Cystitis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

## Overview[edit | edit source]

Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include female gender, sexual intercourse, diabetes, pregnancy, catheterization, fecal incontinence, old age, and immobility. Some foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis such as vitamin C, coffee or tea, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, citrus fruit, or spicy foods.

## Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

### General Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

* Female gender
* Shorter urethra
* Less distance between the urethra and anus
* History of urinary tract infections
* Recent sexual intercourse (introduction of bacteria in the urethra)
* Use of a diaphragm with spermicide
* Post menopausal status (low oestrogen so loss of protective vaginal flora)
* Homosexual men
* Genetic predisposition or family history
* Lack of circumcision
* Old age
* Immobility

### Conditions[edit | edit source]

* Any blockage of the bladder or urethra
* Diabetes Mellitus (hyperglycemia inhibits neutrophil migration and phagocytosis)
* Benign prostatic hypertrophy
* Fecal incontinence
* Pregnancy
* Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
* Urinary retention
* HIV
* Toxoplasmosis

### Medications and Procedures[edit | edit source]

* Antimicrobial drugs
* Estrogen use
* Catheterization
* Procedures that involve the urinary tract

### Foods Increasing Risk of Cystitis[edit | edit source]

The following foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis:[11]

* Spicy foods
* Citrus fruit
* Carbonated and alcoholic drinks
* Coffee or tea
* Vitamin C

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B (1986). "Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection". Am J Epidemiol. 124 (6): 977–85. PMID 3776980.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ Cystitis-acute. MedlinePlus.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000526.htm Accessed on February 9, 2016
3. ↑ Hooton TM (2000). "Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections: an update". J Antimicrob Chemother. 46 Suppl A: 1–7. PMID 10969044.
4. ↑ Nicolle LE (2008). "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis". Urol Clin North Am. 35 (1): 1–12, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004. PMID 18061019.
5. ↑ Zhong YH, Fang Y, Zhou JZ, Tang Y, Gong SM, Ding XQ (2011). "Effectiveness and safety of patient initiated single-dose versus continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study". J Int Med Res. 39 (6): 2335–43. PMID 22289552.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ Nicolle LE (2001). "A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection". Drugs Aging. 18 (4): 243–54. PMID 11341472.
7. ↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
8. ↑ Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP; et al. (2010). "Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women". J Urol. 184 (2): 564–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139. PMC 3665335. PMID 20639019.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
9. ↑ Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C; et al. (2011). "[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]". Ann Pathol. 31 (1): 46–9. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001. PMID 21349389.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
10. ↑ Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB; et al. (2016). "Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement". J Bras Nefrol. 38 (4): 478–482. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20160077. PMID 28001179.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ↑ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions". BJU Int. 109 (11): 1584–91. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x. PMID 22233286.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

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