Cardiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Cardiology is the branch of medicine pertaining to the heart.

## Contents

* 1 Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)
* 2 Basic cardiac physiology
* 3 Disorders of the coronary circulation
* 4 Sudden cardiac death (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death)
* 4.1 Treatment of sudden cardiac death
* 5 Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)
* 6 Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)
* 7 Disorders of the heart valves
* 8 Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)
* 9 Inflammation and infection of the heart
* 10 Congenital heart disease
* 11 Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)
* 12 Procedures done for coronary artery disease
* 13 Devices used in cardiology
* 14 Diagnostic tests and procedures
* 15 Cardiac pharmaceutical agents
* 16 See also
* 17 External links

### Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)

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* Electrical conduction system of the heart
* Action potential
* Ventricular action potential
* Sinoatrial node
* Atrioventricular node
* Bundle of His
* Purkinje fibers

### Basic cardiac physiology

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* Systole
* Diastole
* Heart sounds
* Preload
* Afterload
* Kussmaul's sign

## Disorders of the coronary circulation

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* Atherosclerosis
* Restenosis
* Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)
* Acute coronary syndrome
* Angina
* Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

## Sudden cardiac death (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death)

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* Cardiac arrest

### Treatment of sudden cardiac death

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* Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

## Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

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* Cardiomyopathy
* Ischemic cardiomyopathy
* Nonischemic cardiomyopathy
* Amyloid cardiomyopathy
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
* Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
* Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
* Dilated cardiomyopathy
* Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
* Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
* Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy)
* Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
* Restrictive cardiomyopathy
* Congestive heart failure
* Cor pulmonale
* Ventricular hypertrophy
* Left ventricular hypertrophy
* Primary tumors of the heart
* Myxoma
* Myocardial rupture

## Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)

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* Pericarditis
* Pericardial tamponade
* Constrictive pericarditis

## Disorders of the heart valves

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* Aortic valve disorders
* Aortic insufficiency
* Aortic stenosis
* Aortic valve replacement
* Aortic valve repair
* Aortic valvuloplasty
* Mitral valve disorders
* Mitral valve prolapse
* Mitral regurgitation
* Mitral stenosis
* Mitral valve replacement
* Mitral valve repair
* Mitral valvuloplasty
* Pulmonary valve disorders
* Congenital pulmonic stenosis
* Tricuspid valve disorders

## Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)

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* Tachycardia
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
* Atrial fibrillation
* Atrial flutter
* Atrial tachycardia
* Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
* AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
* AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)
* Bigeminy
* Premature ventricular contraction
* Ventricular tachycardia
* Torsades de pointes
* Ventricular fibrillation
* Sick sinus syndrome
* Bundle branch block
* Left bundle branch block
* Right bundle branch block
* Heart block
* First degree AV block
* Second degree AV block
* Bifascicular block
* Trifascicular block
* Third degree AV block
* Lev's disease
* Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
* Brugada syndrome
* Long QT syndrome
* Andersen-Tawil syndrome
* Romano-Ward syndrome
* Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
* Short QT syndrome
* Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

## Inflammation and infection of the heart

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* Endocarditis
* Rheumatic heart disease
* Myocarditis
* Pericarditis

## Congenital heart disease

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* Atrial septal defect
* Ventricular septal defect
* Patent ductus arteriosus
* Bicuspid aortic valve
* Tetralogy of Fallot
* Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)
* Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

## Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)

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* Vasculitis
* Atherosclerosis
* Aneurysm
* Varicose veins
* Economy class syndrome
* Diseases of the aorta
* Coarctation of the aorta
* Aortic dissection
* Diseases of the carotid arteries
* Carotid artery disease
* Carotid artery dissection

## Procedures done for coronary artery disease

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* Percutaneous coronary intervention
* Atherectomy
* Angioplasty (PTCA)
* Stenting
* Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
* Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

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## Devices used in cardiology

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* Stethoscope
* Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
* Pacemaker
* Defibrillator
* Automated external defibrillator
* Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
* Devices used to maintain blood pressure
* Artificial heart
* Heart-lung machine
* Intra-aortic balloon pump
* Ventricular assist device

## Diagnostic tests and procedures

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* Blood tests
* Echocardiogram
* Cardiac stress test
* Auscultation (Listening with the Stethoscope)

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

*     * QT interval
* Osborn wave
* Ambulatory Holter monitor
* Electrophysiologic study
* Programmed electrical stimulation
* Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)
* Cardiac enzymes
* Coronary catheterization
* Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve (FFRmyo)
* IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)

## Cardiac pharmaceutical agents

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The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

* Antiarrhythmic agents
* Type I (sodium channel blockers)
* Type Ia
* Quinidine
* Type Ib
* Lidocaine
* Phenytoin
* Type Ic
* Propafenone
* Type II (beta blockers)
* Metoprolol
* Type III (potassium channel blockers)
* Amiodarone
* Dofetilide
* Sotalol
* Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)
* Diltiazem
* Verapamil
* Type V
* Adenosine
* Digoxin
* ACE inhibitors
* Captopril
* Enalapril
* Perindopril
* Ramipril
* Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
* Candesartan
* Eprosartan
* Irbesartan
* Losartan
* Telmisartan
* Valsartan
* Beta blocker
* Calcium channel blocker

## See also

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* Interventional cardiology
* Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
* Heart Failure Society of America

## External links

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* European Society of Cardiology
* U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH)
* American College of Cardiology
* American Heart Association
* National Heart Foundation Australia
* Coronary heart disease
* Virtual Cardiac Centre \- latest comprehensive information on the field of Cardiology.
* Cardiovascular Physiology \- comprehensive explanation of basic concepts in cardiology.
* Preventive Cardiology

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Medicine

* History

Specialties
and
subspecialties|

Surgery

* Cardiac surgery
* Cardiothoracic surgery
* Colorectal surgery
* Eye surgery
* General surgery
* Neurosurgery
* Oral and maxillofacial surgery
* Orthopedic surgery
* Hand surgery
* Otolaryngology (ENT)
* Pediatric surgery
* Plastic surgery
* Reproductive surgery
* Surgical oncology
* Thoracic surgery
* Transplant surgery
* Trauma surgery
* Urology
* Andrology
* Vascular surgery

Internal medicine

* Allergy / Immunology
* Angiology
* Cardiology
* Endocrinology
* Gastroenterology
* Hepatology
* Geriatrics
* Hematology
* Hospital medicine
* Infectious disease
* Nephrology
* Oncology
* Pulmonology
* Rheumatology

Obstetrics and gynaecology

* Gynaecology
* Gynecologic oncology
* Maternal–fetal medicine
* Obstetrics
* Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
* Urogynecology

Diagnostic

* Radiology
* Interventional radiology
* Nuclear medicine
* Pathology
* Anatomical pathology
* Clinical pathology
* Clinical chemistry
* Clinical immunology
* Cytopathology
* Medical microbiology
* Transfusion medicine

Other specialties

* Addiction medicine
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* Dermatology
* Disaster medicine
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* Emergency medicine
* Mass-gathering medicine
* Family medicine
* General practice
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* Sexual medicine
* Sleep medicine
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* Transplantation medicine
* Tropical medicine
* Travel medicine
* Venereology

Medical education|

* Medical school
* Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
* Bachelor of Medical Sciences
* Master of Medicine
* Master of Surgery
* Doctor of Medicine
* Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
* MD–PhD

Related topics|

* Alternative medicine
* Allied health
* Dentistry
* Podiatry
* Physiotherapy
* Nanomedicine
* Molecular oncology
* Personalized medicine
* Traditional medicine
* Veterinary medicine
* Physician
* Chief physician
* History of medicine

* Wikipedia book Book
* Category Category
* Commons
* WikiProject Wikiproject
* Portal Medicine Portal
* Outline Outline

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Arteries and veins

Vessels|

| Arteries|

* Nutrient artery
* Arteriole
* Metarteriole
* Elastic artery

|

Capillaries|

* Types
* Continuous
* Fenestrated
* Sinusoidal
* Precapillary sphincter
* Precapillary resistance

Veins|

* Vena comitans
* Superficial vein
* Deep vein
* Emissary veins
* Venous plexus
* Venule

Lymph|

* Lymphatic vessel
* Lymph
* Lymph capillary

Circulatory system|

| Systemic|

Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)

|

Pulmonary|

Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart

Microanatomy|

* Microvessel
* Microcirculation
* Tunica intima
* Endothelium
* Internal elastic lamina
* Tunica media
* Tunica externa
* Vasa vasorum
* Vasa nervorum
* Vascular nerves
* Rete mirabile
* Circulatory anastomosis

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Cardiovascular disease (heart)

Ischaemic|

| Coronary disease|

* Coronary artery disease (CAD)
* Coronary artery aneurysm
* Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
* Coronary thrombosis
* Coronary vasospasm
* Myocardial bridge

|

Active ischemia|

* Angina pectoris
* Prinzmetal's angina
* Stable angina
* Acute coronary syndrome
* Myocardial infarction
* Unstable angina

Sequelae|

* hours
* Hibernating myocardium
* Myocardial stunning
* days
* Myocardial rupture
* weeks
* Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
* Dressler syndrome

Layers|

| Pericardium|

* Pericarditis
* Acute
* Chronic / Constrictive
* Pericardial effusion
* Cardiac tamponade
* Hemopericardium

|

Myocardium|

* Myocarditis
* Chagas disease
* Cardiomyopathy
* Dilated
* Alcoholic
* Hypertrophic
* Tachycardia-induced
* Restrictive
* Loeffler endocarditis
* Cardiac amyloidosis
* Endocardial fibroelastosis
* Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

Endocardium /
valves|

| Endocarditis|

* infective endocarditis
* Subacute bacterial endocarditis
* non-infective endocarditis
* Libman–Sacks endocarditis
* Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

|

Valves|

* mitral
* regurgitation
* prolapse
* stenosis
* aortic
* stenosis
* insufficiency
* tricuspid
* stenosis
* insufficiency
* pulmonary
* stenosis
* insufficiency

Conduction /
arrhythmia|

| Bradycardia|

* Sinus bradycardia
* Sick sinus syndrome
* Heart block: Sinoatrial
* AV
* 1°
* 2°
* 3°
* Intraventricular
* Bundle branch block
* Right
* Left
* Left anterior fascicle
* Left posterior fascicle
* Bifascicular
* Trifascicular
* Adams–Stokes syndrome

|

Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)|

| Supraventricular|

* Atrial
* Multifocal
* Junctional
* AV nodal reentrant
* Junctional ectopic

|

Ventricular|

* Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
* Catecholaminergic polymorphic
* Torsades de pointes

Premature contraction|

* Atrial
* Junctional
* Ventricular

Pre-excitation syndrome|

* Lown–Ganong–Levine
* Wolff–Parkinson–White

Flutter / fibrillation|

* Atrial flutter
* Ventricular flutter
* Atrial fibrillation
* Familial
* Ventricular fibrillation

Pacemaker|

* Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
* Multifocal atrial tachycardia
* Pacemaker syndrome
* Parasystole
* Wandering atrial pacemaker

Long QT syndrome|

* Andersen–Tawil
* Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
* Romano–Ward

Cardiac arrest|

* Sudden cardiac death
* Asystole
* Pulseless electrical activity
* Sinoatrial arrest

Other / ungrouped|

* hexaxial reference system
* Right axis deviation
* Left axis deviation
* QT
* Short QT syndrome
* T
* T wave alternans
* ST
* Osborn wave
* ST elevation
* ST depression
* Strain pattern

Cardiomegaly|

* Ventricular hypertrophy
* Left
* Right / Cor pulmonale
* Atrial enlargement
* Left
* Right
* Athletic heart syndrome

Other|

* Cardiac fibrosis
* Heart failure
* Diastolic heart failure
* Cardiac asthma
* Rheumatic fever

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Electrocardiography

Overview|

History of the EKG • EKG interpretation basics • Normal sinus rhythm

EKG Complexes|

P wave • QRS complex • ST Segment • T wave • T wave alternans • Tombstone T wave • U wave

Osborn wave • H wave • K wave • Delta wave

NSSTW changes

EKG Intervals|

PR Interval • QRS Interval • ST Interval • QT Interval

Conduction System & Bradycardia|

Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers • Sinus bradycardia • First Degree AV Block • Second Degree AV Block • Complete or Third-Degree AV Block • Concealed conduction • AV Junctional Rhythms • LBBB • LAHB • LPHB • RBBB • Trifascicular block

Atrial Arrhythmias|

Sinus tachycardia • Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) • Ectopic Atrial Rhythm • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) • Atrial Flutter • Atrial Fibrillation • Wandering atrial pacemaker

Ventricular Arrhythmias|

Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex • Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm • Ventricular Parasystole • Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) • Ventricular tachycardia • Ventricular Fibrillation • Sudden cardiac death

EKG Abnormalities in Disease States|

Hypertrophy & Dilatation • Right atrial enlargement • Left atrial enlargement • Biatrial enlargement • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy • Right Ventricular Hypertrophy • Biventricular Hypertrophy •

Acute myocardial infarction • NSTEMI • STEMI • Tombstone ST elevation • Right ventricular myocardial infarction • Atrial infarction

Pre-excitation Syndromes • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome • Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome • Mahaim Type Preexcitation

Cardiomyopathies • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia • Dilated Cardiomyopathy • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Drug Effects on the EKG • Adenosine • β-blockers • Digitalis • Quinidine • Procainamide • Disopyramide • Lidocaine • Tocainide and Mexiletine • Phenytoin • Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone • Amiodarone • Bretylium • Ca Channel Blockers • Phenothiazines • Tricyclic Antidepressants • Lithium

Congenital Heart Disease • Dextrocardia • Atrial Septal Defect • Ventricular Septal Defect • Tetralogy of Fallot • Conjoined Twins or Siamese Twins • Congenital heart block

Electrolyte Disturbances • Hyperkalemia • Hypokalemia • Hypercalcemia • Hypocalcemia • Nonspecific Changes

Other Heart Diseases • Pericarditis • Myocarditis • Tamponade • Heart Transplantation • Sick Sinus Syndrome • Long QT Syndrome

Inherited Disease • Brugada Syndrome

Systemic Diseases • CNS Disease • Cardiac Tumors

Heart Transplantation • EKG Changes in patient with Heart Transplantation

Exogenous Effects • Hypothermia • Chest Trauma • Insect Bites • Electric Injuries

Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation|

Artifacts • Lead Placement Errors • The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker • EKG in athletes

ast:Cardioloxía ca:Cardiologia de:Kardiologie eu:Kardiologia hr:Kardiologija id:Kardiologi it:Cardiologia he:קרדיולוגיה la:Cardiologia nl:Cardiologie no:Kardiologi nds:Kardiologie sq:Kardiologjia sl:Kardiologija sh:Kardiologija sv:Kardiologi uk:Кардіологія

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