Tiberias

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City in northern Israel

City in Israel

Tiberias

* טבריה
* طبريا

City (from 1948)

Hebrew transcription(s)
• Also spelled| Tveria, Tveriah (unofficial)
File:TIBERIAS - GALILEE (7723477802).jpg

Official logo of Tiberias

Tiberias is located in Israel

Tiberias

Coordinates: 32°47′40″N 35°32′00″E﻿ / ﻿32.79444°N 35.53333°E﻿ / 32.79444; 35.53333Coordinates: 32°47′40″N 35°32′00″E﻿ / ﻿32.79444°N 35.53333°E﻿ / 32.79444; 35.53333
Grid position| 201/243 PAL
Country|  Israel
District| Northern
Founded| 1200 BCE (Biblical Rakkath)
20 CE (Herodian city)
Government

• Mayor| Boaz Yosef[1]
Area

• Total| 10,872 dunams (10.872 km2 or 4.198 sq mi)
Population

(2022)[2]

• Total| 47,634
• Density| 4,400/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Name meaning| City of Tiberius
Website| www.tiberias.muni.il

Tiberias (/taɪˈbɪəriəs/ ty-BEER-ee-əs; Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Audio file "Tverya.ogg" not found; Arabic: طبريا, romanized: Ṭabariyyā) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed.[3] In 2019 it had a population of 44,779.[2]

Tiberias was founded circa 20 CE by Herod Antipas and was named after Roman emperor Tiberius.[4][5] It became a major political and religious hub of the Jews in the Land of Israel after the destruction of Jerusalem and the desolation of Judea during the Jewish–Roman wars.[5] From the time of the second through the tenth centuries CE, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee, and much of the Mishna and the Jerusalem Talmud were compiled there.[5][6] Tiberias flourished during the early Islamic period, when it served as the capital of Jund al-Urdunn and became a multi-cultural trading center.[4] The city slipped in importance following several earthquakes, foreign incursions, and after the Mamluks turned Safed into the capital of Galilee.[5][4] The city was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1837, after which it was rebuilt, and it grew steadily following the Zionist Aliyah in the 1880s.[5]

In early modern times, Tiberias was a mixed city; under British rule it had a majority Jewish population, but with a significant Arab community. During the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, the city was captured by the Haganah, and British troops evacuated the entire Palestinian Arab population.[5][7] After the war ended, the new Israeli authorities destroyed the Old City of Tiberias.[8][7] A large number of Jewish immigrants to Israel subsequently settled in Tiberias, such that today the city has an almost exclusively Jewish population.[5]

Today, Tiberias is an important tourist center due to its proximity to the Sea of Galilee and religious sanctity to Judaism and Christianity. The city also serves as a regional industrial and commercial center. Its immediate neighbour to the south, Hammat Tiberias, which is now part of modern Tiberias, has been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for some two thousand years.[9]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Biblical era
* 1.2 Roman period
* 1.2.1 Herodian period
* 1.2.2 Great Revolt and Bar Kokhba revolt
* 1.2.3 Late Roman period
* 1.3 Byzantine period
* 1.4 Early Muslim period
* 1.5 Crusader period
* 1.6 Mamluk period
* 1.7 Ottoman period
* 1.8 British Mandate
* 1.9 State of Israel
* 2 Demographics
* 3 Urban renewal and preservation
* 4 Archaeology
* 5 Geography and climate
* 6 Health care
* 7 Sports
* 8 Twin towns – sister cities
* 9 Notable people
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography
* 13 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

See Diocese of Tiberias for ecclesiastical history

### Biblical era[edit | edit source]

Jewish tradition holds that Tiberias was built on the site of the ancient Israelite village of Rakkath or Rakkat, first mentioned in the Book of Joshua.[10][11] In Talmudic times, the Jews still referred to it by this name.[12]

### Roman period[edit | edit source]

#### Herodian period[edit | edit source]

Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in the Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea by the Roman client king Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Herod Antipas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee and named it after the Roman Emperor Tiberius.[10] The city was built in immediate proximity to a spa which had developed around 17 natural mineral hot springs, Hammat Tiberias. Tiberias was at first a strictly pagan city, but later became populated mainly by Jews, with its growing spiritual and religious status exerting a strong influence on balneological practices.[9][dubious - discuss] Conversely, in The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus calls the village with hot springs Emmaus, today's Hammat Tiberias, located near Tiberias.[13][citation needed] This name also appears in his work The Wars of the Jews.[14]

Under the Roman Empire, the city was known by its Greek name Τιβεριάς (Tiberiás, Modern Greek Τιβεριάδα Tiveriáda).[citation needed]

In the days of Herod Antipas, some of the most religiously orthodox Jews, who were struggling against the process of Hellenisation, which had affected even some priestly groups, refused to settle there: the presence of a cemetery rendered the site ritually unclean for the Jews and particularly for the priestly caste. Antipas settled many non-Jews there from rural Galilee and other parts of his domains in order to populate his new capital, and built a palace on the acropolis.[15][dubious - discuss] The prestige of Tiberias was so great that the Sea of Galilee soon came to be named the Sea of Tiberias; however, the Jewish population continued to call it 'Yam Ha-Kineret', its traditional name.[15] The city was governed by a city council of 600 with a committee of 10 until 44 CE when a Roman procurator was set over the city after the death of Herod Agrippa I.[15]

Tiberias is mentioned in John 6:23 as the location from which boats had sailed to the opposite, eastern side of the Sea of Galilee. The crowd seeking Jesus after the miraculous feeding of the 5000 used these boats to travel back to Capernaum on the north-western part of the lake.

In 61 CE Herod Agrippa II annexed the city to his kingdom whose capital was Caesarea Philippi.[citation needed]

#### Great Revolt and Bar Kokhba revolt[edit | edit source]

During the First Jewish–Roman War, the Jewish rebels took control of the city and destroyed Herod's palace, and were able to prevent the city from being pillaged by the army of Agrippa II, the Jewish ruler who had remained loyal to Rome.[15][16] Eventually, the rebels were expelled from Tiberias, and while most other cities in the provinces of Judaea, Galilee and Idumea were razed, Tiberias was spared this fate because its inhabitants had decided not to fight against Rome.[15][17] It became a mixed city after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE; with Judea subdued, the surviving southern Jewish population migrated to the Galilee.[18][19]

File:The Roman Gate - Tiberias (3).jpg

The Roman-Byzantine southern city gate

File:Tiberias-S-506.jpg

Remains of Crusader fortress gate with ancient lintel in secondary use

There is no direct indication that Tiberias, as well as the rest of Galilee, took part in the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136 CE, thus allowing it to exist, despite a heavy economic decline due to the war. Following the expulsion of Jews from Judea after 135 CE, Tiberias and its neighbour Sepphoris (Hebrew name: Tzippori) became the major Jewish cultural centres.

#### Late Roman period[edit | edit source]

According to the Talmud, in 145 CE, Rabbi Simeon bar Yochai, who was very familiar with the Galilee, hiding there for over a decade, "cleansed the city of ritual impurity",[citation needed] allowing the Jewish leadership to resettle there from the Judea, which they were forced to leave as fugitives. The Sanhedrin, the Jewish court, also fled from Jerusalem during the Great Jewish Revolt against Rome, and after several attempted moves, in search of stability, eventually settled in Tiberias in about 220 CE.[15][19] It was to be its final meeting place before its disbanding in 425 CE. When Johanan bar Nappaha (d. 279) settled in Tiberias, the city became the focus of Jewish religious scholarship in the land and the so-named Jerusalem Talmud was compiled by his school in Tiberias between 230–270 CE.[19] Tiberias' 13 synagogues served the spiritual needs of a growing Jewish population.[15] Tombs of famous rabbis Yohanan ben Zakkai, Akiva and Maimonides are also located in the city.

### Byzantine period[edit | edit source]

In the 6th century Tiberias was still the seat of Jewish religious learning. In light of this, a letter of Syriac bishop Simeon of Beth Arsham urged the Christians of Palaestina to seize the leaders of Judaism in Tiberias, to put them to the rack, and to compel them to command the Jewish king, Dhu Nuwas, to desist from persecuting the Christians in Najran.[20]

In 614, Tiberias was the site where, during the final Jewish revolt against the Byzantine Empire, parts of the Jewish population supported the Persian invaders; the Jewish rebels were financed by Benjamin of Tiberias, a man of immense wealth; according to Christian sources, during the revolt Christians were massacred and churches destroyed. In 628, the Byzantine army returned to Tiberias upon the surrender of Jewish rebels and the end of the Persian occupation after they were defeated in the battle of Nineveh. A year later, influenced by radical Christian monks, Emperor Heraclius instigated a wide-scale slaughter of the Jews, which practically emptied Galilee of most its Jewish population, with survivors fleeing to Egypt.[citation needed]

### Early Muslim period[edit | edit source]

Tiberias, or Tabariyyah in Arab transcription, was "conquered by (the Arab commander) Shurahbil in the year 634/15 [CE/AH] by capitulation; one half of the houses and churches were to belong to the Muslims, the other half to the Christians."[21] Since 636 CE, Tiberias served as the regional capital, until Beit She'an took its place, following the Rashidun conquest.[clarification needed] The Caliphate allowed 70 Jewish families from Tiberias to form the core of a renewed Jewish presence in Jerusalem and the importance of Tiberias to Jewish life declined.[citation needed] The caliphs of the Umayyad Dynasty built one of its square-plan palaces on the waterfront to the north of Tiberias, at Khirbat al-Minya. Tiberias was revitalised in 749, after Bet Shean was destroyed in an earthquake.[citation needed] An imposing mosque, 90 metres (300 feet) long by 78 metres (256 feet) wide, resembling the Great Mosque of Damascus, was raised at the foot of Mount Berenice next to a Byzantine church, to the south of the city, as the eighth century ushered in Tiberias's golden age, when the multicultural city may have been the most tolerant of the Middle East.[22] Jewish scholarship flourished from the beginning of the 8th century to the end of the 10th, when the oral traditions of ancient Hebrew, still in use today, were codified. One of the leading members of the Tiberian Masoretic community was Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, who refined the oral tradition now known as Tiberian Hebrew. Both the Codex Cairensis and the Aleppo Codex were written in Tiberias as well as the Tiberian vocalization was devised here.

File:Tiberias-2-073.jpg

Remains of Roman theatre

File:Hamat-Tiberias-119.jpg

Hammat Tiberias synagogue floor

The Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi writing in 985, describes Tiberias as a hedonistic city afflicted by heat:-'For two months they dance; for two months they gobble; for two months they swat; for two months they go about naked; for two months they play the reed flute; and for two months they wallow in the mud.[22] As "the capital of Jordan Province, and a city in the Valley of Canaan. ... The town is narrow, hot in summer and unhealthy...There are here eight natural hot baths, where no fuel need be used, and numberless basins besides of boiling water. The mosque is large and fine, and stands in the market-place. Its floor is laid in pebbles, set on stone drums, placed close one to another." According to Muqaddasi, those who suffered from scab or ulcers, and other such diseases came to Tiberias to bathe in the hot springs for three days. "Afterwards they dip in another spring which is cold, whereupon ... they become cured."[23]

Tiberias was plagued by incursions by the radical Shi'ite Qarmatians at the beginning of the tenth century. During that period, the Academy of Eretz Israel left Tiberias for Jerusalem. Later in the same century, the region came under the control by the Fatimid Caliphate.[4] By this time, Tiberias had experienced its last period of prosperity; dried fruit, oil, and wine had been exported to Cairo via the Via Maris, and the city was also known for its mat industry.[4]

In 1033 Tiberias was again destroyed by an earthquake.[citation needed] A further earthquake in 1066 toppled the great mosque.[22] Nasir-i Khusrou visited Tiberias in 1047, and describes a city with a "strong wall" which begins at the border of the lake and goes all around the town except on the water-side. Furthermore, he describes

> numberless buildings erected in the very water, for the bed of the lake in this part is rock; and they have built pleasure houses that are supported on columns of marble, rising up out of the water. The lake is very full of fish. [] The Friday Mosque is in the midst of the town. At the gate of the mosque is a spring, over which they have built a hot bath. [] On the western side of the town is a mosque known as the Jasmine Mosque (Masjid-i-Yasmin). It is a fine building and in the middle part rises a great platform (dukkan), where they have their mihrabs (or prayer-niches). All round those they have set jasmine-shrubs, from which the mosque derives its name.[24]

### Crusader period[edit | edit source]

File:Keverambam.jpg

The tomb of Maimonides

During the First Crusade Tiberias was occupied by the Franks soon after the capture of Jerusalem. The city was given in fief to Tancred, who made it his capital of the Principality of Galilee in the Kingdom of Jerusalem; the region was sometimes called the Principality of Tiberias, or the Tiberiad.[25] In 1099 the original site of the city was abandoned, and settlement shifted north to the present location.[citation needed] St. Peter's Church, originally built by the Crusaders, is still standing today, although the building has been altered and reconstructed over the years.

In the late 12th century Tiberias' Jewish community numbered 50 Jewish families, headed by rabbis,[26] and at that time the best manuscripts of the Torah were said to be found there.[20] In the 12th-century, the city was the subject of negative undertones in Islamic tradition. A hadith recorded by Ibn Asakir of Damascus (d. 1176) names Tiberias as one of the "four cities of hell."[27] This could have been reflecting the fact that at the time, the town had a notable non-Muslim population.[28]

In 1187, Saladin ordered his son al-Afdal to send an envoy to Count Raymond of Tripoli requesting safe passage through his fiefdom of Galilee and Tiberias. Raymond was obliged to grant the request under the terms of his treaty with Saladin. Saladin's force left Caesarea Philippi to engage the fighting force of the Knights Templar. The Templar force was destroyed in the encounter. Saladin then besieged Tiberias; after six days the town fell. On July 4, 1187 Saladin defeated the Crusaders coming to relieve Tiberias at the Battle of Hattin, 10 kilometres (6 miles) outside the city.[29] However, during the Third Crusade, the Crusaders drove the Muslims out of the city and reoccupied it.

Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, (Maimonides) also known as Rambam, a leading Jewish legal scholar, philosopher and physician of his period, died in 1204 in Egypt and was later buried in Tiberias. His tomb is one of the city's important pilgrimage sites. Yakut, writing in the 1220s, described Tiberias as a small town, long and narrow. He also describes the "hot salt springs, over which they have built Hammams which use no fuel."

### Mamluk period[edit | edit source]

In 1265 the Crusaders were driven from the city by the Egyptian Mamluks, who ruled Tiberias until the Ottoman conquest in 1516.[citation needed]

### Ottoman period[edit | edit source]

File:1822 Burckhardt sketch of Tiberias.png

Johann Ludwig Burckhardt's sketch of Tiberias, published in 1822. Burckhardt noted that the a quarter of the population was Jewish, and had originated in Poland, Spain, North Africa and other parts of Syria.[30]

File:Francis Frith. Tiberias, from the South.jpg

Tiberas, 1862

During the 16th century, Tiberias was a small village. Italian Rabbi Moses Bassola visited Tiberias during his trip to Palestine in 1522. He said on Tiberias that "it was a big city ... and now it is ruined and desolate". He described the village there, in which he said there were "ten or twelve" Muslim households. The area, according to Bassola, was dangerous "because of the Arabs", and in order to stay there, he had to pay the local governor for his protection.[31]

As the Ottoman Empire expanded along the southern Mediterranean coast under Sultan Selim I, the Reyes Católicos (Catholic Monarchs) began establishing Inquisition commissions. Many Conversos, (Marranos and Moriscos) and Sephardi Jews fled in fear to the Ottoman provinces, settling at first in Constantinople, Salonika, Sarajevo, Sofia and Anatolia. The Sultan encouraged them to settle in Palestine.[32][33] In 1558, a Portuguese-born marrano, Doña Gracia, was granted tax collecting rights in Tiberias and its surrounding villages by Suleiman the Magnificent. She envisaged the town becoming a refuge for Jews and obtained a permit to establish Jewish autonomy there.[34] In 1561 her nephew Joseph Nasi, Lord of Tiberias,[35] encouraged Jews to settle in Tiberias.[36] Securing a firman from the Sultan, he and Joseph ben Adruth rebuilt the city walls and lay the groundwork for a textile (silk) industry, planting mulberry trees and urging craftsmen to move there.[36] Plans were made for Jews to move from the Papal States, but when the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice went to war, the plan was abandoned.[36]

At the end of the century (1596), the village of Tiberias had 54 households: 50 families and 4 bachelors. All were Muslims. The main product of the village at that time was wheat, while other products included barley, fruit, fish, goats and bee hives; the total revenue was 3,360 akçe.[37]

In 1624, when the Sultan recognized Fakhr-al-Din II as Lord of Arabistan (from Aleppo to the borders of Egypt),[38] The 1660 destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in abandonment of the city by its Jewish community,[39][40] Unlike Tiberias, the nearby city of Safed recovered from its destruction,[41] and wasn't entirely abandoned,[42] remaining an important Jewish center in the Galilee.

File:PikiWiki Israel 11910 leaning tower in tiberias.jpg

"Leaning tower" at SE corner of Zahir al-Umar's walls, part of Greek Orthodox Monastery of the Twelve Apostles

In the 1720s, the Arab ruler Zahir al-Umar, of the Zaydani clan, fortified the town and made an agreement with the neighboring Bedouin tribes to prevent looting. Accounts from that time tell of the great admiration people had for Zahir, especially his war against bandits on the roads. Richard Pococke, who visited Tiberias in 1727, witnessed the building of a fort to the north of the city, and the strengthening of the old walls, attributing it to a dispute with the Pasha of Damascus.[43] Under instructions from the Ottoman Porte, Sulayman Pasha al-Azm of Damascus besieged Tiberias in 1742, with the intention of eliminating Zahir, but his siege was unsuccessful. In the following year, Sulayman set out to repeat the attempt with even greater reinforcements, but he died en route.[44]

File:Jewish House In Tiberias, 1893.jpg

Jewish house in Tiberias, 1893

Under Zahir's patronage, Jewish families were encouraged to settle in Tiberias.[45] He invited Rabbi Chaim Abulafia of Smyrna to rebuild the Jewish community.[46] The synagogue he built still stands today, located in the Court of the Jews.[47][48]

In 1775, Ahmed el-Jazzar "the Butcher" brought peace to the region with an iron fist.[citation needed] In 1780, many Polish Jews settled in the town.[46] During the 18th and 19th centuries it received an influx of rabbis who re-established it as a center for Jewish learning.[49] An essay written by Rabbi Joseph Schwarz in 1850 noted that "Tiberias Jews suffered the least" during an Arab rebellion which took place in 1834.[46] Around 600 people, including nearly 500 Jews,[46] died when the town was devastated by the 1837 Galilee earthquake.[citation needed] An American expedition reported that Tiberias was still in a state of disrepair in 1847/1848.[50] Rabbi Haim Shmuel Hacohen Konorti, born in Spain in 1792, settled in Tiberias at the age of 45 and was a driving force in the restoration of the city.[51]

File:Zoltan Kluger. Tiberias.jpg

Tiberias 1937, Dr. Torrance’s hospital centre of photograph

### British Mandate[edit | edit source]

File:Abbud26C.jpg

Postcard of Tiberias, by Karimeh Abbud, ca 1925

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tiberias had a population of 6,950 inhabitants, consisting of 4,427 Jews, 2,096 Muslims, 422 Christians, and five others.[52][53] Initially the relationship between Arabs and Jews in Tiberias was good, with few incidents occurring in the Nebi Musa riots and the disturbances throughout Palestine in 1929.[citation needed] The first modern spa was built in 1929.[9]

The landscape of the modern town was shaped by the great flood of November 11, 1934. Deforestation on the slopes above the town combined with the fact that the city had been built as a series of closely packed houses and buildings – usually sharing walls – built in narrow roads paralleling and closely hugging the shore of the lake. Flood waters carrying mud, stones, and boulders rushed down the slopes and filled the streets and buildings with water so rapidly that many people did not have time to escape; the loss of life and property was great. The city rebuilt on the slopes and the British Mandatory government planted the Swiss Forest on the slopes above the town to hold the soil and prevent similar disasters from recurring. A new seawall was constructed, moving the shoreline several yards out from the former shore.[54][55] In October 1938, Arab militants murdered 19 Jews in Tiberias during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine.[56] Between the April 8–9, 1948, sporadic shooting broke out between the Jewish and Arab neighborhoods of Tiberias. The Arab population of Tiberias cut the main road linking the Jewish settlements of Upper Galilee with those of the Jordan Valley and besieged the ancient Jewish quarter on the lakeshore within the walled city[53] On April 10, the Haganah launched a mortar barrage, killing some Arab residents.[57] The local National Committee refused the offer of the Arab Liberation Army to take over defense of the city, but a small contingent of outside irregulars moved in.[57]

During April 10–17, the Haganah attacked the city and refused to negotiate a truce, while the British refused to intervene. Newly arrived Arab refugees from Nasir ad-Din told of the civilians there being killed, news which brought panic to the residents of Tiberias.[57] The Arab population of Tiberias (6,000 residents or 47.5% of the population) was evacuated under British military protection on 18 April 1948.[58]

The Jewish population looted the Arab areas and had to be suppressed by force by the Haganah and Jewish police, who killed or injured several looters.[59] On 30 December 1948, when David Ben-Gurion was staying in Tiberias, James Grover McDonald, the United States ambassador to Israel, requested to meet with him. McDonald presented a British ultimatum for Israeli troops to leave the Sinai peninsula, Egyptian territory. Israel rejected the ultimatum, but Tiberias became famous.[60]

### State of Israel[edit | edit source]

File:Dover tverya17.jpg

Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee

File:PikiWiki Israel 69028 the tomb of rabbi meir the miracle owner.jpg

Tomb of Rabbi Meir Baal HaNes

File:PikiWiki Israel 11886 house in galilee street tiberias.jpg

Black basalt buildings in Tiberias

The city of Tiberias has been almost entirely Jewish since 1948. Many Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews settled in the city, following the Jewish exodus from Arab countries in late 1940s and the early 1950s. Over time, government housing was built to accommodate much of the new population, like in many other development towns.

In 1959, during Wadi Salib riots, the "Union des Nords-africains led by David Ben Haroush, organised a large-scale procession walking towards the nice suburbs of Haifa creating little damage but a great fear within the population. This small incident was taken as an occasion to express the social malaise of the different Oriental communities in Israel and riots spread quickly to other parts of the country; mostly in towns with a high percentage of the population having North African origins like in Tiberias, in Beer-Sheva, in Migdal-Haemek".[61]

Over time, the city came to rely on tourism, becoming a major Galilean center for Christian pilgrims and internal Israeli tourism. The ancient cemetery of Tiberias and its old synagogues are also drawing religious Jewish pilgrims during religious holidays.[62]

Tiberias consists of a small port on the shores of the Galilee lake for both fishing and tourist activities. Since the 1990s, the importance of the port for fishing was gradually decreasing, with the decline of the Tiberias lake level, due to continuing droughts and increased pumping of fresh water from the lake. It is expected that the lake of Tiberias will regain its original level (almost 6 metres (20 feet) higher than today), with the full operational capacity of Israeli desalination facilities by 2014.

In 2012, plans were announced for a new ultra-Orthodox neighborhood, Kiryat Sanz, on a slope on the western side of the Kinneret.[63]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of December 2011, 41,700 inhabitants lived in Tiberias. According to CBS, as of December 2010 the city was rated 5 out of 10 on the socio-economic scale. The average monthly salary of an employee for the year 2009 was 4,845 NIS.[64] Among today's population of Jews, many are Mizrahi and Sephardic.

Following Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000 many ex-South Lebanon Army soldiers and officers who fled from Lebanon settled in Tiberias with their families.[65]

In the Ottoman registers of 1525, 1533, 1548, 1553, and 1572 all the residents were Muslims.[66] The registers in 1596 recorded the population to consist of 50 families and 4 bachelors; all Muslim.[67] In 1780, there were about 4,000 inhabitants, two thirds being Jews.[68][citation needed] In 1842, there were about 3,900 inhabitants, around a third of whom were Jews, the rest being Muslims and a few Christians.[69] In 1850, Tiberias contained three synagogues which served the Sephardi community, which consisted of 80 families, and the Ashkenazim, numbering about 100 families. It was reported that the Jewish inhabitants of Tiberias enjoyed more peace and security than those of Safed to the north.[70] In 1863, it was recorded that the Christian and Muslim elements made up three-quarters of the population (2,000 to 4,000).[71] A population list from about 1887 showed that Tiberias had a population of about 3,640; 2,025 Jews, 30 Latins, 215 Catholics, 15 Greek Catholics, and 1,355 Muslims.[72] In 1901, the Jews of Tiberias numbered about 2,000 in a total population of 3,600.[20] By 1912, the population reached 6,500. This included 4,500 Jews, 1,600 Muslims and 400 Christians.[73]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tiberias had a population of 6,950 inhabitants, consisting of 4,427 Jews, 2,096 Muslims, 422 Christians, and five others.[52] There were 5,381 Jews, 2,645 Muslims, 565 Christians and ten others in the 1931 census.[74] By 1945, the population had increased to 6,000 Jews, 4,540 Muslims, 760 Christians with ten others.[75]

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian Arab residents of Tiberias besieged its Jewish quarter. Haganah troops then successfully attacked the Arab section of the city, and British troops evacuated the Arab residents upon their request.[5] Some fled in the wake of news of the Deir Yassin massacre.[76] The entire Arab population of the city was removed in 1948 by the British and partly because of Haganah decision.[77] After the war had ended, a large number of Jewish immigrants to Israel settled in Tiberias.[5] Today almost all of the population is Jewish.

## Urban renewal and preservation[edit | edit source]

File:Tiberias Genezareth Tverya Kinneret Israel datafox.JPG

Tiberias harbour

File:Tiberias hotels.JPG

Tiberias beachfront

Ancient and medieval Tiberias was destroyed by a series of devastating earthquakes, and much of what was built after the major earthquake of 1837 was destroyed or badly damaged in the great flood of 1934. Houses in the newer parts of town, uphill from the waterfront, survived. In 1949, 606 houses, comprising almost all of the built-up area of the old quarter other than religious buildings, were demolished over the objections of local Jews who owned about half the houses.[78] Wide-scale development began after the Six-Day War, with the construction of a waterfront promenade, open parkland, shopping streets, restaurants and modern hotels. Carefully preserved were several churches, including one with foundations dating from the Crusader period, the city's two Ottoman-era mosques, and several ancient synagogues.[79] The city's old masonry buildings constructed of local black basalt with white limestone windows and trim have been designated historic landmarks. Also preserved are parts of the ancient wall, the Ottoman-era citadel, historic hotels, Christian pilgrim hostels, convents and schools.

## Archaeology[edit | edit source]

A 2,000 year-old Roman theatre was discovered 15 metres (49 feet) under layers of debris and refuse at the foot of Mount Bernike south of modern Tiberias. It once seated over 7,000 people.[80]

In 2004, excavations in Tiberias conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered a structure dating to the 3rd century CE that may have been the seat of the Sanhedrin. At the time it was called Beit Hava'ad.[81]

In June 2018, an underground Jewish mausoleum has been discovered. Archaeologist said that the mausoleum is between 1,900 to 2,000 years old as of 2018. The names of the dead, carved onto the ossuaries in Greek.[82]

In January 2021, the foundations of a mosque dating to the earliest years of Muslim rule have been excavated just south of the Sea of Galilee by archaeologists led by Katia Cytryn-Silverman from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Built around 670 CE, it is considered to have been the first purpose-built mosque in the city.[83][84]

## Geography and climate[edit | edit source]

Tiberias is located on the shore of the Sea of Galilee and the western slopes of the Jordan Rift Valley overlooking the lake, in the elevation range of −200 to 200 metres (−660–660 feet). Tiberias has a climate that borders a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (koppen Csa) and a Hot Semi-arid climate (koppen BSh), with an annual precipitation of about 400 mm (15.75 in). Summers in Tiberias average a maximum temperature of 36 °C (97 °F) and a minimum temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) in July and August. The winters are mild, with temperatures ranging from 8 to 18 °C (46–64 °F). Extremes have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 46 °C (115 °F).

Climate data for Tiberias, Israel (1981–2010 normals),

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Average high °C (°F)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 35.9
(96.6)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 28.9
(84.0)
Average low °C (°F)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 10.1
(50.2)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 20.8
(69.4)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 17.66
(63.79)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 106.9
(4.21)  | 90.2
(3.55)  | 55.5
(2.19)  | 17.6
(0.69)  | 3.9
(0.15)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.6
(0.02)  | 17.4
(0.69)  | 51.9
(2.04)  | 93.0
(3.66)  | 437.1
(17.21)
Source: WMO (World Weather Information Service)[85]

Tiberias has been severely damaged by earthquakes since antiquity. Earthquakes are known to have occurred in 30, 33, 115, 306, 363, 419, 447, 631–32 (aftershocks continued for a month), 1033, 1182, 1202, 1546, 1759, 1837, 1927 and 1943.[86]

The city is located above the Dead Sea Transform and is one of the cities in Israel that is most at risk to earthquakes (along with Safed, Beit She'an, Kiryat Shmona, and Eilat).[87]

## Health care[edit | edit source]

File:The Doctor House - The Scots Hotel.JPG

The Scots Hotel in the restored former hospital of Dr Torrance

In 1885, a Scottish doctor and minister, David Watt Torrance, opened a mission hospital in Tiberias that accepted patients of all races and religions.[88] In 1894, it moved to larger premises at Beit abu Shamnel abu Hannah. In 1923 his son, Dr. Herbert Watt Torrance, was appointed head of the hospital. After the establishment of the State of Israel, it became a maternity hospital supervised by the Israeli Department of Health. After its closure in 1959, the building became a guesthouse until 1999, when it was renovated and reopened as the Scots Hotel.[89][90][91]

## Sports[edit | edit source]

File:Bodek Architects Tiberias Football Stadium AA.jpg

Model for Tiberias Football Stadium designed by Moti Bodek Architects

Its first football club established in 1925 was Maccabi Tiberias, but folded in the 1990s after financial difficulties.

Hapoel Tiberias represented the city in the top division of football for several seasons in the 1960s and 1980s, but eventually dropped into the regional leagues and folded due to financial difficulties.

Following Hapoel's demise, a new club, Ironi Tiberias, was established, which currently plays in Liga Alef.

6 Nations Championship and Heineken Cup winner Jamie Heaslip was born in Tiberias.

The Tiberias Marathon is an annual road race held along the Sea of Galilee in Israel with a field in recent years of approximately 1000 competitors. The course follows an out-and-back format around the southern tip of the sea, and was run concurrently with a 10k race along an abbreviated version of the same route. In 2010 the 10k race was moved to the afternoon before the marathon. At approximately 200 metres (660 feet) below sea level, this is the lowest course in the world.

## Twin towns – sister cities[edit | edit source]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Tiberias is twinned with:[92]

* File:Flag of the United States.svg Great Neck, United States (2002)
* File:Flag of the United States.svg Milwaukee, United States (2000)
* File:Flag of Italy.svg Montecatini Terme, Italy (1979)
* File:Flag of France.svg Montpellier, France (1983)
* File:Flag of France.svg Saint-Raphaël, France (2006)
* File:Flag of the United States.svg Tulsa, United States (1990)
* File:Flag of Germany.svg Worms, Germany (1986)
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Wuxi, China (2006)

## Notable people[edit | edit source]

* Sulayman ibn Ahmad at-Tabarani (874–971), Muslim hadith scholar and collector
* Zahir al-Umar (c. 1689–1775), virtually autonomous Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century
* Yossi Abulafia (born 1944), writer and graphic artist
* Shemariah Catarivas, 18th-century Talmudic writer
* Gadi Eizenkot (born 1960), IDF Chief of General Staff, since Feb. 2015 and still serving as of Oct. 2018
* Sarai Givaty (born 1982), actress, singer-songwriter, and model
* Menahem Golan (1929–2014), film producer, screenwriter and director
* Jamie Heaslip (born 1983), Irish rugby union player, born in Tiberias
* Elad Levy (born 1972), Neurosurgeon known for his contributions in the management of stroke, born in Tiberias
* Rabbi Meir Baal HaNes (Rabbi Meir the miracle maker), 2nd-century CE Jewish sage
* Johanan bar Nappaha (180–279), rabbi
* Shlomit Nir (born 1952), Olympic swimmer
* Patrick Denis O'Donnell (1922–2005), Commandant of the Irish Defence Forces, military historian, UN peace-keeper stationed in Tiberias in the 1960s
* Yisroel Ber Odesser (c. 1888–1994), Breslover Hasid and rabbi
* Moshe Peretz (born 1983), Mizrahi pop singer-songwriter and composer
* Eldad Ronen (born 1976), Olympic competitive sailor
* Shem-Tov Sabag (born 1959), Olympic marathoner
* Jacob ha-Cohen Sekili (1846–1918), rabbi
* Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit (1895–1967), politician, government minister of Israel
* Shmuel Toledano (born 1921), former Mossad agent and member of the Knesset
* Ya'akov Moshe Toledano (1880–1960), rabbi

## See also[edit | edit source]

* 1660 destruction of Tiberias
* Bethmaus, ancient Jewish village next to Tiberias
* List of modern names for biblical place names
* Old synagogues of Tiberias
* Baruch Padeh Medical Center

## References[edit | edit source]

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4. ^ a b c d e Hirschfeld, Y. (2007). Post-Roman Tiberias: between East and West. Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans, 5, p. 193–204.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Tiberias | Israel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
6. ^ Conder and Kitchener 1881, SWP I, p. 419-420 "The Sanhedrim, after several removes, came to Tiberias about the middle of the second century, under the celebrated Rabbi Judah Hakkodesh, and from this time Tiberias became the central point of Jewish learning for several centuries. It was here that both the Mishna and the Gemara were compiled."
7. ^ a b Rabinowitz, Dan; Monterescu, Daniel (2008-05-01). "RECONFIGURING THE "MIXED TOWN": URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS OF ETHNONATIONAL RELATIONS IN PALESTINE AND ISRAEL". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 40 (2): 195–226. doi:10.1017/S0020743808080513. ISSN 1471-6380. "The first mixed town forcibly emptied of its Palestinian residents was Tiberias, the 5,770 Palestinian inhabitants of which were driven out – mostly on buses – on 16 and 17 April 1948, when the town was taken by Jewish Hagana forces. ... In Tiberias, the demise of the Palestinian community was coupled in early 1949 with mass destruction of their old properties. By March the Israeli army had blown up and bulldozed 477 of the 696 buildings in the old city,&S"
8. ^ Abbasi, Dr Mustafa (2008). "THE WAR ON THE MIXED CITIES: THE DEPOPULATION OF ARAB TIBERIAS AND THE DESTRUCTION OF ITS OLD, 'SACRED' CITY (1948–9)". Holy Land Studies. Edinburgh University Press. 7 (1): 45–80. doi:10.3366/e1474947508000061. ISSN 1474-9475.
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40. ^ Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7 p. 149
41. ^ Sidney Mendelssohn. The Jews of Asia: Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century. (1920) p.241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses ..."
42. ^ Gershom Gerhard Scholem (1976-01-01). Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, 1626–1676. Princeton University Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-691-01809-6. "In Safed, too, the [Sabbatai] movement gathered strength during the autumn of 1665. The reports about the utter destruction, in 1662  [sic], of the Jewish settlement there seem greatly exaggerated, and the conclusions based on them are false. ... Rosanes' account of the destruction of the Safed community is based on a misunderstanding of his sources; the community declined in numbers but continued to exist."
43. ^ Pococke, 1745, pp. 68–70
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58. ^ Harry Levin, Jerusalem Embattled – A diary of a city under siege. Cassel, 1997. ISBN 0-304-33765-X., p.81: 'Extraordinary news from Tiberias. The whole Arab population has fled. Last night the Haganah blew up the Arab bands' headquarters there; this morning the Jews woke up to see a panic flight in progress. By tonight not one of the 6,000 Arabs remained.' (19 April).
59. ^ M Gilbert, p. 172
60. ^ Gilbert, p. 245
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74. ^ Mills, 1932, p. ?
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## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
* Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1\. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
* Cytryn-Silverman, Katia (2016-01-03). ""Excavations at Tiberias (Spring and Autumn 2009): Remains of a District Capital," Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (April 12th–16th, 2010), vol. 2, Wiesbaden, 2012, pp. 599–617". Academia.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
* Cytryn-Silverman, Katia (2009-01-01). "The Umayyad Mosque of Tiberias". Muqarnas (26): 37–61. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
* Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
* Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
* Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
* Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
* Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
* Lynch, W.F. (1850). Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.
* Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
* Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6. Archived from the original on 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
* Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
* Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1\. Oxford University Press. pp. 299–306. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0. Archived from the original on 2021-05-28. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
* Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries. Vol. 2\. London: Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer.
* Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521-46010-7. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
* Pringle, D. (1998). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre). Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39037-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
* Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3\. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
* Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
* Thomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers.
* Thomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers.
* Yaari, Abraham (1946). מסעות ארץ ישראל: של עולים יהודים מימי הביניים ועד ראשית ימי שיבת ציון: קיבוצם וביאורם - "Eretz Yisrael Journeys: of Jewish Pilgrims From The Middle Ages and Until the Beginning of the Return to Zion: Collection and Explanation" (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Gazit. Archived from the original on 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2021-05-22. copied and uploaded at "hebrewbooks.org"

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tiberias.

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:Tiberias#Template:Wikidata|Tiberias]].

* the official English Facebook page of Tiberias
* City council website (in Hebrew) Municipality Site in English
* Place To Visit in Tiberias (English)
* Tiberias – City of Treasures: The official website of the Tiberias Excavation Project
* Hamat Tiberias National Park: description, photo gallery
* Nefesh B'Nefesh Community Guide for Tiveria-Tiberias, Israel
* Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons
* Old maps and views of Tiberias (1493-1963) \- Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel
* Ancient Tiberias \- a site dedicated to the preservation of Ancient Tiberias (Hebrew).

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* Bir al-Maksur
* Bu'eine Nujeidat
* Buq'ata
* Daburiyya
* Deir al-Asad
* Deir Hanna
* Eilabun
* Ein Qiniyye
* Ein Mahil
* Fassuta
* Hurfeish
* Hatzor HaGlilit
* I'billin
* Iksal
* Ilut
* Jadeidi-Makr
* Jish
* Julis
* Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre
* Kabul
* Kafr Kanna
* Kafr Manda
* Kafr Yasif
* Kaukab Abu al-Hija
* Kfar Kama
* Kfar Tavor
* Kfar Vradim
* Kisra-Sumei
* Majd al-Krum
* Mas'ade
* Mashhad
* Mazra'a
* Metula
* Migdal
* Mi'ilya
* Nahf
* Peki'in
* Ramat Yishai
* Rameh
* Reineh
* Rosh Pinna
* Sajur
* Sha'ab
* Shlomi
* Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam
* Tuba-Zangariyye
* Tur'an
* Yafa an-Naseriyye
* Yanuh-Jat
* Yarka
* Yavne'el
* Yesud HaMa'ala
* Zarzir

|

Occupied|

* Ghajar
* Majdal Shams
* Katzrin

Regional councils|

| Israel|

* Al-Batuf
* Beit She'an Valley
* Bustan al-Marj
* Northern Jordan Valley (Emek HaYarden)
* Gilboa
* Jezreel Valley
* Lower Galilee
* Ma'ale Yosef
* Mateh Asher
* Megiddo
* Merom HaGalil
* Mevo'ot HaHermon
* Misgav
* Upper Galilee

|

Occupied|

* Golan

* v
* t
* e

Israeli cities

300,000+|

* Jerusalem (East, West)
* Tel Aviv

200,000–299,999|

* Ashdod
* Beersheba
* Bnei Brak
* Haifa
* Netanya
* Petah Tikva
* Rishon LeZion

100,000–199,999|

* Ashkelon
* Bat Yam
* Beit Shemesh
* Holon
* Kfar Saba
* Ramat Gan
* Rehovot

50,000–99,999|

* Afula
* Eilat
* Givatayim
* Hadera
* Herzliya
* Hod HaSharon
* Kiryat Ata
* Kiryat Gat
* Lod
* Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut
* Nahariya
* Nazareth
* Ness Ziona
* Ra'anana
* Rahat
* Ramla
* Rosh HaAyin
* Umm al-Fahm

15,000–49,999|

* Acre
* Arad
* Arraba
* Baqa al-Gharbiyye
* Beit She'an
* Dimona
* El'ad
* Giv'at Shmuel
* Kafr Qasim
* Karmiel
* Kfar Yona
* Kiryat Bialik
* Kiryat Malakhi
* Kiryat Motzkin
* Kiryat Ono
* Kiryat Shmona
* Kiryat Yam
* Ma'alot-Tarshiha
* Migdal HaEmek
* Nesher
* Netivot
* Nof HaGalil
* Ofakim
* Or Akiva
* Or Yehuda
* Qalansawe
* Ramat HaSharon
* Safed
* Sakhnin
* Sderot
* Shefa-Amr
* Tamra
* Tayibe
* Tiberias
* Tira
* Tirat Carmel
* Yavne
* Yehud-Monosson
* Yokneam Illit

* v
* t
* e

Holy places in Judaism

Holy Land|

| Land of Israel
(Laws and customs)|

| Holy cities|

| Jerusalem
(Holiness)|

| Temple in
Jerusalem|

* Foundation Stone
* Holy of Holies
* Temple Mount
* Western Wall

|

* Hebron
* Safed
* Tiberias

Tombs of
biblical figures|

| Israel|

* Matriarchs
* Benjamin
* David

|

Judea and Samaria|

* Patriarchs
* Rachel
* Joseph
* Joshua
* Samuel

Other countries|

* Aaron
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* Nahum
* Ezra
* Joshua the High Priest
* Esther and Mordechai

* v
* t
* e

Crusader sites

Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()

Cyprus|

* More

Egypt|

* More

Greece|

* More

Israel|

* Abu Ghosh (Fontenoid) File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Achziv (Casal Imbertia) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg
* Acre (Saint Jean d'Acre) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg
* Apollonia–Arsuf (Arsur) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Ashkelon (Ascalon) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Ateret Fortress File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Yazur
* Bayt 'Itab (Bethaatap) File:Croix de l Ordre du Saint-Sepulcre.svg
* Beit Guvrin (Beth Gibelin) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Beit She'an (Bethsan) File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Belvoir Fortress File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Burgata File:Knights Templar Cross.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Caesarea File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Cafarlet File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Château Pèlerin File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Destroit File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Givat Titora
* Ein Hemed File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Jerusalem File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg File:Croix de l Ordre du Saint-Sepulcre.svg File:Knights Templar Cross.svg File:Lazarus cross.svg File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg
* Haifa (Caypha) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Jaffa File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Latrun (Toron) File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Margaliot (Château Neuf)
* Mi'ilya (Castellum Regis) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg
* Migdal Afek (Mirabel)
* Montfort File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg
* Qalansawe (Calanson) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Qaqun (Caco)
* Qastal (Beauverium)
* Qula File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Safed (Saphet) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Taibe File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Tel Afek File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Tel Hanaton
* Tell es-Safi (Blanche Garde) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Tzova (Belmont) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Tel Yokneam (Caymont) File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg File:Knights Templar Cross.svg
* Yavne (Ibelin) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Tiberias File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Sepphoris (La Sephorie) File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Umm Khalid File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
* Yehiam (Judin) File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg

Jordan|

* Ajloun Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Kerak Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Montreal File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Tafilah File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Vaux Moise File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg

Lebanon|

* Arqa File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Batroun File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Beaufort Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Beirut Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Belhacem File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Byblos Castle File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Doubiye Castle
* Gibelacar File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Coliath File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg
* Deir Kifa Castle
* Hasbaya Castle
* Moinetre File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Mseilha Fort
* Nephin File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png
* Saint Louis Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Scandelion Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Sidon Sea Castle File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg
* Toron File:Arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.svg

Syria|

* More

Turkey|

* More

Associations
File:Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg Kingdom of Jerusalem
File:Coat of arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.png County of Tripoli
File:Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg Knights Hospitaller
File:Croix de l Ordre du Saint-Sepulcre.svg Order of the Holy Sepulchre
File:Knights Templar Cross.svg Knights Templar
File:Lazarus cross.svg Order of Saint Lazarus
File:Insignia Germany Order Teutonic.svg Teutonic Order

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