Anglophobia

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

## Overview

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Anti-English sentiment or Anglophobia (from Latin Anglus "English" and Greek φόβος, phobos, "fear") means opposition to, dislike of, fear of, or hatred towards England or the English people.[1] The term is sometimes used more loosely for general anti-British sentiment.[1] Its opposite is Anglophile|Anglophilia.

## Within the United Kingdom

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In his essay "Notes on Nationalism", written in May 1945 and published in the first issue of the intellectual magazine Polemic (magazine)|Polemic (October 1945),George Orwell wrote that 'Welsh, Irish and Scottish nationalism have points of difference but are alike in their anti-English orientation.'[2]

### Scotland

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In a 2003 survey of 500 English people living in Scotland, one quarter said that they had been harassed or discriminated against by the Scots.[3]

A 2005 study by Hussain and Millar of the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow examined the prevalence of Anglophobia in relation to Islamophobia in Scotland. One finding of the report suggested that national "phobias" have common roots independent of the nations they are directed toward. The study states that:

> Scottish identity comes close to rivalling low levels of education as an influence towards Anglophobia. Beyond that, having an English friend reduces Anglophobia by about as much as having a Muslim friend reduces Islamophobia. And lack of knowledge about Islam probably indicates a broader rejection of the ‘other’, for it has as much impact on Anglophobia as on Islamophobia.[4]

The study goes on to say: (of the English living in Scotland) "Few of the English (only 16 percent) see conflict between Scots and English as even 'fairly serious'". Hussain and Millar's study found that Anglophobia was slightly less prevalent than Islamophobia, but that unlike Islamophobia, Anglophobia correlated with a strong sense of Scottish identity.

In 1999 an Inspector and race relations officer with Lothian and Borders Police said that a correlation had been noticed between the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and anti-English incidents.[5] However, Hussain and Millar's research suggested that Anglophobia had fallen slightly since the introduction of Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution.

In 2009 a woman originally from England was assaulted in an allegedly anti-English racially motivated attack.[6] Similar cases have been connected with major football matches and tournaments, particularly international tournaments where the English and Scottish football teams often compete with each other.[7][8][9] A spate of anti-English attacks occurred in 2006 during the football World Cup 2006|World Cup,[10] in one incident a 7 year old boy wearing an England shirt was punched in the head in an Edinburgh park.[11]

### Wales

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The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 also known as the "Acts of Union", passed by the Parliament of England, annexed Wales to the Kingdom of England, and replaced the Welsh language and Welsh law with the English language and English law.[12][13] In particular, Section 20 of the 1535 Act made English the only language of the law courts and stated that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales.[12] The Welsh language was supplanted in many public spheres, with, for example, the use of the Welsh Not in some schools. This would later be adopted as a symbol of English oppression, although evidence suggests its enforcement may have been largely voluntary.[14]

Since the Glyndŵr Rising of the early 15th century, Welsh nationalism has been primarily nonviolent.[15] However, the Welsh militant group Meibion Glyndŵr (Template:Lang-en) were responsible for arson attacks on English-owned second homes in Wales from 1979–1994, motivated by cultural anti-English sentiment.[15] Meibion Glyndŵr also attempted arson against several estate agents in Wales and England, and against the offices of the Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party in London.[16][16][17]

In 2000, the Chairman of Swansea Bay Race Equality Council said that "Devolution has brought a definite increase in anti-English behaviour" citing three women who believed that they were being discriminated against in their careers because they could not speak Welsh.[18] Author Simon Brooks recommended that English-owned homes in Wales be "peacefully occupied".[16] In 2001 Dafydd Elis-Thomas, a former leader of Plaid Cymru, said that there was an anti-English strand to Welsh nationalism.[19]

### Northern Ireland

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During the Troubles, the IRA exclusively attacked targets located in Northern Ireland and England, not Scotland or Wales.[20]

In the Protestant community, the English are identified with British politicians, and are sometimes resented for their perceived abandonment of loyalist communities.[21]

## Outside the United Kingdom

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In 1859, in his essay A Few Words on Non-Intervention, John Stuart Mill notes that England "finds itself, in respect of its foreign policy, held up to obloquy as the type of egoism and selfishness; as a nation which thinks of nothing but of out-witting and out-generalling its neighbours" and urges his fellow countrymen against "the mania of professing to act from meaner motives than those by which we are really actuated".[22]

### Ireland

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There is a long tradition of Anglophobia within Irish nationalism. Much of this was grounded in the hostility felt by the largely Catholic poor for the Anglo-Irish gentry, which was mainly Anglican. In Ireland before the Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine, anti-English hostility was deep seated[23] and was manifested in increased anti-English hostility organised by Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen.[24][25] In post-famine Ireland, anti-English hostility was adopted into the philosophy and foundation of the Irish nationalist movement. At the turn of the 20th century, the Celtic Revival movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with an increasing anti-colonial and anti-English sentiment.[26] Anti-English themes manifested in national organisations seen as promoting native Irish values, with the emergence of groups like Sinn Féin.

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) was itself founded in 1884 as a countermeasure against the Anglo-Irish Athletic Association, which promoted and supervised British sports such as English Association football|football in Ireland. The GAA was founded in the anti-English ideas of Thomas Croke, Archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly|Cashel and Emly.[27] From 1886 to 1971 the GAA focused national pride into distinctly non-English activities.[28] Members were forbidden to belong to organisations that played "English" games, and the organisation countered the Anglicisation in Irish society.[29][30][31] With the development across Ireland of Irish games and the arts, the Celtic revivalists and nationalists identified characteristics of what they defined as the "Irish Race". A nationalistic identity developed, as being the polar opposite of the Anglo-Saxons, and untainted by the Anglo-Irish community.[32] A sense of national identity and Irish distinctiveness as well as an anti-English assertiveness was reinforced to Catholics by teachers in hedge schools.[33]

A feeling of anti-English sentiment intensified within Irish nationalism during the Boer wars|Boer War leading to xenophobia underlined by Anglophobia.[34] Resulting in two units of Irish commandos who fought with the Boeragainst British forces during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). J. Donnolly a member of the brigade wrote to the editor of Irish News in 1901 stating;

> "It was not for the love of the Boer war we were fighting; it was for the hatred of the English."J. Donnolly letter to the Irish News 1901[35]

The pro-Boer movement gained widespread support in Ireland and over 20.000 supporters demonstrated in Dublin in 1899 where Irish nationalism, anti-English and pro-Boer attitudes were one and the same. There was a pro-Boer movement in England however the English pro-Boer movement was not based on anti-English sentiments. These opposing views and animosity led the English and Irish pro-Boer groups to maintain a distance from one another.[36]

The William Butler Yeats|W. B. Yeats play The Countess Cathleen, written in 1892, has anti-English overtones comparing the English gentry to demons who come for Irish souls.[37] Films set during the Irish War of Independence, such as The Informer (1935 film)|The Informer (1935) and the The Plough and the Stars (film)|Plough and the Stars (1936), were criticised by the British Board of Film Classification|BBFC for the director John Ford's anti-English content,[38] and, in recent years, Michael Collins (film)|Michael Collins[39][40] and The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley[41][42] (despite being a joint British-Irish production) have led to accusations of Anglophobia in the British press. In 2006, Antony Booth, the father-in law of Tony Blair, claimed he was the victim of anti-English vandalism and discrimination while living in County Cavan, Ireland, with his wife.[43] In addition, in August 2008 an English pipefitter based in Dublin was awarded €20,000 for the racial abuse and discrimination he received at his workplace.[44]

In 2011, tensions and anti-English or anti-British feelings flared in relation to the proposed visit of Elizabeth II, the first Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch to visit Ireland in 101 years. The direct invitation by the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, and the Irish government, was hailed by the Irish press as a historic visit,[45] but was criticised by Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams.[46] An anti-Queen demonstration was held at the GPO Dublin by a small group of Irish Republicans on 26 February 2011,[citation needed] and a mock trial and decapitation of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II were carried out by socialist republican group Éirígí.[47] Other protests included one Dublin publican (the father of Celtic player Anthony Stokes) hanging a banner declaring "the Queen will never be welcome in this country".[48][49]

### France

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File:William Hogarth - O the Roast Beef of Old England ('The Gate of Calais') - Google Art Project.jpg"Roastbeef" (or "rosbif") is a long-standing Anglophobe French slang term to designate the English or British people. Its origins lies in William Hogarth's francophobic painting The Gate of Calais or O! The Roast Beef of Old England, in which the roastbeef allegory is used as a mockery. Its popular use includes movies, TV shows and sketch comedies.

After the Norman conquest in 1066, Anglo-Norman replaced English as the official language of England. However, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Plantagenet kings of England lost most of their possessions in France, began to consider England to be their primary domain, and turned to the English language. King Edward I, when issuing writs for summoning parliament in 1295, claimed that the King of France planned to invade England and extinguish the English language, "a truly detestable plan which may God avert".[50][51] In 1338, Philip VI of France authored the Ordinance of Normandy, which again called for the destruction and elimination of the English nation and language. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France changed societies on both sides of the Channel.

The English and French were engaged in numerous wars in the following centuries. England's ongoing conflict with Scotland provided France with an opportunity to destabilise England, and there was a firm friendship (known as the Auld Alliance) between France and Scotland from the late-thirteenth century to the mid-sixteenth century. The alliance eventually foundered because of growing Protestantism in Scotland. Opposition to Protestantism became a major feature of later French Anglophobia (and conversely, fear of Catholicism was a hallmark of Francophobia). Antipathy and intermittent hostilities between France and Britain, as distinct from England, continued during later centuries. It has become more and more political.

### United States

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In 2002, academic John Moser said that, although anglophobia is now "almost completely absent" from United States society, this was not always the case. He stated that "there were strains of anglophobia present in virtually every populist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries", with the Populist Party, for example, "referring to England as a 'monster' that had 'seized upon the fresh energy of America and is steadily fixing its fangs into our social life.'"

Reasons suggested for the decline in anglophobia included the impact of the Second World War, and reduced political support for Irish nationalist movements compared with that in earlier periods. Moser also said:[52]

> "In an age when the wealthiest and most influential Americans tended to be associated with things British—the vast majority were of Anglo-Saxon descent, wore English-tailored suits, drove British-made automobiles, and even spoke with affected British accents—it was quite natural for Great Britain to fall within the sights of disaffected populists. In more recent years, however, this has changed. When one thinks of wealth and influence in contemporary America, particularly when one considers those who have made their fortunes in the past thirty years, English culture does not immediately spring to mind.

The film industry is widely perceived to give a British nationality to a disproportionate number of villains.[53] Lyndon LaRouche, a perennial candidate for US President and a movement leader known for theories of conspiracies, has been called the "most illustrious" Anglophobe in American politics.[54]

#### Anglophobia in the Irish-American community

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The Irish-American community in the United States has historically shown antipathy towards the English in particular.[55] Anglophobia has been a defining feature of the post-famine Irish-American experience. Bolstered by their support of Irish nationalism, Irish-American communities have been staunchly anti-English since the 1850s and this sentiment is fostered within the Irish-American identity.[56][57] Irish immigrants who settled in the United States often prospered there, retained the bitterest animosity to England and many of them subscribed from their weekly wage to keep up the anti-English agitation.[58]

This was due in part to the nature of their history and manner of their emigration, when they brought with them a strong specific sense of Anglophobia.[55][56] Irish-American newspapers, like the pro-Catholic "Truth Teller" which was founded in 1825 by an anti-English priest, were influential in the identity of the community.[59] Anglophobia in print was also seen in the autobiographies of noted Irish-Americans; Elizabeth Gurley a leading American socialist,[60] and William Z. Foster who reported in his own memoirs his own father died at over eighty, he never said the word England without adding “God damn her!”.[60]

In 1842, the first national gathering of Irish-Americans took place in Philadelphia:

> The convention ended with anti-English speeches and three cheers for Ireland…[]…Thus they influenced the progress of nationalism in Ireland and shaped their Irish-American identity[60]

Anti-English feelings among Irish-Americans spread to American culture through Irish-American performers in popular Blackface minstral shows. These imparted both elements of the Irish-Americans performers own national bias, and the popular stereotypical image that the English people were bourgeois aloof or upper class.[61] Sentiments quickly turned into direct and volent action when in the 1860s the Fenian Brotherhood Society invaded Canada to provoke a United States-British war in hope it would lead to Irish freedom.[62] Violence is said to have included direct action by Fenian sympathisers, with the assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee himself an Irish-Canadian and Irish nationalist who was against the invasion, although he was very critical of the Orange Order, and it has long been suspected they were his true killers.[63] Goldwin Smith, Professor at Cornell University, wrote in the North American Review that ‘hatred of England’ was used as a tool to win the Irish-American vote.[64] An observation shared in 1900 by the Secretary of State for the United States John Hay who openly criticise the Prairie Populist and his own Democratic Parties political pandering to attract the support of the Irish diaspora:

> "state conventions put on an anti-English plank in their platforms to curry favor with the Irish (whom they want to keep) and the Germans whom they want to seduce. It is too disgusting to have to deal with such sordid lies."John Hay Secretary of State for the United States in 1900[62]

Well into the early 20th century anti-English sentiment was increasing with famine memorials in the Irish-American communities, quote “served as a wellspring for their obsessive and often corrosive antipathy”, as noted in the British Parliament in 1915:

> There is no part of the world where anti-English influences worked so powerfully than in the United States. Almost every Irishman there is the son or grandson of an evicted tenant – evicted in all the horrors of the black 40s. And most of them have heard stories of them from their mother’s knee.

[65]

Some newspapers, including the San Francisco Leader and New York Irish World, first published in 1823, were renowned for their anti-English articles.[66] The Irish World blamed the mainland United Kingdom for the depopulation and desolate state of Ireland's industries.[67] One newspaper, the Gaelic American, called a student performance of the British national anthem by some girls of Irish heritage from a convent school an act of disloyalty, where they were taught to reverence the traditions of the hereditary enemy of their race and religion.[67]

A commemorative stamp by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie on a century of peace between America and Great Britain was criticised by the Irish-American press.[67] In recent years American political commentators, such as Pat Buchanan, have highlighted the anti-English stance of the Irish Diaspora in the United States of America.[62]

### Iran

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Anti-British sentiment has been described as "deeply entrenched in Iranian culture",[68] and reported to be increasingly prevalent in Iran. In July 2009, an adviser to Ali Khamenei called Britain "worse than America" for its alleged interference in Iran's post-election affairs.

Animosity has been dated back to the early 19th century, when a British diplomat, Sir Gore Ouseley, was responsible for drawing up the country's boundaries after the First Russo-Persian War.[69] In the first half of the 20th century, the British Empire exerted political influence over Iran (Persia) in order to control the profits from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. As a result, British influence was widely known to have been behind the overthrow of the Qajar Dynasty in the 1920s, the subsequent rise of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the successful coup d'etat overthrowing prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953.[70][71][72] In November 2011, attacks on the UK's embassy in Tehran led to the closure of the embassy and the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from the UK, with the Iranian parliamentary chairman Ali Larijani stating that the incident was the outcome of "decades of domineering moves by the British in Iran".[69]

The classic Iranian novel My Uncle Napoleon, published in 1973, lampoons the widespread belief that the English are responsible for events that occur in Iran.[citation needed]

### Australia and New Zealand

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Further information: Australia–United Kingdom relations and New Zealand–United Kingdom relations

"Pommy" or "Pom" (probably derived from "pomegranate", rhyming slang for "immigrant")[73] is a common Australasian and South African slang word for the English, often combined with "whing[e]ing" (complaining) to make the expression "whingeing Pom" - an English immigrant who stereotypically complains about everything. Although the term is sometimes applied to British immigrants generally, it is usually applied specifically to the English, by both Australians and New Zealanders.[74][75] From the 19th century onwards, there were feelings among established Australians that many immigrants from England were poorly skilled, unwanted by their home country, and unappreciative of the benefits of their new country.[76]

In recent years, complaints about two newspaper articles blaming English tourists for littering a local beach, and headed "Filthy Poms" and "Poms fill the summer of our discontent", were accepted as complaints and settled through conciliation by the Australian Human Rights Commission when the newspapers published apologies. However, letters and articles which referred to English people as "Poms" or "Pommies" did not meet the threshold for racial hatred.[77] In 2007 a complaint to Australia's Advertising Standards Bureau about a television commercial using the term "Pom" was upheld and the commercial was withdrawn.[78] Films such as Gallipoli and Breaker Morant have highlighted anti-British sentiment felt by some Australians.[citation needed]

## See also

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* Anglophilia
* Anti-Americanism
* List of phobias
* Perfidious Albion
* Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Oxford Dictionary of English, OUP, 2005
2. ↑ "George Orwell - Notes on Nationalism - Essay (see: Positive Nationalism (ii) Celtic Nationalism)". George Orwell - the complete works website. George-Orwell.org. 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
3. ↑ Macleod, Angus (6 October 2003). "Anti-English prejudice rife in Scotland, survey finds". The Times. London. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
4. ↑ Hussain, Asifa; Miller, William (March 2005). "Towards a Multicultural Nationalism? Anglophobia and Islamophobia in Scotland" (PDF). Devolution Briefings: Briefing No. 24. Economic & Social Research Council. p. 4\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
5. ↑ Goodwin, Stephen (17 February 1999). "Anti-English taunts drive family over the border - News". London: The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
6. ↑ "Scotland | North East/N Isles | 'Anti-English' punch hurts woman". BBC News. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
7. ↑ Urquhart, Frank. "Aberdeen leaders condemn anti-English attacks in city - Scotsman.com Sport". Sport.scotsman.com. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
8. ↑ Horne, Marc. "Moderator says anti-English bigotry is 'like sectarianism' - Scotland on Sunday". Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
9. ↑ "Scotland | North East/N Isles | England fan assaulted in Aberdeen". BBC News. 3 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
10. ↑ Reid, Melanie (14 January 2009). "Woman attacked in Scotland 'because she sounded English'". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
11. ↑ "Boy, 7, attacked in Scotland for wearing England shirt | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993) (c.26)". The UK Statute Law Database website. Office of Public Sector Information. 2010. Archived from the original on 2008-01-02. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
13. ↑ "Laws in Wales Act 1542 (repealed) (c.26)". The UK Statute Law Database website. Office of Public Sector Information. 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
14. ↑ "The Welsh language in 19th century education". BBC Cymru Wales history website. BBC Cymru Wales. 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-04-28. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kivisto, P. (2002). Multiculturalism in a global society. Oxford. p.129
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ward, David (1 March 2002). "Wales swamped by tide of English settlers". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2004-09-23. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
17. ↑ Kivisto, Peter (2002). Multiculturalism in a global society. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22194-4. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
18. ↑ Milmo, Cahal (4 August 2000). "English the victims of racism in Wales - This Britain, UK". London: The Independent. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
19. ↑ "Attack on '19th century' nationalism". BBC News. 18 December 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
20. ↑ "The IRA campaigns in England". BBC News. 4 March 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29.
21. ↑ BRUCE, S. (1994). The edge of the union: the Ulster loyalist political vision. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press.
22. ↑ A Few Words on Non-Intervention Template:Wayback
23. ↑ Ireland 1798-1998: War, Peace and Beyond p85 by Alvin Jackson
24. ↑ Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: the life and politics of an Irish revolutionary 2006 p1 Robert William White
25. ↑ British democracy and Irish nationalism, 1876-1906 by Eugenio F. Biagini p31 Cambridge University Press, 2007
26. ↑ Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916 p54 Seán Farrell Moran
27. ↑ Ireland Since the Famine: an incomparable survey of modern Irish history p226 – 227 F.S.L Lyons
28. ↑ The Last of the Celts By Marcus Tanner p104 Yale University Press, 2006
29. ↑ Dear, dirty Dublin: a city in distress, 1899-1916 p244 By Joseph V. O'Brien
30. ↑ Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916 p55 Seán Farrell Moran
31. ↑ The G.A.A.: A History of The Gaelic Athletic Association p65 – 66 Dublin: Cumann Luthchleas Geal, 1980
32. ↑ Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916 p58-59 Seán Farrell Moran
33. ↑ Defenders of the Union: a survey of British and Irish unionism since 1801 p61 By David George Boyce, Alan O'Day
34. ↑ Forgotten protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War p16, By Donal P. McCracken
35. ↑ Forgotten protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War p19, By Donal P. McCracken
36. ↑ Forgotten protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War p20, By Donal P. McCracken
37. ↑ English Literature from quote Beowulf quote to Bernard Shaw p13 Frederic Sefton Delmer
38. ↑ The British Board of Film Censors: film censorship in Britain, 1896-1950 p88 By James C. Robertson, James Crighton Robertson
39. ↑ "Michael Collins Films Stirs Controversy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
40. ↑ "Hollywood's racist lies about Britain and the British". Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
41. ↑ "Why does Ken Loach loathe his country so much?" The Daily Mail, 30 May 2006 Template:Wayback
42. ↑ "Director in a class of his own" The Times, 31 May 2006
43. ↑ Daily Telegraph, 'Anti-English bias' ends Booth's Irish idyll, 19 August 2006 Template:Wayback
44. ↑ "Englishman wins Irish race case". BBC. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
45. ↑ McDonald, Henry (23 June 2010). "Queen to visit Irish Republic by end of next year". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2010-06-26.
46. ↑ Sinn Fein’s Gerry Adams slams Queen Elizabeth’s upcoming visit to Ireland - IrishCentral.com Template:Wayback
47. ↑ Queen Elizabeth effigy beheaded in mock trial - Dublin | Demotix.com Template:Wayback
48. ↑ Moran, Barry (11 March 2011). "Celts bar stages brantiqueen demo". The Sun. London.
49. ↑ Bloxham, Andy (20 May 2011). "The Queen in Ireland: standing ovation in Dublin". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2014-01-22.
50. ↑ Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood. Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 45.
51. ↑ "[Rex Franciae] linguam anglicam, si conceptae iniquitatis proposito detestabili potestas correspondeat, quod Deus avertat, omnino de terra delere proponit." William Stubbs, Select Charters (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946), p. 480.
52. ↑ John Moser. "John Moser, The Decline of American Anglophobia". Personal.ashland.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
53. ↑ Fenton, Ben (19 June 2001). "'Brenglish' in a snit over Hollywood's history lessons". London: Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2014-02-15. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
54. ↑ Vankin, Jonathan; John Whalen (2004). Eighty greatest conspiracies of all time. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-2531-0.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Ahrari, Mohammed E. Ethnic groups and US foreign policy Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987 p136
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Newspapers and empire in Ireland and Britain: reporting the British Empire, c.1857-1921 Simon James Potter Four Courts 2004 p216
57. ↑ The great famine and the Irish diaspora in America By Arthur Gribben Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999 p220
58. ↑ The Century Volume 26 1883 https://books.google.com/books?id=x1aQWbz_eYAC&dq=irish+anti+english&source=gbs_navlinks_s
59. ↑ The New York Irish By Ronald H. Bayor, Timothy J. Meagher JHU Press, 1997 p74
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Enter the Irish-American By Edward Wakin p138
61. ↑ Representing African Americans in Transatlantic Abolitionism and Blackface Minstrelsy p181 by Robert Nowatzki LSU Press 2010
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America's Destiny p334 by Patrick J. Buchanan Regnery Publishing, 2002
63. ↑ Robert Nowatzki LSU Press, 2010 - Social Science P181
64. ↑ Shakespeare and the American nation By Kim C. Sturgess Cambridge University Press, 2004 p46
65. ↑ The great famine and the Irish diaspora in America By Arthur Gribben
66. ↑ Clark, Dennis The Irish in Philadelphia: ten generations of urban experience Temple University Press, 1982 p.110
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 The great famine and the Irish diaspora in America By Arthur Gribben Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999 p228
68. ↑ Jonathan Freedland, If this crisis can be overcome, think about the negotiations that matter, The Guardian, 4 April 2007. Accessed 24 November 2009 Template:Wayback
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Olivia Lang, BBC News, Iran and UK - centuries of mistrust, 30 November 2011. Accessed 1 December 2011 Template:Wayback
70. ↑ Ali Ansari, Why Iran is obsessed with the British wily fox, The Times, 25 June 2009. Accessed 24 November 2009 Template:Wayback
71. ↑ Tara Bahrampour, In Wake of Unrest, Britain Replacing U.S. as Iran's Great Satan, Washington Post, 17 July 2009. Accessed 24 November 2009
72. ↑ Conference on "Iran and British colonialism", March 2008. Accessed 24 November 2009 Template:Wayback
73. ↑ "Pom" at World Wide Words Template:Wayback
74. ↑ A dictionary of slang and unconventional English, Eric Partridge, 1984
75. ↑ The Ping Pong Poms at EmigrateNZ.co.uk Template:Wayback
76. ↑ James Jupp, The English in Australia, pp 195-196
77. ↑ Australian Human Rights Commission, Guide to the Racial Hatred Act Template:Wayback
78. ↑ Lagan, Bernard (26 January 2007). "Poms Whinge so Hard that Beer Ad is Pulled". London: The Times. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01. Retrieved 20 July 2008.

## Further reading

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### France

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* Acomb, Frances Dorothy. Anglophobia in France, 1763-1789: an essay in the history of constitutionalism and nationalism (Duke University Press, 1950)
* Bell, Philip J. France and Britain, 1900–1940. Entente and Estrangement (Longman, 1996)
* Berthon, Simon. Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle (2001). 356 pp.
* Black, Jeremy. Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (1986)
* Brunschwig, Henri. Anglophobia and French African Policy (Yale University Press, 1971).
* Gibson, Robert. The Best of Enemies: Anglo-French Relations Since the Norman Conquest (2nd ed. 2011) major scholarly study excerpt and text search
* Horne, Alistair, Friend or Foe: An Anglo-Saxon History of France (Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2005).
* Johnson, Douglas, et al.  Britain and France: Ten Centuries (1980) table of contents
* Newman, Gerald. "Anti-French Propaganda and British Liberal Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century: Suggestions Toward a General Interpretation." Victorian Studies (1975): 385-418. in JSTOR
* Otte, T. G. "From “War-in-Sight” to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898." Diplomacy and Statecraft (2006) 17#4 pp: 693-714.
* Pickles, Dorothy. The Uneasy Entente. French Foreign Policy and Franco-British Misunderstandings (1966)
* Schmidt, H. D. "The Idea and Slogan of 'Perfidious Albion'" Journal of the History of Ideas (1953) pp: 604-616. in JSTOR; on French distrust of "Albion" (i.e. England)
* Tombs, R. P. and I. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: Britain and France, the History of a Love-Hate Relationship (Pimlico, 2007)

### Germany

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* Frederick, Suzanne Y. "The Anglo-German Rivalry, 1890-1914, pp 306-336 in William R. Thompson, ed. Great power rivalries (1999) online
* Geppert, Dominik, and Robert Gerwarth, eds. Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity (2009)
* Görtemaker, Manfred. Britain and Germany in the Twentieth Century (2005)
* Hoerber, Thomas. "Prevail or perish: Anglo-German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century," European Security (2011) 20#1, pp. 65–79.
* Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (1975) pp: 137-56; compares the views of idealists (pro-German) and realists (anti-German)
* Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 (London, 1980) excerpt and text search; influential synthesis
* Major, Patrick. "Britain and Germany: A Love-Hate Relationship?" German History, October 2008, Vol. 26 Issue 4, pp. 457–468.
* Milton, Richard. Best of Enemies: Britain and Germany: 100 Years of Truth and Lies (2004), popular history covers 1845–1945 focusing on public opinion and propaganda; 368pp excerpt and text search
* Ramsden, John. Don’t Mention the War: The British and the Germans since 1890 (London, 2006).
* Rüger, Jan. "Revisiting the Anglo-German Antagonism," Journal of Modern History (2011) 83#3, pp. 579–617 in JSTOR
* Scully, Richard. British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism, and Ambivalence, 1860–1914 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) 375pp

### United States

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* Crapol, Edward P. America for Americans: Economic Nationalism and Anglophobia in the Late Nineteenth Century (Greenwood, 1973)
* Frost, Jennifer. "Dissent and Consent in the" Good War": Hedda Hopper, Hollywood Gossip, and World War II Isolationism." Film History: An International Journal 22#2 (2010): 170-181.
* Ellis, Sylvia. Historical Dictionary of Anglo-American Relations (2009) and text search
* Foreman, Amanda. A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War (Random House, 2011), 958 pp.
* Geoffrey Wheatcroft, "How the British Nearly Supported the Confederacy," New York Times Sunday Book Review June 30, 2011 online
* Gleason, Mark C. From Associates to Antagonists: The United States, Great Britain, the First World War, and the Origins of War Plan Red, 1914-1919" (PhD. Dissertation University of North Texas, 2012); Online; "War Plan Red" was the American Army's plan for war against Great Britain.
* Haynes, Sam W. Unfinished Revolution: The Early American Republic in a British World (2010)
* Louis, William Roger; Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (1978)
* Moser, John E. Twisting the Lion's Tail: American Anglophobia between the World Wars (New York University Press, 1999)
* Perkins, Bradford. Prologue to war: England and the United States, 1805–1812  (1961) full text online
* Peskin, Lawrence A. "Conspiratorial Anglophobia and the War of 1812." Journal of American History 98#3 (2011): 647-669. online
* Tuffnell, Stephen. "“Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed”: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture." American Nineteenth Century History 12#1 (2011): 77-99.

### Anglophobic publications

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* Gelli, Frank Julian. The Dark Side of England, (London, 2014, ASIN: B00QJ19TXI