Bleeding

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TIMI bleeding criteria

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Emergency Bleeding Control

Reversal of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet in Active Bleed

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Discontinuation, Bridging, and Reversal of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

## Overview

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## Classification

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### Bleeding Classified by Severity

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Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Scheme | World Health Organization scale | BARC bleeding criteria | Exsanguination | TIMI bleeding criteria | ISTH bleeding scale | GUSTO bleeding criteria | CURE bleeding criteria | ACUITY HORIZONS bleeding criteria | STEEPLE bleeding criteria | PLATO bleeding criteria | GRACE bleeding criteria

### Bleeding by Location

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#### Bleeding from Body Cavities

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* Hematemesis \- vomiting fresh blood
* Hematochezia \- rectal blood
* Hematuria \- blood in the urine from urinary bleeding
* Hemoptysis \- coughing up blood from the lungs
* Postpartum hemorrhage
* Upper gastrointestinal bleed
* Vaginal bleeding

#### Internal Bleeding

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* Aneurysm
* Intracranial hemorrhage \- bleeding in the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel within the head. See also hemorrhagic stroke.
* Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) implies the presence of blood within the subarachnoid space from some pathologic process. The common medical use of the term SAH refers to the nontraumatic types of hemorrhages, usually from rupture of a berry aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation(AVM). The scope of this article is limited to these nontraumatic hemorrhages.

## Causes

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* Drug such as Aprotinin, Azficel-T, Cabozantinib, Ixabepilone, Oritavancin, Romiplostim, Tiagabine, Trametinib, Valdecoxib, Ziv-aflibercept

## Treatment

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### Emergency Bleeding Control

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### Discontinuation, Bridging, and Reversal of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy

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#### Contraindicated medications

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Active major bleeding is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:

* Bivalirudin
* Reteplase
* Rivaroxaban
* Urokinase
* Cilostazol
* Enoxaparin
* Fondaparinux

### Perioperative Bleeding

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Coagulation Monitoring | Anemia Management | Coagulation Management | Specific Surgeries | Coagulopathies