Diseases of the parathyroid gland

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

## Hyperparathyroidism and related conditions

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The single major disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid lobes, which make too much parathyroid hormone causing a potentially serious calcium imbalance. This is called hyperparathyroidism; it leads to hypercalcemia and osteitis fibrosa cystica. Since hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925, the symptoms have become known as "moans, groans, stones, and bones." The primary treatment for this disease is the surgical removal of the faulty gland.

Modern high frequency ultrasound can see parathyroid masses, even before they cause high calcium. They are called parathyroid incidentalomas. If a patient has elevated calcium, the ultrasound can be used to locate the abnormal glands. The use of ultrasound guided FNA, and parathyroid hormone washings can confirm the abnormal glands. A blood calcium 15-30 minutes after the biopsy can help determine if the disease is caused by a single abnormal gland or multiple glands.

A drop in serum calcium suggests a single source, and no drop suggests multiple glands. This, with a non-localizing Sestamibi scan would point toward a neck exploration, rather than a minimally invasive method aimed a single gland disease.

A Sestamibi scan is often used to determine which parathyroid gland(s) are responsible for overproduction of parathyroid hormone.

Another related condition is called secondary hyperparathyroidism, or secondary HPT - common in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. In secondary HPT, the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), and the kidneys do not produce enough vitamin D, and calcium and phosphorus are out of balance. Even though one may not have any symptoms, treating secondary HPT is important. Cinacalcet (Sensipar) is a medicine that can help treat such dialysis patients and is available by prescription only.

## Hypoparathyroidism and related conditions

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* Hypoparathyroidism
* Pseudohypoparathyroidism
* Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
* Disorders of the parathyroid hormone receptor have been associated with Jansen's metaphyseal chondroplasia and Blomstrand's chondroplasia.

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Physiology of the endocrine system

Regulatory systems|

* Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
* Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
* Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
* Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis
* Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
* Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system
* Renin–angiotensin system

Metabolism|

* Blood sugar regulation
* Calcium metabolism

Fields|

* Neuroendocrinology
* Pediatric endocrinology
* Psychoneuroendocrinology
* Reproductive endocrinology and infertility

Other|

* Wolff–Chaikoff effect/Jod-Basedow effect

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