Emergency contraception cultural apects

Emergency contraception Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Intrauterine Devices

Mechanism of Action

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Emergency contraception from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Cultural Aspects

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Emergency contraception cultural apects On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

[1]

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Emergency contraception cultural apects

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA onEmergency contraception cultural apects

CDC on Emergency contraception cultural apects

contraception cultural apects in the news

Blogs on Emergency contraception cultural apects

Directions to Hospitals Treating Emergency contraception

Risk calculators and risk factors for Emergency contraception cultural apects

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]

## Cultural Aspects[edit | edit source]

### Emergency contraception and Risky Sex[edit | edit source]

The current (October 2005)  AAP Policy Statement on Emergency Contraception states: "The concern that widespread emergency contraception use would encourage unprotected coitus in teens is not supported in the literature."

The current (December 2005)  ACOG Practice Bulletin on Emergency Contraception states: "A prominent concern among both women and health care providers is that making emergency contraception more readily available could encourage irresponsible sexual behavior, which would increase the risks of both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. However, numerous studies have shown that this concern is unfounded."

### Emergency Contraception and Abortion[edit | edit source]

The latest (April 2007) review by emergency contraception experts Trussell and Raymond states: "Reported evidence demonstrates that making ECPs more widely available does not increase risk-taking[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and that women who are the most diligent about ongoing contraceptive use are those most likely to seek emergency treatment."[11]

However, the availability of ECPs has not been shown to lower abortion rates. In France, Sweden, and Britain--where Yuzpe-regimen EC had been available by prescription for more than a decade and progestin-only EC has been available without a prescription for 8, 6, and 2 years respectively--the abortion rate was stable or higher during that time period. Another study concluded that distribution of free, advance supplies of EC to large numbers of women in Scotland did not reduce abortion rates.[12] A randomized controlled trial of 2000 women in China compared women with advance access to EC to women without access, and noted that the pregnancy rate was the same between the two groups. The study observed that "...providing EC in advance increases use, but there is no direct evidence that it reduces unintended pregnancy" and concluded that EC may not lower abortion rates.[13]

In September 2006, emergency contraception expert Anna Glasier wrote a  BMJ editorial entitled "Emergency Contraception. Is it worth all the fuss?" that said in closing: "So is emergency contraception worth the fuss? If you are a woman who has had unprotected sex then of course it is, because emergency contraception will prevent pregnancy in some women some of the time—and if you don’t want to get pregnant anything is better than nothing. If you are the CMAJ’s editor or FDA commissioner then yes, because scientific freedom is worth the fight. If you are looking for an intervention that will reduce abortion rates, emergency contraception may not be the solution, and perhaps you should concentrate most on encouraging people to use contraception before or during sex, not after it."[14]

### Emergency Contraception and Sexual Assault[edit | edit source]

Before EC was used in the general population or defined as "emergency contraception," it was used, beginning in the 1960s and 70s, specifically as a treatment for victims of sexual assault.[15][16] Although EC is in wide use as an option for victims of sexual assault, some researchers believe it is underutilized as a public health measure.[17] Abortions because of rape account for less than one percent of all annual abortions.[18]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Glasier A, Baird D (1998). "The effects of self-administering emergency contraception". N Engl J Med. 339 (1): 1–4. PMID 9647872.
2. ↑ Raine T, Harper C, Leon K, Darney P (2000). "Emergency contraception: advance provision in a young, high-risk clinic population". Obstet Gynecol. 96 (1): 1–7. PMID 10862832.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Jackson RA, Schwarz EB, Freedman L, Darney P (2003). "Advance supply of emergency contraception: effect on use and usual contraception―a randomized trial". Obstet Gynecol. 102 (1): 8–16. PMID 12850599.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ↑ Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA, Parker AM (2004). "The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 17 (2): 87–96. PMID 15050984.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ Lo SS, Fan SYS, Ho PC, Glasier AF (2004). "Effect of advanced provision of emergency contraception on women's contraceptive behavior: a randomized controlled trial". Hum Reprod. 19 (10): 2404–10. PMID 15333602.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ Hu X, Cheng L, Hua X, Glasier A (2005). "Advanced provision of emergency contraception to postnatal women in China makes no difference in abortion rates: a randomized controlled trial". Contraception. 72 (2): 111–6. PMID 16022849.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ↑ Belzer M, Sanchez K, Olson J, Jacobs AM, Tucker D (2005). "Advance supply of emergency contraception: a randomized trial in adolescent mothers". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 18 (5): 347–54. PMID 16202939.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ↑ Trussell J, Raymond E, Stewart FH (2006). "Advance supply of emergency contraception: a randomized trial in adolescent mothers (Letter to the editor)". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 19 (3): 251. PMID 16731424.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
9. ↑ Walsh TL, Frezieres RG (2006). "Patterns of emergency contraception use by age and ethnicity from a randomized trial comparing advance provision and information only". Contraception. 74 (2): 110–7. PMID 16860048.
10. ↑ Raymond EG, Stewart F, Weaver M, Monteith C, Van Der Pol B (2006). "Impact of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills: a randomized controlled trial". Obstet Gynecol. 108 (5): 1098–106. PMID 17077230.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ↑ Kosunen E, Sihvo S, Hemminki E (1997). "Knowledge and use of hormonal emergency contraception in Finland". Contraception. 55 (3): 153–7. PMID 9115003.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
12. ↑ Glasier A, Fairhurst K, Wyke S, Zieblad S, Seaman P, Walker J, Lakha F (2004). "Advanced provision of emergency contraception does not reduce abortion rates". Contraception. 69 (5): 36. PMID 15105057.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
13. ↑ Hu X; et al. (2005). "Advanced provision of emergency contraception to postnatal women in China makes no difference in abortion rates: a randomized controlled trial". Contraception. 72 (2): 111-6. PMID 16022849.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
14. ↑ Glasier, A (2006). "Emergency contracpetion: Is it worth all the fuss?". BMJ. 333 (7568): 560–1. PMID 16973989.
15. ↑ Glover D eta al (1976). "Diethylstilbestrol in the treatment of rape victims". West J Med. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
16. ↑ Diamond EF (1978). "Physician notes hazards of DES use to prevent pregnancy". Hosp Prog. 59 (3): 6-10. PMID 631811.
17. ↑ Stewart, Felicia H. (2000). "Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape: A neglected preventive health measure". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 19 (4): 228-229. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00243-9. PMID 11064225. Retrieved 2006-08-23. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help)
18. ↑ Finer, Lawrence B. (2005). "Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives" (PDF). Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 37 (3): 110–118. PMID 16150658. Retrieved 2006-08-23. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help); Unknown parameter `|coauthors=` ignored (help)

Template:WikiDoc Sources