Asperger syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

## Overview

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The exact cause of Asperger (AS) is unknown. Many factors including genetics, family history of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and enviornmental factors such as older parental age, prematurity, low birth weight and pregnancy complications have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

## Causes

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### Genetic Causes

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* Linkage at 1q21-22[1]
* Linkage at 13q31-33[1]
* Linkage at 3p14–24[1]
* Linkage at 3q21–24[6]
* 17p breakpoints in t(13;17) and t(17;19)[5]
* 3p22.1p21.31 microdeletion[8]

### Family History of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

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Several studies suggest that a familial history of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a risk factor for Asperger Syndrome (AS).[4][3][2]

### Environmental Factors

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Several environmental risk factors are associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) which include:[7]

* Advanced maternal age
* Advanced paternal age
* Low birth weight
* Prematurity
* Hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal jaundice
* Maternal immigrant status
* Pregnancy complications such as eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension
* Air pollutants (traffic-related)

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ylisaukko-oja T, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Kempas E, Sarenius S, Varilo T, von Wendt L; et al. (2004). "Genome-wide scan for loci of Asperger syndrome". Mol Psychiatry. 9 (2): 161–8. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001385. PMID 14966474.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ghaziuddin M (2005). "A family history study of Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 177–82. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1996-4. PMID 15909404.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gillberg C, Cederlund M (2005). "Asperger syndrome: familial and pre- and perinatal factors". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 159–66. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1993-7. PMID 15909402.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Volkmar FR, Klin A, Pauls D (1998). "Nosological and genetic aspects of Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 28 (5): 457–63. doi:10.1023/a:1026012707581. PMID 9813781.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tentler D, Johannesson T, Johansson M, Råstam M, Gillberg C, Orsmark C; et al. (2003). "A candidate region for Asperger syndrome defined by two 17p breakpoints". Eur J Hum Genet. 11 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200939. PMID 12634868.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Rehnström K, Ylisaukko-oja T, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Sarenius S, Källman T, Kempas E; et al. (2006). "Independent replication and initial fine mapping of 3p21-24 in Asperger syndrome". J Med Genet. 43 (2): e6. doi:10.1136/jmg.2005.033621. PMC 2564646. PMID 16467216.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ng M, de Montigny JG, Ofner M, Do MT (2017). "Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review for the years 2003-2013". Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 37 (1): 1–23. doi:10.24095/hpcdp.37.1.01. PMC 5480297. PMID 28102992.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ↑ Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Voinova VY, Yurov YB (2015). "3p22.1p21.31 microdeletion identifies CCK as Asperger syndrome candidate gene and shows the way for therapeutic strategies in chromosome imbalances". Mol Cytogenet. 8: 82. doi:10.1186/s13039-015-0185-9. PMC 4628252. PMID 26523151.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

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