Asperger syndrome risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

## Overview

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Several risk factors associated with Asperger Syndrome (AS) and austim spectrum disorder (ASD) are: male gender, older parental age, family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD), prematurity, low birth weight and pregnancy complications.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

## Risk Factors

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Several risk factors have been associated with Asperger Syndrome:

* Male gender: The male to female ratio for austim spectrum disorder (ASD) is approximately 4 to 1.[1]
* Family history of austim spectrum disorder (ASD)[2][3][4]
* Race: AS has been reported to be 7% and 22% higher among white children compared to black and Hispanic children.[5]
* Other risk factors associated with austim spectrum disorder (ASD) include:[6]
* Advanced maternal age
* Advanced paternal age
* Low birth weight
* Prematurity
* Hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal jaundice
* Maternal immigrant status
* Pregnancy complications such as eclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension
* Air pollutants (traffic-related)

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z; et al. (2018). "Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014". MMWR Surveill Summ. 67 (6): 1–23. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1. PMC 5919599. PMID 29701730.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Volkmar FR, Klin A, Pauls D (1998). "Nosological and genetic aspects of Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 28 (5): 457–63. doi:10.1023/a:1026012707581. PMID 9813781.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gillberg C, Cederlund M (2005). "Asperger syndrome: familial and pre- and perinatal factors". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 159–66. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1993-7. PMID 15909402.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ghaziuddin M (2005). "A family history study of Asperger syndrome". J Autism Dev Disord. 35 (2): 177–82. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1996-4. PMID 15909404.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z; et al. (2018). "Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014". MMWR Surveill Summ. 67 (6): 1–23. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1. PMC 5919599. PMID d29701730 Check `|pmid=` value (help).CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ng M, de Montigny JG, Ofner M, Do MT (2017). "Environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review for the years 2003-2013". Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 37 (1): 1–23. doi:10.24095/hpcdp.37.1.01. PMC 5480297. PMID 28102992.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)