Toni Morrison

American novelist, essayist and academic (1931–2019)

For the rugby league footballer, see Tony Morrison. For the American politician, see deLesseps Morrison Jr.

Toni Morrison

Morrison in 1998

Morrison in 1998

Born| Chloe Ardelia Wofford
(1931-02-18)February 18, 1931[1]
Lorain, Ohio, U.S.
Died| August 5, 2019(2019-08-05) (aged 88)
New York City, U.S.
Occupation|

* Novelist
* essayist
* children's writer
* professor

Education|

* Howard University (BA)
* Cornell University (MA)

Genre| American literature
Notable works|

* The Bluest Eye (1970)
* Sula (1973)
* Song of Solomon (1977)
* Tar Baby (1981)
* Beloved (1987)

Notable awards|

* Presidential Medal of Freedom
* National Humanities Medal
* Nobel Prize in Literature
* Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Spouse|

Harold Morrison

(m. 1958; div. 1964)​

Children| 2
Signature
File:Toni Morrison (signature).svg
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Quotations related to Toni Morrison at Wikiquote

Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist. Her first novel, The Bluest Eye, was published in 1970. The critically acclaimed Song of Solomon (1977) brought her national attention and won the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 1988, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for Beloved (1987); she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.

Born and raised in Lorain, Ohio, Morrison graduated from Howard University in 1953 with a B.A. in English. She earned a master's degree in American Literature from Cornell University in 1955. In 1957 she returned to Howard University, was married, and had two children before divorcing in 1964. Morrison became the first black female editor in fiction at Random House in New York City in the late 1960s. She developed her own reputation as an author in the 1970s and '80s. Her work Beloved was made into a film in 1998. Morrison's works are praised for addressing the harsh consequences of racism in the United States and the Black American experience.

The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities, in 1996. She was honored with the National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters the same year. President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on May 29, 2012. She received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction in 2016. Morrison was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2020.

## Contents

* 1 Early years
* 2 Career
* 2.1 Adulthood, Cornell years, and editing career: 1949–1975
* 2.2 First writings and teaching, 1970–1986
* 2.3 The Beloved Trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998
* 2.4 Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect"
* 2.5 The early 21st century
* 2.6 Princeton years
* 2.7 Final years: 2010–2019
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Death and memorial
* 5 Politics, literary reception, and legacy
* 5.1 Politics
* 5.2 Relationship to feminism
* 5.3 National Memorial for Peace and Justice
* 5.4 Papers
* 5.5 Toni Morrison Day
* 6 Documentary films
* 7 Awards and nominations
* 7.1 Awards
* 7.2 Nominations
* 8 Bibliography
* 8.1 Novels
* 8.2 Children's books (with Slade Morrison)
* 8.3 Short fiction
* 8.4 Plays
* 8.5 Poetry
* 8.6 Libretto
* 8.7 Non-fiction
* 8.8 Articles
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## Early years[edit | edit source]

Toni Morrison was born Chloe Ardelia Wofford,[2] the second of four children from a working-class, Black family, in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford.[3] Her mother was born in Greenville, Alabama, and moved north with her family as a child. She was a homemaker and a devout member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.[4] George Wofford grew up in Cartersville, Georgia. When Wofford was about 15, a group of white people lynched two African-American businessmen who lived on his street. Morrison later said: "He never told us that he'd seen bodies. But he had seen them. And that was too traumatic, I think, for him."[5] Soon after the lynching, George Wofford moved to the racially integrated town of Lorain, Ohio, in the hope of escaping racism and securing gainful employment in Ohio's burgeoning industrial economy. He worked odd jobs and as a welder for U.S. Steel. Traumatized by his experiences of racism, in a 2015 interview Morrison said her father hated whites so much he would not let them in the house.[6]

When Morrison was about two years old, her family's landlord set fire to the house in which they lived, while they were home, because her parents could not afford to pay rent. Her family responded to what she called this "bizarre form of evil" by laughing at the landlord rather than falling into despair. Morrison later said her family's response demonstrated how to keep your integrity and claim your own life in the face of acts of such "monumental crudeness."[7]

Morrison's parents instilled in her a sense of heritage and language through telling traditional African-American folktales, ghost stories, and singing songs.[4][8] Morrison also read frequently as a child; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy.[9]

She became a Catholic at the age of 12[10] and took the baptismal name Anthony (after Anthony of Padua), which led to her nickname, Toni.[11]

Attending Lorain High School, she was on the debate team, the yearbook staff, and in the drama club.[4]

## Career[edit | edit source]

### Adulthood, Cornell years, and editing career: 1949–1975[edit | edit source]

In 1949, she enrolled at Howard University in Washington, D.C., seeking the company of fellow black intellectuals.[12] It was while at Howard that she encountered racially segregated restaurants and buses for the first time.[5] She graduated in 1953 with a B.A. in English and went on to earn a Master of Arts from Cornell University in 1955.[13] Her master's thesis was titled "Virginia Woolf's and William Faulkner's treatment of the alienated."[14] She taught English, first at Texas Southern University in Houston from 1955 to 1957, and then at Howard University for the next seven years. While teaching at Howard, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. Their first son was born in 1961 and she was pregnant with their second son when she and Harold divorced in 1964.[8][15][16]

After her divorce and the birth of her son Slade in 1965, Morrison began working as an editor for L. W. Singer, a textbook division of publisher Random House,[4] in Syracuse, New York. Two years later, she transferred to Random House in New York City, where she became their first black woman senior editor in the fiction department.[17][18]

In that capacity, Morrison played a vital role in bringing Black literature into the mainstream. One of the first books she worked on was the groundbreaking Contemporary African Literature (1972), a collection that included work by Nigerian writers Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, and South African playwright Athol Fugard.[4] She fostered a new generation of Afro-American writers,[4] including poet and novelist Toni Cade Bambara, radical activist Angela Davis, Black Panther Huey Newton[19] and novelist Gayl Jones, whose writing Morrison discovered. She also brought to publication the 1975 autobiography of the outspoken boxing champion Muhammad Ali, The Greatest: My Own Story. In addition, she published and promoted the work of Henry Dumas,[20] a little-known novelist and poet who in 1968 had been shot to death by a transit officer in the New York City Subway.[5][21]

Among other books that Morrison developed and edited is The Black Book (1974), an anthology of photographs, illustrations, essays, and documents of Black life in the United States from the time of slavery to the 1920s.[5] Random House had been uncertain about the project but its publication met with a good reception. Alvin Beam reviewed the anthology for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, writing: "Editors, like novelists, have brain children - books they think up and bring to life without putting their own names on the title page. Mrs. Morrison has one of these in the stores now, and magazines and newsletters in the publishing trade are ecstatic, saying it will go like hotcakes."[4]

### First writings and teaching, 1970–1986[edit | edit source]

Morrison had begun writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard University who met to discuss their work. She attended one meeting with a short story about a Black girl who longed to have blue eyes. Morrison later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye, getting up every morning at 4 am to write, while raising two children on her own.[15]

File:Toni Morrison (The Bluest Eye author portrait).jpg

Morrison's portrait on the first-edition dust jacket of The Bluest Eye (1970)

The Bluest Eye was published by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston in 1970, when Morrison was aged 39.[18] It was favorably reviewed in The New York Times by John Leonard, who praised Morrison's writing style as being "a prose so precise, so faithful to speech and so charged with pain and wonder that the novel becomes poetry ... But The Bluest Eye is also history, sociology, folklore, nightmare and music."[22] The novel did not sell well at first, but the City University of New York put The Bluest Eye on its reading list for its new Black studies department, as did other colleges, which boosted sales.[23] The book also brought Morrison to the attention of the acclaimed editor Robert Gottlieb at Knopf, an imprint of the publisher Random House. Gottlieb later edited most of Morrison's novels.[23]

In 1975, Morrison's second novel Sula (1973), about a friendship between two Black women, was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, from birth to adulthood, as he discovers his heritage. This novel brought her national acclaim, being a main selection of the Book of the Month Club, the first novel by a Black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940.[24] Song of Solomon also won the National Book Critics Circle Award.[25]

At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded Morrison its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction.[26]

Morrison gave her next novel, Tar Baby (1981), a contemporary setting. In it, a looks-obsessed fashion model, Jadine, falls in love with Son, a penniless drifter who feels at ease with being Black.[15]

In 1983, Morrison left publishing to devote more time to writing, while living in a converted boathouse on the Hudson River in Nyack, New York.[27][28] She taught English at two branches of the State University of New York (SUNY) and at Rutgers University's New Brunswick campus.[29] In 1984, she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, SUNY.[30]

Morrison's first play, Dreaming Emmett, is about the 1955 murder by white men of Black teenager Emmett Till. The play was performed in 1986 at the State University of New York at Albany, where she was teaching at the time.[31] Morrison was also a visiting professor at Bard College from 1986 to 1988.[32]

### The Beloved Trilogy and the Nobel Prize: 1987–1998[edit | edit source]

File:Toni Morrison and sons.jpg

Morrison, with her sons Harold (left) and Slade (right) at their upstate New York home, between 1980 and 1987

In 1987, Morrison published her most celebrated novel, Beloved. It was inspired by the true story of an enslaved African-American woman, Margaret Garner,[33] whose story Morrison had discovered when compiling The Black Book. Garner had escaped slavery but was pursued by slave hunters. Facing a return to slavery, Garner killed her two-year-old daughter but was captured before she could kill herself.[34] Morrison's novel imagines the dead baby returning as a ghost, Beloved, to haunt her mother and family.[35]

Beloved was a critical success and a bestseller for 25 weeks. The New York Times book reviewer Michiko Kakutani wrote that the scene of the mother killing her baby is "so brutal and disturbing that it appears to warp time before and after into a single unwavering line of fate."[36] Canadian writer Margaret Atwood wrote in a review for The New York Times, "Ms. Morrison's versatility and technical and emotional range appear to know no bounds. If there were any doubts about her stature as a pre-eminent American novelist, of her own or any other generation, Beloved will put them to rest."[37]

Not all critics praised Beloved, however. African-American conservative social critic Stanley Crouch, for instance, complained in his review in The New Republic[38] that the novel "reads largely like a melodrama lashed to the structural conceits of the miniseries," and that Morrison "perpetually interrupts her narrative with maudlin ideological commercials."[39][40]

Despite overall high acclaim, Beloved failed to win the prestigious National Book Award or the National Book Critics Circle Award. Forty-eight Black critics and writers,[41][42] among them Maya Angelou, protested the omission in a statement that The New York Times published on January 24, 1988.[18][43][44] "Despite the international stature of Toni Morrison, she has yet to receive the national recognition that her five major works of fiction entirely deserve," they wrote.[5] Two months later, Beloved won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[36] It also won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award.[45]

Beloved is the first of three novels about love and African-American history, sometimes called the Beloved Trilogy.[46] Morrison said that they are intended to be read together, explaining, "The conceptual connection is the search for the beloved – the part of the self that is you, and loves you, and is always there for you."[7] The second novel in the trilogy, Jazz, came out in 1992. Told in language that imitates the rhythms of jazz music, the novel is about a love triangle during the Harlem Renaissance in New York City. That year she also published her first book of literary criticism, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992), an examination of the African-American presence in white American literature.[45] (In 2016, Time magazine noted that Playing in the Dark was among Morrison's most-assigned texts on U.S. college campuses, together with several of her novels and her 1993 Nobel Prize lecture.)[47]

Before the third novel of the Beloved Trilogy was published, Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. The citation praised her as an author "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality."[48] She was the first Black woman of any nationality to win the prize.[49] In her acceptance speech, Morrison said: "We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives."[50]

In her Nobel lecture, Morrison talked about the power of storytelling. To make her point, she told a story. She spoke about a blind, old, Black woman who is approached by a group of young people. They demand of her, "Is there no context for our lives? No song, no literature, no poem full of vitamins, no history connected to experience that you can pass along to help us start strong? ... Think of our lives and tell us your particularized world. Make up a story."[51]

In 1996, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for "distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities."[52] Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations,"[53] began with the aphorism: "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.[54] Morrison was also honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, which is awarded to a writer "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work."[55]

The third novel of her Beloved Trilogy, Paradise, about citizens of an all-Black town, came out in 1997. The following year, Morrison was on the cover of Time magazine, making her only the second female writer of fiction and second Black writer of fiction to appear on what was perhaps the most significant U.S. magazine cover of the era.[56]

### Beloved onscreen and "the Oprah effect"[edit | edit source]

Also in 1998, the movie adaptation of Beloved was released, directed by Jonathan Demme and co-produced by Oprah Winfrey, who had spent ten years bringing it to the screen. Winfrey also stars as the main character, Sethe, alongside Danny Glover as Sethe's lover, Paul D, and Thandiwe Newton as Beloved.[57]

The movie flopped at the box office. A review in The Economist suggested that "most audiences are not eager to endure nearly three hours of a cerebral film with an original storyline featuring supernatural themes, murder, rape, and slavery."[58] Film critic Janet Maslin, however, in her New York Times review "No Peace from a Brutal Legacy" called it a "transfixing, deeply felt adaptation of Toni Morrison's novel. ... Its linchpin is of course Oprah Winfrey, who had the clout and foresight to bring 'Beloved' to the screen and has the dramatic presence to hold it together."[59]Another review suggested that Beloved was not a genre ghost story but the supernatural was used to explore deeper issues and the non linear structure of Morrison's story had a purpose.

In 1996, television talk-show host Oprah Winfrey selected Song of Solomon for her newly launched Book Club, which became a popular feature on her Oprah Winfrey Show.[60] An average of 13 million viewers watched the show's book club segments.[61] As a result, when Winfrey selected Morrison's earliest novel The Bluest Eye in 2000, it sold another 800,000 paperback copies.[4] John Young wrote in the African American Review in 2001 that Morrison's career experienced the boost of "The Oprah Effect, ... enabling Morrison to reach a broad, popular audience."[62]

Winfrey selected a total of four of Morrison's novels over six years, giving Morrison's novels a bigger sales boost than they got from her Nobel Prize win in 1993.[63] The novelist also appeared three times on Winfrey's show. Winfrey said, "For all those who asked the question 'Toni Morrison again?'... I say with certainty there would have been no Oprah's Book Club if this woman had not chosen to share her love of words with the world."[61] Morrison called the book club a "reading revolution."[61]

### The early 21st century[edit | edit source]

Morrison continued to explore different art forms, such as providing texts for original scores of classical music. She collaborated with André Previn on the song cycle Honey and Rue, which premiered with Kathleen Battle in January 1992, and on Four Songs, premiered at Carnegie Hall with Sylvia McNair in November 1994. Both Sweet Talk: Four Songs on Text and Spirits In the Well (1997) were written for Jessye Norman with music by Richard Danielpour, and, alongside Maya Angelou and Clarissa Pinkola Estés, Morrison provided the text for composer Judith Weir's woman.life.song commissioned by Carnegie Hall for Jessye Norman, which premiered in April 2000.[64][65]

Morrison returned to Margaret Garner's life story, the basis of her novel Beloved, to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner. Completed in 2002, with music by Richard Danielpour, the opera was premièred on May 7, 2005, at the Detroit Opera House with Denyce Graves in the title role.[66]

Love, Morrison's first novel since Paradise, came out in 2003. In 2004, she put together a children's book called Remember to mark the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954 that declared racially segregated public schools to be unconstitutional.[67]

From 1997 to 2003, Morrison was an Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.[68]

In June 2005, the University of Oxford awarded Morrison an honorary Doctor of Letters degree.[69]

In the spring 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best work of American fiction published in the previous 25 years, as chosen by a selection of prominent writers, literary critics, and editors.[70] In his essay about the choice, "In Search of the Best," critic A. O. Scott said: "Any other outcome would have been startling since Morrison's novel has inserted itself into the American canon more completely than any of its potential rivals. With remarkable speed, 'Beloved' has, less than 20 years after its publication, become a staple of the college literary curriculum, which is to say a classic. This triumph is commensurate with its ambition since it was Morrison's intention in writing it precisely to expand the range of classic American literature, to enter, as a living Black woman, the company of dead white males like Faulkner, Melville, Hawthorne and Twain."[71]

In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home", about which The New York Times said: "In tapping her own African-American culture, Ms. Morrison is eager to credit 'foreigners' with enriching the countries where they settle."[72][73][74]

Morrison's novel A Mercy, released in 2008, is set in the Virginia colonies of 1682. Diane Johnson, in her review in Vanity Fair, called A Mercy "a poetic, visionary, mesmerizing tale that captures, in the cradle of our present problems and strains, the natal curse put on us back then by the Indian tribes, Africans, Dutch, Portuguese, and English competing to get their footing in the New World against a hostile landscape and the essentially tragic nature of human experience."[75]

### Princeton years[edit | edit source]

From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison held the Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.[9] She said she did not think much of modern fiction writers who reference their own lives instead of inventing new material, and she used to tell her creative writing students, "I don't want to hear about your little life, OK?" Similarly, she chose not to write about her own life in a memoir or autobiography.[12]

Though based in the Creative Writing Program at Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she conceived and developed the Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together students with writers and performing artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration.[76]

File:Toni Morrison 2008-2.jpg

Morrison speaking in 2008

Inspired by her curatorship at the Louvre Museum, Morrison returned to Princeton in the fall 2008 to lead a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home".[17]

On November 17, 2017, Princeton University dedicated Morrison Hall (a building previously called West College) in her honor.[77]

### Final years: 2010–2019[edit | edit source]

In May 2010, Morrison appeared at PEN World Voices for a conversation with Marlene van Niekerk and Kwame Anthony Appiah about South African literature and specifically van Niekerk's 2004 novel Agaat.[78]

Morrison wrote books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who was a painter and a musician. Slade died of pancreatic cancer on December 22, 2010, aged 45,[23][79] when Morrison's novel Home (2012) was half-completed.[23]

In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Rutgers University–New Brunswick. During the commencement ceremony,[80] she delivered a speech on the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth."

File:ToniMorrison WestPointLecture 2013.jpg

Morrison in 2013

In 2011, Morrison worked with opera director Peter Sellars and Malian singer-songwriter Rokia Traoré on Desdemona, taking a fresh look at William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello. The trio focused on the relationship between Othello's wife Desdemona and her African nursemaid, Barbary, who is only briefly referenced in Shakespeare. The play, a mix of words, music and song, premiered in Vienna in 2011.[17][12][81]

Morrison had stopped working on her latest novel when her son died in 2010, later explaining, "I stopped writing until I began to think, He would be really put out if he thought that he had caused me to stop. 'Please, Mom, I'm dead, could you keep going ...?'"[82]

She completed Home and dedicated it to her son Slade.[11][83][84] Published in 2012, it is the story of a Korean War veteran in the segregated United States of the 1950s who tries to save his sister from brutal medical experiments at the hands of a white doctor.[82]

In August 2012, Oberlin College became the home base of the Toni Morrison Society,[85] an international literary society founded in 1993, dedicated to scholarly research of Morrison's work.[86][87][88]

Morrison's eleventh novel, God Help the Child, was published in 2015. It follows Bride, an executive in the fashion and beauty industry whose mother tormented her as a child for being dark-skinned, a trauma that has continued to dog Bride.[89]

Morrison was a member of the editorial advisory board of The Nation, a magazine started in 1865 by Northern abolitionists.[90][67]

## Personal life[edit | edit source]

While teaching at Howard University from 1957 to 1964, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. She took his last name and became known as Toni Morrison. Their first son, Harold Ford, was born in 1961 (who is married to the economist Cecilia Rouse).[91] She was pregnant when she and Harold divorced in 1964.[8][15][92] Her second son, Slade Kevin, was born in 1965.

Morrison began working as an editor for L.W. Singer Company, a textbook division of Random House[4] in Syracuse, New York. She moved with her sons as her career took her to different positions in different places.

Her son Slade Morrison died of pancreatic cancer on December 22, 2010,[23][93] when Morrison was halfway through writing her novel Home. She stopped work on the novel for a year or two before completing it; that novel was published in 2012.

## Death and memorial[edit | edit source]

Morrison died at Montefiore Medical Center in The Bronx, New York City, on August 5, 2019, from complications of pneumonia. She was 88 years old.[94][95][96]

A memorial tribute was held for Morrison on November 21, 2019, at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. At this gathering she was eulogized by, among others, Oprah Winfrey, Angela Davis, Michael Ondaatje, David Remnick, Fran Lebowitz, Ta-Nehisi Coates, and Edwidge Danticat.[97] The jazz saxophonist David Murray performed a musical tribute.[98]

## Politics, literary reception, and legacy[edit | edit source]

### Politics[edit | edit source]

File:Vitoria - Graffiti & Murals 0392.JPG

Street art depicting Morrison in Vitoria, Spain

Morrison was not afraid to comment on American politics and race relations.

In writing about the 1998 impeachment of Bill Clinton, she claimed that since Whitewater, Bill Clinton was being mistreated in the same way Black people often are:

> Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than any actual black person who could ever be elected in our children's lifetime. After all, Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.[99]

The phrase "our first Black president" was adopted as a positive by Bill Clinton supporters. When the Congressional Black Caucus honored the former president at its dinner in Washington, D.C. on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made us think for a while we had elected the first black president."[citation needed]

In the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, Morrison stated to Time magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race."[100] In the Democratic primary contest for the 2008 presidential race, Morrison endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton,[101] though expressing admiration and respect for the latter.[102] When he won, Morrison said she felt like an American for the first time. She said, "I felt very powerfully patriotic when I went to the inauguration of Barack Obama. I felt like a kid."[11]

In April 2015, speaking of the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner and Walter Scott – three unarmed Black men killed by white police officers – Morrison said: "People keep saying, 'We need to have a conversation about race.' This is the conversation. I want to see a cop shoot a white unarmed teenager in the back. And I want to see a white man convicted for raping a Black woman. Then when you ask me, 'Is it over?', I will say yes."[103]

After the 2016 election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, Morrison wrote an essay, "Mourning for Whiteness," published in the November 21, 2016 issue of The New Yorker. In it she argues that white Americans are so afraid of losing privileges afforded them by their race that white voters elected Trump, whom she described as being "endorsed by the Ku Klux Klan", in order to keep the idea of white supremacy alive.[104][105]

### Relationship to feminism[edit | edit source]

Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison did not identify her works as feminist. When asked in a 1998 interview, "Why distance oneself from feminism?" she replied: "In order to be as free as I possibly can, in my own imagination, I can't take positions that are closed. Everything I've ever done, in the writing world, has been to expand articulation, rather than to close it, to open doors, sometimes, not even closing the book – leaving the endings open for reinterpretation, revisitation, a little ambiguity."[106] She went on to state that she thought it "off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."[106]

In 2012, she responded to a question about the difference between black and white feminists in the 1970s. "Womanists is what black feminists used to call themselves," she explained. "They were not the same thing. And also the relationship with men. Historically, black women have always sheltered their men because they were out there, and they were the ones that were most likely to be killed."[82]

W. S. Kottiswari writes in Postmodern Feminist Writers (2008) that Morrison exemplifies characteristics of "postmodern feminism" by "altering Euro-American dichotomies by rewriting a history written by mainstream historians" and by her usage of shifting narration in Beloved and Paradise. Kottiswari states: "Instead of western logocentric abstractions, Morrison prefers the powerful vivid language of women of color ... She is essentially postmodern since her approach to myth and folklore is re-visionist."[107]

### National Memorial for Peace and Justice[edit | edit source]

File:Toni Morisson quote at National Memorial for Peace and Justice.jpg

A quote from Morrison at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama

The National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, includes writing by Morrison.[108] Visitors can see her quote after they have walked through the section commemorating individual victims of lynching.[109]

### Papers[edit | edit source]

The Toni Morrison Papers are part of the permanent library collections of Princeton University, where they are held in the Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.[110][111] Morrison's decision to offer her papers to Princeton instead of to her alma mater Howard University was criticized by some within the historically black colleges and universities community.[112]

### Toni Morrison Day[edit | edit source]

In 2019, a resolution was passed in her hometown of Lorain, Ohio, to designate February 18, her birthday, as "Toni Morrison Day." Additional legislation was introduced to also proclaim that date as "Toni Morrison Day" throughout the State of Ohio.[113][114][115] The legislation, HB 325, was passed by the Ohio House of Representatives on December 2, 2020[116] and signed into law by Governor Mike DeWine on December 21, 2020.[117]

## Documentary films[edit | edit source]

Morrison was interviewed by Margaret Busby in a 1988 documentary film by Sindamani Bridglal, entitled Identifiable Qualities, shown on Channel 4.[118][119]

Morrison was the subject of a film titled Imagine – Toni Morrison Remembers, directed by Jill Nicholls and shown on BBC One television on July 15, 2015, in which Morrison talked to Alan Yentob about her life and work.[120][121][122]

In 2016, Oberlin College received a grant to complete a documentary film begun in 2014, The Foreigner's Home, about Morrison's intellectual and artistic vision,[123] explored in the context of the 2006 exhibition she guest-curated at the Louvre.[124][125] The film's executive producer was Jonathan Demme.[126] It was directed by Oberlin College Cinema Studies faculty Geoff Pingree and Rian Brown,[127] and incorporates footage shot by Morrison's first-born son Harold Ford Morrison, who also consulted on the film.[128]

In 2019, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders' documentary Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.[129] People featured in the film include Morrison, Angela Davis, Oprah Winfrey, Sonia Sanchez, and Walter Mosley, among others.[130]

## Awards and nominations[edit | edit source]

### Awards[edit | edit source]

* 1977: National Book Critics Circle Award for Song of Solomon[131]
* 1977: American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award[132]
* 1982: Ohio Women's Hall of Fame inductee[133]
* 1988: Robert F. Kennedy Book Award[134]
* 1988: Helmerich Award[135]
* 1988: American Book Award for Beloved[136]
* 1988: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Race Relations for Beloved[137]
* 1988: Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Beloved[36]
* 1988: Frederic G. Melcher Book Award for Beloved[138][a]
* 1988: Honorary Doctor of Laws at University of Pennsylvania[141][142]
* 1989: Honorary Doctor of Letters at Harvard University[143]
* 1993: Nobel Prize in Literature[144]
* 1993: Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris[110]
* 1994: Condorcet Medal, Paris[145]
* 1994: Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature[146]
* 1996: Jefferson Lecture[147]
* 1996: National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters[148]
* 1997: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Gustavus Adolphus College.[149]
* 2000: National Humanities Medal[150]
* 2002: 100 Greatest African Americans, list by Molefi Kete Asante[151]
* 2005: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[152][153]
* 2005: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from University of Oxford[154]
* 2008: New Jersey Hall of Fame inductee[155]
* 2009: Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement[156]
* 2010: Officier de la Légion d'Honneur[157]
* 2010: Institute for Arts and Humanities Medal for Distinguished Contributions to the Arts and Humanities from the Pennsylvania State University[158]
* 2011: Library of Congress Creative Achievement Award for Fiction[159]
* 2011: Honorary Doctor of Letters at Rutgers University Graduation Commencement[160]
* 2011: Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Geneva[161][162]
* 2012: Presidential Medal of Freedom[163]
* 2013: The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal awarded by Vanderbilt University[164]
* 2013: Honorary Doctorate of Literature awarded by Princeton University[165]
* 2013: PEN Oakland – Josephine Miles Literary Award for Home[166]
* 2013: Writer in Residence at the American Academy in Rome[167]
* 2014: Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award given by the National Book Critics Circle[168][169]
* 2016: PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction[170][171]
* 2016: The Charles Eliot Norton Professorship in Poetry (The Norton Lectures), Harvard University[172]
* 2016: The Edward MacDowell Medal, awarded by the MacDowell Colony[173]
* 2018: The Thomas Jefferson Medal, awarded by The American Philosophical Society[174]
* 2020: National Women's Hall of Fame inductee[175][176][177]
* 2020: Designation of "Toni Morrison Day" in Ohio, to be celebrated annually on her birthday, February 18[178]
* 2021: Featured on "Cleveland is the Reason" mural in downtown Cleveland (with other notable Cleveland area figures)[179]
* 2023: Featured on a USPS Forever stamp, designed by art director Ethel Kessler with photography by Deborah Feingold[180]

### Nominations[edit | edit source]

* Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children (2008) – Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper? The Lion or the Mouse? Poppy or the Snake?[181]

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

### Novels[edit | edit source]

* Morrison, Toni (1970). The Bluest Eye. ISBN 0-452-28706-5.
* Morrison, Toni (1973). Sula. ISBN 1-4000-3343-8.
* Morrison, Toni (1977). Song of Solomon. ISBN 1-4000-3342-X.
* Morrison, Toni (1981). Tar Baby. ISBN 1-4000-3344-6.
* Morrison, Toni (1987). Beloved. ISBN 1-4000-3341-1.
* Morrison, Toni (1992). Jazz. ISBN 1-4000-7621-8.
* Morrison, Toni (1997). Paradise. ISBN 0-679-43374-0.
* Morrison, Toni (2003). Love. ISBN 0-375-40944-0.
* Morrison, Toni (2008). A Mercy. ISBN 978-0-307-26423-7.
* Morrison, Toni (2012). Home. ISBN 978-0-307-59416-7.
* Morrison, Toni (2015). God Help the Child. ISBN 978-0-307-59417-4.

### Children's books (with Slade Morrison)[edit | edit source]

* The Big Box (1999). ISBN 978-0-7868-2364-2.
* The Book of Mean People (2002). ISBN 978-0-7868-0540-2.
* Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004). ISBN 978-0-618-39740-2.
* Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper?, The Lion or the Mouse?, Poppy or the Snake? (2007). ISBN 978-0-7432-8391-5.
* Peeny Butter Fudge (2009). ISBN 978-1-4424-5900-7.
* Little Cloud and Lady Wind (2010). ISBN 1-4169-8523-9.
* Please, Louise (2014). ISBN 978-1-4169-8338-5.

### Short fiction[edit | edit source]

* "Recitatif" (1983)[182] A hardback book version, with an introduction by Zadie Smith, was published in February 2022 (US: Knopf; UK: Chatto & Windus).[183][184][185]
* "Sweetness". The New Yorker. Vol. 90, no. 47\. February 9, 2015. pp. 58–61. Retrieved September 17, 2019.

### Plays[edit | edit source]

* N'Orleans: The Storyville Musical (aka New Orleans) (performed 1982) with Donald McKayle[186]
* Dreaming Emmett (performed 1986)[31]
* Desdemona (first performed May 15, 2011, in Vienna)[187][188][189]

### Poetry[edit | edit source]

* Five Poems (2002, limited edition book with illustrations by Kara Walker)[190][191]

### Libretto[edit | edit source]

* Margaret Garner (first performed May 2005)[94]

### Non-fiction[edit | edit source]

* Foreword, The Black Photographers Annual Volume 1, edited by Joe Crawford (1973), OCLC 1783715
* Foreword and Preface, The Black Book edited by Harris, Levitt, Furman and Smith. Random House (1974), ISBN 978-1-4000-6848-7
* Foreword, Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. Pantheon Books (1992), ISBN 978-0-679-74145-9
* Co-editor, Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case (1997), ISBN 978-0-307-48226-6
* Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004), ISBN 978-0-618-39740-2
* Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (2007), ISBN 978-0-307-38863-6[192]
* What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction, edited by Carolyn C. Denard (2008), ISBN 978-1-60473-017-3
* Editor (2009), Burn This Book: PEN Writers Speak Out on the Power of the Word, ISBN 978-0-06-187881-7
* The Origin of Others – The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, Harvard University Press (2017), ISBN 978-0-674-97645-0
* Goodness and the Literary Imagination: Harvard Divinity School's 95th Ingersoll Lecture: With Essays on Morrison's Moral and Religious Vision. Edited by Davíd Carrasco, Stephanie Paulsell, and Mara Willard. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press (2019)
* The Source of Self-Regard: Essays, Speeches, Meditations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf (2019), ISBN 978-0-525-52103-7. UK edition published as Mouth Full of Blood: Essays, Speeches, Meditations, London: Chatto & Windus (2019), ISBN 978-1-78474-285-0

### Articles[edit | edit source]

* "Introduction." Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. [1885] The Oxford Mark Twain, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. xxxii–xli.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* American literature
* African-American literature
* List of black Nobel laureates
* List of female Nobel laureates

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ A remark in her acceptance speech that "there is no suitable memorial or plaque or wreath or wall or park or skyscraper lobby" honoring the memory of the human beings forced into slavery and brought to the United States; "There's no small bench by the road," led the Toni Morrison Society to begin installing benches at significant sites in the history of slavery in America; the first "bench by the road" was dedicated July 26, 2008, on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, the point of entry for about 40 percent of the enslaved Africans brought to Colonial America.[139][140]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Toni Morrison Fast Facts". CNN. August 8, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
2. ^ Duvall, John N. (2000). The Identifying Fictions of Toni Morrison: Modernist Authenticity and Postmodern Blackness. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38\. ISBN 978-0-312-23402-7. "After all the published biographical information on Morrison agrees that her full name is Chloe Anthony Wofford, so that the adoption of 'Toni' as a substitute for 'Chloe' still honors her given name, if somewhat obliquely. Morrison's middle name, however, was not Anthony; her birth certificate indicates her full name as Chloe Ardelia Wofford, which reveals that Ramah and George Wofford named their daughter for her maternal grandmother, Ardelia Willis."
3. ^ Dreifus, Claudia (September 11, 1994). "Chloe Wofford Talks About Toni Morrison". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2005. Retrieved June 11, 2007. Alt URL
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Als, Hilton (October 27, 2003). "Ghosts in the House: How Toni Morrison Fostered a Generation of Black Writers". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
5. ^ a b c d e Ghansah, Rachel Kaadzi (April 8, 2015). "The Radical Vision of Toni Morrison". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
6. ^ "Toni Morrison Remembers". BBC. Summer 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
7. ^ a b Streitfeld, David (October 8, 1993). "The Laureates's Life Song". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
8. ^ a b c Mote, Dave, ed. (1997). "Toni Morrison". Contemporary Popular Writers. Detroit: St. James Press. ISBN 978-1-55862-216-6.
9. ^ a b Larson, Susan (April 11, 2007). "Awaiting Toni Morrison". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
10. ^ "On the Paradoxes of Toni Morrison's Catholicism". Lithub.com. March 2, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
11. ^ a b c Brockes, Emma (April 13, 2012). "Toni Morrison: 'I want to feel what I feel. Even if it's not happiness'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
12. ^ a b c Cummings, Pip (August 7, 2015). "'I didn't want to come back': Toni Morrison on life, death and Desdemona". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
13. ^ Wilensky, Joe (August 6, 2019). "Literary icon Toni Morrison, M.A. '55, dies at 88". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
14. ^ Wofford, Chloe Ardellia (September 1955). Virginia Woolf's and William Faulkner's Treatment of the Alienated. Cornell University. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
15. ^ a b c d Hoby, Hermione (April 25, 2015). "Toni Morrison: 'I'm writing for black people ... I don't have to apologise'". The Guardian. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
16. ^ Gillespie, Carmen (2007). Critical Companion to Toni Morrison: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. p. 6\. ISBN 978-1-4381-0857-5.
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20. ^ Morrison, Toni (Summer 1988). "On behalf of Henry Dumas". Black American Literature Forum. 22 (2): 310–312. doi:10.2307/2904523. ISSN 0148-6179. JSTOR 2904523.
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30. ^ Henry, David (August 6, 2019). "Toni Morrison, First Black Woman Writer to Win Nobel, Dies". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
31. ^ a b Croyden, Margaret (December 29, 1985). "Toni Morrison Tries Her Hand at Playwriting". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
32. ^ Fultz 2003, p. xii.
33. ^ Rothstein, Mervyn (August 26, 1987). "Toni Morrison, In Her New Novel, Defends Women". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
34. ^ "Margaret Garner Incident (1856)". Black Past. December 5, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
35. ^ Mathieson, Barbara Offutt (1990). "Memory and Mother Love in Morrison's 'Beloved'". American Imago. 47 (1): 1–21. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26303963.
36. ^ a b c Hevesi, Dennis (April 1, 1988). "Toni Morrison's Novel 'Beloved' Wins the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
37. ^ Atwood, Margaret (September 13, 1987). "Jaunted By Their Nightmares". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
38. ^ Crouch, Stanley (October 19, 1987). "Literary Conjure Woman". The New Republic. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
39. ^ Alexander, Amy (January 19, 1999). "The bull in the black-intelligentsia china shop". Salon. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
40. ^ Gioia, Ted. "Beloved by Toni Morrison". thenewcanon.com. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
41. ^ McDowell, Edwin (January 19, 1988). "48 Black Writers Protest By Praising Morrison". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
42. ^ "'Writers Demand Recognition for Toni Morrison (1988)', June Jordan Houston A. Baker Jr. STATEMENT" - via AALBC.com's Discussion Boards.
43. ^ "Black Writers in Praise of Toni Morrison". Book Review. The New York Times. April 8, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
44. ^ Menand, Louis (December 26, 2005). "All That Glitters – Literature's global economy". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
45. ^ a b "Beloved". Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
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47. ^ Johnson, David (February 25, 2016). "These Are the 100 Most-Read Female Writers in College Classes". Time.
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52. ^ Jefferson Lecturers Archived October 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at NEH Website. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
53. ^ Morrison, Toni, "The Future of Time, Literature and Diminished Expectations," reprinted in Toni Morrison, What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction (University Press of Mississippi, 2008), ISBN 978-1-60473-017-3, pp. 170–186.
54. ^ Hawkins, B. Denise, "Marvelous Morrison – Toni Morrison – Award-Winning Author Talks About the Future From Some Place in Time", Archived May 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Diverse Online (formerly Black Issues in Higher Education), June 17, 2007.
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57. ^ Ebert, Roger (October 16, 1998). "Beloved Movie Review & Film Summary (1998)". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
58. ^ "Beloved it's not". The Economist. November 19, 1998. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
59. ^ Maslin, Janet (October 16, 1998). "Film Review; No Peace From A Brutal Legacy". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
60. ^ "The Bluest Eye at Oprah's Book Club official page". Oprah.com.
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65. ^ "Honor! A Celebration of the African American Cultural Legacy – Festival Artists – Toni Morrison". honor.carnegiehall.org. March 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
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67. ^ a b "Blues, Love and Politics," A conversation between Toni Morrison and Cornel West". The Nation. May 6, 2004. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
68. ^ "All Professors at Large 1965 to June 30, 2023". Cornell University. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
69. ^ Morrison, Toni (2008). Toni Morrison: Conversations. University Press of Mississippi. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-1-60473-019-7.
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71. ^ Scott, A. O. (May 21, 2006). "In Search of the Best". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
72. ^ "Toni Morrison puts slam poetry in Louvre". The Denver Post. Associated Press. November 8, 2006.
73. ^ Riding, Alan (November 21, 2006). "Rap and Film at the Louvre? What's Up With That?". The New York Times.
74. ^ "Toni Morrison on Looking for 'Wordless Forms' at the Louvre, in 2006: From the Archives". ARTnews. August 8, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
75. ^ Johnson, Diane (December 2008). "Voice of America". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
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79. ^ Claudette. "About the Artist". SladeMorrison.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
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84. ^ Mitra, Ipshita (May 14, 2014), "Toni Morrison builds a 'Home' we never knew", The Times of India.
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87. ^ Communications Staff (September 18, 2013), "Toni Morrison Society Celebrates 20 Years", Oberlin College.
88. ^ "Morrison Society Office Dedicated", Library Perspectives (newsletter of the Oberlin College Library), Fall 2013, Issue No. 49, p. 5.
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90. ^ "Toni Morrison". The Nation. April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
91. ^ "Cecilia Rouse named Wilson School dean". Princeton Alumni Weekly. September 19, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
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93. ^ Claudette. "About the Artist". SladeMorrison.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
94. ^ a b Fox, Margalit (August 6, 2019). "Toni Morrison, Towering Novelist of the Black Experience, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
95. ^ Italie, Hillel (August 6, 2019). "Nobel laureate Toni Morrison dead at 88". AP NEWS. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
96. ^ Lea, Richard; Cain, Sian (August 6, 2019). "Toni Morrison, author and Nobel laureate, dies aged 88". The Guardian. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
97. ^ Hampton, Rachelle (November 22, 2019), "'She Found Us in the Deserts of Ourselves'", Slate.
98. ^ Di Corpo, Ryan (November 26, 2019), "Author Toni Morrison Honored at Public Memorial", America.
99. ^ Morrison, Toni (October 5, 1998). "Talk of the Town: Comment". The New Yorker.
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101. ^ "Headlines for January 29, 2008 – Sen. Kennedy Compares Barack Obama to JFK". Democracy Now!. January 29, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
102. ^ Alexander, Elizabeth (January 28, 2008). "Our first black president?". Salon. Archived from the original on September 13, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2019. "It's worth remembering the context of Toni Morrison's famous phrase about Bill Clinton so we can retire it, now that Barack Obama is a contender"
103. ^ Wood, Gaby (April 19, 2015). "Toni Morrison interview: on racism, her new novel and Marlon Brando". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
104. ^ Morrison, Toni (November 21, 2016). "Mourning For Whiteness". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
105. ^ Chasmar, Jessica (November 22, 2016). "Toni Morrison: Decline of 'white superiority' scared Americans into electing Donald Trump". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
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139. ^ "A bench by the road". UU World Magazine. August 11, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
140. ^ Lee, Felicia R. (July 28, 2008). "Toni Morrison's on Sullivan's Island: A Bench of Memory at Slavery's Gateway". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
141. ^ "Almanac" (PDF). April 26, 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
142. ^ Penn University Secretary. "Honorary Degree Recipients". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
143. ^ "Honorary Degrees". harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2016. "1989 Benazir Bhutto, Toni Morrison LL.D."
144. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
145. ^ Fultz, Lucille P. (2003). Toni Morrison: Playing with Difference. University of Illinois Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-252-02823-6.
146. ^ Matus, Jill L. (September 15, 1998). Toni Morrison. Manchester University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-7190-4448-9.
147. ^ "Toni Morrison to Deliver NEH's 1996 Jefferson Lecture". The Chronicle of Higher Education. February 9, 1996. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
148. ^ "National Book Foundation – DCAL Medal". National Book Foundation. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
149. ^ "Honorary Degrees – Nobel Conference". Gustavus Adolphus College. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
150. ^ "Toni Morrison". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Retrieved April 2, 2019.
151. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
152. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
153. ^ "Summit Overview Photo". 2007. "Hal Prince receives the Golden Plate Award from Awards Council member and Nobel laureate Toni Morrison during the American Academy of Achievement's 2007 Banquet of the Golden Plate gala ceremonies in Washington, D.C.;"
154. ^ "Oxford University Gazette, February 10, 2005: University Agenda" Archived June 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, University of Oxford, February 2005.
155. ^ "Toni Morrison". New Jersey Hall of Fame. April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
156. ^ "Mailer Prize – The Norman Mailer Center". Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
157. ^ "Toni Morrison reçoit la Légion d'honneur". L'Express (in French). November 3, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
158. ^ "Heard on Campus: Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison". Penn State Today. April 11, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
159. ^ "Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction Awarded to Don DeLillo". Library of Congress. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
160. ^ "Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison to Speak, Receive Honorary Degree at Rutgers' 245th Commencement May 15". Rutgers Today. February 8, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
161. ^ "Dies Academicus 2011" Archived October 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Service de communication, Université de Genève, October 2011.
162. ^ Toni Morrison's "Intervention" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Dies Academicus 2011, Université de Genève, October 14, 2011.
163. ^ Clark, Lesley (May 29, 2012). "Obama awards medals to Bob Dylan, Toni Morrison, others". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
164. ^ Patterson, Jim (May 9, 2013). "Novelist Morrison tells grads to embrace interconnectedness". Vanderbilt News.
165. ^ Dienst, Karin (June 4, 2013). "Princeton awards six honorary degrees". Princeton University news.
166. ^ Fancher, Lou (December 24, 2013), "2013 PEN Oakland winners announced", The Mercury News.
167. ^ "Q&A with Robert McCracken Peck: For the Love of Art and History", Drexel Now, Drexel University, May 7, 2013.
168. ^ "National Book Critics Circle Announces Finalists for Publishing Year 2014". National Book Critics Circle. January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
169. ^ Dove, Rita, "Sandrof Award: Rita Dove's Homage to Toni Morrison", National Book Critics Circle, March 15, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
170. ^ Galehouse, Maggie (March 1, 2016). "PEN Literary Award winners announced". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
171. ^ "2016 PEN Literary Award Winners". PEN. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
172. ^ "Norton Lectures". Harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016. "Harvard's preeminent lecture series in the arts and humanities, the Norton Lectures recognize individuals of extraordinary talent who, in addition to their particular expertise, have the gift of wide dissemination and wise expression. The term "poetry" is interpreted in the broadest sense to encompass all poetic expression in language, music, or the fine arts. Past Norton Professors have included T.S. Eliot, Jorge Luis Borges, Leonard Bernstein, Czeslaw Milosz, John Cage, and Nadine Gordimer. The Norton Professor in 2016 is Toni Morrison"
173. ^ "Toni Morrison wins MacDowell medal for lifetime achievement". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. April 8, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
174. ^ "2018 Jefferson Medal". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
175. ^ "Toni Morrison -- National Women's Hall of Fame".
176. ^ "National Women's Hall of Fame Virtual Induction Series Inaugural Event December 10, 2020" (PDF).
177. ^ "National Women's Hall of Fame Virtual Induction Series Inaugural Event December 10, 2020" (PDF). November 11, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
178. ^ "Gov. Signs Bill To Honor Toni Morrison's Legacy".
179. ^ Polsal, Anthony (April 22, 2021). "Myles Garrett expresses 'love of Cleveland' by unveiling downtown mural". Cleveland Browns. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
180. ^ "U.S. Postal Service Reveals Stamps for 2023". United States Postal Service. October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
181. ^ "The Complete List of Grammy Nominees". The New York Times. December 6, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
182. ^ Benjamin, Shanna Greene (May 14, 2013). "The Space that Race Creates: An Interstitial Analysis of Toni Morrison's 'Recitatif'". Studies in American Fiction. 40 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1353/saf.2013.0004. ISSN 2158-5806. S2CID 162497875.
183. ^ Smith, Zadie (January 23, 2022). "The Genius of Toni Morrison's Only Short Story". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
184. ^ Jeffers, Honorée Fanonne (January 28, 2022). "Toni Morrison's Only Short Story Addresses Race by Avoiding Race". The New York Times.
185. ^ O'Keeffe, Alice. "Preview | Recitatif". The Bookseller. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
186. ^ Lawson, Carol (July 23, 1982). "BROADWAY; Book and lyrics of new musical by Toni Morrison". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
187. ^ "Wiener Festwochen: Desdemona". Festwochen.at. May 2011. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
188. ^ Thiessen, Erin Russell (May 26, 2011). "Toni Morrison's Desdemona delivers a haunting, powerful 're-membering'". Expatica - via Neo-Griot.
189. ^ Winn, Steven (October 20, 2011). "Toni Morrison adds twist to 'Desdemona'". SF Gate. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
190. ^ Li, Stephanie (Summer 2011). "Five Poems: The Gospel According to Toni Morrison". Callaloo. 34 (3): 899–914. doi:10.1353/cal.2011.0173. ISSN 1080-6512. S2CID 162544646.
191. ^ "Five Poems by Toni Morrison". The Believer. August 6, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
192. ^ Morrison, Toni (2007). Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-38863-6.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Information about
Toni Morrison

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

By Toni Morrison

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Quotations related to Toni Morrison at Wikiquote
* Media related to Toni Morrison at Wikimedia Commons
* "Toni Morrison: Beloved". From the Bookworm archives, August 15, 2019.
* Bookworm Archived June 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Interviews (Audio) with Michael Silverblatt
* Schappell, Elissa; Brodsky Lacour, Claudia (Fall 1993). "Toni Morrison, The Art of Fiction No. 134". The Paris Review. Fall 1993 (128).
* Toni Morrison at IMDb
*   * Toni Morrison on Charlie Rose
* {{Nobelprize}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* Toni Morrison at Random House Australia Archived July 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
* {{Guardian topic}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* Toni Morrison collected news and commentary at The New York Times
* Toni Morrison's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
* Toni Morrison Papers at Princeton University Library Special Collections
* Toni Morrison "Reading the Writing: A Conversation with Toni Morrison" (Cornell University video, March 7, 2013)
* Toni Morrison Society based at Oberlin College
* Works by or about Toni Morrison in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
* Works by Toni Morrison at Open LibraryTemplate:WikidataCheck

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Works by Toni Morrison

Novels|

* The Bluest Eye (1970)
* Sula (1973)
* Song of Solomon (1977)
* Tar Baby (1981)
* Beloved (1987)
* Jazz (1992)
* Paradise (1997)
* Love (2003)
* A Mercy (2008)
* Home (2012)
* God Help the Child (2015)

Short stories|

* "Recitatif" (1983)
* "Sweetness" (2015)

Plays|

* Dreaming Emmett (1986)
* Desdemona (2011)

Non-fiction|

* The Black Book (1974)
* Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992)
* Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas and the Construction of Social Reality (edited collection) (1992)
* Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case (co-edited with Claudia Brodsky Lacour) (1997)
* Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004)
* The Source of Self-Regard: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Meditations (2019)
* Mouth Full of Blood (2019)

Other|

* Margaret Garner (2005 libretto)

Adaptations|

* Beloved (1998 film)

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature

1901–1925|

* 1901: Sully Prudhomme
* 1902: Theodor Mommsen
* 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
* 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
* 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
* 1906: Giosuè Carducci
* 1907: Rudyard Kipling
* 1908: Rudolf Eucken
* 1909: Selma Lagerlöf
* 1910: Paul Heyse
* 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
* 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
* 1913: Rabindranath Tagore
* 1914
* 1915: Romain Rolland
* 1916: Verner von Heidenstam
* 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
* 1918
* 1919: Carl Spitteler
* 1920: Knut Hamsun
* 1921: Anatole France
* 1922: Jacinto Benavente
* 1923: W. B. Yeats
* 1924: Władysław Reymont
* 1925: George Bernard Shaw

1926–1950|

* 1926: Grazia Deledda
* 1927: Henri Bergson
* 1928: Sigrid Undset
* 1929: Thomas Mann
* 1930: Sinclair Lewis
* 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously)
* 1932: John Galsworthy
* 1933: Ivan Bunin
* 1934: Luigi Pirandello
* 1935
* 1936: Eugene O'Neill
* 1937: Roger Martin du Gard
* 1938: Pearl S. Buck
* 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: Johannes V. Jensen
* 1945: Gabriela Mistral
* 1946: Hermann Hesse
* 1947: André Gide
* 1948: T. S. Eliot
* 1949: William Faulkner
* 1950: Bertrand Russell

1951–1975|

* 1951: Pär Lagerkvist
* 1952: François Mauriac
* 1953: Winston Churchill
* 1954: Ernest Hemingway
* 1955: Halldór Laxness
* 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
* 1957: Albert Camus
* 1958: Boris Pasternak
* 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
* 1960: Saint-John Perse
* 1961: Ivo Andrić
* 1962: John Steinbeck
* 1963: Giorgos Seferis
* 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)
* 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
* 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs
* 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
* 1968: Yasunari Kawabata
* 1969: Samuel Beckett
* 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* 1971: Pablo Neruda
* 1972: Heinrich Böll
* 1973: Patrick White
* 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
* 1975: Eugenio Montale

1976–2000|

* 1976: Saul Bellow
* 1977: Vicente Aleixandre
* 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
* 1979: Odysseas Elytis
* 1980: Czesław Miłosz
* 1981: Elias Canetti
* 1982: Gabriel García Márquez
* 1983: William Golding
* 1984: Jaroslav Seifert
* 1985: Claude Simon
* 1986: Wole Soyinka
* 1987: Joseph Brodsky
* 1988: Naguib Mahfouz
* 1989: Camilo José Cela
* 1990: Octavio Paz
* 1991: Nadine Gordimer
* 1992: Derek Walcott
* 1993: Toni Morrison
* 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe
* 1995: Seamus Heaney
* 1996: Wisława Szymborska
* 1997: Dario Fo
* 1998: José Saramago
* 1999: Günter Grass
* 2000: Gao Xingjian

2001–present|

* 2001: V. S. Naipaul
* 2002: Imre Kertész
* 2003: J. M. Coetzee
* 2004: Elfriede Jelinek
* 2005: Harold Pinter
* 2006: Orhan Pamuk
* 2007: Doris Lessing
* 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio
* 2009: Herta Müller
* 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa
* 2011: Tomas Tranströmer
* 2012: Mo Yan
* 2013: Alice Munro
* 2014: Patrick Modiano
* 2015: Svetlana Alexievich
* 2016: Bob Dylan
* 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro
* 2018: Olga Tokarczuk
* 2019: Peter Handke
* 2020: Louise Glück
* 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah
* 2022: Annie Ernaux

* v
* t
* e

1993 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Kary B. Mullis (United States)
* Michael Smith (Canada)

Literature (1993)|

Toni Morrison (United States)

Peace|

* Nelson Mandela (South Africa)
* Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)

Physics|

* Russell Alan Hulse (United States)
* Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Richard J. Roberts (United Kingdom)
* Phillip A. Sharp (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Robert Fogel (United States)
* Douglass North (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998

* v
* t
* e

Ohio Women's Hall of Fame

1970–1979

| 1978|

* Florence E. Allen
* Helen Chatfield Black
* Frances Bolton
* Elizabeth Boyer
* Harriet Bracken
* Martha Kinney Cooper
* Gertrude Donahey
* Jane Edna Hunter
* Consolata Kline
* Virginia Kunkle
* Margaret A. Mahoney
* Helen Grace McClelland
* Agnes Merritt
* Rose Papier
* Lottie Randolph
* Ella P. Stewart
* Marigene Valiquette
* Ann B. Walker
* Stella Walsh
* Marion Wells

|

1979|

* Mary Jobe Akeley
* Mary Ann Bickerdyke
* Beatrice Cleveland
* Charity Edna Earley
* Eleanor Jammal
* Bernice Kochan
* Emily Leedy
* Ruth Lyons
* Jerrie Mock
* Emma Phaler
* Rachel Redinger
* Bobbie Sterne
* Ethel Swanbeck
* Clara Weisenborn
* Marjorie Whiteman

1980–1989

| 1980|

* Grace Berlin
* Erma Bombeck
* Patricia M. Byrne
* Ruth Crawford
* Louisa Fast
* Dorothy Fuldheim
* Lillian Gish
* Esther Greisheimer
* Edith Keller
* Tella Kitchen
* Blanche Krupansky
* Hattie Larlham
* Mary Louise Nemeth
* Annie Oakley
* Doris Weber

|

1981|

* Mildred Bayer
* Tina Bischoff Lovin
* Dorothy Cornelius
* Doris Day
* Phyllis Diller
* Eusebia Hunkins
* Andre Norton
* Jean Starr Untermeyer
* Harriet Taylor Upton
* Nancy Wilson

1982|

* A. Margaret Boyd
* Ann Eriksson
* Bernice Foley
* Zelma Watson George
* Grace Goulder Izant
* Toni Morrison
* Phyllis Sewell
* Jayne Spain
* Helen Zelkowitz

1983|

* Harriet J. Anderson
* Ione Biggs
* Eula Bingham
* Mary O. Boyle
* Mariwyn Heath
* Josephine Irwin
* Barbara Janis
* Minnie Player
* Gloria Steinem
* Freda Winning
* Mary E. Miller Young

1984|

* Sally Cooper
* Sarah E. Harris
* Cindy Noble Hauserman
* Marcy Kaptur
* Karen Nussbaum
* Mary Rose Oakar
* Catherine Pinkerton
* Willa Player
* Judith Resnik
* Helen Hooven Santmyer
* Marian Trimble
* Joyce Wollenberg

1985|

* Lois Anna Barr Cook
* Mercedes Cotner
* Zell Draz
* Barbara Easterling
* Nikki Giovanni
* Aurora Gonzalez
* Mary Lazarus
* Barbara Mandel
* Norma Marcere
* Helen Mulholland
* Lauretta Schimmoler
* Marge Schott
* Mary Jen Steinbrenner

1986|

* Margaret Andrew
* Kathleen Barber
* Fay Biles
* Elizabeth Blackwell
* Marie Clarke
* Eva Mae Crosby
* Ruby Dee
* Cynthia Drennan
* Hooker Glendinning
* Louise Herring
* Katherine LeVeque
* Ruth Ratner Miller
* Amelia Nava
* Arline Webb Pratt
* Anastasia Ann Przelomski
* Virginia Purdy
* Selma Lois Walker
* Julia Walsh
* Faye Wattleton
* Mary Ellen Withrow

1988|

* Anna Biggins
* Patricia Clonch
* Norma Craden
* Jewel Freeman Graham
* Cathy Guisewite
* Rebecca D. Jackson
* Carol Heiss Jenkins
* Carol Kane
* Bea Larsen
* Alice Raful Lev
* Linda Rocker Sogg
* Eleanor Smeal
* Carolyn Utz
* Anita Smith Ward

1989|

* Jeanette Grasselli Brown
* Maxine Carnahan
* Tracy Chapman
* Betsy Mix Cowles
* Ann Gazelle
* Michelle Graves
* Florence Harshman
* June Hutt
* Geraldine Jensen
* Carolyn Mahoney
* Linda Myers
* Jennie Porter
* Diane Poulton
* Renee Powell
* Charlene Spretnak
* Charlene Ventura

1990–1999

| 1990|

* Marilyn Gaston
* Dorothy Jackson
* Luella Talmadge Jackson
* Janet Kalven
* Rosabeth Kanter
* Maggie Kuhn
* Joan Lamson
* Maya Lin
* Anne Variano Macko
* Alicia Mott
* Ludel Sauvageot
* Fanchon bat-Lillian Shur
* Phebe Temperance Sutliff
* Grayce Williams

|

1991|

* Berenice Abbott
* Earladeen Badger
* Hallie Brown
* JoAnn Davidson
* Raquel Diaz-Sprague
* Rita Dove
* Mary Ignatia Gavin
* Sara Harper
* Donna Hawk
* June Holley
* Martha C. Moore
* Darlene Owens
* Helen H. Peterson
* Martha Pituch
* Yvonne Pointer
* Virginia Ruehlmann
* Josephine Schwarz
* Suzanne Timken
* Nancy Vertrone Bieniek
* Stella Marie Zannoni

1992|

* Mary of the Annunciation Beaumont
* Antoinette Eaton
* Rubie McCullough
* Nancy Oakley
* Harriet Parker
* Susan Porter
* Helen Steiner Rice
* Alice Schille
* Louella Thompson

1993|

* Mildred Benson
* Amelia Bingham
* Virginia Coffey
* Viola Famiano Colombi
* Ivy Gunter
* Virginia Hamilton
* Lucy Webb Hayes
* Joy Alice Hintz
* Geraldine Macelwane
* Anne O'Hare McCormick
* Rena Olshansky
* Edna Pincham
* Maxine Plummer
* Jean Reilly
* Pauline Riel

1994|

* Christine M. Cook
* Claudia Coulton
* Ellen Walker Craig-Jones
* Nanette Ferrall
* Jill Harms Griesse
* Georgia Griffith
* Florence Melton
* Lucille Nussdorfer
* Jane Reece
* Emma Ann Reynolds
* Carol Scott
* Paula Spence
* Deanna Tribe
* Lillian Wald

1995|

* Sandra Beckwith
* Daeida Hartell Wilcox Beveridge
* Patricia Ann Blackmon
* Mary Bowermaster
* Christine Brennan
* Joy Garrison Cauffman
* Bunny Clark
* Grace Drake
* Naomi Evans
* Frances Dana Gage
* Jane Kirkham
* Sylvia Lewis
* Tami Longaberger
* Donna Moon
* Gratia Murphy
* Alice Robie Resnick
* Muriel Siebert

1996|

* Carol Cartwright
* Elizabeth Evans
* Rae Natalie Goodall
* Elizabeth Hauser
* Bernadine Healy
* Carol Kelly
* Fannie Lewis
* Betty Montgomery
* Hope Taft

1997|

* Carol Ball
* Marilyn Byers
* Jean Murrell Capers
* Martha Dorsey
* Joan Heidelberg
* Clarice Herbert
* Beatrice Lampkin
* Jacquelyn Mayer Townsend
* Ann O'Rourke
* Beryl Rothschild
* Thekla Shackelford

1998|

* Marianne Boggs Campbell
* Carole Garrison
* Nancy Hollister
* Stephanie J. Jones
* Bettye Ruth Kay
* Barbara Ross-Lee
* Audrey Mackiewicz
* Kathy Palasics
* Margaret Diane Quinn
* Henrietta Seiberling
* Mary Emily Taylor
* Virginia Varga
* Jacqueline Woods
* Nancy Lusk Zimpher

1999|

* MaryJo Behrensmeyer
* Alvina Costilla
* Sarah Deal
* Electra Doren
* Daisy Flowers
* Annie Glenn
* Ann Hamilton
* Carole Hoover
* Cheryl Han Horn
* Carol Latham
* Nancy Linenkugel
* Marie Barrett Marsh
* Marjorie Parham
* Mary Regula
* Lee Lenore Rubin
* Harriet Beecher Stowe
* Jerry Sue Thornton
* Janet Voinovich

2000–2009

| 2000|

* Paige Ashbaugh
* Maude Charles Collins
* Faye Dambrot
* Margarita de Leon
* Patricia Louise Fletcher
* Jean Patrice Harrington
* Shirley Hoffman
* Dorothy Kazel
* Farah Majidzadeh
* Ada Martin
* Lorle Porter
* Lanna Samaniego
* Yvonne Taylor
* Margaret Wong
* Betty Zane

|

2001|

* Rebecca Boreczky
* Frances Jennings Casement
* Ruth L. Davis
* Lucille Ford
* Susan F. Gray
* Kathleen Harrison
* Adella Prentiss Hughes
* Janet E. Jackson
* Dottie Kammie Kamenshek
* Maxine Levin
* Irene Long
* Martha MacDonell
* Mary Andrew Matesich
* Elizabeth Powell
* Deborah Pryce
* Maria Sexton
* Farah Walters
* Georgeta Blebea Washington

2002|

* Judy Barker
* Frances Seiberling Buchholzer
* Joan Brown Campbell
* Nancy Frankenberg
* Zell Hart-Deming
* Elsie Helsel
* Katie T. Horstman
* Jennie Hwang
* Cathy Monroe Lewis
* Viola Startzman Robertson
* Stefanie Spielman
* Kathryn D. Sullivan

2003|

* Sheila Bailey
* Jeraldyne Kilborn Blunden
* Shannon Carter
* Luceille Fleming
* Olga González-Sanabria
* Elsie Janis
* Lois Lenski
* Ellen Mosley-Thompson
* Cathy Nelson
* Evlyn Gray Scott
* Yvonne Williams

2007|

* Rogers Margaret Brugler
* Julia Chatfield
* Lucille Hastings
* Lillie Howard
* Mary Ann Jorgenson
* Joyce Mahaney
* Rozella Schlotfeldt
* Katherine May Smith
* Florence Wang

2008|

* Dorothy Baunach
* Carrie Black
* Caro Bosca
* Yvette McGee Brown
* Loann Crane
* Joan Durgin
* Carol Gibbs
* Billie Johnson
* Jih Lei
* Elizabeth Magee
* Kasturi Rajadhyaksha
* Julie Salamon
* Michele Wheatly

2009|

* Gail Collins
* Pamela B. Davis
* Kim de Groh
* Beverly J. Gray
* Sharon Howard
* Carol Kuhre
* Virginia Manning
* Helen Moss
* Judith Rycus
* Mary Adelaide Sandusky
* Glenna Watson
* Bernett Williams
* Celia Williamson

2010–2019

| 2010|

* Owens Alvarene
* Tenenbaum Gayle Channing
* Dorothy McAlpin Maguire Chapman
* Barbara Fergus
* Merle Grace Kearns
* Rebecca J. Lee
* Nina McClelland
* Lana Moresky
* Martha Potter Otto
* Elizabeth Ruppert
* Rita Singh

|

2011|

* Cheryl A. Boyce
* Elizabeth H. Flick
* Frances Harper
* Brenda J. Hollis
* Mary C. Juhas
* Kleia R. Luckner
* Valerie J. Lyons
* Linda S. Noelker
* Carrie Vonderhaar

* v
* t
* e

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

1918–1925|

* His Family by Ernest Poole (1918)
* The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington (1919)
* The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1921)
* Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington (1922)
* One of Ours by Willa Cather (1923)
* The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson (1924)
* So Big by Edna Ferber (1925)

1926–1950|

* Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined) (1926)
* Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield (1927)
* The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (1928)
* Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin (1929)
* Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (1930)
* Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931)
* The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1932)
* The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933)
* Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller (1934)
* Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935)
* Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis (1936)
* Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1937)
* The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand (1938)
* The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939)
* The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1940)
* In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow (1942)
* Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair (1943)
* Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin (1944)
* A Bell for Adano by John Hersey (1945)
* All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren (1947)
* Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener (1948)
* Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens (1949)
* The Way West by A. B. Guthrie Jr. (1950)

1951–1975|

* The Town by Conrad Richter (1951)
* The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk (1952)
* The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1953)
* A Fable by William Faulkner (1955)
* Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor (1956)
* A Death in the Family by James Agee (1958)
* The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor (1959)
* Advise and Consent by Allen Drury (1960)
* To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1961)
* The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor (1962)
* The Reivers by William Faulkner (1963)
* The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau (1965)
* The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)
* The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)
* The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron (1968)
* House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday (1969)
* The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford (1970)
* Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner (1972)
* The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty (1973)
* No award given (1974)
* The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975)

1976–2000|

* Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (1976)
* No award given (1977)
* Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson (1978)
* The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1979)
* The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer (1980)
* A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1981)
* Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982)
* The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983)
* Ironweed by William Kennedy (1984)
* Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie (1985)
* Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1986)
* A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (1987)
* Beloved by Toni Morrison (1988)
* Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1989)
* The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos (1990)
* Rabbit at Rest by John Updike (1991)
* A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley (1992)
* A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler (1993)
* The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1994)
* The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields (1995)
* Independence Day by Richard Ford (1996)
* Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser (1997)
* American Pastoral by Philip Roth (1998)
* The Hours by Michael Cunningham (1999)
* Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (2000)

2001–present|

* The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon (2001)
* Empire Falls by Richard Russo (2002)
* Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides (2003)
* The Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004)
* Gilead by Marilynne Robinson (2005)
* March by Geraldine Brooks (2006)
* The Road by Cormac McCarthy (2007)
* The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz (2008)
* Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout (2009)
* Tinkers by Paul Harding (2010)
* A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan (2011)
* No award given (2012)
* The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson (2013)
* The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2014)
* All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (2015)
* The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016)
* The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2017)
* Less by Andrew Sean Greer (2018)
* The Overstory by Richard Powers (2019)
* The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead (2020)
* The Night Watchman by Louise Erdrich (2021)
* The Netanyahus by Joshua Cohen (2022)

* v
* t
* e

American Book Awards winners (1980–1999)

1980|

* Douglas Woolf
* Edward Dorn
* Jayne Cortez
* Leslie Marmon Silko
* Mei-mei Berssenbrugge
* Milton Murayama
* Quincy Troupe
* Rudolfo Anaya

1981|

* Alta
* Alan Chong Lau
* Bienvenido N. Santos
* Helen Adam
* Lionel Mitchell
* Miguel Algarín
* Nicholasa Mohr
* Peter Blue Cloud
* Robert Kelly
* Rose Drachler
* Susan Howe
* Toni Cade Bambara

1982|

* Al Young
* Duane Niatum
* E. L. Mayo
* Frank Chin
* Hilton Obenzinger
* Him Mark Lai / Genny Lim / Judy Yung
* Jerome Rothenberg
* Joyce Carol Thomas
* Leroy Quintana
* Lorna Dee Cervantes
* Ronald Phillip Tanaka
* Russell Banks
* Tato Laviera

1983|

* Barbara Christian
* Cecilia Liang
* Evangelina Vigil-Piñón
* Harriet Rohmer
* James D. Houston
* Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn
* John A. Williams
* Joy Kogawa
* Judy Grahn
* Nash Candelaria
* Peter Guralnick
* Seán Ó Tuama

1984|

* Cecil Brown
* Gary Snyder
* Howard Schwartz/ Mark Podwal
* Imamu Amiri Baraka
* Jesús Colón
* Joseph Bruchac
* Maurice Kenny
* Mei-mei Berssenbrugge
* Miné Okubo
* Paule Marshall
* Ruthanne Lum McCunn / You-shan Tang / Ellen Lai-shan Yeung
* Thomas McGrath
* Venkatesh Kulkarni
* William J. Kennedy

1985|

* Angela Jackson
* Arnold Genthe / John Kuo Wei Tchen
* Colleen J. McElroy
* Gary Soto
* Peter Irons
* Keiho Soga / Taisanboku Mori / Sojin Takei / Muin Ozaki
* Louise Erdrich
* Maureen Owen
* May Sarton
* Robert Edward Duncan
* Ron Jones
* Sandra Cisneros
* Sonia Sanchez
* Julia Vinograd
* William Oandasan

1986|

* Anna Lee Walters
* Cherríe Moraga / Gloria Anzaldúa
* Helen Barolini
* Jeff Hannusch
* Linda Hogan
* Miguel Algarín
* Natasha Borovsky
* Raymond Federman
* Susan Howe
* Terence Winch
* Toshio Mori

1987|

* Ai
* Ana Castillo
* Cyn Zarco
* Daniel McGuire
* Dorothy Bryant
* Etheridge Knight
* Gary Giddins
* Harvey Pekar
* James Welch
* John Wieners
* Juan Felipe Herrera
* Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum
* Michael Mayo
* Septima Poinsette Clark / Cynthia Stokes Brown
* Terry McMillan

1988|

* Allison Blakely
* Charles Olson
* Daisy Bates
* David Halberstam
* Edward Sanders
* Gerald Vizenor
* Jimmy Santiago Baca
* Kesho Y. Scott / Cherry Muhanji / Egyirba High
* Marlon K. Hom
* Benjamin Hoff
* Ronald Sukenick
* Salvatore La Puma
* Toni Morrison
* Wing Tek Lum / Tek Lum Lum

1989|

* Alma Luz Villanueva
* Askia M. Touré
* Audre Lorde
* Carolyn Lau
* Emory Elliott
* Eduardo Galeano
* Frank Chin
* Henry Louis Gates
* Isabel Allende
* J. California Cooper
* Jennifer Stone
* Josephine Gattuso Hendin
* Leslie Scalapino
* Shuntaro Tanikawa
* Charles Fanning
* William Minoru Hohri

1990|

* Adrienne Kennedy
* Barbara Grizzuti Harrison
* Daniela Gioseffi
* Elizabeth Woody
* Hualing Nieh
* Itabari Njeri
* James M. Freeman
* John C. Walter / J. Raymond Jones
* John Norton
* José Emilio González
* Sergei Kan
* Lloyd A. Thompson
* Martin Bernal
* Michelle T. Clinton / Sesshu Foster
* Miles Davis
* Paula Gunn Allen
* Shirley Geok-lin Lim / Mayumi Tsutakawa / Margarita Donnelly

1991|

* Alejandro Murguía
* bell hooks
* Bruce Wright
* Charley Trujillo
* D. H. Melhem
* Deborah Keenan
* Jessica Hagedorn
* John Edgar Wideman
* Joy Harjo
* Karen Tei Yamashita
* Lucia Berlin
* Mary Crow Dog
* Meridel Le Sueur
* Mill Hunk Herald Collective
* Nora Marks Dauenhauer / Richard Dauenhauer
* R. Baxter Miller
* Thomas Centolella

1992|

* A'Lelia Perry Bundles
* Art Spiegelman
* Benjamin Alire Sáenz
* Donna J. Haraway
* Fritjof Capra
* José Antonio Burciaga
* Keith Gilyard
* Lucy Thompson
* Norma Field
* Peter Bacho
* Peter Kalifornsky
* Raymond Andrews
* Sandra Scofield
* Sheila Hamanaka
* Stephen R. Fox
* Steven R. Carter
* Verlyn Klinkenborg
* William B. Branch / Amiri Baraka / August Wilson

1993|

* Asake Bomani / Belvie Rooks
* Christopher Mogil / Peter Woodrow
* Cornel West
* Denise Giardina
* Diane Glancy
* Eugene B. Redmond
* Francisco X. Alarcón
* Gerald Graff
* Jack Beatty
* Leroy V. Quintana
* Katherine Peter
* Nelson George
* Ninotchka Rosca

1994|

* Giose Rimanelli
* Eric Drooker
* Graciela Limón
* Gregory J. Reed
* Janet Campbell Hale
* Jill Nelson
* Lawson Fusao Inada
* Nicole Blackman
* Paul Gilroy
* Ronald Takaki
* Rose L. Glickman
* Tino Villanueva
* Virginia L. Kroll

1995|

* Abraham Rodriguez
* Herb Boyd / Robert L. Allen
* Denise Chavez
* John Egerton
* John Ross
* Thomas Avena
* Linda Raymond
* Li-Young Lee
* Marianna De Marco Torgovnick
* Marnie Mueller
* Peter Quinn
* Sandra Martz
* Gordon Henry Jr.
* Tricia Rose

1996|

* Agate Nesaule
* Arthur Sze
* Chang-Rae Lee
* Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
* E. J. Miller Laino
* Glenn C. Loury
* James W. Loewen
* Joe Sacco / Edward Said
* Kimiko Hahn
* Maria Espinosa
* Robert Viscusi
* Sherman Alexie
* Ron Sakolsky / Fred Weihan Ho
* Stephanie Cowell
* William H. Gass

1997|

* Alurista
* Derrick Bell
* Dorothy Barresi
* Guillermo Gómez-Peña
* Louis Owens
* Martín Espada
* Montserrat Fontes
* Noel Ignatiev
* Shirley Geok-lin Lim
* Sunaina Maira
* Thulani Davis
* Tom De Haven
* William M. Banks
* Brenda Knight

1998|

* Allison Adelle Hedge Coke
* Angela Y. Davis
* Brenda Marie Osbey
* Don DeLillo
* Jim Barnes
* John A. Williams
* Nancy Rawles
* Nora Okja Keller
* Sandra Benitez
* Scott DeVeaux
* Thomas Lynch

1999|

* Alice McDermott
* Anna Linzer
* Brian Ward
* Chiori Santiago
* E. Donald Two-Rivers
* Edwidge Danticat
* Judith Roche / Meg McHutchison'
* Gioia Timpanelli
* Gloria Naylor
* James D. Houston
* Jerry Lipka / Gerald V. Mohatt / Ciulistet Group
* Trey Ellis
* Josip Novakovich
* Lauro Flores
* Luís Alberto Urrea
* Nelson George
* Speer Morgan
* Gary Gach
* Chiori Santiago / Judith Lowry

* v
* t
* e

Inductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame

1970–1979

| 1973|

* Jane Addams
* Marian Anderson
* Susan B. Anthony
* Clara Barton
* Mary McLeod Bethune
* Elizabeth Blackwell
* Pearl S. Buck
* Rachel Carson
* Mary Cassatt
* Emily Dickinson
* Amelia Earhart
* Alice Hamilton
* Helen Hayes
* Helen Keller
* Eleanor Roosevelt
* Florence Sabin
* Margaret Chase Smith
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Helen Brooke Taussig
* Harriet Tubman

|

1976|

* Abigail Adams
* Margaret Mead
* Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias

1979|

* Dorothea Dix
* Juliette Gordon Low
* Alice Paul
* Elizabeth Bayley Seton

1980–1989

| 1981|

* Margaret Sanger
* Sojourner Truth

|

1982|

* Carrie Chapman Catt
* Frances Perkins

1983|

* Belva Lockwood
* Lucretia Mott

1984|

* Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
* Bessie Smith

1986|

* Barbara McClintock
* Lucy Stone
* Harriet Beecher Stowe

1988|

* Gwendolyn Brooks
* Willa Cather
* Sally Ride
* Ida B. Wells-Barnett

1990–1999

| 1990|

* Margaret Bourke-White
* Barbara Jordan
* Billie Jean King
* Florence B. Seibert

|

1991|

* Gertrude Belle Elion

1993|

* Ethel Percy Andrus
* Antoinette Blackwell
* Emily Blackwell
* Shirley Chisholm
* Jacqueline Cochran
* Ruth Colvin
* Marian Wright Edelman
* Alice Evans
* Betty Friedan
* Ella Grasso
* Martha Wright Griffiths
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Dorothy Height
* Dolores Huerta
* Mary Putnam Jacobi
* Mae Jemison
* Mary Lyon
* Mary Mahoney
* Wilma Mankiller
* Constance Baker Motley
* Georgia O'Keeffe
* Annie Oakley
* Rosa Parks
* Esther Peterson
* Jeannette Rankin
* Ellen Swallow Richards
* Elaine Roulet
* Katherine Siva Saubel
* Gloria Steinem
* Helen Stephens
* Lillian Wald
* Madam C. J. Walker
* Faye Wattleton
* Rosalyn S. Yalow
* Gloria Yerkovich

1994|

* Bella Abzug
* Ella Baker
* Myra Bradwell
* Annie Jump Cannon
* Jane Cunningham Croly
* Catherine East
* Geraldine Ferraro
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman
* Grace Hopper
* Helen LaKelly Hunt
* Zora Neale Hurston
* Anne Hutchinson
* Frances Wisebart Jacobs
* Susette La Flesche
* Louise McManus
* Maria Mitchell
* Antonia Novello
* Linda Richards
* Wilma Rudolph
* Betty Bone Schiess
* Muriel Siebert
* Nettie Stevens
* Oprah Winfrey
* Sarah Winnemucca
* Fanny Wright

1995|

* Virginia Apgar
* Ann Bancroft
* Amelia Bloomer
* Mary Breckinridge
* Eileen Collins
* Elizabeth Hanford Dole
* Anne Dallas Dudley
* Mary Baker Eddy
* Ella Fitzgerald
* Margaret Fuller
* Matilda Joslyn Gage
* Lillian Moller Gilbreth
* Nannerl O. Keohane
* Maggie Kuhn
* Sandra Day O'Connor
* Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
* Pat Schroeder
* Hannah Greenebaum Solomon

1996|

* Louisa May Alcott
* Charlotte Anne Bunch
* Frances Xavier Cabrini
* Mary A. Hallaren
* Oveta Culp Hobby
* Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
* Anne Morrow Lindbergh
* Maria Goeppert Mayer
* Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
* Maria Tallchief
* Edith Wharton

1998|

* Madeleine Albright
* Maya Angelou
* Nellie Bly
* Lydia Moss Bradley
* Mary Steichen Calderone
* Mary Ann Shadd Cary
* Joan Ganz Cooney
* Gerty Cori
* Sarah Grimké
* Julia Ward Howe
* Shirley Ann Jackson
* Shannon Lucid
* Katharine Dexter McCormick
* Rozanne L. Ridgway
* Edith Nourse Rogers
* Felice Schwartz
* Eunice Kennedy Shriver
* Beverly Sills
* Florence Wald
* Angelina Grimké Weld
* Chien-Shiung Wu

2000–2009

| 2000|

* Faye Glenn Abdellah
* Emma Smith DeVoe
* Marjory Stoneman Douglas
* Mary Dyer
* Sylvia A. Earle
* Crystal Eastman
* Jeanne Holm
* Leontine T. Kelly
* Frances Oldham Kelsey
* Kate Mullany
* Janet Reno
* Anna Howard Shaw
* Sophia Smith
* Ida Tarbell
* Wilma L. Vaught
* Mary Edwards Walker
* Annie Dodge Wauneka
* Eudora Welty
* Frances E. Willard

|

2001|

* Dorothy H. Andersen
* Lucille Ball
* Rosalynn Carter
* Lydia Maria Child
* Bessie Coleman
* Dorothy Day
* Marian de Forest
* Althea Gibson
* Beatrice A. Hicks
* Barbara Holdridge
* Harriet Williams Russell Strong
* Emily Howell Warner
* Victoria Woodhull

2002|

* Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
* Ruth Bader Ginsburg
* Katharine Graham
* Bertha Holt
* Mary Engle Pennington
* Mercy Otis Warren

2003|

* Linda G. Alvarado
* Donna de Varona
* Gertrude Ederle
* Martha Matilda Harper
* Patricia Roberts Harris
* Stephanie L. Kwolek
* Dorothea Lange
* Mildred Robbins Leet
* Patsy Takemoto Mink
* Sacagawea
* Anne Sullivan
* Sheila E. Widnall

2005|

* Florence E. Allen
* Ruth Fulton Benedict
* Betty Bumpers
* Hillary Clinton
* Rita Rossi Colwell
* Mother Marianne Cope
* Maya Y. Lin
* Patricia A. Locke
* Blanche Stuart Scott
* Mary Burnett Talbert

2007|

* Eleanor K. Baum
* Julia Child
* Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
* Swanee Hunt
* Winona LaDuke
* Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
* Judith L. Pipher
* Catherine Filene Shouse
* Henrietta Szold

2009|

* Louise Bourgeois
* Mildred Cohn
* Karen DeCrow
* Susan Kelly-Dreiss
* Allie B. Latimer
* Emma Lazarus
* Ruth Patrick
* Rebecca Talbot Perkins
* Susan Solomon
* Kate Stoneman

2010–2019

| 2011|

* St. Katharine Drexel
* Dorothy Harrison Eustis
* Loretta C. Ford
* Abby Kelley Foster
* Helen Murray Free
* Billie Holiday
* Coretta Scott King
* Lilly Ledbetter
* Barbara A. Mikulski
* Donna E. Shalala
* Kathrine Switzer

|

2013|

* Betty Ford
* Ina May Gaskin
* Julie Krone
* Kate Millett
* Nancy Pelosi
* Mary Joseph Rogers
* Bernice Sandler
* Anna Schwartz
* Emma Willard

2015|

* Tenley Albright
* Nancy Brinker
* Martha Graham
* Marcia Greenberger
* Barbara Iglewski
* Jean Kilbourne
* Carlotta Walls LaNier
* Philippa Marrack
* Mary Harriman Rumsey
* Eleanor Smeal

2017|

* Matilda Cuomo
* Temple Grandin
* Lorraine Hansberry
* Victoria Jackson
* Sherry Lansing
* Clare Boothe Luce
* Aimee Mullins
* Carol Mutter
* Janet Rowley
* Alice Waters

2019|

* Gloria Allred
* Angela Davis
* Sarah Deer
* Jane Fonda
* Nicole Malachowski
* Rose O'Neill
* Louise Slaughter
* Sonia Sotomayor
* Laurie Spiegel
* Flossie Wong-Staal

2020–2029

| 2020|

* Aretha Franklin
* Barbara Hillary
* Barbara Rose Johns
* Henrietta Lacks
* Toni Morrison
* Mary Church Terrell

|

2022|

* Octavia E. Butler
* Judy Chicago
* Rebecca S. Halstead
* Mia Hamm
* Joy Harjo
* Emily Howland
* Katherine Johnson
* Indra Nooyi
* Michelle Obama

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