Vorbis

Royalty-free lossy audio encoding format

Vorbis

Filename extension|

.ogg[1]

Internet media type|

application/ogg, audio/ogg, audio/vorbis, audio/vorbis-config

Developed by| Xiph.Org Foundation
Initial release| May 8, 2000 (2000-05-08)[2][3]
Latest release|

Vorbis I
July 4, 2020 (2020-07-04)[4]

Type of format| Lossy audio
Contained by| Ogg, Matroska, WebM
Standard| Specification
Open format?| Yes[5]
Free format?| Yes[6]
Website| http://xiph.org/vorbis/
libvorbis

Developer(s)| Xiph.Org Foundation
Initial release| July 19, 2002 (2002-07-19)
Stable release|

1.3.7 / July 4, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-07-04)[7]

Written in| C
Type| Audio codec, reference implementation
License| BSD-style license[8][9]
Website| Xiph.org downloads

Vorbis is a free and open-source software project headed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The project produces an audio coding format and software reference encoder/decoder (codec) for lossy audio compression. Vorbis is most commonly used in conjunction with the Ogg container format[10] and it is therefore often referred to as Ogg Vorbis.

Vorbis is a continuation of audio compression development started in 1993 by Chris Montgomery.[11][12] Intensive development began following a September 1998 letter from the Fraunhofer Society announcing plans to charge licensing fees for the MP3 audio format.[13][14] The Vorbis project started as part of the Xiphophorus company's Ogg project (also known as OggSquish multimedia project).[15][16] Chris Montgomery began work on the project and was assisted by a growing number of other developers. They continued refining the source code until the Vorbis file format was frozen for 1.0 in May 2000.[2][3][17] Originally licensed as LGPL, in 2001 the Vorbis license was changed to the BSD license to encourage adoption, with the endorsement of Richard Stallman.[18][19] A stable version (1.0) of the reference software was released on July 19, 2002.[20][21][22]

The Xiph.Org Foundation maintains a reference implementation, libvorbis.[23] There are also some fine-tuned forks, most notably aoTuV, that offer better audio quality, particularly at low bitrates.[24] aoTuV improvements were intended to be merged back into the reference codebase periodically, but that only happened once in libvorbis 1.1,[25] due to the lack of upstream resources for reviewing further patches.[26]

Since February 2013,[27] Xiph.Org has stated that the use of Vorbis should be deprecated in favor of the Opus codec, which is also a Xiph.Org Foundation project and also free and open-source. Compared to Vorbis, Opus can simultaneously achieve higher compression efficiency—per both Xiph.Org itself and third-party listening tests[28][29]—and lower encode/decode latency (in most cases, low enough for real-time applications such as internet telephony or live singing, rarely possible with Vorbis).[30]

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 2 Usage
* 3 Quality
* 3.1 Listening tests
* 3.2 Characteristic artifacts
* 4 Technical details
* 4.1 Outline of coder algorithm
* 4.2 Tuned versions
* 4.3 Bitrate peeling
* 4.4 Container formats
* 4.5 Metadata
* 5 Licensing
* 6 Support
* 6.1 Hardware
* 6.2 Application software
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Name[edit | edit source]

Vorbis is named after a Discworld character Exquisitor Vorbis in Small Gods by Sir Terry Pratchett. The Ogg format, however, is not named after Nanny Ogg, another Discworld character; the name is in fact derived from ogging, jargon that arose in the computer game Netrek.[12]

## Usage[edit | edit source]

Vorbis faces competition from other audio formats, such as MP3. Though Vorbis is technically superior (addressing many of the limitations inherent to the MP3 design), MP3 has a far higher public profile.[31] Because Vorbis does not have financial support from large organisations, support for the format is not as widespread, though programs such as Audacity can convert to more popular formats,[32] and support in games has gradually improved.[33]

The Vorbis format has proven popular among supporters of free software.[34] They argue that its higher fidelity and completely free nature, unencumbered by patents, make it a well-suited replacement for patented and restricted formats.

File:Rondo Alla Turka.ogg Vorbis has different uses for consumer products. Many video games store in-game audio as Vorbis, including Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Halo: Combat Evolved, Minecraft, and World of Warcraft, among others.[citation needed] Popular software players support Vorbis playback either natively or through an external plugin. A number of websites, including Wikipedia, use it.[35][36][37][38] Others include Jamendo and Mindawn, as well as several national radio stations[35] like JazzRadio, Absolute Radio, NPR, Radio New Zealand[39] and Deutschlandradio.[40] The Spotify audio streaming service has used Vorbis[41][42] in a basket of codecs for its audio streams, but now has also been using AAC profiles.[43] Also, the French music site Qobuz offers its customers the possibility to download their purchased songs in Vorbis format, as does the American music site Bandcamp.[44]

## Quality[edit | edit source]

Listening tests conducted through 2014 showed Vorbis performed significantly better than many other lossy audio formats in that it produced smaller files at equivalent or higher quality while retaining computational complexity comparable to other MDCT formats such as AAC and Windows Media Audio.[45][46]

Listening tests have attempted to find the best-quality lossy audio codecs at particular bitrates. Some conclusions made by listening tests:

* Low bitrate (less than 64 kbit/s): the most recent (2007) public multiformat test at 48 kbit/s showed that aoTuV Vorbis had a better quality than WMA and LC-AAC, the same quality as WMA Professional, and a lower quality than HE-AAC.[47]
* Mid to low bitrates (less than 128 kbit/s down to 64 kbit/s): private tests in 2005 at 80 kbit/s and 96 kbit/s showed that aoTuV Vorbis had a better quality than other lossy audio formats (LC-AAC, HE-AAC, MP3, MPC, WMA).[48][49]
* High bitrates (greater than 128 kbit/s): most people do not hear significant differences. However, trained listeners can often hear significant differences between codecs at identical bitrates, and aoTuV Vorbis performed better than LC-AAC, MP3, and MPC.[50]

Due to the ever-evolving nature of audio codecs, the results of many of these tests have become outdated.

Comparison between MP3 and Vorbis

File:Test ogg mp3 48kbps.wav

The first is an uncompressed WAV file. The second is a Vorbis file encoded at 48 kbit/s, and third is a MP3 file encoded at 48 kbit/s using LAME.

* * *

Problems playing this file? See media help.

### Listening tests[edit | edit source]

See also: Codec listening test § Results

Listening tests are normally carried out as ABX tests, i.e., the listener has to identify an unknown sample X as being A or B, with A (the original) and B (the encoded version) available for reference. The outcome of a test must be statistically significant. This setup ensures that the listener is not biased by their expectations and that the outcome is very unlikely to be the result of chance. If sample X can be identified reliably, the listener can assign a score as a subjective judgment of the quality. Otherwise, the encoded version is considered to be transparent. Below are links to several listening test results.

2005, July comparison
AAC vs MP3 vs Vorbis vs WMA at 80 kbit/s. States that Vorbis aoTuV beta 4 is the best encoder for either classical or various music in this bitrate, and that its quality is comparable to the LAME ABR MP3 at 128 kbit/s.[48]
2005, August comparison
AAC vs MP3 vs Vorbis vs WMA at 96 kbit/s. States that Vorbis aoTuV beta 4 and AAC are tied as the best encoders for classical music in this bitrate, while aoTuV beta 4 is the best encoder for pop music, even better than LAME at 128 kbit/s.[49]
2005, August comparison
MPC vs Vorbis vs MP3 vs AAC at 180 kbit/s. An audiophile listening test, which states that, for classical music, Vorbis aoTuV beta 4 has 93% percent probability of being the best encoder, tied with MPC. MPC is tied with both Vorbis, in the first place, and LAME in the second.[50]
2011, April comparison by Hydrogenaudio
Vorbis vs HE-AAC vs Opus at 64 kbit/s. Vorbis was on average between the LC-AAC low anchor and Nero HE-AAC, while the upcoming Opus (by Xiph) was best.[51]

### Characteristic artifacts[edit | edit source]

As with most modern formats, the most consistently cited problem with Vorbis is pre-echo, a faint copy of a sharp attack that occurs just before the actual sound (for example, when reproducing the sound of castanets).[citation needed]

When the bitrate is too low to encode the audio without perceptible loss, Vorbis exhibits an analog noise-like failure mode, which can be described as reverberations in a room or amphitheater. Vorbis's behavior is due to the noise floor approach to encoding; see § technical details.

## Technical details[edit | edit source]

Vorbis nominal bitrate at quality levels for 44.1 kHz stereo input. The new libvorbis v1.2 usually compresses better than these values (effective bitrate may vary).  Quality  | Nominal bitrate

|

| Official Xiph.Org Foundation Vorbis  | aoTuV beta 3 and later
-q-2  | not available  | 32 kbit/s
-q-1  | 45 kbit/s  | 48 kbit/s
-q0  | 64 kbit/s
-q1  | 80 kbit/s
-q2  | 96 kbit/s
-q3  | 112 kbit/s
-q4  | 128 kbit/s
-q5  | 160 kbit/s
-q6  | 192 kbit/s
-q7  | 224 kbit/s
-q8  | 256 kbit/s
-q9  | 320 kbit/s
-q10  | 500 kbit/s

Vorbis is intended for sample rates from 8 kHz telephony to 192 kHz digital masters and a range of channel representations (monaural, polyphonic, stereo, quadraphonic, 5.1, ambisonic, or up to 255 discrete channels).[52] Given 44.1 kHz (standard CD audio sampling frequency) stereo input, the encoder will produce output from roughly 45 to 500 kbit/s (32 to 500 kbit/s for aoTuV tunings) depending on the specified quality setting. Quality setting goes from −0.1 to 1.0 for the Xiph library and −0.2 to 1.0 for aoTuV. Encoding front-ends map these values to an integer-based quality setting that goes from −1 to 10 for the Xiph library and −2 to 10 for aoTuV. Files encoded with a given quality setting should have the same quality of sound in all versions of the encoder, but newer versions should be able to achieve that quality with a lower bitrate. The bit rates mentioned above are only approximate; Vorbis is inherently variable-bitrate (VBR), so bitrate may vary considerably from sample to sample. (It is a free-form variable-bitrate codec and packets have no minimum size, maximum size, or fixed/expected size.[4])

Vorbis aims to be more efficient than MP3, with data compression transparency being available at lower bitrates.

### Outline of coder algorithm[edit | edit source]

Vorbis I is a forward-adaptive monolithic transform codec based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT).[53] Vorbis uses the modified discrete cosine transform for converting sound data from the time domain to the frequency domain. The resulting frequency-domain data is broken into noise floor and residue components, and then quantized and entropy coded using a codebook-based vector quantization algorithm. The decompression algorithm reverses these stages. The noise-floor approach gives Vorbis its characteristic analog noise-like failure mode when the bitrate is too low to encode the audio without perceptible loss. The sound of compression artifacts at low bitrates can be perhaps described as reverberations in an amphitheater or a room.

### Tuned versions[edit | edit source]

Various tuned versions of the encoder (Garf, aoTuV or MegaMix) attempt to provide better sound at a specified quality setting, usually by dealing with certain problematic waveforms by temporarily increasing the bitrate. Most of the tuned versions of Vorbis attempt to correct the pre-echo problem and to increase the sound quality of lower quality settings (-q-2 through -q4). Some tuning suggestions created by the Vorbis user community (especially the aoTuV beta 2 tunings) have been incorporated into the 1.1.0 release.[54]

### Bitrate peeling[edit | edit source]

The Vorbis format supports bitrate peeling for reducing the bitrate of already encoded files without re-encoding, and several experimental implementations exist.[55][56] However, the quality is "unusable"[55] and markedly inferior to decoding and re-encoding.

The reason that peeling programs degrade quality so severely is that the format does not specify the relative importance of signal data, and existing encoders do not order the data in order of importance. Hence peelers cannot easily determine whether data is important or not.

### Container formats[edit | edit source]

See also: Container format (digital)

Vorbis streams can be encapsulated in other media container formats besides Ogg.[57] A commonly used alternative is Matroska. It is also used in WebM, a container format based on a subset of Matroska.[58][59][60] Vorbis streams can also be encapsulated in an RTP payload format.[61]

### Metadata[edit | edit source]

Vorbis metadata, called Vorbis comments, supports metadata tags similar to those implemented in the ID3 standard for MP3. The metadata is stored in a vector of byte strings of arbitrary length and size. The size of the vector and the size of each string in bytes is limited to 232 − 1 (about 4.3 billion, or any positive integer that can be expressed in 32 bits). This vector is stored in the second header packet that begins a Vorbis bitstream.[62]

The strings are assumed to be encoded as UTF-8. Music tags are typically implemented as strings of the form "[TAG]=[VALUE]", for instance, "ARTIST=The John Smith Band". The tag names are case-insensitive, thus typing "ARTIST=The John Smith Band" would be the same as "artist=The John Smith Band". Like the current version of ID3, users and encoding software are free to use whichever tags are appropriate for the content. For example, an encoder could use localized tag labels, live music tracks might contain a "Venue=" tag or files could have multiple genre definitions. Most applications also support common de facto standards such as disc number and ReplayGain information.

## Licensing[edit | edit source]

Knowledge of Vorbis' specifications is in the public domain.[8] Concerning the specification itself, the Xiph.Org Foundation reserves the right to set the Vorbis specification and certify compliance. Its libraries are released under the revised 3-clause BSD license and its tools are released under the GNU General Public License. The libraries were originally released under the GNU Lesser General Public Licence, but a BSD license was later chosen with the endorsement of Richard Stallman.[63] The Xiph.Org Foundation states that Vorbis, like all its developments, is completely free from the licensing or patent issues raised by proprietary formats. Although the Xiph.Org Foundation states it has conducted a patent search that supports its claims, outside parties (notably engineers working on rival formats) have expressed doubt that Vorbis is free of patented technology.[64][original research?]

The Xiph.Org Foundation has not released an official statement on the patent status of Vorbis, pointing out that such a statement is technically impossible due to the number and scope of patents in existence and the questionable validity of many of them. Such issues can only be resolved by a court of law.

Vorbis is supported by several large digital audio player manufacturers such as Samsung, SanDisk, Rio, Neuros Technology, Cowon, and iriver.

## Support[edit | edit source]

### Hardware[edit | edit source]

Tremor, a version of the Vorbis decoder which uses fixed-point arithmetic (rather than floating point), was made available to the public on September 2, 2002 (also under a BSD-style license).[65] Tremor, or platform-specific versions based on it, is more suited to implementation on the limited facilities available in commercial portable players. A number of versions that make adjustments for specific platforms and include customized optimizations for given embedded microprocessors have been produced. Several hardware manufacturers have expressed[citation needed] intentions to produce Vorbis-compliant devices and new Vorbis devices seem to be appearing at a steady rate.[citation needed]

* Sailfish OS devices
* Tizen devices
* Openmoko Neo 1973 and Neo Freerunner
* Devices based on Google's Android platform support Ogg Vorbis media files.[66][67]
* Digital audio players such as Cowon's D2 and iAudio X5 ship with Ogg Vorbis support.
* Samsung YP series of digital audio players[68] ships with Ogg Vorbis support.
* The majority of iriver devices provide Ogg Vorbis support up to Q10 bitrates.[69][70][71] (as July 2008)
* Cowon C2 (Ogg and FLAC support)
* Sandisk added Vorbis capability to the 1.01.29 firmware for the Sansa Clip player. (added in May 2008)
* Sandisk added Vorbis capability for the Sansa Fuze player in the 1.01.15 firmware update. (added October 3, 2008)
* Sandisk Sansa Clip+
* Sandisk Sansa Fuze+
* Meizu's M6 and M3 Digital Audio Players
* Elta 8844 MPEG4 DVD/DivX player can play music files in both MP3 or Ogg Vorbis format
* Vedia A10 plays Ogg Vorbis and FLAC in addition to MP3, AAC and other formats
* S1 MP3 Players also supports Ogg Vorbis since at least 2006, though this is not typically listed on the player's packaging.
* GamePark Holding's Linux based portable gaming consoles (GP32, GP2X F100-F200, GP2X Wiz) officially support Ogg Vorbis.
* RIM BlackBerry 9800 "Torch" and 9670 "Style"
* VDO Dayton CD1737X car radio supports 8-192kbit/s Ogg Vorbis files
* HP TouchPad was given support for Ogg Vorbis with the webOS 3.0.4 update
* Denon SC5000 Prime media player
* Ultra HD Blu-ray players support decoding of 4K resolution VP8/VP9 video with Ogg Vorbis audio.

Apple's iPod does not natively support Vorbis but through the use of Rockbox, an open-source firmware project, is capable of decoding Vorbis files on certain models. Similar statements apply to other devices capable of running Rockbox, as well. The Xiph.Org Foundation wiki has an up-to-date list of Vorbis-supporting hardware, such as portables, PDAs, and microchips.[72] Also see Internet radio device for an overview.

### Application software[edit | edit source]

See also: Use of Ogg formats in HTML5

Software supporting Vorbis exists for many platforms. The multi-platform open-source VLC media player and MPlayer can play Ogg Vorbis files, as can Winamp and foobar2000. Windows Media Player does not natively support Vorbis; however, DirectShow filters exist to decode Vorbis in Windows Media Player and other Windows multimedia players that support DirectShow.[73] Vorbis is also supported in the multi-platform audio editing software Audacity, in the multi-platform multimedia frameworks FFmpeg, GStreamer and Helix DNA. Vorbis is well-supported on the Linux platform in programs like XMMS, xine, Amarok. A list of Vorbis-supporting software can be found at the Xiph.Org Foundation wiki and Vorbis.com website.[74][75] Users can test these programs using the list of Vorbis audio streams available on the same wiki.[76] For more information about support in software media players there is a comparison of media players available.

Some newer Ubisoft games use Vorbis files renamed with the filename extension .sb0. It can therefore be played using a compatible player, although sometimes one must force a different sampling rate to hear it correctly. A number of tools are available for extracting sound from archived files such as the .m4b of Myst IV: Revelation.

As originally recommended by HTML 5, these web browsers natively support Vorbis audio (without a plug-in) using the `<audio>` element: Mozilla Firefox 3.5 (and later versions),[77][78] Google Chrome (from version 3.0.182.2),[79] SeaMonkey (from version 2.0).[80] Opera 9.5 experimental video builds released in 2007 and 2008 have only `<video>` support and play back Vorbis audio included in Ogg video files.[81][82] Opera 10.5 browser has support for Vorbis audio, WAVE PCM audio and Theora video.[83][84]

The game design software RPG Maker MV, released in October 2015, is the first version of that program to drop MP3 support in favor of Ogg Vorbis.

In October 2017, Microsoft released support for Ogg media container, and Theora and Vorbis media formats as an optional add-on to Windows 10 and Xbox One, available for free in the Microsoft Store.[85]

Vorbis support by different operating systems  | Microsoft Windows | macOS | Linux | Android | iOS

|
|
|
|
|

Codec support  | Yes[85] | Via third-party applications | Yes | Yes | Via third-party apps
Container support  | On Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (1709) with Web Media Extensions add-on:
Ogg (.ogg is not recognised; requires pseudo extension)[a]
Matroska (.mka, .mkv)
On Windows 10 October 2018 Update (1809):
WebM (.webm is recognised officially)
On Windows 10 May 2019 Update (1903):
Ogg (.ogg is recognised officially)  | depends on application | Ogg (.ogg)
Matroska (.mka, .mkv)
WebM (.webm)  | Ogg (.ogg, .oga)
Matroska (.mka, .mkv)
WebM (.webm)  | depends on application
Notes  | On Windows 10:
\- Requires Fall Creators Update (1709) and installation of Web Media Extensions package.
\- On April 2018 Update (1803) with Web Media Extensions preinstalled, Microsoft Edge (EdgeHTML 17) supports Vorbis audio embedded in <audio> tags.
\- Supported on Universal Windows Platform apps (Groove Music, Microsoft Movies & TV). Unsupported on Windows Media Player.
\- Up till October 2018 update (1809), the filename extension .ogg was not recognised. (substitute with a pseudo file extension such as .m4a)[86]

On Windows 8.1 and older:
\- Requires installation of a third-party multimedia framework, LAV Filters.  | No native support in the macOS native multimedia framework.
In versions of Mac OS X prior to 10.11 El Capitan, Vorbis support could be added to QuickTime using the Xiph QuickTime Components.[87] | \-  | \-  | No native support in the iOS native multimedia framework.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Comparison of audio coding formats
* Icecast, streaming media server which currently supports Ogg (Vorbis and Theora), Opus and WebM streams.
* JUCE, cross-platform C++ toolkit with embedded Vorbis support
* Ogg bitstream format
* Opus, a new audio format by Xiph that may replace Vorbis
* Vorbis comment, metadata format used by Vorbis
* XSPF, playlist format
* Xiph QuickTime Components, official QuickTime implementation

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ The `.ogg` filename extension is not recognised by Universal Windows Platform apps Groove Music and Microsoft Movies & TV, hence a pseudo extension of another audio format (such as `.m4a`) is required instead.[86]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ MIME Types and File Extensions - XiphWiki
2. ^ a b Montgomery, Christopher (2000-05-08). "Merge done". vorbis-dev. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
3. ^ a b "Ogg Vorbis". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
4. ^ a b Xiph.Org Foundation (2012-01-20). "Vorbis I specification". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
5. ^ "PlayOgg! - FSF - Free Software Foundation". 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
6. ^ Ogg Vorbis Audio Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
7. ^ [Vorbis] vorbis 1.3.7 release
8. ^ a b "Vorbis.com FAQ". Xiph.Org Foundation. Archived from the original on 2005-10-01. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
9. ^ "Sample Xiph.Org Variant of the BSD License". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
10. ^ "MIME Types and File Extensions". Xiph.org wiki. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
11. ^ "Interview: Christopher Montgomery of Xiphophorus". Advogado. 2000-04-04. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
12. ^ a b "naming". Xiph.Org Foundation.
13. ^ "About". Xiph.org. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
14. ^ Robertson, Michael (1998-09-11). "Fraunhofer Lowers Patent Boom on MP3 Software Developers". Archived from the original on 2000-08-16. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
15. ^ Zisk, Brian (2000-04-19). "Dvorak Interviews Monty". vorbis. Xiph. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
16. ^ "Ogg" (project homepage). Xiphophorus. 2000-05-20. Archived from the original on 2000-05-20. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
17. ^ "The Ogg Vorbis CODEC project". Xiphophorus co. 2000-05-11. Archived from the original on 2000-06-10. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
18. ^ February 2001 on xiph.org "With the Beta 4 release, the Ogg Vorbis libraries have moved to the BSD license. The change from LGPL to BSD was made to enable the use of Ogg Vorbis in all forms of software and hardware. Jack Moffitt says, "We are changing the license in response to feedback from many parties. It has become clear to us that adoption of Ogg Vorbis will be accelerated even further by the use of a less restrictive license that is friendlier toward proprietary software and hardware systems. We want everyone to be able to use Ogg Vorbis.""
19. ^ RMS on license change on lwn.net
20. ^ "OGG Vorbis 1.0 officially released". AfterDawn. 2002-07-19. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
21. ^ "Ogg Vorbis official release is here". News. CNET. 2002-07-19. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
22. ^ Montgomery, Christopher (2002-07-19). "Vorbis 1.0 released". vorbis (Mailing list). Retrieved 2009-06-04.
23. ^ Xiph.Org (2014-01-22). "libVorbis 1.3.4 released". Retrieved 2014-02-09.
24. ^ "Recommended Ogg Vorbis - Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase". Retrieved 2022-06-30.
25. ^ "libvorbis 1.1 changelog". 2004-09-22. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
26. ^ "Xiph.Org Monthly Meeting, 2007/02". 2007-02-07. Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
27. ^ "OpusFAQ - XiphWiki". wiki.xiph.org. 2013-02-03. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
28. ^ Hoene, Christian; Valin, Jean-Marc; Vos, Koen; Skoglund, Jan (2013-05-17). "Summary of Opus listening test results". tools.ietf.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
29. ^ "Results of the public multiformat listening test (July 2014)". listening-test.coresv.net. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
30. ^ "OpusFAQ - XiphWiki". wiki.xiph.org. 2020-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-11-17. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
31. ^ Sharpless Smith, Susan (2010). Web-based Instruction: A Guide for Libraries. American Library Association. p. 138\. ISBN 978-0-8389-1056-6.
32. ^ Brown, Andrew (2007). Computers in Music Education: Amplifying Musicality. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-4159-7850-7.
33. ^ Dawes, Adam (2010). Windows Mobile Game Development: Building games for the Windows Phone and other mobile devices. Apress. p. 158\. ISBN 978-1-4302-2929-2.
34. ^ "Recordings about our Philosophy". GNU Project. Free Software Foundation (FSF). Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
35. ^ a b "Ogg Sites". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
36. ^ "Ogg Vorbis — no future?". 2007-11-04. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
37. ^ Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia, Retrieved 2009
38. ^ "First steps/Quality and description". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
39. ^ "Radio New Zealand Oggcasts". Retrieved 2009-01-14.
40. ^ "Deutschlandradio im Internet mit OGG-Vorbis-Stream". Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
41. ^ "Audio Quality on Spotify". February 3, 2019. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019.
42. ^ "Bumping up the Bitrate". Spotify News. 2009-06-25. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
43. ^ "Audio Quality". June 6, 2020. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
44. ^ "Qobuz FAQ". Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
45. ^ MedO (Dec 20, 2005). "Ogg Vorbis - Better Than Mp3?, 2005". Retrieved May 27, 2013.
46. ^ Nanook. "Ogg Vorbis - An Alternative to MP3, 2004". Archived from the original on May 12, 2012.
47. ^ "Results of Public, Multiformat Listening Test @ 48 kbps (November 2006)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
48. ^ a b "80 kbps personal listening test (summer 2005) - Hydrogenaudio Forums". Archived from the original on 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
49. ^ a b "MP3, WMA, AAC, OGG qualité à 96 kbps (évaluation) - Traitement Audio - Video & Son - FORUM HardWare.fr" (in French). Retrieved 2008-01-12.
50. ^ a b "MPC vs VORBIS vs MP3 vs AAC at 180 kbit/s - Hydrogenaudio Forums". Archived from the original on June 9, 2014. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
51. ^ "64kbit/sec stereo multiformat listening test". Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
52. ^ Xiph.org Foundation (2009-06-02). "Application". Vorbis I specification. Xiph.org Foundation. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
53. ^ Xiph.Org Foundation (2009-06-02). "Vorbis I specification - 1.1.2 Classification". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
54. ^ "Recommended Encoder Versions and Settings – Hydrogenaudio Forums". Retrieved 2008-01-13.
55. ^ a b Experimental Ogg vorbis Bitrate Peeler, Bitrate reduction of ogg vorbis
56. ^ Vinjey. "Vorbis & Downloads". Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-11-13.
57. ^ "Oggless proposal". Xiph.Org Foundation.
58. ^ "Xiph.Org announces support for the WebM open media project". Xiph.Org. 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
59. ^ "Introducing WebM, an open web media project". 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
60. ^ "FAQ". WebM. Google. 2010-05-19.
61. ^ Barbato, Luca (August 2008). "RFC 5215 — RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio". IETF. Retrieved 2010-06-16. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
62. ^ Xiph.Org Foundation. "Vorbis Comment Field Documentation". Retrieved 2007-03-14.
63. ^ Jack Moffitt (2001-02-26). "[icecast-dev] Xiph.org announces Vorbis Beta 4 and the Xiph.org Foundation". Retrieved 2006-11-13.
64. ^ "Vorbis development, status & patent issues". 2003. Archived from the original on 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2006-11-13.
65. ^ "[vorbis-dev] tremor relicensed as BSD". 2002-09-03. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
66. ^ "Android SDK m5-rc14 now available". Android Developers' Blog. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
67. ^ Android Developer - Supported Media Formats
68. ^ PortablePlayers - XiphWiki
69. ^ [1] Archived November 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
70. ^ [2] Archived April 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
71. ^ [3] Archived June 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
72. ^ "VorbisHardware - XiphWiki". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
73. ^ "illiminable Ogg Directshow Filters for Speex, Vorbis, Theora and FLAC". Retrieved 2008-06-24.
74. ^ "VorbisSoftwarePlayers - XiphWiki". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
75. ^ Xiph.Org Foundation. "Vorbis.com: 3rd party software". Archived from the original on 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
76. ^ "VorbisStreams - XiphWiki". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
77. ^ MozillaWiki (2009-03-18), Firefox3.5/Features, MozillaWiki, retrieved 2009-10-11
78. ^ Mozilla Corporation (2009-06-30), Mozilla Firefox 3.5 Release Notes, Mozilla Corporation, retrieved 2009-10-11
79. ^ Google Chrome to support HTML 5 video, SoftSailor, 2009-05-28, archived from the original on 2009-10-03, retrieved 2009-10-11
80. ^ Robert Kaiser (2009-09-16), What's New in SeaMonkey 2.0 Beta 2, seamonkey-project.org, retrieved 2009-10-11
81. ^ Experimental Opera-video build with native Ogg Theora support, Opera, 2007-04-25, retrieved 2009-10-11
82. ^ A call for video on the web - Opera <video> release on Labs, Opera, 2007-11-07, retrieved 2009-10-11
83. ^ Philip Jägenstedt (2009-12-31). "(re-)Introducing <video> \- Official blog for Core developers at Opera". Opera. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
84. ^ Arjan van Leeuwen (2009-12-31). "Happy New Year! - Official blog for Core developers at Opera". Opera. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
85. ^ a b Microsoft adding Ogg, Theora, and Vorbis open media formats to Windows 10 - Ctrl blog
86. ^ a b Supported audio and video formats (Windows Runtime apps) - Windows app development
87. ^ "13.06.2016 - XiphQT discontinued". Xiph.Org: QuickTime Components. Retrieved 2019-02-19.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Vorbis site \- Xiph reference implementation
* Vorbis reference implementation by Xiph.Org Foundation
* Players
* Christopher "Monty" Montgomery (main developer) interview, slashdot.org
* RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio. RFC 5215.
* Ogg Media Types. RFC 5334.

* v
* t
* e

Xiph.Org Foundation

Ogg Project|

* Vorbis
* Daala
* Theora
* FLAC
* Opus
* CELT
* Speex
* Tremor
* OggPCM
* Ogg Writ

Other projects|

* XSPF
* Annodex
* cdparanoia
* Icecast

Related articles|

* Chris Montgomery
* CMML
* Ogg page
* Ogg Squish
* Use of Ogg formats in HTML5
* Vorbis comment

* v
* t
* e

Multimedia compression and container formats

Video
compression|

| ISO, IEC,
MPEG|

* DV
* MJPEG
* Motion JPEG 2000
* MPEG-1
* MPEG-2
* Part 2
* MPEG-4
* Part 2 / ASP
* Part 10 / AVC
* Part 33 / IVC
* MPEG-H
* Part 2 / HEVC
* MPEG-I
* Part 3 / VVC
* MPEG-5
* Part 1 / EVC
* Part 2 / LCEVC

|

ITU-T, VCEG|

* H.120
* H.261
* H.262
* H.263
* H.264 / AVC
* H.265 / HEVC
* H.266 / VVC

SMPTE|

* VC-1
* VC-2
* VC-3
* VC-5
* VC-6

TrueMotion|

* TrueMotion S
* VP3
* VP6
* VP7
* VP8
* VP9
* AV1

Others|

* Apple Video
* AVS
* Bink
* Cinepak
* Daala
* DVI
* FFV1
* Huffyuv
* Indeo
* Lagarith
* Microsoft Video 1
* MSU Lossless
* OMS Video
* Pixlet
* ProRes
* 422
* 4444
* QuickTime
* Animation
* Graphics
* RealVideo
* RTVideo
* SheerVideo
* Smacker
* Sorenson Video/Spark
* Theora
* Thor
* WMV
* XEB
* YULS

Audio
compression|

| ISO, IEC,
MPEG|

* MPEG-1 Layer II
* Multichannel
* MPEG-1 Layer I
* MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
* AAC
* HE-AAC
* AAC-LD
* MPEG Surround
* MPEG-4 ALS
* MPEG-4 SLS
* MPEG-4 DST
* MPEG-4 HVXC
* MPEG-4 CELP
* MPEG-D USAC
* MPEG-H 3D Audio

|

ITU-T|

* G.711
* A-law
* µ-law
* G.718
* G.719
* G.722
* G.722.1
* G.722.2
* G.723
* G.723.1
* G.726
* G.728
* G.729
* G.729.1

IETF|

* Opus
* iLBC
* Speex
* Vorbis

3GPP|

* AMR
* AMR-WB
* AMR-WB+
* EVRC
* EVRC-B
* EVS
* GSM-HR
* GSM-FR
* GSM-EFR

ETSI|

* AC-3
* AC-4
* DTS

Bluetooth SIG|

* SBC
* LC3

Others|

* ACELP
* ALAC
* Asao
* ATRAC
* AVS
* CELT
* Codec 2
* DRA
* FLAC
* iSAC
* MELP
* Monkey's Audio
* MT9
* Musepack
* OptimFROG
* OSQ
* QCELP
* RCELP
* RealAudio
* RTAudio
* SD2
* SHN
* SILK
* Siren
* SMV
* SVOPC
* TTA
* True Audio
* TwinVQ
* VMR-WB
* VSELP
* WavPack
* WMA
* MQA
* aptX
* aptX HD
* aptX Low Latency
* aptX Adaptive
* LDAC
* LHDC
* LLAC

Image
compression|

| IEC, ISO, IETF,
W3C, ITU-T, JPEG|

* CCITT Group 4
* GIF
* HEIC / HEIF
* HEVC
* JBIG
* JBIG2
* JPEG
* JPEG 2000
* JPEG-LS
* JPEG XL
* JPEG XR
* JPEG XS
* JPEG XT
* PNG
* TIFF
* TIFF/EP
* TIFF/IT

|

Others|

* APNG
* AV1
* AVIF
* BPG
* DjVu
* EXR
* FLIF
* ICER
* MNG
* PGF
* QOI
* QTVR
* WBMP
* WebP

Containers|

| ISO, IEC|

* MPEG-ES
* MPEG-PES
* MPEG-PS
* MPEG-TS
* ISO/IEC base media file format
* MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4)
* Motion JPEG 2000
* MPEG-21 Part 9
* MPEG media transport

|

ITU-T|

* H.222.0
* T.802

IETF|

* RTP
* Ogg

SMPTE|

* GXF
* MXF

Others|

* 3GP and 3G2
* AMV
* ASF
* AIFF
* AVI
* AU
* BPG
* Bink
* Smacker
* BMP
* DivX Media Format
* EVO
* Flash Video
* HEIF
* IFF
* M2TS
* Matroska
* WebM
* QuickTime File Format
* RatDVD
* RealMedia
* RIFF
* WAV
* MOD and TOD
* VOB, IFO and BUP

Collaborations|

* NETVC
* MPEG LA
* HEVC Advance
* Alliance for Open Media

Methods|

* Entropy
* Arithmetic
* Huffman
* Modified
* LPC
* ACELP
* CELP
* LSP
* WLPC
* Lossless
* Lossy
* LZ
* DEFLATE
* LZW
* PCM
* A-law
* µ-law
* ADPCM
* DPCM
* Transforms
* DCT
* FFT
* MDCT
* Wavelet
* Daubechies
* DWT

Lists|

* Comparison of audio coding formats
* Comparison of video codecs
* List of codecs

See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs

* v
* t
* e

Data compression software

Archivers with
compression
(comparison)|

| Free software|

* 7-Zip
* Ark
* Expander
* FreeArc
* GNOME Archive Manager
* Info-ZIP
* KGB Archiver
* PAQ
* pax
* PeaZip
* tar
* XAD (decompression only)
* Xarchiver
* ZPAQ

|

Freeware|

* Filzip
* LHA
* StuffIt Expander (decompression only)
* The Unarchiver (decompression only)
* TUGZip
* ZipGenius

Commercial|

* ARC
* ALZip
* Archive Utility
* ARJ
* BetterZip
* MacBinary
* PKZIP/SecureZIP
* PowerArchiver
* StuffIt
* WinAce
* WinRAR
* WinZip

Non-archiving
compressors|

| Generic|

* bzip2
* bzip3
* compress
* gzip
* lzip
* lzop
* pack
* rzip
* Snappy
* XZ Utils
* zstd

|

For code|

UPX

Audio
compression
(comparison)|

| Lossy|

* AAC
* Fraunhofer FDK AAC
* Nero AAC Codec
* Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC)
* Helix DNA Producer
* MP3
* l3enc
* LAME
* TooLAME
* libavcodec
* libcelt
* libopus
* libspeex
* Musepack
* libvorbis
* Windows Media Encoder

|

Lossless|

* ALAC
* FLAC
* libavcodec
* Monkey's Audio
* mp4als
* OptimFROG
* Shorten
* TTA (True Audio)
* WavPack

Video
compression
(comparison)|

| Lossy|

| MPEG-4 ASP|

* 3ivx
* DivX
* Nero Digital
* FFmpeg
* HDX4
* Xvid

|

H.264 /
MPEG-4 AVC|

* CoreAVC
* Blu-code
* DivX
* FFmpeg
* Nero Digital
* OpenH264
* QuickTime
* x264

HEVC|

* DivX
* x265

Others|

* CineForm
* Cinepak
* Daala
* DNxHD
* Helix DNA Producer
* Indeo
* libavcodec
* Schrödinger (Dirac)
* SBC
* Sorenson
* VP7
* libtheora
* libvpx
* Windows Media Encoder

Lossless|

* FFV1
* Huffyuv
* Lagarith
* MSU Lossless
* YULS

* See also: compression methods and compression formats

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template