Diarrhea causes

Diarrhea Microchapters

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Overview

Patient Information

Classification

Acute Diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; M.Umer Tariq [3]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [4]

## Overview

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The principal cause of diarrhea stems from ingestion of unsafe drinking water (typically from admixture of raw sewage to water supplies); the occurrence is predominantly in lesser developed countries. The common causes of acute diarrhea are infection, allergy, food intolerance, foodborne illness and/or extreme excesses of vitamin C and/or magnesium and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Infectious diarrhea is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. Diarrhea can also be a principal symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery, Montezuma's Revenge, cholera, or botulism, and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Crohn's disease. Temporary diarrhea can also result from the ingestion of laxative medications or large quantities of certain foods like prunes with laxative properties. Though appendicitis patients do not generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured appendix. It is also an effect of severe radiation sickness.

## Causes

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### Life Threatening Causes

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Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

* Acute appendicitis
* Acute kidney failure
* Acute pancreatitis
* Anaphylaxis
* Angioedema
* Carbon monoxide poisoning
* Digoxin toxicity
* Ergotism

* Food poisoning
* Heavy metal poisoning
* Herbal extract overdose
* Infectious diarrhea
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Insect bite allergy
* Intususception

* Ischemic colitis
* Organophosphate poisoning
* Pesticide poisoning
* Pseudomembranous colitis
* Severe combined immunodeficiency
* Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
* Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome

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### Common Causes

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* ACE inhibitors
* Alcohol intoxication
* Alcohol withdrawal
* Amebiasis
* Anti retroviral agents
* Antifungals
* Bacillary dysentery
* Bacterial toxin
* Bile acid sequestrant
* Campylobacter jejuni
* Cephalosporins
* Chemotherapeutic agents

* Cholestatic jaundice
* Citalopram
* Colitis
* Colorectal polyps
* Diabetic neuropathy
* Diverticulitis
* Doxycycline
* Entamoeba histolytica
* Escherichia coli
* Food poisoning
* Fosfomycin
* Helminthiasis
* Hepatitis A
* Hepatitis E

* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Lactose intolerance
* Macrolides
* Malabsorption syndrome
* Opioid withdrawal
* Proton pump inhibitors
* Pseudomembranous colitis
* Radiation sickness
* Salmonellosis
* Statins
* Thiazide diuretics
* Triptans

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### Causes According to Pathophysiology

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#### Osmotic Diarrhea

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* Abetalipoproteinaemia
* Alagille syndrome
* Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
* Aminoglycosides
* Ampicillin
* Antacids
* Apolipoprotein B deficiency
* Ascariasis
* Auranofin
* Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
* Bacitracin
* Biguanides
* Billroth II procedure
* Blind loop syndrome
* Carcinoid syndrome
* Celiac disease
* Cholesteryl ester storage disease
* Cholestyramine
* Chronic granulomatous disease
* Chylomicron retention disease
* Colchicine
* Colestyramine

* Common variable immunodeficiency
* Cronkhite-Canada disease
* Diabetic neuropathy
* Diffuse systemic sclerosis
* Dumping syndrome
* Eflornithine
* Fasciolopsiasis
* Fructose malabsorption
* Gastrointestinal amyloidosis
* Gastrointestinal lymphomas
* Giardiasis
* Glucose-galactose malabsorption
* HIV
* Kanamycin
* Kwashiorkor
* Lactose intolerance
* Magnesium salts
* Malabsorption syndrome
* Malassimilation
* Mannitol
* Mastocytosis
* Ménétrier's disease

* Methyldopa
* Microsporidiosis
* Milk allergy
* Mixed connective tissue disease
* Neomycin
* Octreotide
* Orlistat
* Osmotic laxative
* Pearson syndrome
* Protein losing enteropathy
* Short bowel syndrome
* Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
* Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
* Somatostatinoma
* Sorbitol
* Strongyloidiasis
* Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
* Sucrose intolerance
* Tetracyclines
* Tropical sprue
* Whipple disease

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#### Secretory Diarrhea

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* Addison's disease
* Anaphylaxis
* Angioedema
* Anthraquinone
* Antidepressants
* Antineoplastic agents
* Auranofin
* Bacterial toxin
* Biguanides
* Bisacodyl
* Brainerd diarrhea
* Calcitonin
* Carcinoid syndrome
* Cardiac glycosides
* Cephalosporins
* Chenodeoxycholic acid
* Cholera
* Cholestatic jaundice
* Colchicine

* Collagenous colitis
* Colorectal cancer
* Congenital chloride diarrhea
* Diabetic neuropathy
* Diacerein
* Diverticulitis
* Gastrinoma
* Graves disease
* Heavy metal poisoning
* Herbal extract poisoning
* Hyperthyroidism
* Hypoaldosteronism
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Intestinal lymphoma
* IPEX (syndrome)
* Irritable bowel syndrome
* Lymphocytic colitis
* Macrolides
* Mastocytosis

* Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
* Microvillous inclusion disease
* Mushroom poisoning
* NSAIDS
* Olsalazine
* Oxyphenisatin
* Penicillins
* Pesticide poisoning
* Phenolphthalein
* Postsympathectomy
* Postvagotomy
* Prostaglandins
* Ricinoleic acid
* Somatostatinoma
* Ticlopidine
* Vasculitis
* Villous adenoma
* VIPoma
* Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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#### Motility Related Diarrhea

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* Cephalosporins
* Cisapride
* Colchicine
* Diabetic neuropathy
* Erythromycin
* Hyperthyroidism

* Levothyroxine
* Macrolides
* Penicillins
* Postileal resection
* Postvagotomy

* Quinolones
* Short bowel syndrome
* Sulphonamides
* Tetracyclines
* Ticlopidine

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### Causes According to Duration

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#### Acute Diarrhea

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* Addison's disease
* Appendicitis
* Bacterial:
* Aeromonas
* Campylobacter jejuni
* Chlamydia
* Clostridium difficile
* E.coli
* Enterobacter
* Klebsiella
* Neisseria gonorrhea
* Plesiomonas
* Salmonella
* Shigella
* Staphylococcus aureus
* Vibrio cholerae
* Yersinia enterocolitica
* Carcinoid syndrome
* C-cell carcinoma
* Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
* Colitis

* Drugs:
* Abuse of laxatives
* Alcohol
* Antibiotics
* Biguanides
* Cefpodoxime
* Chemotherapeutics
* Chemotherapy
* Cholestyramin
* Digitalis
* Diuretics
* Ergotamine
* Hydralazine
* Hydrochlorothiazide
* Mercaptopurine
* Opiate withdrawal
* Parasympathomimetics
* Physostigmine
* Quinidine
* Rabeprazole
* Reserpine
* Warfarin
* Food:
* Bacillus cereus
* Clostridium perfringens
* Staphylococcus aureus

* Food allergy
* Graft versus host reaction
* Heavy metal intoxication
* HIV
* Hyperthyroidism
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
* Lactose intolerance
* Neuroendocrine tumors
* Parasites:
* Cryptosporidium
* Entamoeba histolytica
* Giardia intestinalis
* Viral:
* Adenovirus
* Coxsackie virus
* Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
* Echovirus
* Influenza virus
* Norwalk virus
* Poliovirus
* Rotavirus

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#### Chronic Diarrhea

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* Achylia
* Addison's Disease
* Amebiasis
* Amyloidosis
* Anxiety
* Autonomous neuropathy
* Bacterial gastroenteritis
* Bacterial toxin
* Behcet syndrome
* Bile acid malabsorption
* Biliary fistula
* Carcinoid syndrome
* Carcinoma of the pancreas
* Celiac Sprue
* Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
* Collagenous colitis
* Colon cancer
* Colorectal polyps
* Cryptosporidiosis
* Diabetic enteropathy
* Diverticular disease

* Drugs:
* Antacids
* Anthraquinone
* Castor oil
* Elvitegravir
* Lactulose
* Levofloxacin
* Mannitol
* Sorbitol
* Dumping syndrome
* Excess coffee, tea
* Fecal impaction
* Gastrocolic fistula
* Giardia
* Hyperthyroidism
* HIV
* Idiopathic lymphangiectasis
* Irritable bowel syndrome
* Lymphocytic colitis
* Lymphomas
* Malabsorption
* Maldigestion
* Medullary thyroid carcinoma

* Neuroendocrine tumors
* Nontropical sprue
* Obstructive jaundice
* Parasites:
* Ascariasis
* Hookworm
* Whipworm
* Pellagra
* Polyarteritis
* Postileal resection
* Postvagotomy
* Prostaglandins
* Radiation proctitis
* Rectal surgery
* Scleroderma
* Short bowel syndrome
* Tuberculosis
* Verner-Morrison syndrome
* Villous adenoma
* Villous carcinoma
* Whipple's disease

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### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | Portal vein thrombosis, superior mesenteric artery syndrome

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Chemical / poisoning |

Acrodynia, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, acute zinc toxicity, arsenic poisoning, Azacitidine , Cabozantinib carbamate insecticide poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, chlordane toxicity, chloroform toxicity, copper toxicity, diazinon poisoning, glutaraldehyde toxicity, heavy metal poisoning, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, metal fume fever, naphthalene poisoning, organophosphate poisoning, paraquat toxicity, selenium toxicity, thallium toxicity

Dermatologic | Acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrotizing fasciitis
Drug Side Effect |

Ambenonium, 2C-B, 5-HT3 antagonist, 5-methoxy-diisopropyl tryptamine, abacavir, Acamprosate calcium, acarbose, acebutolol, Acetylcysteine, acyclovir, acitretin, aconitine, adefovir, afatinib, alatrofloxacin, albendazole, aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, alendronate, aliskiren, allopurinol, alosetron, alpha-amanitin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, alprazolam, altretamine, ambenonium chloride, amifostine, amiloride, aminocaproic acid, aminophylline, amlexanox, amlodipine, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, amoxicillin, amphetamine, amphotericin B, amprenavir, amitriptyline, anadenanthera peregrina, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, Anidulafungin, anisindione, Apremilast, aprepitant, atazanavir, atenolol, atorvastatin, atovaquone, Atropine, auranofin, azithromycin, aztreonam, bacitracin, baclofen, barium nitrate, barium sulfate, Basiliximab, Benzphetamine, benazepril, bentiromide, bepridil, betaxolol, Bethanechol chloride, bevacizumab, bezafibrate, bicalutamide, biguanide, bisacodyl, bisoprolol, bortezomib, Bosutinib, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, candesartan, capecitabine, carbamazepine, carbidopa, carboplatin, carvedilol, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin, cefazolin, cefdinir, Cefditoren, cefepime, Cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, Cefprozil, Ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin, cephradine, Ceritinib, cerivastatin, cetuximab, cevimeline, Chenodiol, chloral hydrate, chlorambucil, chlordiazepoxide, chlorodyne, chlorothiazide, chlorpheniramine, Chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cholestyramine, ciclosporin, cidofovir, cilostazol,, cinacalcet, cisapride, citalopram, cladribine, clamoxyquine, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clindamycin, clofarabine, clofibrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, clopidogrel, clorazepate, Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, colchicine, colistimethate, conjugated estrogens, Crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cyproheptadine, cytarabine, dactinomycin, dalfopristin, dantrolene, daptomycin, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin, darunavir, dasatinib, daunorubicin, deferasirox, delavirdine, demeclocycline, Denileukin diftitox deracoxib, desoxyn, Dexchlorpheniramine, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, diacerein, diazepam, diclofenac, dicloxacillin, didanosine, diflunisal, digitoxin, digoxin, diltiazem, dipyridamole, dirithromycin, disopyramide, docetaxel, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, doripenem, doxorubicin, doxycycline, DTPA, duloxetine, Ecallantide, eculizumab, efavirenz, Elvitegravir, emtricitabine, Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine Hydrochloride, And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate enalapril, endosulfan, enoxacin, entacapone, Epirubicin hydrochloride, eplerenone, epoetin alfa, ergotamine, erlotinib, Eliglustat, erythromycin, esomeprazole, estazolam, estradiol, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide, etidronate, etodolac, etoposide, exemestane, exenatide, ezetimibe, famciclovir, famotidine, felbamate, Ferric oxyhydroxide, fexofenadine, floxuridine, foscarnet sodium, fluconazole, flucytosine, fludarabine, fluoride, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, flurazepam, Flurbiprofen, flutamide, fluticasone, fluvastatin, fluvoxamine, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosinopril, frovatriptan, fulvestrant, gabapentin, galantamine, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemeprost, gemfibrozil, glatiramer, Glipizide, Glyburide and Metformin, glycopyrrolate, granisetron, griseofulvin, guanethidine, guanfacine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxyprogesterone caproate hydroxyurea, hyoscyamine, ibandronate, Ibritumomab Tiuxetan ibuprofen, idarubicin, Idelalisib, Idursulfase, imatinib, Imiglucerase infliximab, interferon alfacon-1 , Interferon alfa-2b  , interferon beta-1b, irinotecan hydrochloride, iron supplements, isocarboxazid, isradipine, itraconazole, Ivacaftor, Ivermectin, Ixabepilone, ketoconazole, Ketorolac tromethamine, Lactulose, lamivudine, lamotrigine, lanreotide, lansoprazole, lanthanum,Lapatinib, leflunomide, lenalidomide, letrozole, leuprolide, levalbuterol, levetiracetam, Lenvatinib, levocarnitine, levodopa, levofloxacin, Linaclotide, Lincomycin Hydrochloride, linezolid, liothyronine sodium, lisinopril, lithium, lomefloxacin, lopinavir, loracarbef, loratadine, lorazepam, loxapine, magnesium hydroxide, mebendazole, mechlorethamine, meclofenamate, Mercaptopurine, mefenamic acid, mefloquine, megestrol, Meloxicam, meprobamate, mercaptopurine, meropenem, mesalazine, mesna, mesoridazine, Metirosine, metformin, methamphetamine, methenamine, methotrexate, methoxychlor, methsuximide, methyclothiazide, methylergonovine, methyprylon, metoclopramide, metolachlor, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, Micafungin sodium, miconazole, mifepristone, miglitol, Miglustat, miltefosine minocycline, misoprostol, mitotane, mitoxantrone, moclobemide, modafinil, moexipril, moricizine, moxifloxacin, mycophenolate, nabumetone, nafcillin, naltrexone, naphthalene, naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium, natalizumab, natamycin, nateglinide, nelfinavir, nevirapine, Niacin/simvastatin, niclosamide, Nilotinib, Nintedanib, nizatidine, norfloxacin, nystatin, ofloxacin, Olsalazine, omalizumab, omeprazole, ondansetron, oseltamivir, oxaliplatin, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, oxtriphylline, oxybutynin, Palbociclib, palivizumab, pancrelipase, Panitumumab, pantoprazole, Paromomycin sulfate, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, pegaspargase, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pemetrexed, pemoline, penbutolol, penicillin, pentamidine, pentostatin, pergolide, perindopril, perphenazine, Pertuzumab, phenazopyridine, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, phentermine, pilocarpine, pimecrolimus, pimozide, Pirfenidone, piroxicam, Plerixafor, Potassium iodide, plicamycin, polythiazide, posaconazole, Potassium chloride, Potassium citrate, pramipexole, pramlintide, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, procainamide, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol, permethrin, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, Pyrantel pamoate, pyridostigmine, quinapril, quinidine, quinupristin, rabeprazole, Radium chloride, ramipril, Ramucirumab, ranitidine, rasagiline, Rasburicase, repaglinide, reserpine, retapamulin, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, rilmenidine, riluzole, risedronate, risperidone, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, Riluzole, roflumilast, Sacrosidase, salsalate, saquinavir mesylate, Saxagliptin hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride sargramostim, Secukinumab, selegiline, sevelamer, sildenafil, Siltuximab, simethicone, simvastatin, sirolimus, sitagliptin, sodium oxybate, sodium picosulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, solanine, solifenacin, sorafenib, sotalol, sparfloxacin, spironolactone, stavudine, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulindac, sumatriptan, sunitinib, tacrine, Tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tedizolid, tegaserod, telbivudine, telithromycin, telmisartan, temozolomide, teniposide, tenofovir, terbinafine, teriparatide, tetraferric tricitrate decahydrate, Thallous Chloride Tl 201, theophylline, thiabendazole, thioguanine, thioridazine, thiothixene, thyroxine, ticlopidine, Tigecycline, tiludronate, tipranavir, tocopherol, tolcapone, Tolmetin, topiramate, topotecan, Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide, trandolapril, tranylcypromine, trastuzumab, trazodone, treprostinil, Tretinoin, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, trihexyphenidyl, trimeprazine, trimethadione, trimethobenzamide, trimetrexate glucuronate, trimipramine, triprolidine, trovafloxacin, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, verapamil, Vandetanib, Vilazodone, vinblastine, voriconazole, vorinostat, zanamivir, Zafirlukast, zidovudine, ziprasidone, zoledronic acid, zolmitriptan, Zoledronate

Ear Nose Throat | Otitis media in children
Endocrine |

Addison's disease, carcinoid syndrome, diabetes insipidus, diabetic neuropathy, glucagonoma, Graves disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaldosteronism, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 neuroendocrine tumors, somatostatinoma, subacute thyroiditis

Environmental | Abrus precatorious, agastache rugosa, alchornea castaneifolia, amanita phalloides poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, azalea poisoning, bee stings, datura stramonium poisoning, endosulfan toxication, food poisoning, herbal extract overdose, honey intoxication, insect bite allergy, isomalt toxicity, lycorine, marine toxins, mushroom poisoning, narcissus pseudonarcissus, oleander poisoning, pesticide poisoning, phytohaemagglutinin poisoning, phytolacca americana toxicity, ricinus communis poisoning, snakebites, solanine poisoning
Gastroenterologic |

Abdominal abscess, abdominal cancer, achlorhydria, acute appendicitis, acute gastritis, bile acid sequestrant, biliary atresia, biliary tract cancer, blind loop syndrome, caecitis, carcinoid syndrome, celiac disease, cholestatic jaundice, colitis, colonic inertia, colonic malakoplakia, colonic villous adenomata, colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, enteritis, enterocele, enterocolitis, food poisoning, fructose malabsorption, gastric dumping syndrome, gastrinoma, gastritis, gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal amyloidosis, glucose-galactose malabsorption, gluten sensitivity, Habba syndrome ileitis, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphangiectasis, intestinal pseudoobstruction, intususception, irritable bowel syndrome, ischemic colitis, lactose intolerance, listeriosis, malabsorption syndrome, malassimilation, Meckel diverticulitis, polyposis, proctitis, protein losing enteropathy, tropical sprue, ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Genetic |

3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, abetalipoproteinaemia, Arakawa's syndrome II, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, aspartylglycosaminuria, Baber's syndrome, Brown-symmers disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B, congenital intrinsic factor deficiency, congenital short bowel syndrome, congenital toxoplasmosis, Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2, Cronkhite-Canada disease, dibasic aminoaciduria 2, Fabry's disease, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, galactosemia, Gardner's syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, glutathione synthetase deficiency, Hartnup disease, hereditary angioedema, HNPCC, hyper IgM syndrome, hyperlipoproteinemia type I, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, juvenile polyposis syndrome, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, malonic aciduria, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, mucopolysaccharidosis, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis, Sanfilippo syndrome, Slone's disease, sphingolipidosis, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, Turcot syndrome, very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, Von Gierke disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

Hematologic |

Amyloidosis, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, hyper IgM syndrome, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, myleofibrosis, neutropenia, porphyria Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

Iatrogenic |

Adjustable gastric band, colonoscopy, dumping syndrome, graft versus host disease, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, postileal resection, postvagotomy, radiation proctitis, rectal surgery, radiation sickness, short bowel syndrome, vaccination

Infectious Disease |

Adenophorea, adenoviridae, aeromonas hydrophila, AIDS, amebiasis, ancylostoma duodenale, anguillulosis, anthrax, ascariasis, astrovirus, bacillary dysentery, bacillus cereus, bacterial toxin, balantidiasis, beef tapeworm, blastocystis hominis, borrelia anserina, botulism, campylobacter jejuni, candida, capillaria, cestoda, ciguatera poisoning, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium sordellii, clostridium welchii, coccidia, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, dientamoeba fragilis, diphyllobothrium infection, dipylidium caninum infection, Ebola, echinococcosis, ehrlichiosis, entamoeba histolytica, escherichia coli, fasciolopsiasis, filariasis, flavivirus, fusarium venenatum, giardia lamblia, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, helminthiasis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, hepatitis X, hookworm infection, isosporiasis, katayama fever, lassa fever, legionella pneumophila, legionnaires' disease, leptospirosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, malaria, marburg virus, measles, metagonimiasis, mycobacterium avium complex, norwalk gastroenteritis, opisthorchis infection, paragonimus infection, pelvic abscess, pseudomembranous colitis, psittacosis, Q fever, rhabditida, rotavirus, roundworm, salmonellosis, sarcocystis, schistosomiasis, secernentea, shigellosis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, streptobacillus, streptococcal infections, strongyloides, tapeworms, trematoda, trichinella spiralis, trichinosis, trichuriasis, tularemia, typhoid fever, vancomycin, vibrio cholerae, vibrio mimicus, vibrio parahemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, visceral leishmaniasis, Whipple disease, whipworm infection, yersinia enterocolitica

Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes
Neurologic | Common migraine, neuroblastoma, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic |

Folate deficiency, food allergies, food intolerances, iron supplements, kwashiorkor, lactose intolerance, milk allergy, pellagra, pernicious anemia, protein losing enteropathy, sucrose intolerance, vitamin C toxicity, zinc deficiency

Obstetric/Gynecologic | Childbirth, endometriosis, neonatal sepsis, ovarian cancer, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic |

Adrenal tumor, carcinoid syndrome, colorectal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, Gardner's syndrome, gastric cancer, HNPCC, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic adenoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, neuroendocrine tumors, ovarian cancer, small bowel lymphoma, somatostatinoma, thymus cancer, Vipoma,

Opthalmologic | No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity |

Carbon monoxide toxicity, carnitine overuse, colchicine toxicity, digoxin toxicity, ergotism, heavy metal ingestion, mazindol

Psychiatric | Anxiety-tension syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, dissociative disorder, panic attack
Pulmonary | Anthrax, cystic fibrosis, diffuse systemic sclerosis, legionellosis
Renal / Electrolyte | Acute kidney failure, chronic renal failure, hyperchloremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy |

Acquired angioedema, Amyloidosis, anaphylaxis, autoimmune adrenalitis, autoimmune enteropathy, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, autonomic neuropathy, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic granulomatous disease, complement 5 deficiency, hereditary angioedema, hyper IgM syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Omenn syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome, Satoyoshi syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

Trauma | No underlying causes
Urologic | Proctitis, Reiter’s syndrome
Miscellaneous |

Alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, anopsology

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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## References

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