Ground Forces
* Ukrainian Navy
* National Guard of Ukraine
* Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
* Right Sector

|

Lead figures (Ukraine)|

* Oleksandr Turchynov
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk
* Andriy Parubiy
* Arsen Avakov
* Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
* Ihor Tenyukh
* Mykhailo Kutsyn
* Serhiy Hayduk

Lead figures (Crimea)|

* Mustafa Dzhemilev
* Refat Chubarov
* Ahtem Chiygoz
* Serhiy Kunitsyn
* Yuliy Mamchur

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