Chemical ionization

Chemical ionization (CI) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry.[1][2][3]

With chemical ionization, the ions produced have little excess energy which results in less fragmentation than electron ionization. With CI, the spectra generated show relatively little fragmentation, and an easily identifiable molecular ion.

## Contents

* 1 How it works
* 1.1 Primary Ion Formation:
* 1.2 Secondary Reagent Ions:
* 1.3 Product Ion Formation:
* 2 Variations
* 2.1 Gas Phase Chemical Ionization
* 2.1.1 Negative Chemical Ionization
* 2.1.2 Positive Chemical Ionization
* 2.2 Liquid Phase Chemical Ionization
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## How it works[edit | edit source]

In a CI experiment, ions are produced through the collision of the analyte with ions of a reagent gas that are present in the ion source. Some common reagent gases include: methane, ammonia, and isobutane. Inside the ion source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source will preferentially ionize the reagent gas. The resultant collisions with other reagent gas molecules will create an ionization plasma. Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma.[4]

### Primary Ion Formation:[edit | edit source]

<math>CH_4 + e^- \to CH_4^+ + 2e^-</math>

### Secondary Reagent Ions:[edit | edit source]

<math>CH_4 + CH_4^+ \to CH_5^+ + CH_3</math>

<math>CH_4 + CH_3^+ \to C_2H_5^+ + H_2</math>

### Product Ion Formation:[edit | edit source]

<math>M + CH_5^+ \to CH_4 + [M + H]^+</math> (protonation)

<math>AH + CH_3^+ \to CH_4 + A^+</math> (<math>H^-</math> abstraction)

<math>M + CH_5^+ \to [M+ CH_5]^+</math> (adduct formation)

<math>A + CH_4^+ \to CH_4 + A^+</math> (charge exchange)

## Variations[edit | edit source]

### Gas Phase Chemical Ionization[edit | edit source]

Chemical ionization for gas phase analysis is either positive or negative.

#### Negative Chemical Ionization[edit | edit source]

Because not all analytes are capable of producing negative ions, a certain degree of selectivity can be gained when analyzing compounds with acidic groups or electronegative elements. This is especially useful for the analysis of mixtures.

#### Positive Chemical Ionization[edit | edit source]

Almost all neutral analytes can form positive ions through the reactions described above.

### Liquid Phase Chemical Ionization[edit | edit source]

* Chemical ionization in an atmospheric pressure electric discharge is called atmospheric pressure chemical ionization.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Munson, M.S.B.; Field, F.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 2621-2630. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. I. General Introduction.
2. ↑ Fales HM, Milne GW, Pisano JJ, Brewer HB, Blum MS, MacConnell JG, Brand J, Law N (1972). "Biological applications of electron ionization and chemical ionization mass spectrometry". Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 28: 591–626. PMID 4569234.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Dougherty RC (1981). "Negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry: applications in environmental analytical chemistry". Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 8 (7): 283–92. doi:10.1002/bms.1200080702. PMID 7025931.
4. ↑ deHoffman, Edmond (2003). Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications. Toronto: Wiley. p. 14\. ISBN 0471485667. Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help)

## External links[edit | edit source]

* American Society for Mass Spectrometry: What other techniques are used to produce ions?
* Chemical Ionization Tutorial
* IUPAC Gold Book Definition (PDF)

de:Chemische_Ionisation

Template:WikiDoc Sources