Aldehyde oxidase

Not to be confused with aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Aldehyde oxidase

File:Aldehydoxidase.png

Model of human aldehyde oxidase after PDB: 4UHW​.

Identifiers
EC number| 1.2.3.1
CAS number| 9029-07-6
Databases
IntEnz| IntEnz view
BRENDA| BRENDA entry
ExPASy| NiceZyme view
KEGG| KEGG entry
MetaCyc| metabolic pathway
PRIAM| profile
PDB structures| RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology| AmiGO  / QuickGO
| Search

PMC| articles
PubMed| articles
NCBI| proteins
aldehyde oxidase 1

Identifiers
Symbol| AOX1
Entrez| 316
HUGO| 553
OMIM| 602841
RefSeq| NM_001159
UniProt| Q06278
Other data
EC number| 1.2.3.1
Locus| Chr. 2 q33

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a metabolizing enzyme, located in the cytosolic compartment of tissues in many organisms. AO catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acid, and in addition, catalyzes the hydroxylation of some heterocycles.[1] It can also catalyze the oxidation of both cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) intermediate products. AO plays a very important role in the metabolization of numerous drugs.

## Contents

* 1 Reaction
* 2 Species distribution
* 3 Tissue distribution
* 4 Regulation
* 5 Structure
* 6 Role in drug metabolism
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Reaction

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AO catalyzes the conversion of an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen and water to an acid and hydrogen peroxide.

* an aldehyde + H2O + O2 ⇌ a carboxylate + H2O2 \+ H+

Though the enzyme uses molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, the oxygen atom that is incorporated into the carboxylate product is from water; however, the exact mechanism of reduction is still not known for AO.

The AO also catalyzes the oxidation of heterocycles, which involves a nucleophilic attack located at the carbon atom beside the heteroatom. This means that susceptibility to nucleophilic attack of a heterocycle determines if that heterocycle is a suitable substrate for AO.

## Species distribution

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Aldehyde oxidase is a member of the molybd-flavo protein family[1] and has a very complex evolutionary profile—as the genes of AO varies according to animal species.[2] Higher primates, such as humans, have a single functioning AO gene (AOX1), whereas rodents have four separate AOX genes. The human population has both functionally inactive hAOX1 allelic variants and encoding enzyme variants with different catalytic activities. AO activity has been found to be much more active in higher primates (compared to rodents), though many factors may affect this activity, such as gender, age, cigarette smoking, drug usage, and disease states.

## Tissue distribution

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Aldehyde oxidase is very concentrated in the liver, where it oxidizes multiple aldehydes and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, such as anti-cancer and immunosuppressive drugs.[1] Some AO activity has been located in other parts of the body—including the lungs (epithelial cells and alveolar cells), the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal tract (small and large intestines).

## Regulation

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The regulation of expression of AO is still not completely known, though some studies have shown that the AOX1 gene is regulated by the Nrf2 pathway.[3] Some known inhibitors of AO are sterol and phenol compounds, like estradiol. Others include amsacrine, 6,6'-azopurine, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, cyanide, diethylstilbestrol, genestein, isovanillin, and methadone.

## Structure

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AO is very similar in amino acid sequence to xanthine oxidase (XO). The active sites of AO has been found to have a superimposed structure to that of XO, in studies involving mouse liver. AO is a homodimer, and requires FAD, molybdenum (MoCo) and two 2FE-2S clusters as cofactors. These two 2FE-2S cofactors each bind to the two distinct 150-kDa monomers of AO. Three separate domains harbor these three requirements. There is a 20 kDa N-terminal which binds to the two 2FE-2S cofactors, a 40 kDa domain which provides a means of binding to the FAD, and a C-terminal which houses the molybdenum.[4]

## Role in drug metabolism

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Aldehyde oxidase is thought to have a significant impact on pharmacokinetics. AO is capable of oxidizing many drugs in the liver (such as N-1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium, benzaldehyde, retinal, and vanillin), because of its broad substrate specificity.[5] AO greatly contributes to the hepatic clearance of drugs and other compounds.[6] For example, cytoplasmic AOX1 a key enzyme in the hepatic phase I metabolism of several xenobiotics.[2] For this reason, AOX genes are becoming increasingly important to both understand and control in the therapeutic drug industry.[2] Pfizer TLR7 agonist program has found several techniques to switch the AO metabolism off.[7]

## See also

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* Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, a/b hammerhead domain

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gordon AH, Green DE, Subrahmanyan V (May 1940). "Liver aldehyde oxidase". The Biochemical Journal. 34 (5): 764–74. doi:10.1042/bj0340764. PMC 1265340. PMID 16747217.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Garattini E, Terao M (Apr 2012). "The role of aldehyde oxidase in drug metabolism". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 8 (4): 487–503. doi:10.1517/17425255.2012.663352. PMID 22335465.
3. ↑ Maeda K, Ohno T, Igarashi S, Yoshimura T, Yamashiro K, Sakai M (Sep 2012). "Aldehyde oxidase 1 gene is regulated by Nrf2 pathway". Gene. 505 (2): 374–8. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.010. PMID 22705828.
4. ↑ Pryde DC, Dalvie D, Hu Q, Jones P, Obach RS, Tran TD (Dec 2010). "Aldehyde oxidase: an enzyme of emerging importance in drug discovery". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (24): 8441–60. doi:10.1021/jm100888d. PMID 20853847.
5. ↑ Strelevitz TJ, Orozco CC, Obach RS (Jul 2012). "Hydralazine as a selective probe inactivator of aldehyde oxidase in human hepatocytes: estimation of the contribution of aldehyde oxidase to metabolic clearance". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 40 (7): 1441–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.112.045195. PMID 22522748.
6. ↑ Hartmann T, Terao M, Garattini E, Teutloff C, Alfaro JF, Jones JP, Leimkühler S (May 2012). "The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on human aldehyde oxidase". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 40 (5): 856–64. doi:10.1124/dmd.111.043828. PMC 4738704. PMID 22279051.
7. ↑ Pryde DC, Tran TD, Jones P, Duckworth J, Howard M, Gardner I, Hyland R, Webster R, Wenham T, Bagal S, Omoto K, Schneider RP, Lin J (Apr 2012). "Medicinal chemistry approaches to avoid aldehyde oxidase metabolism". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 22 (8): 2856–60. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.069. PMID 22429467.

## External links

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* Aldehyde+oxidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

* v
* t
* e

Aldehyde/oxo oxidoreductases (EC 1.2)

1.2.1: NAD or NADP|

* Aldehyde dehydrogenase
* Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
* Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase

1.2.2: cytochrome|

* Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)

1.2.3: oxygen|

* Aldehyde oxidase

1.2.4: disulfide|

* Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
* Pyruvate dehydrogenase
* Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
* BCKDHA
* BCKDHB
* DBT
* DLD

1.2.7: iron-sulfur protein|

* Pyruvate synthase

* v
* t
* e

Enzymes

Activity|

* Active site
* Binding site
* Catalytic triad
* Oxyanion hole
* Enzyme promiscuity
* Catalytically perfect enzyme
* Coenzyme
* Cofactor
* Enzyme catalysis

Regulation|

* Allosteric regulation
* Cooperativity
* Enzyme inhibitor
* Enzyme activator

Classification|

* EC number
* Enzyme superfamily
* Enzyme family
* List of enzymes

Kinetics|

* Enzyme kinetics
* Eadie–Hofstee diagram
* Hanes–Woolf plot
* Lineweaver–Burk plot
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Types|

* EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
* EC2 Transferases (list)
* EC3 Hydrolases (list)
* EC4 Lyases (list)
* EC5 Isomerases (list)
* EC6 Ligases (list)

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