Bladder cancer physical examination

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Farima Kahe M.D. [2] Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]

## Overview

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Common physical examination findings of bladder cancer include cachexia, pallor, swelling in the lower extremities and a pelvic mass may be palpated. Swelling in the scrotum or vulva may be seen.

## Physical Examination

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### Appearance of the Patient

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* Patients with bladder cancer usually appear cachextic.[1][2][3]

### Vital Signs

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* Hyperthermia

### Skin

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* Pallor

### HEENT

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* HEENT examination of patients with bladder cancer is usually normal.

### Neck

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* Neck examination of patients with bladder cancer is usually normal.

### Lungs

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* Pulmonary examination of patients with bladder cancer is usually normal.

### Heart

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* Cardiovascular examination of patients with bladder cancer is usually normal.

### Abdomen

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* Enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes or hepatic metastases

### Genitourinary

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* A pelvic mass may be palpated
* Swelling in the scrotum or vulva

### Neuromuscular

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* Neuromuscular examination of patients with bladder cancer is usually normal.

### Extremities

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* Swelling in the lower extremities
* Inguinal adenopathy

## References

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1. ↑ Shephard EA, Stapley S, Neal RD, Rose P, Walter FM, Hamilton WT (September 2012). "Clinical features of bladder cancer in primary care". Br J Gen Pract. 62 (602): e598–604. doi:10.3399/bjgp12X654560. PMC 3426598. PMID 22947580.
2. ↑ Gorin MA, Ayyathurai R, Soloway MS (May 2012). "Diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer: how can we improve?". Postgrad Med. 124 (3): 28–36. doi:10.3810/pgm.2012.05.2545. PMID 22691896.
3. ↑ Reis H, Krafft U, Niedworok C, Módos O, Herold T, Behrendt M, Al-Ahmadie H, Hadaschik B, Nyirady P, Szarvas T (2018). "Biomarkers in Urachal Cancer and Adenocarcinomas in the Bladder: A Comprehensive Review Supplemented by Own Data". Dis. Markers. 2018: 7308168. doi:10.1155/2018/7308168. PMID 29721106.

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