Acute myeloid leukemia differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Hannan Javed, M.D.[2],  Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[3], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [4], Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [5], Shyam Patel [6]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[7]

## Overview

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The differential diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia includes a variety of other hematologic malignancies, specifically acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Each of these conditions has distinct causes and therapies. There is some overlap between the causes and laboratory abnormalities amongst these diseases.

## Differentiating Myeloproliferative Disorders

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ABBREVIATIONS

N/A: Not available, NL: Normal, FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, PUD: Peptic ulcer disease, EPO: Erythropoietin, LFTs: Liver function tests, RFTs: Renal function tests, LAP: Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, LAD: Leukocyte alkaline dehydrgenase, WBCs: White blood cells.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN)  | Clinical manifestations  | Diagnosis  | Other features

|
|
|

Symptoms  | Physical examination  | CBC & Peripheral smear  | Bone marrow biopsy  | Other investigations
WBCs  | Hb  | Plat-
elets
Leuko-cytes | Blasts | Left
shift | Baso-
phils | Eosino-
phils | Mono-
cytes | Others
Chronic myeloid leukemia
(CML), BCR-ABL1+[1][2] |

* Asymptomatic
* Constitutional
* Hyperviscosity and/or anemia related
* Bleeding
* Infection

* Splenomegaly
(46–76%)
* Purpura
* Anemia related
* Priapism

| ↑  | <2% | \+  | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | N/A | ↓ | NL |

* Hypercellurarity with ↑ granuloscytosis and ↓ erythrocytosis

* Fibrosis

* FISH for t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)
* Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) for BCR-ABL

* Granulocytic dysplasia is minimal/absent
* May present with blast crisis
* Absolute leukocytosis (median of 100,000/µL)
* Classic myelocyte bulge
* thrombocytopenia indicates advanced stage

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL)[3][4][5] |

* Asymptomatic
* Constitutional symptoms
* Bleeding
* Infection

* Splenomegaly
* Heptomegaly
* Purpura
* Anemia related

| ↑  | Minimal | \+  | NL | NL | NL |

* ↑ LDH
* ↑ B12 levels

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Uniforme and intense hypercellularity with minimal to none fibrosis
* Neutrophil toxic granulations and Dohle bodies

* FISH
* Imaging for hepatosplenomegaly

* Associationed with polycythemia vera and plasma cell disorders
* Leukocytosis with
chronic neutrophilia

Polycythemia vera
(PV)[6][7][8][9] |

* Constitutional

* Thromboembolism
and bleeding

* Pruritus after
a warm bath
* PUD related

* Facial ruddiness
* Related to underlying cause
* Splenomegaly
* Renal bruit

| NL or ↑ | None | \-  | ↑ or ↓ | NL or ↑ | NL |

* ↓ Serum ferritin
* ↓ Folate levels
* ↑↑ B12 levels

| ↑↑ | NL |

* Hypercellularity for age with tri-lineage growth

* Myelofibrosis (in up to 20% of patients)

* Radioisotope studies
* Serum EPO levels
* LFTs
* RFTs
* Imaging studies

* May transform into myelofibrosis or leukemia

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)[10][11][12][13] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* Bleeding
* Infection
* Abdominal Pain

* Hepatosplenomegaly
* Petechiae & ecchymoses
* Abdominal distension
* Lymphadenopathy

| ↓  | Erythroblasts | \-  | Absent | NL | NL |

* ↑ LAP
* ↑ LAD
* ↑ Uric acid
* ↑ B12 levels

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Variable with fibrosis or hypercellularity

* JAK2 mutation
* CALR mutation
* MPL mutation

* Bone marrow aspiration shows a dry tap
* Variable with leukocytosis or leukopenia

Essential thrombocythemia (ET)[14][15][16] |

* Headache
* Dizziness
* Visual disturbances
* Priapism
* Acute chest pain

* Splenomegaly
* Skin bruises

NL or ↑

None

| \-  |

↓ or absent

* N/A

* Normal/Hypercellular

* JAK2 mutation
* CALR mutation
* MPL mutation

* Thrombosis
* Hemorrhage
* Pregnancy loss

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia,
not otherwise specified
(NOS)[17][18][19][20] |

* Constitutional
* Rash
* Rhinitis
* Gastritis
* Thromboembolism
related

* Hypertension
* Eczema, mucosal ulcers, erythema
* Angioedema

* Ataxia
* Anemia
* Lymphadenopathy
* Hepatosplenomegaly

| ↑ | Present | \+  | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ |

* ↑ B12 levels
* ↑ LDH

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Hypercelluar with ↑ eosinophilic precursors, ↑ eosinophils, and atypical mononuclear cells

* FISH
* Cytogenetic analysis of purified eosinophils and X-chromosome inactivation analysis

* Heart failure Lung fibrosis
* Encephalopathy
* Erythema annulare centrifugam

MPN,
unclassifiable  |

* Similar to other
myeloproliferative neoplasms

* Similar to other
myeloproliferative neoplasms

| ↑ | Variable | ±  | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ |

* May resemble other
myeloproliferative neoplasms

| ↓ | ↑ |

* ↑ megakaryocyte proliferation with variable hypercellularity in granulocytic or erythrocytic cell lines

* N/A

* Similar to other myeloprolifeartive neoplasms but do not fulfil the criteria to be classified to a specific type

Mastocytosis[21][22][23][24] |

* Constitutional

* Pruritus & Flushing
* Urticaria & Blisters

* Hypotension & PUD
* Bleeding
* Bronchoconstriction

* Mastocytosis exanthema
* Blistering
* Swelling
* Lymphadenopathy
* Bleeding
* Fibrosis

| ↑ | None | \-  | NL | ↑ | NL |

* ↑ Alkaline phosphatase
* ↑ LDH

| ↓ | ↓ or ↑ |

* Multifocal dense infiltrates of mast cells with atypical morphology in >25 %

* Cytogenetic analysis for c-KIT receptor mutations
* Serum tryptase levels
* 24-hour urine test for N-methyl histamine and 11-beta-prostaglandine

* Skin most commonly involved
* Susceptibility to anaphylaxix
* Osteoporosis

Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms
with eosinophilia and rearrangement
of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1,
or with PCM1-JAK2[25][26][27][28] |

* Asymptomatic
* Constitutional
* Rash
* Cough & breathlessness
* Peripheral neuropathy/
encephalopathy

* Fever
* Lymphadenopathy

| ↑  | NL | \-  | NL | ↑ | ↑ |

* None

| NL | ↓ |

* Myeloid expansion with eosinophilia

* FISH shows t(8;13) and t(8;22)

* May present or evolve into acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia
* Leukocytosis (30 - 59 × 109/L

B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma[29][30] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* Bleeding
* Infection
* Bone pain

* Pallor
* Petechiae
* Organomegaly
* Lymphadenopathy

| NL or ↑ | >25% | N/A | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ |

* Auer bodies

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Hypercellular with blast infilterationwith or without myelodysplasia

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry

* FISH

* May present as extramedullary disease (Myeloid sarcoma)

Myelodysplastic syndromes
(MDS)[31][32] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* Bleeding
* Infection

* Pallor
* Petechiae
* Organomegaly

| ↓ | Variable | \-  | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |

* Macro-ovalocytes
* Basophilic stippling
* Howell-Jolly body

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Hypercellular/ normocellular bone marrow with dysplastic changes

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry

* Leukemia transformation
* Acquired pseudo-Pelger-Huët anomaly

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
and related neoplasms[33][34] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* Bleeding
* Bone pain
* Joint pain
* Infections

* Infection related

* Pallor
* Leukemia cutis
* Bruising & petechiae
* Lymphadenopathy

* Hepatosplenomegaly

| NL or ↑ | ↑ | N/A | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ |

* ↑ Potassium
* ↑ Uric acid
* ↑ Phosphorus
* ↓ Calcium
* ↑ LDH

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Increased immaturemyeloid cells

with dysplasia

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry
* FISH

* Common in Down syndrome

Blastic plasmacytoid
dendritic cell neoplasm[35][36][37][38] |

* Cutaneous symptoms (brown/purple nodular lesions) on face, scalp, lower limb & trunk

* Brown/violaceous bruise like lesions
* Lymphadenopathy
* Splenomegaly

| NL | ↑ |  | NL | NL | NL |

* Neutropenia

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Malignant cells

* Immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry for CD4 & CD56

* TdT expression positive
* May develop chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)

Myelodysplastic
/myeloproliferative
neoplasms (MDS/MPN)  | Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)[39]

[40][41]

* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* Bleeding
* Infections
* Bone pain
* Leukemia Cutis

* Organomegaly
* Bruising

| ↑  | < 20% |  | NL | ↑ | ↑↑  |

* ↑ LDH

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative feature

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry

* Overlapping of both, MDS and MPN
* Absolute monocytosis > 1 × 109/L (defining feature)

* MD-CMML:WBC ≤ 13 × 109/L (FAB)

* MP-CMML:WBC > 13 × 109/L (FAB)

Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), BCR-ABL1-[42][43] |

* Asymptomatic
* Constitutional
* Hyperviscosity and/or anemia related
* Bleeding
* Infection

* Splenomegaly (46–76%)
* Purpura
* Anemia related
* Priapism

| ↑  | <20% | \+  | <2% of WBCs | N/A | N/A |

* N/A

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Granulocytic hyperplasia with prominent dysplasia

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry

* Granulocytic dysplasia is prominent
* Absence of BCR-ABL or PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 rearrangements
* WBC > 13 × 109/L

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)[44][45] |

* Infections
* Anemia related

* Hepatosplenomegaly
* Lymphadenopathy
* Rash

| ↑ | ↑ | N/A | N/A | N/A | ↑ |

* ↓ Serum Iron
* ↑ B12 levels

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Hypercelluar with ↑ myeloid cells in stages of maturation

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry

* Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia

MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T)[46][47][48] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia related
* Thrombosis

* Variable

| NL or ↑ | NL | \-  | NL | N/A | N/A |

* ↑ Serum Iron

| ↓ | ↑ |

* Hypercellularity with dyserythropoiesis and increased megakaryocytes

* Cytogenetic analysis
* Flow cytometry

* Large atypical megakaryocytes

* Ringed sideroblasts
* SF3B1 mutation

T-lymphoblastic leukemia/
lymphoma

*   *
| T-lymphoblastic leukemia/
lymphoma[49][50][51] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia Related
* Bleeding
* Superior vena cava syndrome

* Lymphadenopathy
* Mediastinal mass
* Pleural effusions
* Tracheal obstruction
* Pericardial effusions

| ↑ | >25% blasts (Leukemia)

<25% blasts (Lymphoma)

| ±  | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ |

* ↑ LDH
* Positive for TdT

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Hypercelluarity with increased T cells precursors

* Cytogenetic analysisFlow cytometry
* FISH

* May involve brain, skin, and testes.

Provisional entity: Natural killer (NK) cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymph[52] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia Related
* Bleeding
* Superior vena cava syndrome

* Lymphadenopathy
* Mediastinal mass
* Pleural effusions
* Tracheal obstruction
* Pericardial effusions

| ↑ | ↑ | ±  | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ |

* ↑ LDH

| ↓ | ↓ |

* N/A

* Cytogenetic analysis

* FISH
* Flow cytometry

* Similar to T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia but may have more aggressive clinical course.
* Diagnosis is usually based on presence of CD56 expression, and T-cell-associated markers such as CD2 and CD7.
* B-cell markers are absent.

Provisional entity: Early T-cell precursor lymphoblastic leukemia[53][54] |

* Constitutional
* Anemia Related
* Bleeding
* Superior vena cava syndrome

* Lymphadenopathy
* Mediastinal mass
* Pleural effusions
* Tracheal obstruction
* Pericardial effusions

| ↑ | ↑ | ±  | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ | ↑ or ↓ |

* ↑ LDH

| ↓ | ↓ |

* Hypercelluarity with increased T cells precursors

* Cytogenetic analysis
* FISH
* Flow cytometry

* Similar to T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia but is more aggressive clinically and cell are characterized by cytometry as CD1a−, CD8−, CD5− (dim), and positivity for 1 or more stem cell or myeloid antigens.
* Gene expression indicates more immature cells as compared to other subtypes of T-cell neoplasms.

## References

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1. ↑ Savage DG, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM (January 1997). "Clinical features at diagnosis in 430 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia seen at a referral centre over a 16-year period". Br. J. Haematol. 96 (1): 111–6. PMID 9012696.
2. ↑ Thompson PA, Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE (October 2015). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in 2015". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1440–54. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.010. PMC 5656269. PMID 26434969.
3. ↑ Szuber N, Tefferi A (February 2018). "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia: new science and new diagnostic criteria". Blood Cancer J. 8 (2): 19. doi:10.1038/s41408-018-0049-8. PMC 5811432. PMID 29440636.
4. ↑ Maxson JE, Tyner JW (February 2017). "Genomics of chronic neutrophilic leukemia". Blood. 129 (6): 715–722. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-695981. PMC 5301820. PMID 28028025.
5. ↑ Menezes J, Cigudosa JC (2015). "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia: a clinical perspective". Onco Targets Ther. 8: 2383–90. doi:10.2147/OTT.S49688. PMC 4562747. PMID 26366092.
6. ↑ Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P, Tefferi A (March 2018). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: algorithmic approach". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 25 (2): 112–119. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000402. PMID 29194068.
7. ↑ Pillai AA, Babiker HM. PMID 30252337. Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
8. ↑ Tefferi A, Barbui T (January 2019). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management". Am. J. Hematol. 94 (1): 133–143. doi:10.1002/ajh.25303. PMID 30281843.
9. ↑ Rumi E, Cazzola M (February 2017). "Diagnosis, risk stratification, and response evaluation in classical myeloproliferative neoplasms". Blood. 129 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-695957. PMC 5335805. PMID 28028026.
10. ↑ Cervantes F, Correa JG, Hernandez-Boluda JC (May 2016). "Alleviating anemia and thrombocytopenia in myelofibrosis patients". Expert Rev Hematol. 9 (5): 489–96. doi:10.1586/17474086.2016.1154452. PMID 26891375.
11. ↑ Hoffman, Ronald (2018). Hematology : basic principles and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323357623.
12. ↑ Michiels JJ, Bernema Z, Van Bockstaele D, De Raeve H, Schroyens W (March 2007). "Current diagnostic criteria for the chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF)". Pathol. Biol. 55 (2): 92–104. doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2006.06.002. PMID 16919893.
13. ↑ Hoffman, Ronald (2018). Hematology : basic principles and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323357623.
14. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-04-083501 Check `|pmid=` value (help).CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
15. ↑ Daniel A. Arber, Attilio Orazi, Robert Hasserjian, Jurgen Thiele, Michael J. Borowitz, Michelle M. Le Beau, Clara D. Bloomfield, Mario Cazzola & James W. Vardiman (2016). "The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia". Blood. 127 (20): 2391–2405. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-03-643544. PMID 27069254. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
16. ↑ A. Tefferi, R. Fonseca, D. L. Pereira & H. C. Hoagland (2001). "A long-term retrospective study of young women with essential thrombocythemia". Mayo Clinic proceedings. 76 (1): 22–28. doi:10.4065/76.1.22. PMID 11155408. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
17. ↑ Vidyadharan S, Joseph B, Nair SP (2016). "Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Presenting Predominantly with Cutaneous Manifestations". Indian J Dermatol. 61 (4): 437–9. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.185716. PMC 4966405. PMID 27512192.
18. ↑ Hofmans M, Delie A, Vandepoele K, Van Roy N, Van der Meulen J, Philippé J, Moors I (2018). "A case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia with secondary transformation to acute myeloid leukemia". Leuk Res Rep. 9: 45–47. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2018.04.001. PMC 5993353. PMID 29892549.
19. ↑ Yamada Y, Rothenberg ME, Cancelas JA (2006). "Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the hypereosinophilic syndrome/chronic eosinophilic leukemia". Transl Oncogenomics. 1: 53–63. PMC 3642145. PMID 23662039.
20. ↑ Kim TH, Gu HJ, Lee WI, Lee J, Yoon HJ, Park TS (September 2016). "Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with FIP1L1-PDGFRA rearrangement". Blood Res. 51 (3): 204–206. doi:10.5045/br.2016.51.3.204. PMID 27722133.
21. ↑ Carter MC, Metcalfe DD, Komarow HD (February 2014). "Mastocytosis". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 34 (1): 181–96. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2013.09.001. PMC 3863935. PMID 24262698.
22. ↑ Macri A, Cook C. PMID 29494109. Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
23. ↑ Lladó AC, Mihon CE, Silva M, Galzerano A (2014). "Systemic mastocytosis - a diagnostic challenge". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 36 (3): 226–9. doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2014.03.003. PMC 4109736. PMID 25031064.
24. ↑ Valent P, Akin C, Metcalfe DD (March 2017). "Mastocytosis: 2016 updated WHO classification and novel emerging treatment concepts". Blood. 129 (11): 1420–1427. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-09-731893. PMC 5356454. PMID 28031180.
25. ↑ Kumar, Kirthi R.; Chen, Weina; Koduru, Prasad R.; Luu, Hung S. (2015). "Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasm With Abnormalities of FGFR1 Presenting With Trilineage Blasts and RUNX1 Rearrangement". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 143 (5): 738–748. doi:10.1309/AJCPUD6W1JLQQMNA. ISSN 1943-7722.
26. ↑ Paolo Strati, Guilin Tang, Dzifa Y. Duose, Saradhi Mallampati, Rajyalakshmi Luthra, Keyur P. Patel, Mohammad Hussaini, Abu-Sayeef Mirza, Rami S. Komrokji, Stephen Oh, John Mascarenhas, Vesna Najfeld, Vivek Subbiah, Hagop Kantarjian, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Srdan Verstovsek & Naval Daver (2018). "Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement". Leukemia & lymphoma. 59 (7): 1672–1676. doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1397663. PMID 29119847. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ↑ Ximena Montenegro-Garreaud, Roberto N. Miranda, Alexandra Reynolds, Guilin Tang, Sa A. Wang, Mariko Yabe, Wei Wang, Lianghua Fang, Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos, Pei Lin, L. Jeffrey Medeiros & Xinyan Lu (2017). "Myeloproliferative neoplasms with t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2)/BCR-FGFR1: a meta-analysis of 20 cases shows cytogenetic progression with B-lymphoid blast phase". Human pathology. 65: 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.05.008. PMID 28551329. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
28. ↑ Paola Villafuerte-Gutierrez, Montserrat Lopez Rubio, Pilar Herrera & Eva Arranz (2018). "A Case of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm with BCR-FGFR1 Rearrangement: Favorable Outcome after Haploidentical Allogeneic Transplantation". Case reports in hematology. 2018: 5724960. doi:10.1155/2018/5724960. PMID 30647980.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
29. ↑ Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Garciarena P, Amin HM, Tremont-Lukats IW, de Groot JF (December 2013). "B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma presenting as seventh cranial nerve palsy". Neurol Clin Pract. 3 (6): 532–534. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0b013e3182a78ef0. PMC 6082360. PMID 30107017.
30. ↑ Zhang X, Rastogi P, Shah B, Zhang L (September 2017). "B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: new insights into genetics, molecular aberrations, subclassification and targeted therapy". Oncotarget. 8 (39): 66728–66741. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19271. PMC 5630450. PMID 29029550.
31. ↑ Germing U, Kobbe G, Haas R, Gattermann N (November 2013). "Myelodysplastic syndromes: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 110 (46): 783–90. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0783. PMC 3855821. PMID 24300826.
32. ↑ Gangat N, Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (January 2016). "Myelodysplastic syndromes: Contemporary review and how we treat". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (1): 76–89. doi:10.1002/ajh.24253. PMID 26769228.
33. ↑ Islam A, Catovsky D, Goldman JM, Galton DA (September 1985). "Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia. I: Observations before chemotherapy". Histopathology. 9 (9): 939–57. PMID 3864727.
34. ↑ Orazi A (2007). "Histopathology in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases". Pathobiology. 74 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1159/000101709. PMID 17587881.
35. ↑ F. Julia, T. Petrella, M. Beylot-Barry, M. Bagot, D. Lipsker, L. Machet, P. Joly, O. Dereure, M. Wetterwald, M. d'Incan, F. Grange, J. Cornillon, G. Tertian, E. Maubec, P. Saiag, S. Barete, I. Templier, F. Aubin & S. Dalle (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: clinical features in 90 patients". The British journal of dermatology. 169 (3): 579–586. doi:10.1111/bjd.12412. PMID 23646868. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
36. ↑ Livio Pagano, Caterina Giovanna Valentini, Alessandro Pulsoni, Simona Fisogni, Paola Carluccio, Francesco Mannelli, Monia Lunghi, Gianmatteo Pica, Francesco Onida, Chiara Cattaneo, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Eros Di Bona, Elisabetta Todisco, Pellegrino Musto, Antonio Spadea, Alfonso D'Arco, Stefano Pileri, Giuseppe Leone, Sergio Amadori & Fabio Facchetti (2013). "Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with leukemic presentation: an Italian multicenter study". Haematologica. 98 (2): 239–246. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.072645. PMID 23065521. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
37. ↑ Joseph D. Khoury (2018). "Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm". Current hematologic malignancy reports. 13 (6): 477–483. doi:10.1007/s11899-018-0489-z. PMID 30350260. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
38. ↑ Shinichiro Sukegawa, Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto, Ryota Matsuoka, Haruka Momose, Yusuke Kiyoki, Masayuki Noguchi, Naoya Nakamura, Rei Watanabe, Manabu Fujimoto, Yasuhisa Yokoyama, Hidekazu Nishikii, Takayasu Kato, Manabu Kusakabe, Naoki Kurita, Naoshi Obara, Yuichi Hasegawa & Shigeru Chiba (2018). "[Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm accompanied by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia successfully treated with azacitidine]". [[[Rinsho ketsueki] The Japanese journal of clinical hematology]]. 59 (12): 2567–2573. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.59.2567. PMID 30626790.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
39. ↑ Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (June 2016). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 91 (6): 631–42. doi:10.1002/ajh.24396. PMID 27185207.
40. ↑ Parikh SA, Tefferi A (June 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 87 (6): 610–9. doi:10.1002/ajh.23203. PMID 22615103.
41. ↑ Benton CB, Nazha A, Pemmaraju N, Garcia-Manero G (August 2015). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Forefront of the field in 2015". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 95 (2): 222–42. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.03.002. PMC 4859155. PMID 25869097.
42. ↑ Dao KH, Tyner JW (2015). "What's different about atypical CML and chronic neutrophilic leukemia?". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015: 264–71. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.264. PMC 5266507. PMID 26637732.
43. ↑ Muramatsu H, Makishima H, Maciejewski JP (February 2012). "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and atypical chronic myeloid leukemia: novel pathogenetic lesions". Semin. Oncol. 39 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.11.004. PMC 3523950. PMID 22289493.
44. ↑ Aricò M, Biondi A, Pui CH (July 1997). "Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia". Blood. 90 (2): 479–88. PMID 9226148.
45. ↑ Hasle H (March 1994). "Myelodysplastic syndromes in childhood--classification, epidemiology, and treatment". Leuk. Lymphoma. 13 (1–2): 11–26. doi:10.3109/10428199409051647. PMID 8025513.
46. ↑ Patnaik MM, Tefferi A (March 2017). "Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) and RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS-T): 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". Am. J. Hematol. 92 (3): 297–310. doi:10.1002/ajh.24637. PMID 28188970.
47. ↑ Alshaban A, Padilla O, Philipovskiy A, Corral J, McAlice M, Gaur S (2018). "Lenalidomide induced durable remission in a patient with MDS/MPN-with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis with associated 5q- syndrome". Leuk Res Rep. 10: 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.lrr.2018.08.001. PMID 30186759.
48. ↑ Bouchla A, Papageorgiou SG, Tsakiraki Z, Glezou E, Pavlidis G, Stavroulaki G, Bazani E, Foukas P, Pappa V (2018). "Plasmablastic Lymphoma in an Immunocompetent Patient with MDS/MPN with Ring Sideroblasts and Thrombocytosis-A Case Report". Case Rep Hematol. 2018: 2525070. doi:10.1155/2018/2525070. PMC 6247723. PMID 30524760.
49. ↑ You MJ, Medeiros LJ, Hsi ED (September 2015). "T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 144 (3): 411–22. doi:10.1309/AJCPMF03LVSBLHPJ. PMID 26276771.
50. ↑ Patel KJ, Latif SU, de Calaca WM (March 2009). "An unusual presentation of precursor T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with cholestatic jaundice: case report". J Hematol Oncol. 2: 12. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-2-12. PMC 2663564. PMID 19284608.
51. ↑ Elreda L, Sandhu M, Sun X, Bekele W, Cohen AJ, Shah M (2014). "T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: relapse 16 years after first remission". Case Rep Hematol. 2014: 359158. doi:10.1155/2014/359158. PMC 4005062. PMID 24822133.
52. ↑ Sedick Q, Alotaibi S, Alshieban S, Naheet KB, Elyamany G (2017). "Natural Killer Cell Lymphoblastic Leukaemia/Lymphoma: Case Report and Review of the Recent Literature". Case Rep Oncol. 10 (2): 588–595. doi:10.1159/000477843. PMID 28868017.
53. ↑ Jain N, Lamb AV, O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Konopleva M, Jabbour E, Zuo Z, Jorgensen J, Lin P, Pierce S, Thomas D, Rytting M, Borthakur G, Kadia T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Khoury JD (April 2016). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ETP-ALL/LBL) in adolescents and adults: a high-risk subtype". Blood. 127 (15): 1863–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-08-661702. PMC 4915808. PMID 26747249.
54. ↑ Haydu JE, Ferrando AA (July 2013). "Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 20 (4): 369–73. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283623c61. PMC 3886681. PMID 23695450.

Template:Hematology

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* t
* e

Myeloid Hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590-9989, C81-C96, 200-208)

CFU-GM/
and other granulocytes|

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MEP|

Template:Navbox subgroup

CFU-Mast|

Mastocytoma (Mast cell leukemia, Mast cell sarcoma, Systemic mastocytosis)

Multiple/unknown|

AML (Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, Myeloid sarcoma) * MP (Myelofibrosis) * Acute biphenotypic leukaemia

See also hematology, lymphoid malignancy

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