Adiponectin

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Adiponectin (also referred to as GBP-28, apM1, AdipoQ and Acrp30) is a protein hormone which is involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown. In humans it is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene and it is produced in adipose tissue.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Structure
* 2 Function
* 3 Receptors
* 4 Discovery
* 5 Metabolic
* 6 Hypoadiponectinemia
* 7 Other
* 7.1 As a drug target
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Structure

[edit | edit source]

Adiponectin is a 244-amino-acid-long polypeptide (protein). There are four distinct regions of adiponectin. The first is a short signal sequence that targets the hormone for secretion outside the cell; next is a short region that varies between species; the third is a 65-amino acid region with similarity to collagenous proteins; the last is a globular domain. Overall this protein shows similarity to the complement 1Q factors (C1Q). However, when the 3-dimensional structure of the globular region was determined, a striking similarity to TNFα was observed, despite unrelated protein sequences.[2]

## Function

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Adiponectin is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid oxidation.[3] Adiponectin is secreted from adipose tissue (and also from the placenta in pregnancy[4]) into the bloodstream and is very abundant in plasma relative to many hormones. Many studies have found adiponectin to be inversely correlated with body mass index in patient populations.[5] However, a meta analysis was not able to confirm this association in healthy adults.[6] Circulating adiponectin concentrations increase during caloric restriction in animals and humans, such as in patients with anorexia nervosa. This observation is surprising, given that adiponectin is produced by adipose tissue. However, a recent study suggests that adipose tissue within bone marrow, which increases during caloric restriction, contributes to elevated circulating adiponectin in this context.[7]

Transgenic mice with increased adiponectin show reduced adipocyte differentiation and increased energy expenditure associated with mitochondrial uncoupling.[8] The hormone plays a role in the suppression of the metabolic derangements that may result in type 2 diabetes,[5] obesity, atherosclerosis,[3] non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome.[9] Adiponectin in combination with leptin has been shown to completely reverse insulin resistance in mice.[10]

Adiponectin is secreted into the bloodstream where it accounts for approximately 0.01% of all plasma protein at around 5-10 μg/mL (mg/L). In adults, plasma concentrations are higher in females than males, and are reduced in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Weight reduction significantly increases circulating concentrations.[11]

Adiponectin automatically self-associates into larger structures. Initially, three adiponectin molecules bind together to form a homotrimer. The trimers continue to self-associate and form hexamers or dodecamers. Like the plasma concentration, the relative levels of the higher-order structures are sexually dimorphic, where females have increased proportions of the high-molecular weight forms. Recent studies showed that the high-molecular weight form may be the most biologically active form regarding glucose homeostasis.[12] High-molecular-weight adiponectin was further found to be associated with a lower risk of diabetes with similar magnitude of association as total adiponectin.[13] However, coronary artery disease has been found to be positively associated with high molecular weight adiponectin, but not with low molecular weight adiponectin.[14]

Adiponectin exerts some of its weight reduction effects via the brain. This is similar to the action of leptin,[15] but the two hormones perform complementary actions, and can have synergistic effects.[clarification needed]

## Receptors

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Main article: Adiponectin receptor

Adiponectin binds to a number of receptors. So far, two receptors have been identified with homology to G protein-coupled receptors, and one receptor similar to the cadherin family:[16][17]

* Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1)
* Adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2)
* T-cadherin - CDH13

These have distinct tissue specificities within the body and have different affinities to the various forms of adiponectin. The receptors affect the downstream target AMP kinase, an important cellular metabolic rate control point. Expression of the receptors is correlated with insulin levels, as well as reduced in mouse models of diabetes, particularly in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.[18][19]. In 2016, the University of Tokyo announced it was launching an investigation into anonymously made claims of fabricated and falsified data on the identification of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2[20].

## Discovery

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Adiponectin was first characterised in 1995 in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Scherer PE et al.).[21] In 1996 it was characterised in mice as the mRNA transcript most highly expressed in adipocytes[1]. In 2007, adiponectin was identified as a transcript highly expressed in preadipocytes[22] (precursors of fat cells) differentiating into adipocytes.[22][23]

The human homologue was identified as the most abundant transcript in adipose tissue. Contrary to expectations, despite being produced in adipose tissue, adiponectin was found to be decreased in obesity.[3][5][15] This downregulation has not been fully explained. The gene was localised to chromosome 3q27, a region highlighted as affecting genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Supplementation by differing forms of adiponectin was able to improve insulin control, blood glucose and triglyceride levels in mouse models.

The gene was investigated for variants that predispose to type 2 diabetes.[15][22][24][25][26][27] Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region and surrounding sequence were identified from several different populations, with varying prevalences, degrees of association and strength of effect on type 2 diabetes. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been shown to increase adiponectin expression[28] which partly explains its beneficial effects on metabolic disturbances. Mice fed the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have shown increased plasma adiponectin.[29] Curcumin, capsaicin, gingerol, and catechins have also been found to increase adiponectin expression.[30]

Phylogenetic distribution includes expression in birds[31] and fish.[32]

## Metabolic

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Adiponectin effects:

* glucose flux
* decreased gluconeogenesis
* increased glucose uptake[3][15][25]
* lipid catabolism[25]
* β-oxidation[15]
* triglyceride clearance[15]
* protection from endothelial dysfunction (important facet of atherosclerotic formation)
* insulin sensitivity
* weight loss
* control of energy metabolism.[25]
* upregulation of uncoupling proteins [8]
* reduction of TNF-alpha

Regulation of adiponectin

* Obesity is associated with decreased adiponectin.
* The exact mechanism of regulation is unknown, but adiponectin could be regulated by post-translational mechanisms in cells.[33]

## Hypoadiponectinemia

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A low level of adiponectin is an independent risk factor for developing:

* Metabolic syndrome[9]
* Diabetes mellitus[15][22][24][26][27]

## Other

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Lower levels of adiponectin are associated with ADHD in adults.[34]

Adiponectin levels were found to be increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients responding to DMARDs or TNF inhibitor therapy.[35]

Exercise induced release of adiponectin increased hippocampal growth and led to antidepressive symptoms in mice.[36]

### As a drug target

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Circulating levels of adiponectin can indirectly be increased through lifestyle modifications and certain drugs such as statins.[37]

A small molecule adiponectin receptor AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 agonist, AdipoRon, has been reported.[38] In 2016, the University of Tokyo announced it was launching an investigation into anonymously made claims of fabricated and falsified data on AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and AdipoRon[20].

Extracts of sweet potatoes have been reported to increase levels of adiponectin and thereby improve glycemic control in humans.[39] However, a systematic review concluded there is insufficient evidence to support the consumption of sweet potatoes to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.[40]

Adiponectin is apparently able to cross the blood-brain-barrier.[41] However, conflicting data on this issue exist.[42] Adiponectin has a half-life of 2.5 hours in humans.[43]

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K (April 1996). "cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 221 (2): 286–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.0587. PMID 8619847.
2. ↑ Shapiro L, Scherer PE (March 1998). "The crystal structure of a complement-1q family protein suggests an evolutionary link to tumor necrosis factor". Current Biology. 8 (6): 335–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70133-2. PMID 9512423.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Díez JJ, Iglesias P (March 2003). "The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human disease". European Journal of Endocrinology. 148 (3): 293–300. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1480293. PMID 12611609.
4. ↑ Chen J, Tan B, Karteris E, Zervou S, Digby J, Hillhouse EW, Vatish M, Randeva HS (June 2006). "Secretion of adiponectin by human placenta: differential modulation of adiponectin and its receptors by cytokines". Diabetologia. 49 (6): 1292–302. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0194-7. PMID 16570162.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ukkola O, Santaniemi M (November 2002). "Adiponectin: a link between excess adiposity and associated comorbidities?". Journal of Molecular Medicine. 80 (11): 696–702. doi:10.1007/s00109-002-0378-7. PMID 12436346.
6. ↑ Kuo SM, Halpern MM (December 2011). "Lack of association between body mass index and plasma adiponectin levels in healthy adults". International Journal of Obesity. 35 (12): 1487–94. doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.20. PMID 21364526.
7. ↑ Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Learman BS, Parlee SD, Simon BR, Mori H, Ning X, Bree AJ, Schell B, Broome DT, Soliman SS, DelProposto JL, Lumeng CN, Mitra A, Pandit SV, Gallagher KA, Miller JD, Krishnan V, Hui SK, Bredella MA, Fazeli PK, Klibanski A, Horowitz MC, Rosen CJ, MacDougald OA (August 2014). "Bone marrow adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that contributes to increased circulating adiponectin during caloric restriction". Cell Metabolism. 20 (2): 368–75. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.003. PMC 4126847. PMID 24998914.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bauche IB, El Mkadem SA, Pottier AM, Senou M, Many MC, Rezsohazy R, Penicaud L, Maeda N, Funahashi T, Brichard SM (April 2007). "Overexpression of adiponectin targeted to adipose tissue in transgenic mice: impaired adipocyte differentiation". Endocrinology. 148 (4): 1539–49. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0838. PMID 17204560.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Renaldi O, Pramono B, Sinorita H, Purnomo LB, Asdie RH, Asdie AH (January 2009). "Hypoadiponectinemia: a risk factor for metabolic syndrome". Acta Medica Indonesiana. 41 (1): 20–4. PMID 19258676.
10. ↑ Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, Ide T, Murakami K, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Ezaki O, Akanuma Y, Gavrilova O, Vinson C, Reitman ML, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Yoda M, Nakano Y, Tobe K, Nagai R, Kimura S, Tomita M, Froguel P, Kadowaki T (August 2001). "The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity". Nature Medicine. 7 (8): 941–6. doi:10.1038/90984. PMID 11479627.
11. ↑ Coppola A, Marfella R, Coppola L, Tagliamonte E, Fontana D, Liguori E, Cirillo T, Cafiero M, Natale S, Astarita C (May 2009). "Effect of weight loss on coronary circulation and adiponectin levels in obese women". International Journal of Cardiology. 134 (3): 414–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.087. PMID 18378021.
12. ↑ Oh DK, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR (May 2007). "Adiponectin in health and disease". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 9 (3): 282–9. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00610.x. PMID 17391153.
13. ↑ Zhu N, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D, Hoogeveen RC, Pereira M, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI (November 2010). "High-molecular-weight adiponectin and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the ARIC study". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 95 (11): 5097–104. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0716. PMC 2968724. PMID 20719834.
14. ↑ Rizza S, Gigli F, Galli A, Micchelini B, Lauro D, Lauro R, Federici M (April 2010). "Adiponectin isoforms in elderly patients with or without coronary artery disease". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 58 (4): 702–6. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02773.x. PMID 20398150.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Nedvídková J, Smitka K, Kopský V, Hainer V (2005). "Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein" (PDF). Physiological Research. 54 (2): 133–40. PMID 15544426.
16. ↑ Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizo T, Kita S, Sugiyama T, Miyagishi M, Hara K, Tsunoda M, Murakami K, Ohteki T, Uchida S, Takekawa S, Waki H, Tsuno NH, Shibata Y, Terauchi Y, Froguel P, Tobe K, Koyasu S, Taira K, Kitamura T, Shimizu T, Nagai R, Kadowaki T (June 2003). "Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects". Nature. 423 (6941): 762–9. doi:10.1038/nature01705. PMID 12802337.
17. ↑ Hug C, Wang J, Ahmad NS, Bogan JS, Tsao TS, Lodish HF (July 2004). "T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (28): 10308–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403382101. PMC 478568. PMID 15210937.
18. ↑ Fang X, Sweeney G (November 2006). "Mechanisms regulating energy metabolism by adiponectin in obesity and diabetes". Biochemical Society Transactions. 34 (Pt 5): 798–801. doi:10.1042/BST0340798. PMID 17052201.
19. ↑ Bonnard C, Durand A, Vidal H, Rieusset J (February 2008). "Changes in adiponectin, its receptors and AMPK activity in tissues of diet-induced diabetic mice". Diabetes & Metabolism. 34 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2007.09.006. PMID 18222103.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 University of Tokyo to investigate data manipulation charges against six prominent research groups ScienceInsider, Dennis Normile, Sep 20, 2016
21. ↑ Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF (November 1995). "A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (45): 26746–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.45.26746. PMID 7592907.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Lara-Castro C, Fu Y, Chung BH, Garvey WT (June 2007). "Adiponectin and the metabolic syndrome: mechanisms mediating risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 18 (3): 263–70. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32814a645f. PMID 17495599.
23. ↑ Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Shimomura I (January 2004). "Adiponectin and metabolic syndrome". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 24 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000099786.99623.EF. PMID 14551151.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Hara K, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T (April 2005). "Adiponectin: an adipokine linking adipocytes and type 2 diabetes in humans". Current Diabetes Reports. 5 (2): 136–40. doi:10.1007/s11892-005-0041-0. PMID 15794918.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Vasseur F, Leprêtre F, Lacquemant C, Froguel P (April 2003). "The genetics of adiponectin". Current Diabetes Reports. 3 (2): 151–8. doi:10.1007/s11892-003-0039-4. PMID 12728641.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hug C, Lodish HF (April 2005). "The role of the adipocyte hormone adiponectin in cardiovascular disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 5 (2): 129–34. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2005.01.001. PMID 15780820.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Vasseur F, Meyre D, Froguel P (November 2006). "Adiponectin, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: lessons from human genetic studies". Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 8 (27): 1–12. doi:10.1017/S1462399406000147. PMID 17112391.
28. ↑ Choi BH, Kim YH, Ahn IS, Ha JH, Byun JM, Do MS (2009). "The inhibition of inflammatory molecule expression on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by berberine is not mediated by leptin signaling". Nutrition Research and Practice. 3 (2): 84–8. doi:10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.84. PMC 2788178. PMID 20016706.
29. ↑ Grimshaw CE, Matthews DA, Varughese KI, Skinner M, Xuong NH, Bray T, Hoch J, Whiteley JM (August 1992). "Characterization and nucleotide binding properties of a mutant dihydropteridine reductase containing an aspartate 37-isoleucine replacement". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (22): 15334–9. PMID 1639779.
30. ↑ Nigro E, Scudiero O, Monaco ML, Palmieri A, Mazzarella G, Costagliola C, Bianco A, Daniele A (2014). "New insight into adiponectin role in obesity and obesity-related diseases". BioMed Research International. 2014: 658913. doi:10.1155/2014/658913. PMC 4109424. PMID 25110685.
31. ↑ Yuan J, Liu W, Liu ZL, Li N (2006). "cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping and expression analysis of ADIPOQ (adiponectin) in chicken". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 112 (1–2): 148–51. doi:10.1159/000087527. PMID 16276104.
32. ↑ Nishio S, Gibert Y, Bernard L, Brunet F, Triqueneaux G, Laudet V (June 2008). "Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor genes are coexpressed during zebrafish embryogenesis and regulated by food deprivation". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (6): 1682–90. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21559. PMID 18489000.
33. ↑ Liu M, Liu F (October 2012). "Up- and down-regulation of adiponectin expression and multimerization: mechanisms and therapeutic implication". Biochimie. 94 (10): 2126–30. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.008. PMC 3542391. PMID 22342903.
34. ↑ Mavroconstanti T, Halmøy A, Haavik J (April 2014). "Decreased serum levels of adiponectin in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Psychiatry Research. 216 (1): 123–30. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.025. PMID 24559850.
35. ↑ Kim KS, Choi HM, Ji HI, Song R, Yang HI, Lee SK, Yoo MC, Park YB (January 2014). "Serum adipokine levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their contributions to the resistance to treatment". Molecular Medicine Reports. 9 (1): 255–60. doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1764. PMID 24173909.
36. ↑ Yau SY, Li A, Hoo RL, Ching YP, Christie BR, Lee TM, Xu A, So KF (November 2014). "Physical exercise-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant effects are mediated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (44): 15810–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1415219111. PMC 4226125. PMID 25331877.
37. ↑ Lim S, Quon MJ, Koh KK (April 2014). "Modulation of adiponectin as a potential therapeutic strategy". Atherosclerosis. 233 (2): 721–8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.051. PMID 24603219.
38. ↑ Okada-Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Iwabu M, Honma T, Hamagami K, Matsuda K, Yamaguchi M, Tanabe H, Kimura-Someya T, Shirouzu M, Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Ueki K, Nagano T, Tanaka A, Yokoyama S, Kadowaki T (November 2013). "A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesity". Nature. 503 (7477): 493–9. doi:10.1038/nature12656. PMID 24172895.
39. ↑ Ludvik B, Hanefeld M, Pacini G (July 2008). "Improved metabolic control by Ipomoea batatas (Caiapo) is associated with increased adiponectin and decreased fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetic subjects". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 10 (7): 586–92. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00752.x. PMID 17645559.
40. ↑ Ooi CP, Loke SC (September 2013). "Sweet potato for type 2 diabetes mellitus". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD009128. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009128.pub3. PMID 24000051.
41. ↑ Yau SY, Li A, Hoo RL, Ching YP, Christie BR, Lee TM, Xu A, So KF (November 2014). "Physical exercise-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant effects are mediated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (44): 15810–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1415219111. PMC 4226125. PMID 25331877.
42. ↑ Spranger J, Verma S, Göhring I, Bobbert T, Seifert J, Sindler AL, Pfeiffer A, Hileman SM, Tschöp M, Banks WA (January 2006). "Adiponectin does not cross the blood-brain barrier but modifies cytokine expression of brain endothelial cells". Diabetes. 55 (1): 141–7. doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.1.141. PMID 16380487.
43. ↑ Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjölin E, Wåhlén K, Arner P (March 2004). "Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (3): 1391–6. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031458. PMID 15001639.

## External links

[edit | edit source]

* Human ADIPOQ genome location and ADIPOQ gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

* v
* t
* e

Hormones

Endocrine
glands|

| Hypothalamic-
pituitary|

| Hypothalamus|

* GnRH
* TRH
* Dopamine
* CRH
* GHRH
* Somatostatin (GHIH)
* MCH

|

Posterior pituitary|

* Oxytocin
* Vasopressin

Anterior pituitary|

* FSH
* LH
* TSH
* Prolactin
* POMC
* CLIP
* ACTH
* MSH
* Endorphins
* Lipotropin
* GH

Adrenal axis|

* Adrenal cortex
* Aldosterone
* Cortisol
* Cortisone
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Androstenedione
* Adrenal medulla
* Epinephrine
* Norepinephrine

Thyroid|

* Thyroid hormones
* T3
* T4
* Calcitonin
* Thyroid axis

Parathyroid|

* PTH

Gonadal axis|

| Testis|

* Testosterone
* AMH
* Inhibin

|

Ovary|

* Estradiol
* Progesterone
* Activin
* Inhibin
* Relaxin
* GnSAF

Placenta|

* hCG
* HPL
* Estrogen
* Progesterone

Pancreas|

* Glucagon
* Insulin
* Amylin
* Somatostatin
* Pancreatic polypeptide

Pineal gland|

* Melatonin
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
* 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Other|

| Thymus|

* Thymosins
* Thymosin α1
* Beta thymosins
* Thymopoietin
* Thymulin

|

Digestive system|

| Stomach|

* Gastrin
* Ghrelin

|

Duodenum|

* CCK
* Incretins
* GIP
* GLP-1
* Secretin
* Motilin
* VIP

Ileum|

* Enteroglucagon
* Peptide YY

Liver/other|

* Insulin-like growth factor
* IGF-1
* IGF-2

Adipose tissue|

* Leptin
* Adiponectin
* Resistin

Skeleton|

* Osteocalcin

Kidney|

* Renin
* EPO
* Calcitriol
* Prostaglandin

Heart|

* Natriuretic peptide
* ANP
* BNP

* v
* t
* e

Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

Adiponectin|

| AdipoR1|

* Agonists: Peptide: Adiponectin
* ADP-355
* ADP-399; Non-peptide: AdipoRon
* (–)-Arctigenin
* Arctiin
* Gramine
* Matairesinol

* Antagonists: Peptide: ADP-400

|

AdipoR2|

* Agonists: Peptide: Adiponectin
* ADP-355
* ADP-399; Non-peptide: AdipoRon
* Deoxyschizandrin
* Parthenolide
* Syringing
* Taxifoliol

* Antagonists: Peptide: ADP-400

Angiotensin|

* See here instead.

Bradykinin|

* Agonists: Bradykinin
* Kallidin

* Antagonists: FR-173657
* Icatibant
* LF22-0542

CGRP|

* Agonists: Amylin
* CGRP
* Pramlintide

* Antagonists: Atogepant
* BI 44370 TA
* CGRP (8-37)
* MK-3207
* Olcegepant
* Rimegepant
* SB-268262
* Telcagepant
* Ubrogepant

* Antibodies: Eptinezumab
* Erenumab
* Fremanezumab
* Galcanezumab

Cholecystokinin|

| CCKA|

* Agonists: Cholecystokinin

* Antagonists: Amiglumide
* Asperlicin
* Devazepide
* Dexloxiglumide
* Lintitript
* Lorglumide
* Loxiglumide
* Pranazepide
* Proglumide
* Tarazepide
* Tomoglumide

|

CCKB|

* Agonists: Cholecystokinin
* CCK-4
* Gastrin
* Pentagastrin (CCK-5)

* Antagonists: Ceclazepide
* CI-988 (PD-134308)
* Itriglumide
* L-365,360
* Netazepide
* Proglumide
* Spiroglumide

Unsorted|

* Antagonists: Nastorazepide

CRH|

| CRF1|

* Agonists: Cortagine
* Corticorelin
* Corticotropin releasing hormone
* Sauvagine
* Stressin I
* Urocortin

* Antagonists: Antalarmin
* Astressin-B
* CP-154,526
* Emicerfont
* Hypericin
* LWH-234
* NBI-27914
* NBI-74788
* Pexacerfont
* R-121919
* TS-041
* Verucerfont

|

CRF2|

* Agonists: Corticorelin
* Corticotropin releasing hormone
* Sauvagine
* Urocortin

* Antagonists: Astressin-B

Cytokine|

See here instead.

Endothelin|

* Agonists: Endothelin 1
* Endothelin 2
* Endothelin 3
* IRL-1620

* Antagonists: A-192621
* ACT-132577
* Ambrisentan
* Aprocitentan
* Atrasentan
* Avosentan
* Bosentan
* BQ-123
* BQ-788
* Clazosentan
* Darusentan
* Edonentan
* Enrasentan
* Fandosentan
* Feloprentan
* Macitentan
* Nebentan
* Sitaxentan
* Sparsentan
* Tezosentan
* Zibotentan

Galanin|

| GAL1|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galanin-like peptide
* Galmic
* Galnon
* NAX 810-2

* Antagonists: C7
* Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide
* Galantide (M15)
* M32
* M35
* M40
* SCH-202596

|

GAL2|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galanin (2-11)
* Galanin-like peptide
* Galmic
* Galnon
* J18
* NAX 810-2

* Antagonists: C7
* Galantide (M15)
* M32
* M35
* M40
* M871

GAL3|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galmic
* Galnon

* Antagonists: C7
* Galantide (M15)
* GalR3ant
* HT-2157
* M32
* M35
* M40
* SNAP-37889
* SNAP-398299

Ghrelin/GHS|

* See here instead.

GH|

* See here instead.

GHRH|

* See here instead.

GLP|

| GLP-1|

* Agonists: Albiglutide
* Beinaglutide
* Dulaglutide
* Efpeglenatide
* Exenatide
* GLP-1
* Langlenatide
* Liraglutide
* Lixisenatide
* Oxyntomodulin
* Pegapamodutide
* Semaglutide
* Taspoglutide

|

GLP-2|

* Agonists: Apraglutide
* Elsiglutide
* Glepaglutide
* GLP-2
* Teduglutide

Others|

* Propeptides: Preproglucagon
* Proglucagon

Glucagon|

* Agonists: Dasiglucagon
* Glucagon
* Oxyntomodulin

* Antagonists: Adomeglivant
* L-168,049
* LGD-6972

* Propeptides: Preproglucagon
* Proglucagon

GnRH|

* See here instead.

Gonadotropin|

* See here instead.

Growth factor|

See here instead.

Insulin|

* Agonists: Chaetochromin (4548-G05)
* Insulin-like growth factor 1
* Insulin-like growth factor 2
* Insulin
* Insulin aspart
* Insulin degludec
* Insulin detemir
* Insulin glargine
* Insulin glulisine
* Insulin lispro
* Mecasermin
* Mecasermin rinfabate

* Antagonists: BMS-754807
* S661
* S961

* Kinase inhibitors: Linsitinib

* Antibodies: Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

Kisspeptin|

* Agonists: Kisspeptin
* Kisspeptin-10

* Antagonists: Kisspeptin-234

Leptin|

* Agonists: Leptin
* Metreleptin

MCH|

| MCH1|

* Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone

* Antagonists: ATC-0065
* ATC-0175
* GW-803430
* NGD-4715
* SNAP-7941
* SNAP-94847

|

MCH2|

* Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone

Melanocortin|

* See here instead.

Neuropeptide FF|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide AF
* Neuropeptide FF
* Neuropeptide SF (RFRP-1)
* Neuropeptide VF (RFRP-3)

* Antagonists: BIBP-3226
* RF9

Neuropeptide S|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide S

* Antagonists: ML-154
* SHA-68

Neuropeptide Y|

| Y1|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: BIBO-3304
* BIBP-3226
* BVD-10
* GR-231118
* PD-160170

|

Y2|

* Agonists: 2-Thiouridine 5'-triphosphate
* Neuropeptide Y
* Neuropeptide Y (13-36)
* Peptide YY
* Peptide YY (3-36)

* Antagonists: BIIE-0246
* JNJ-5207787
* SF-11

Y4|

* Agonists: GR-231118
* Neuropeptide Y
* Pancreatic polypeptide
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: UR-AK49

Y5|

* Agonists: BWX-46
* Neuropeptide Y
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: CGP-71683
* FMS-586
* L-152,804
* Lu AA-33810
* MK-0557
* NTNCB
* Velneperit (S-2367)

Neurotensin|

| NTS1|

* Agonists: Neurotensin
* Neuromedin N

* Antagonists: Meclinertant
* SR-142948

|

NTS2|

* Agonists: Neurotensin

* Antagonists: Levocabastine
* SR-142948

Opioid|

See here instead.

Orexin|

| OX1|

* Agonists: Orexin (A, B)

* Antagonists: ACT-335827
* ACT-462206
* Almorexant
* Filorexant
* Lemborexant
* Nemorexant
* RTIOX-276
* SB-334867
* SB-408124
* SB-649868
* Suvorexant
* TCS-1102

|

OX2|

* Agonists: Orexin (A, B)
* SB-668875

* Antagonists: ACT-335827
* ACT-462206
* Almorexant
* EMPA
* Filorexant
* JNJ-10397049
* Lemborexant
* MK-1064
* SB-649868
* Seltorexant
* Suvorexant
* TCS-1102
* TCS-OX2-29

Oxytocin|

* See here instead.

Prolactin|

* Agonists: Growth hormone
* Human placental lactogen
* Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
* Prolactin
* S179D-hPRL
* Somatotropin

* Antagonists: Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL
* Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL
* G120K-hGH
* G129R-hPRL

* Prolactin modulators: Prolactin inhibitors: D2 receptor agonists (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline); Prolactin releasers: D2 receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone)
* Estrogens (e.g., estradiol)
* Progestogens (e.g., progesterone)

PTH|

* Agonists: Abaloparatide
* Parathyroid hormone
* Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
* Semparatide
* Teriparatide

Relaxin|

* Agonists: Insulin-like factor 3
* Relaxin (1, 2, 3)
* Serelaxin

Somatostatin|

* See here instead.

Tachykinin|

* See here instead.

TRH|

* Agonists: Azetirelin
* Fertirelin
* Montirelin
* Orotirelin
* Posatirelin
* Protirelin
* Rovatirelin
* Taltirelin
* TRH (TRF)

TSH|

* Agonists: Thyrotropin alfa
* TSH (thyrotropin)

Vasopressin|

* See here instead.

VIP/PACAP|

| VIPR1|

* Agonists: Peptide: Bay 55-9837
* LBT-3393
* PACAP
* VIP

|

VIPR2|

* Agonists: Peptide: LBT-3627
* PACAP
* VIP

PAC1|

* Agonists: PACAP
* PACAP (1-27)
* PACAP (1-38)

* Antagonists: PACAP (6-38)

Unsorted|

* PHI
* PHM
* PHV

Others|

* Endogenous: Adrenomedullin
* Apelin
* Asprosin
* Bombesin
* Calcitonin
* Carnosine
* CART
* CLIP
* DSIP
* Enteroglucagon
* Formyl peptide
* GALP
* GIP
* GRP
* Integrin ligands (collagens, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminins, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, osteopontin, VCAM-1, vitronectin)
* Kininogens
* Motilin
* Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP, urodilatin)
* Nesfatin-1
* Neuromedin B
* Neuromedin N
* Neuromedin S
* Neuromedin U
* Obestatin
* Osteocalcin
* Resistin
* Secretin
* Thymopoietin
* Thymosins
* Thymulin
* Urotensin-II
* VGF

* Exogenous: Lifitegrast (LFA-1 antagonist)

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
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