William Golding

British novelist, poet, and playwright (1911–1993)

For other people named William Golding, see William Golding (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with William Goldman, the American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter.

Sir

William Golding

CBE, FRSL

Golding in 1983

Golding in 1983

Born| William Gerald Golding
(1911-09-19)19 September 1911
Newquay, Cornwall,
England
Died| 19 June 1993(1993-06-19) (aged 81)
Perranarworthal, Cornwall, England
Occupation| Schoolteacher • Novelist • Playwright • Poet
Alma mater| Oxford University
Genre| Survivalist fiction • Robinsonade • Adventure • Sea story • Science fiction • Essay • Historical fiction • Stageplay • Poetry
Notable works| Lord of the Flies, Rites of Passage
Notable awards| 1983 Nobel Prize in Literature
1980 Booker Prize
Signature
File:William Golding signature.jpg

Sir William Gerald Golding, CBE FRSL (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his debut novel Lord of the Flies (1954), he published another twelve volumes of fiction in his lifetime. In 1980, he was awarded the Booker Prize for Rites of Passage, the first novel in what became his sea trilogy, To the Ends of the Earth. He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Literature.

As a result of his contributions to literature, Golding was knighted in 1988.[1][2] He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.[1] In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[3]

## Contents

* 1 Biography
* 1.1 Early life
* 1.2 Marriage and family
* 1.3 War service
* 1.4 "Crisis"
* 1.5 Death
* 2 Career
* 2.1 Writing success
* 2.2 Fiction
* 3 List of works
* 3.1 Poetry
* 3.2 Drama
* 3.3 Novels
* 3.4 Collections
* 3.5 Non-fiction
* 3.6 Unpublished works
* 4 Audiobooks
* 5 References
* 6 Sources
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Biography[edit | edit source]

### Early life[edit | edit source]

File:William Golding's Plaque at Bishop Wordsworth's School.jpg

Plaque at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury.

William Golding was born in his maternal grandmother's house, 47 Mount Wise, Newquay,[4] Cornwall.[5] The house was known as Karenza, the Cornish word for love, and he spent many childhood holidays there.[6] He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father, Alec Golding, was a science master at Marlborough Grammar School (1905 to retirement), the school the young Golding and his elder brother Joseph attended.[7] His mother, Mildred (Curnoe),[8] kept house at 29, The Green, Marlborough, and was a campaigner for female suffrage. Golding's mother, who was Cornish and whom he considered "a superstitious Celt", used to tell him old Cornish ghost stories from her own childhood.[9] In 1930 Golding went to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he read Natural Sciences for two years before transferring to English for his final two years.[10] His original tutor was the chemist Thomas Taylor.[11] In a private journal and in a memoir for his wife he admitted having tried to rape a teenage girl during a vacation.[12]

Golding took his B.A. degree with Second Class Honours in the summer of 1934, and later that year a book of his Poems was published by Macmillan & Co, with the help of his Oxford friend, the anthroposophist Adam Bittleston.

In 1935 he took a job teaching English at Michael Hall School, a Steiner-Waldorf school then in Streatham, South London, staying there two years[13] . After a year in Oxford studying for a Diploma of Education, he was a schoolmaster teaching English and music at Maidstone Grammar School 1938 – 1940, before moving to Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury, in April 1940. There he taught English, Philosophy, Greek, and drama until joining the navy on the 18th December 1940, reporting for duty at HMS Raleigh. He returned in 1945 and taught the same subjects until 1961.[14]

Golding kept a personal journal for over 22 years [15] from 1971 until the night before his death, and which contained approximately 2.4 million words in total. The journal was initially used by Golding in order to record his dreams, but over time it gradually began to function as a record of his life. The journals contained insights including retrospective thoughts about his novels and memories from his past. At one point Golding described setting his students up into two groups to fight each other – an experience he drew on when writing Lord of the Flies.[16] John Carey, the emeritus professor of English literature at Oxford university, was eventually given 'unprecedented access to Golding's unpublished papers and journals by the Golding estate'.[15] Though Golding had not written the journals specifically so that a biography could be written about him, Carey published William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies in 2009.[17]

### Marriage and family[edit | edit source]

Golding was engaged to Molly Evans, a woman from Marlborough, who was well liked by both of his parents.[18] However, he broke off the engagement and married Ann Brookfield, an analytical chemist,[19] on 30 September 1939. They had two children, David (born September, 1940) and Judith (born July, 1945).[5][20]

### War service[edit | edit source]

During World War II, Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940.[21] He served on a destroyer which was briefly involved in the pursuit and sinking of the German battleship Bismarck. Golding participated in the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, commanding a landing craft that fired salvoes of rockets onto the beaches. He was also in action at Walcheren in October and November 1944, during which time 10 out of 27 assault craft that went into the attack were sunk.[22][23]

### "Crisis"[edit | edit source]

Golding had a troubled relationship with alcohol; Judy Carver notes that her father was "always very open, if rueful, about problems with drink".[24] Golding suggested that his self-described "crisis", of which alcoholism played a major part, had plagued him his entire life.[25] John Carey mentions several instances of binge drinking in his biography, including Golding's experiences in 1963; whilst on holiday in Greece (when he was meant to have been finishing his novel The Spire), after working on his writing in the morning, he would go to his preferred "Kapheneion" to drink at midday.[26] By the evening would move onto ouzo and brandy; he developed a reputation locally for "provoking explosions".[26]

Unfortunately, the eventual publication of The Spire the following year did not help Golding's developing struggle with alcohol; it had precisely the opposite effect, with the novel's scathingly negative reviews in a BBC radio broadcast affecting him severely.[27] Following the publication of The Pyramid in 1967, Golding experienced a severe writer's block: the result of myriad crises (family anxieties, insomnia, and a general sense of dejection).[25] Golding eventually became unable to deal with what he perceived to be the intense reality of his life without first drinking copious amounts of alcohol.[28] Tim Kendall suggests that these experiences manifest in Golding's writing as the character Wilf in The Paper Men; "an ageing novelist whose alcohol-sodden journeys across Europe are bankrolled by the continuing success of his first book".[29]

By the late 1960s, Golding was relying on alcohol – which he referred to as "the old, old anodyne".[30] His first steps towards recovery came from his study of Carl Jung's writings, and in what he called "an admission of discipleship" he travelled to Switzerland in 1971 to see Jung's landscapes for himself.[31] That same year, he started keeping a journal in which he recorded and interpreted his dreams; the last entry is from the day before he died, in 1993, and the volumes-long work came to be thousands of pages long by this time.[27]

The crisis did inevitably affect Golding's output, and his next novel, Darkness Visible, would be published twelve years after The Pyramid; a far cry from the prolific author who had produced six novels in thirteen years since the start of his career.[25] But, despite this, the extent of Golding's recovery is evident from the fact that this was only the first of six further novels that Golding completed before his death.[31]

### Death[edit | edit source]

In 1985, Golding and his wife moved to a house called Tullimaar in Perranarworthal, near Truro, Cornwall. He died of heart failure eight years later on 19 June 1993. His body was buried in the parish churchyard of Bowerchalke near his former home and the Wiltshire county border with Hampshire and Dorset.

On his death he left the draft of a novel, The Double Tongue, set in ancient Delphi, which was published posthumously in 1995.[2][32]

## Career[edit | edit source]

### Writing success[edit | edit source]

File:Golding, Lundkvist och Sartre i Leningrad 1963.jpg

Golding, Artur Lundkvist and Jean-Paul Sartre at a writers' congress in Leningrad, USSR, 1963.

Whilst still a teacher at Bishop Wordsworth's School, in 1951 Golding began writing a manuscript of the novel initially titled Strangers from Within.[33] In September 1953, after rejections from seven other publishers, Golding sent a manuscript to Faber and Faber and was initially rejected by their reader, Jan Perkins, who labelled it as "Rubbish & dull. Pointless". His book, however, was championed by Charles Monteith, a new editor at the firm. Monteith asked for some changes to the text and the novel was published in September 1954 as Lord of the Flies.

After moving in 1958 from Salisbury to nearby Bowerchalke, he met his fellow villager and walking companion James Lovelock. The two discussed Lovelock's hypothesis, that the living matter of the planet Earth functions like a single organism, and Golding suggested naming this hypothesis after Gaia, the personification of the Earth in Greek mythology, and mother of the Titans.[34] His publishing success made it possible for Golding to resign his teaching post at Bishop Wordsworth's School in 1961, and he spent that academic year in the United States as writer-in-residence at Hollins College (now Hollins University), near Roanoke, Virginia.

Golding won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Darkness Visible in 1979, and the Booker Prize for Rites of Passage in 1980. In 1983 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, and was according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography "an unexpected and even contentious choice".[5]

In 1988 Golding was appointed a Knight Bachelor.[35] In September 1993, only a few months after his unexpected death, the First International William Golding Conference was held in France, where Golding's presence had been promised and was eagerly expected.[36]

### Fiction[edit | edit source]

His first novel, Lord of the Flies (1954; film, 1963 and 1990; play, adapted by Nigel Williams, 1995), describes a group of boys stranded on a tropical island descending into a lawless and increasingly wild existence before being rescued. Arguably his most famous work, the book is read in schools around the world today.[37] The Inheritors (1955) depicts a tribe of gentle Neanderthals encountering modern humans, who by comparison are deceitful and violent. His 1956 novel Pincher Martin records the thoughts of a drowning sailor. Free Fall (1959) explores the issue of freedom of choice. The novel's narrator, a World War Two soldier in a German POW Camp, endures interrogation and solitary confinement. After these events and while recollecting the experiences, he looks back over the choices he has made, trying to trace precisely where he lost the freedom to make his own decisions. The Spire (1964) follows the construction (and near collapse) of an impossibly large spire on the top of a medieval cathedral (generally assumed to be Salisbury Cathedral). The novel explores ideas of sexual lust, religious fervour and delusion, and the power of the Church in Medieval England, with the titular spire symbolizing both spiritual aspiration and worldly vanity.

Golding's 1967 novel The Pyramid consists of three linked stories with a shared setting in a small English town based partly on Marlborough where Golding grew up. The Scorpion God (1971) contains three novellas, the first set in an ancient Egyptian court ("The Scorpion God"); the second describing a prehistoric African hunter-gatherer group ("Clonk, Clonk"); and the third in the court of a Roman emperor ("Envoy Extraordinary"). The last of these, originally published in 1956, was reworked by Golding into a play, The Brass Butterfly, in 1958. From 1971 to 1979 Golding published no novels. After this period he published Darkness Visible (1979): a story involving terrorism, paedophilia, and a mysterious figure who survives a fire in the Blitz, and appears to have supernatural powers. In 1980, Golding published Rites of Passage, the first of his novels about a voyage to Australia in the early nineteenth century. The novel won the Booker Prize in 1980 and Golding followed this success with Close Quarters (1987) and Fire Down Below (1989) to complete his 'sea trilogy', later published as one volume entitled To the Ends of the Earth. The three stories were later adapted into a mini-series for the BBC, starring Benedict Cumberbatch. In 1984 he published The Paper Men: an account of the struggles between a novelist and his would-be biographer.

## List of works[edit | edit source]

### Poetry[edit | edit source]

* Poems (1934)

### Drama[edit | edit source]

* The Brass Butterfly (1958)

### Novels[edit | edit source]

* Lord of the Flies (1954)
* The Inheritors (1955)
* Pincher Martin (1956)
* Free Fall (1959)
* The Spire (1964)
* The Pyramid (1967)
* Darkness Visible (1979) (James Tait Black Memorial Prize)
* To the Ends of the Earth (trilogy)
* Rites of Passage (1980) (Booker Prize)
* Close Quarters (1987)
* Fire Down Below (1989)
* The Paper Men (1984)
* The Double Tongue (posthumous publication 1995)[38]

### Collections[edit | edit source]

* The Scorpion God (1971)
* "The Scorpion God"
* "Clonk Clonk"
* "Envoy Extraordinary"

### Non-fiction[edit | edit source]

* The Hot Gates (1965)
* A Moving Target (1982)
* An Egyptian Journal (1985)

### Unpublished works[edit | edit source]

* Seahorse was written in 1948. It is a biographical account of sailing on the south coast of England in the summer of 1947 and contains a short passage about being in training for D-Day.[39]
* Circle Under the Sea is an adventure novel about a writer who sails to discover archaeological treasures off the coast of the Scilly Isles.[40]
* Short Measure is a novel set in a British school akin to Bishop Wordsworth's.[41]

## Audiobooks[edit | edit source]

* 2005: Lord of the Flies (read by the author), Listening Library, ISBN 978-0-307-28170-8

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b William Golding: Awards. William Golding.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2012
2. ^ a b Bruce Lambert (20 June 1993). "William Golding Is Dead at 81; The Author of 'Lord of the Flies'". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
3. ^ The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. The Times (5 January 2008). Retrieved on 1 February 2010.
4. ^ Carey, Chap. 5 ('Childhood'), pg. 18.
5. ^ a b c Kevin McCarron, ‘Golding, Sir William Gerald (1911–1993)’, accessed 13 November 2007
6. ^ Carey, Chap 5 ('Childhood'), pg. 18.
7. ^ (Which should not be confused with Marlborough College, the nearby "public" boarding school).
8. ^ Raychel Haugrud Reiff, William Golding: Lord of the Flies, Marshall Cavendish, 2009
9. ^ Carey, Chap. 4 ('The House'), pg. 15.
10. ^ Carey, pp. 41, 49
11. ^ Carey, p. 15
12. ^ Wainwright, Martin (16 August 2009). "Author William Golding tried to rape teenager, private papers show". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
13. ^ William Golding Limited 2002, William Golding: a chronological account http://www.william-golding.co.uk/media/22919/p_biog.pdf archived as https://web.archive.org/web/20160325201600/http://www.william-golding.co.uk/media/22919/p_biog.pdf accessed 2022-02-17. Quoted in Katie Shambaugh, About the Author - Lord of the flies https://katielordoftheflies.weebly.com/about-the-author.html
14. ^ Carey, pp. 82, 111
15. ^ a b William Golding Website, https://william-golding.co.uk/timeline, Accessed 28th Nov 2020.
16. ^ Carey, Chap 10 ('Teaching'), pgs. 125-6.
17. ^ Carey, John. The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies. Faber, 2009.
18. ^ Presley, Nicola. 'William Golding's Early Life.'William Golding Officical Website, Published 19th Sept. 2018, https://william-golding.co.uk/william-goldings-early-life. Accessed 29th Nov. 2020.
19. ^ Harold Bloom (2008). William Golding's Lord of the Flies; Bloom's modern critical interpretations. Infobase Publishing. pp. 161–165. ISBN 978-0-7910-9826-4.
20. ^ Golding, Judy (16 September 2015). "The Inheritors: the intimate secrets in William Golding's Neanderthal tale". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
21. ^ Raychel Haugrud Reiff, William Golding: Lord of the Flies, page 58 (Marshall Cavendish, 2010). ISBN 978-0-7614-4276-9
22. ^ Mortimer, John (1986). Character Parts. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-008959-2.
23. ^ Carey, p. 94
24. ^ Jordison, Sam (24 April 2013). "Live webchat with Judy Carver on The Spire by William Golding – post your questions here". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
25. ^ a b c Kendall p. 466
26. ^ a b Carey p. 277
27. ^ a b McCrum, Robert (11 March 2012). "William Golding's crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
28. ^ Kendall p. 467
29. ^ Kendall p. 479
30. ^ Golding qtd in Kendall p. 467
31. ^ a b Kendall, Tim. Update. Email, University of Exeter, 4th Jun 2021.
32. ^ Golding, William (1996). The Double Tongue. London: Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-17803-2.
33. ^ "New BBC programme sheds light on the story behind the publication of Lord of the Flies". Faber & Faber Blog. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
34. ^ James Lovelock, ‘What is Gaia?’, accessed 16 May 2013
35. ^ "No. 51558". The London Gazette. 13 December 1988. p. 13986.
36. ^ F. Regard (ed.), Fingering Netsukes: Selected Papers from the First International William Golding Conference, Saint-Etienne, PUSE, 1995.
37. ^ "William Golding Flies classic holds true 60 years on". BBC News. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
38. ^ The Double Tongue 1996 Faber reprint ISBN 978-0-571-17720-2
39. ^ Carey, p. 130
40. ^ Carey, p. 137
41. ^ Carey, p. 142

## Sources[edit | edit source]

* Carey, Professor John (2009). William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-8732-6.
* Carey, Professor John (2009). William Golding: The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber Limited. ISBN 978-0-571-23163-8.
* Kendall, Tim. "William Golding's Great Dream." Essays in Criticism, Vol. 68, Issue. 4, October 2018, pp. 466–487. Oxford Academic (Website), https://academic.oup.com/eic/article-abstract/68/4/466/5126810?redirectedFrom=PDF. Accessed 3 June 2021.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Crompton, Donald. A View from the Spire: William Golding's Later Novels. Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd, Oxford, 1985. https://archive.org/details/viewfromspirew00crom/page/n5/mode/2up. ISBN 978-0-631-14911-8.
* L. L. Dickson. The Modern Allegories of William Golding (University of South Florida Press, 1990). ISBN 978-0-8130-0971-1.
* R. A. Gekoski and P. A. Grogan, William Golding: A Bibliography, London, André Deutsch, 1994. ISBN 978-0-233-98611-1.
* Golding, Judy. The Children of Lovers. Faber & Faber, 2012. ISBN 978-0-571-27342-3.
* Gregor, Ian and Kinkead-Weekes, Mark. William Golding: A critical Study. 2nd Revised Edition, Faber & Faber, 1984. ISBN 978-0-571-13259-1
* McCarron, Kevin. (2007) 'From Psychology to Ontology: William Golding's Later Fiction.' In: MacKay M., Stonebridge L. (eds) British Fiction After Modernism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230801394_15.
* McCarron, Kevin. William Golding (Writers and Their Work). 2nd Edition, Northcote House Publishers Ltd, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7463-1143-1.
* "Boys Armed with Sticks: William Golding's Lord of the Flies". Chapter in B. Schoene-Harwood. Writing Men. Edinburgh University Press, 2000.
* Tiger, Virginia. William Golding: The Dark Fields of Discovery. Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd, 1974. ISBN 978-0-7145-1012-5.
* Tiger, Virginia. William Golding: The Unmoved Target. Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7145-3082-6
* Ladenthin, Volker: Golding, Herr der Fliegen; Verne, 2 Jahre Ferien; Schlüter, Level 4 - Stadt der Kinder. In: engagement (1998) H. 4 S. 271–274.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Golding.

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Wikiquote has quotations related to William Golding.

* BBC television interview from 1959
* {{Nobelprize}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* Interview by Mary Lynn Scott – Universal Pessimist, Cosmic Optimist
* William Golding Ltd Official Website.
* Last Words An account of Golding's last evening by D. M. Thomas – Guardian – Saturday 10 June 2006 (Review Section)
* Official Facebook page
* Nobel Prize Lecture
* "William Golding's crisis"
* William Golding at IMDb
* William Golding at University of Exeter Special Collections

* v
* t
* e

Works by William Golding

* Poems (1934)
* Lord of the Flies (1954)
* The Inheritors (1955)
* Pincher Martin (1956)
* The Brass Butterfly (1958)
* Free Fall (1959)
* The Spire (1964)
* The Hot Gates, and Other Occasional Pieces (1965)
* The Pyramid (1967)
* The Scorpion God : Three Short Novels (1971)
* Darkness Visible (1979)
* Rites of Passage (1980)
* A Moving Target (1982)
* Nobel Lecture, 7 December 1983 (1984)
* The Paper Men (1984)
* An Egyptian Journal (1985)
* Close Quarters (1987)
* Fire Down Below (1989)
* The Double Tongue (1995)

* v
* t
* e

Recipients of the Booker Prize

* List of winners and shortlisted authors
* The Best of the Booker
* The Golden Man Booker
* International Booker Prize

1969–79|

* 1969: P. H. Newby (Something to Answer For)
* 1970: Bernice Rubens (The Elected Member)
* 1970 Lost Prize: J. G. Farrell (Troubles)
* 1971: V. S. Naipaul (In a Free State)
* 1972: John Berger (G.)
* 1973: J. G. Farrell (The Siege of Krishnapur)
* 1974: Nadine Gordimer (The Conservationist) and Stanley Middleton (Holiday)
* 1975: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (Heat and Dust)
* 1976: David Storey (Saville)
* 1977: Paul Scott (Staying On)
* 1978: Iris Murdoch (The Sea, the Sea)
* 1979: Penelope Fitzgerald (Offshore)

1980s|

* 1980: William Golding (Rites of Passage)
* 1981: Salman Rushdie (Midnight's Children)
* 1982: Thomas Keneally (Schindler's Ark)
* 1983: J. M. Coetzee (Life & Times of Michael K)
* 1984: Anita Brookner (Hotel du Lac)
* 1985: Keri Hulme (The Bone People)
* 1986: Kingsley Amis (The Old Devils)
* 1987: Penelope Lively (Moon Tiger)
* 1988: Peter Carey (Oscar and Lucinda)
* 1989: Kazuo Ishiguro (The Remains of the Day)

1990s|

* 1990: A. S. Byatt (Possession)
* 1991: Ben Okri (The Famished Road)
* 1992: Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient) and Barry Unsworth (Sacred Hunger)
* 1993: Roddy Doyle (Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha)
* 1994: James Kelman (How Late It Was, How Late)
* 1995: Pat Barker (The Ghost Road)
* 1996: Graham Swift (Last Orders)
* 1997: Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things)
* 1998: Ian McEwan (Amsterdam)
* 1999: J. M. Coetzee (Disgrace)

2000s|

* 2000: Margaret Atwood (The Blind Assassin)
* 2001: Peter Carey (True History of the Kelly Gang)
* 2002: Yann Martel (Life of Pi)
* 2003: DBC Pierre (Vernon God Little)
* 2004: Alan Hollinghurst (The Line of Beauty)
* 2005: John Banville (The Sea)
* 2006: Kiran Desai (The Inheritance of Loss)
* 2007: Anne Enright (The Gathering)
* 2008: Aravind Adiga (The White Tiger)
* 2009: Hilary Mantel (Wolf Hall)

2010s|

* 2010: Howard Jacobson (The Finkler Question)
* 2011: Julian Barnes (The Sense of an Ending)
* 2012: Hilary Mantel (Bring Up the Bodies)
* 2013: Eleanor Catton (The Luminaries)
* 2014: Richard Flanagan (The Narrow Road to the Deep North)
* 2015: Marlon James (A Brief History of Seven Killings)
* 2016: Paul Beatty (The Sellout)
* 2017: George Saunders (Lincoln in the Bardo)
* 2018: Anna Burns (Milkman)
* 2019: Margaret Atwood (The Testaments) and Bernardine Evaristo (Girl, Woman, Other)

2020s|

* 2020: Douglas Stuart (Shuggie Bain)
* 2021: Damon Galgut (The Promise)
* 2022: Shehan Karunatilaka (The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida)

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature

1901–1925|

* 1901: Sully Prudhomme
* 1902: Theodor Mommsen
* 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
* 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
* 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
* 1906: Giosuè Carducci
* 1907: Rudyard Kipling
* 1908: Rudolf Eucken
* 1909: Selma Lagerlöf
* 1910: Paul Heyse
* 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
* 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
* 1913: Rabindranath Tagore
* 1914
* 1915: Romain Rolland
* 1916: Verner von Heidenstam
* 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
* 1918
* 1919: Carl Spitteler
* 1920: Knut Hamsun
* 1921: Anatole France
* 1922: Jacinto Benavente
* 1923: W. B. Yeats
* 1924: Władysław Reymont
* 1925: George Bernard Shaw

1926–1950|

* 1926: Grazia Deledda
* 1927: Henri Bergson
* 1928: Sigrid Undset
* 1929: Thomas Mann
* 1930: Sinclair Lewis
* 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously)
* 1932: John Galsworthy
* 1933: Ivan Bunin
* 1934: Luigi Pirandello
* 1935
* 1936: Eugene O'Neill
* 1937: Roger Martin du Gard
* 1938: Pearl S. Buck
* 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: Johannes V. Jensen
* 1945: Gabriela Mistral
* 1946: Hermann Hesse
* 1947: André Gide
* 1948: T. S. Eliot
* 1949: William Faulkner
* 1950: Bertrand Russell

1951–1975|

* 1951: Pär Lagerkvist
* 1952: François Mauriac
* 1953: Winston Churchill
* 1954: Ernest Hemingway
* 1955: Halldór Laxness
* 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
* 1957: Albert Camus
* 1958: Boris Pasternak
* 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
* 1960: Saint-John Perse
* 1961: Ivo Andrić
* 1962: John Steinbeck
* 1963: Giorgos Seferis
* 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)
* 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
* 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs
* 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
* 1968: Yasunari Kawabata
* 1969: Samuel Beckett
* 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* 1971: Pablo Neruda
* 1972: Heinrich Böll
* 1973: Patrick White
* 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
* 1975: Eugenio Montale

1976–2000|

* 1976: Saul Bellow
* 1977: Vicente Aleixandre
* 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
* 1979: Odysseas Elytis
* 1980: Czesław Miłosz
* 1981: Elias Canetti
* 1982: Gabriel García Márquez
* 1983: William Golding
* 1984: Jaroslav Seifert
* 1985: Claude Simon
* 1986: Wole Soyinka
* 1987: Joseph Brodsky
* 1988: Naguib Mahfouz
* 1989: Camilo José Cela
* 1990: Octavio Paz
* 1991: Nadine Gordimer
* 1992: Derek Walcott
* 1993: Toni Morrison
* 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe
* 1995: Seamus Heaney
* 1996: Wisława Szymborska
* 1997: Dario Fo
* 1998: José Saramago
* 1999: Günter Grass
* 2000: Gao Xingjian

2001–present|

* 2001: V. S. Naipaul
* 2002: Imre Kertész
* 2003: J. M. Coetzee
* 2004: Elfriede Jelinek
* 2005: Harold Pinter
* 2006: Orhan Pamuk
* 2007: Doris Lessing
* 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio
* 2009: Herta Müller
* 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa
* 2011: Tomas Tranströmer
* 2012: Mo Yan
* 2013: Alice Munro
* 2014: Patrick Modiano
* 2015: Svetlana Alexievich
* 2016: Bob Dylan
* 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro
* 2018: Olga Tokarczuk
* 2019: Peter Handke
* 2020: Louise Glück
* 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah
* 2022: Annie Ernaux

* v
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1983 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Henry Taube (United States)

Literature (1983)|

* William Golding (Great Britain)

Peace|

* Lech Wałęsa (Poland)

Physics|

* Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (India)
* William Alfred Fowler (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Barbara McClintock (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Gérard Debreu (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988

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Culture of Cornwall

Cornish: Gonisogeth Kernow

Symbols|

* Celtic cross
* Cornish chough
* Cornish heath
* Cornish kilts and tartans
* Jonathan Trelawny
* Michael An Gof
* Saint Piran
* Saint Piran's Flag
* Scillonian Cross

File:Flag of Cornwall.svg

Festivals|

* AberFest
* Allantide
* Chewidden Thursday
* Furry Dance
* Golowan
* Guldize
* Kernewek Lowender
* Montol Festival
* Mummer's Day
* Nickanan Night
* Nos Lowen
* Noze looan
* 'Obby 'Oss
* Picrous Day
* St Piran's Day
* Tom Bawcock's Eve

Sports|

* Cornish hurling
* Cornish pilot-gig racing
* Cornish wrestling
* Rugby union in Cornwall

Cuisine|

* Cloam oven
* Clotted cream
* Cornish cheeses
* Cornish cream tea
* Cornish fairings
* Cornish Gilliflower
* Hevva cake
* Hog's pudding
* Pasty
* Saffron bun
* Stargazy pie
* Cornish Yarg

Arts|

* List of Cornish writers
* Tristan and Iseult
* Cornwall Film Festival
* Tate St Ives
* St Ives School
* W. J. Burley
* Charles Causley
* Newlyn School
* Barbara Hepworth
* Daphne du Maurier
* William Golding
* Alan Kent
* H. C. McNeile
* Rosamunde Pilcher
* Derek Tangye
* D. M. Thomas
* Minack Theatre
* The Pirates of Penzance

Music|

* Cornish bagpipes
* Brenda Wootton
* Dalla
* Fisherman's Friends
* Crowns

Folk songs|

* "Bro Goth agan Tasow"
* "Camborne Hill"
* "Come, all ye jolly tinner boys"
* "Delkiow Sivy"
* "Hail to the Homeland"
* "The Song of the Western Men"

Language|

* Anglo-Cornish
* Cornish literature
* Ordinalia
* Beunans Meriasek
* Bewnans Ke
* Prayer Book Rebellion
* Radyo an Gernewegva

Mythology|

* Beast of Bodmin
* Blunderbore
* Bucca
* Cormoran
* Cruel Coppinger
* Jack the Giant Killer
* Knocker
* King Arthur
* Lyonesse
* Mermaid of Zennor
* Owlman
* Piskie
* Spriggan

Organisations|

* Federation of Old Cornwall Societies
* Gorsedh Kernow
* Institute of Cornish Studies
* Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society
* Royal Cornwall Show
* Royal Institution of Cornwall (Royal Cornwall Museum)
* Movyans Skolyow Meythrin
* Akademi Kernewek

Cornwall portal

* v
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* e

William Golding's Lord of the Flies

Films|

* Lord of the Flies (1963)
* Lord of the Flies (1990)

Other|

* "Lord of the Flies" (song)

Related|

* Alkitrang Dugo (1975)
* Das Bus (1998)
* Exile (1990)
* Ladyworld (2018)

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