Dysmelia

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Dysmelia (from Greek Δύσ - = "bad" plus μέλος (plural μέλεα) = "limb") is a congenital disorder referring to the limbs. Dysmelia can refer to

* missing (aplasia) limbs: amelia, oligodactyly, congenital amputation
* malformation of limbs: ectrodactyly, phocomelia, syndactyly, brachydactyly, clubfoot
* too many limbs: polymelia, polydactyly, polysyndactyly

## Occurrence rate

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Birth defects involving limbs occur in 1 per 1000.

## Causes

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Dysmelia can be caused by

* inheritance of abnormal genes, e.g. polydactyly, ectrodactyly or brachydactyly, symptoms of deformed limbs then often occur in combination with other symptoms (syndromes)
* external causes during pregnancy (thus not inherited), e.g. via amniotic band syndrome
* teratogenic drugs (e.g. thalidomide, which causes phocomelia) or environmental chemicals
* ionizing radiation (atomic weapons, radioiodine, radiation therapy)
* infections
* metabolic imbalance

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