Covered smut (barley)

Ustilago hordei

Scientific classification
| Kingdom:  | Fungi

|

Division:  | Basidiomycota

Class:  | Ustilaginomycetes

Order:  | Ustilaginales

Genus:  | Ustilago

Species:  | hordei

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Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus Ustilago hordei. The disease is found worldwide and it is more extensively distributed than either loose smut or false loose smut.[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 Symptoms
* 2 Disease cycle
* 3 Pathotypes
* 4 Management
* 4.1 Fungicides
* 5 External links
* 5.1 Extension publications
* 5.2 Research articles
* 6 References

## Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Infected plants do not demonstrate symptoms until heading. Kernels of infected plants are replaced by masses of dark brown smut spores. Smutted heads are hard and compact. Infected plants may be stunted. Occasionally smut sori may also develop in leaf blades, where they appear as long streaks.

## Disease cycle[edit | edit source]

Infection is seed-borne within the seed, the fungus penetrating the endosperm while the grain is being formed. Infected seeds give rise to systemically infected plants. The mycelium advances through the host tissue and becomes established behind the growing point.

The spores are not readily blown or washed away by wind or rain. At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain. Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain. The fungus overwinters as teliospores on seed or in soil.

## Pathotypes[edit | edit source]

At least 13 pathotypes are known; virulence is governed by at least three single recessive and independent gene pairs.

## Management[edit | edit source]

Resistant cultivars and seed treatments are used to manage this disease.

### Fungicides[edit | edit source]

Seed treatments: carboxin, fenpiclonil, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole.

## External links[edit | edit source]

### Extension publications[edit | edit source]

* EPPO

* Australia

* Canada: Alberta

* US: Oregon

### Research articles[edit | edit source]

Christ, B.J. (1988). "Relationship between abnormal germination of Ustilago hordei teliospores and reduction in smut" (PDF). CJPP. 10: 105–109. Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help)

Nielsen, J. (1993). "Host specificity of Ustilago avenae and U. hordei on eight species of Avena" (PDF). CJPP. 15: 14–16.

Willits, D.A. (1999). "Polymerase chain reaction detection of Ustilago hordei in leaves of susceptible and resistant barley varieties" (PDF). Phytopathology. 89: 212–217. Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help)

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Mathre, D.E. (1997). Compendium of barley diseases. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 120 pp.
2. ↑ Martens, J.W. (1984). Diseases of field crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society. pp. 160 pp. Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help)

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