Erythema

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

## Overview

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Erythema is redness of the skin caused by capillary congestion. It can be caused by infection, massage, electrical treatments, acne medication, allergies, exercise or solar radiation (sunburn), and waxing and plucking of the hairs any of which can cause the capillaries to dilate, resulting in redness. Erythema is a common side effect of radiotherapy treatment due to patient exposure to ionizing radiation.

## Causes

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It can be caused by infection, massage, electrical treatment, acne medication, allergies, exercise, solar radiation (sunburn), cutaneous radiation syndrome, niacin administration, vitamin A toxicity, or waxing and tweezing of the hairs--any of which can cause the capillaries to dilate, resulting in redness. Erythema is a common side effect of radiotherapy treatment due to patient exposure to ionizing radiation. Circumoral erythema has been described as a typical sign of acute oleander poisoning by ingestion.

### Common Causes

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* Atopic dermatitis
* Chickenpox
* Contact dermatitis
* Fifth disease
* Hand-foot-mouth disease
* Impetigo
* Insect bites or stings
* Kawasaki disease
* Lupus erythematosus
* Measles
* Psoriasis
* Roseola
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Rubella
* Scarlet fever
* Seborrheic dermatitis
* Shingles
* Perianal abscess

### Causes by Organ System

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Cardiovascular | Kawasaki disease, Lomotil, Necrotising microvasculitis, Phlebitis

|

Chemical/Poisoning | 1-Amino-2-propanol, 1-Pentanethiol, 1,2-Dibromoethane, 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, 3-Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine, Abalone poisoning, Acetic acid, Acrolein, Acute pesticide poisoning, Adverse reaction to chemical, Alclometasone, Alcohol flush reaction, Alcohol tolerance, Alcoholism, Allyl Glycidyl Ether, Allylamines, Aluminum Phosphide, Aminopterin, Ammonium bituminosulfonate, Ammonium nitrate ingestion, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Sulfamate, Amylcinnamic alcohol, Anisole, Anisyl alcohol, Asparagus Fern poisoning, Australian Umbrella Tree poisoning, Benaldehyde, Benomyl, Benyl alcohol, Benyl salicylate, Benzanthrone, Biphenyl, Bleeding heart (plant) poisoning, Boxwood poisoning, Bromates, Bromides, Butyl Alcohol, Candelabra cactus poisoning, Caper spruge poisoning, Carbon Tetrachloride, Caterpillar complication poisoning, Celgene, Chemical allergy, Chemical burn, Chemical poisoning, Chlordecone, Chlormezanone, Chloromethane, Churee poisoning, Cinnamic alcohol, Cinnamic aldehyde, Clematis poisoning, Clobetasol propionate, Crown of Thorns poisoning, Cyclohexanol, Cyclohexanone, Cypress spurge poisoning, Devil's trumpet poisoning, Eflornithine, Elephant's-ear poisoning, Epidemic dropsy, Ethotoin, Eucalyptus poisoning, Eugenol, Euphorbium poisoning, False cactus poisoning, Fishtail palm poisoning, Flax poisoning, Flowering spurge poisoning, Garden chrysanthemum poisoning, Geraniol, Geranium poisoning, Ginger lily poisoning, Gold salts, Heliotrope poisoning, High Melting Explosive, Hops poisoning, Houseleek poisoning, Hydroid poisoning, Hydroxycitronellal,Hydroquinone, Hydroxocobalamin, Isoeugenol, Japanese Boxwood poisoning, Jimsonweed poisoning, Leatherwood poisoning, Lewisite, Lidocaine (cream), Maidenhair tree poisoning, Maprotiline, Merbromin, Mercury poisoning, Methamidophos, Methyl Isocyanate, Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether, Methylene Chloride, Milkbush poisoning, Morpholine, Musk ambrette, N-Butyl Chloride, N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone, Nitric Acid, Nitroethane, Nitrofen, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitromethane, Oak moss absolute, Orf, Oyster plant poisoning, Paraphenylenediamine, Pazopanib, Pentaborane, Pentachlorophenol, Peplomycin, Pepper Spray, Perazine, Peruvian lily poisoning, Phenolphthalein, Phenylbutazone, Phthalthrin, Piggyback plant poisoning, Pineapple sap poisoning, Plant poisoning (Datura stramonium), Plant poisoning (Datura suaveolans), Plant poisoning (Euphorbiaceae), Plumbago poisoning, Poinsettia poisoning, Potassium iodide, Primidone, Primrose poisoning, Pyrethrin, Pyridine, Saddleback caterpillar poisoning, Sandalwood oil, Sassafras Oil (herbal agent) , Sea onion poisoning, Sea wasp poisoning (Chironex fleckeri), Sea wasp poisoning (Chiropsalmus quadrigatus), Sea wasp poisoning, Selenium Dioxide, Senecio poisoning, Snake plant poisoning, Streptozocin, Tavaborole
Dental | No underlying causes
Dermatologic | Acne rosasea, Acne, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, Angioedema, Aphthous ulcer, Bazin disease, Bedsores, Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus, Bronchial adenomata syndrome, Bullous palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, Bullous Pemphigoid, Chloasma, Chrome contact allergy, Contact dermatitis, Dandruff, Dermatitis ab igne, Dermatitis, Dermatosis, Diaper rash, Duhring-Brocq disease, Ecthyma gangrenosum, Eczema, Eicosanoid, Enfuvirtide, Erysipelas, Erythema ab igne, Erythema annulare centrifugum, Erythema annulare, Erythema chronicum migrans, Erythema craquele, Erythema elevatum diutinum, Erythema induratum, Erythema infectiosum, Erythema marginatum, Erythema migrans, Erythema multiforme, Erythema neonatorum, Erythema nodosum, Erythema toxicum, Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva, Erythrokeratodermia variabilis, Erythromelalgia, Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Exfoliative erythroderma syndrome, Flushing, Granulosis rubra nasi, Harlequin-type ichthyosis, Histrelin, Ichthyosis, Impetigo herpetiformis, Impetigo, Incontinentia pigmenti, Intertrigo, Lamellar ichthyosis, Majocchi disease, Melasma, Millian erythema, Mucositis, Palmar erythema, Papular mucinosis, Peeling skin syndrome, Phytophotodermatitis, Pityriasis rubra pilaris, Pityriasis rubra, Prosector's wart, Rhinophyma, Rosacea, Roseola infantum, Rowell syndrome, Seborrheic dermatitis, Seborrheic keratosis
Drug Side Effect | Acetazolamide, Acetylcysteine, Acyclovir, Allopurinol, Amifostine, Antibiotics, Anticonvulsants, Antihypertensive drug allergy, Aspirin, Axitinib, Barbiturates, Barium nitrate, Benoxaprofen, Benzodiazepines, Beta-lactam antibiotic, Betamethasone dipropionate, Betamethasone valerate, Bezafibrate, Bleomycin, Brentuximab vedotin, Cabozantinib, Calcium hypochlorite, Capecitabine, Carbamazepine, Cetrorelix, Chlorambucil, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Chlorpropamide, Clindamycin, Clofazimine, Clofibrate, Cold panniculitis of Haxthausen, Coumarin, Cytosine arabinoside, caspofungin acetate, capsaicin, Dabrafenib, D-Aminolevulinic acid,

Dapsone, Degarelix, Desmopressin, Dexamethasone, Diclofenac, Diltiazem, Diphenhydramine, Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Drug Allergies, Erlotinib, Etravirine, Everolimus, Floxuridine, Flucytosine, Fluorouracil, Fosamprenavir, Gallium Citrate Ga 67, Herbal Agent, Hydraine, Hydralazine, Hydroxycarbamide, Hydrocortisone butyrate, Hyoscine, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Ibuprofen, Idarubicin, Imiquimod, Ipilimumab, Isoniazid, Ixabepilone, Ketoprofen, Lamotrigine, Lapatinib ditosylate, Leflunomide, Luliconazole, Maté (herbal agent) adverse reaction, Meprobamate, Methscopolamine, Methyl Bromide, Methyldopa, Methyldopate, Methylphenidate, Metronidazole, Modafinil, Muromonab-CD3, Netupitant and palonosetron, Nevirapine, Oral contraceptives,Oxytetracycline, Paracetamol, Penicillamine, Penicillin, Peppermint Oil (herbal agent) , Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Pipothiazine, Pomalidomide, Procainamide, permethrin, Procarbazine, prednisolone, Retinol, Quinine, Regorafenib, Sertaconazole, Sinecatechins, Sezary syndrome, Spinosad, Tazarotene, Tretinoin, Tolbutamide

Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes
Endocrine | Glucagonoma Syndrome, Glucagonoma, Hyperoestrogenic states, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism
Environmental | Chilblains, Environmental factors, Heat rash, Heatstroke, Photosensitivity, Radiation burn
Gastroenterologic | Alcoholic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Colitis, Hepatic failure, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Liver cirrhosis, Obstructive biliary disease, Palmar erythema
Genetic | Bloom syndrome, C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, CHILD syndrome, Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, Chondrodystrophia punctata, Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome, Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Complement 5 deficiency, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Davis syndrome, Familial cold urticaria, Giroux-Barbeau syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, Gottron syndrome, Hereditary C2 deficiency, Hereditary C4 deficiency, Hyper-IgE syndrome, Immunodeficiency with short limb dwarfism, Majeed syndrome, Microphthalmia-dermal aplasia-sclerocornea syndrome, Nephroblastomatosis, fetal ascites, macrosomia and Wilms tumor, Nephroblastomatosis, Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, Omenn syndrome, Oudsthoorn disease, Recurrent hereditary polyserositis, Roberts syndrome, Sjogren-Larsson syndrome
Hematologic | No underlying causes
Iatrogenic | Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine, Radiotherapy
Infectious Disease | Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Athlete's foot, Atypical measles syndrome, Bannwarrth syndrome, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Blastomycosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Boutonneuse fever, Candida paronychia, Candidiasis, Cat scratch disease, Cellulitis, Chancroid, Chickenpox, Chikungunya, Chlamydia infection, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioidomycosis, Coxsackie, Cutaneous larva migrans, Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Dengue, Dermatophytids, Disseminated gonococcal infection, Edwardsiella tarda infection, Ehrlichiosis, Epstein Barr virus, Erythrovirus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Fifth disease, Gnathostomiasis, Granuloma inguinale, Hand foot syndrome, Haverhill fever, Herpes simplex, Hibernian fever, Histoplasmosis, Human immunodeficiency virus, Infection, Infectious mononucleosis, Latent tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Lenalidomide, Leprosy, Leptospirosis, Levomepromazine, Loiasis, Lyme disease, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Measles, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma, Neisseria meningitidis, Onchocerciasis, Orthopoxvirus, Parvovirus B19, Perinatal infection, Protothecosis, Psittacosis, Rat-bite fever, Relapsing fever, Rheumatic fever, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia orientalis, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsialpox, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rubella, Rubeola, Salmonella typhi, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies, Scarlet fever, Shingles
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Myositis, Necrotising fascitis
Neurologic | Autonomic dysreflexia, Burning Feet Syndrome, Glioblastoma multiforme, Morton's neuroma, Peripheral neuropathy
Nutritional/Metabolic | Pellagra
Obstetric/Gynecologic | Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy
Oncologic | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropthy, Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Sezary syndrome
Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes
Psychiatric | No underlying causes
Pulmonary | No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte | Gitelman syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Allergic contact dermatitis, Allergies, Autoimmune disorders, Behcet's Disease, Blau syndrome, Chronic necrotizing vasculitis, Crohn disease, Dermatomyositis, Discoid lupus erythematosus, Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride mix allergy, Graft versus host disease, Hypersensitivity, IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergy, Inflammatory bowel disease, Insect allergy, Interleukin-2, Isothiazolinone allergy, Lupus erythematosus, Mercaptobenzothiazole allergy, Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder, Morphine allergy, Neonatal lupus syndrome, Non-Food Allergy, Novacaine drug allergy, P-Phenylenediamine allergy, Penicillin allergy, Polychondritis, Psoriasis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Reiter's syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis, Scleredema adultorum, Scleroderma, Senear-Usher syndrome, Skin allergy
Sexual | No underlying causes
Trauma | No underlying causes
Urologic | No underlying causes
Miscellaneous | Brachioradial pruritus, Burns, Cyanea sting, Excess friction and sweating, Injury, Insect bite, Mosquito, Necrolytic migratory erythema, Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia, Panniculitis, Reflex sympathetic osteodystrophy, Sarcoidosis

### Causes in Alphabetical Order

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* 1-Amino-2-propanol
* 1-Pentanethiol
* 1,2-Dibromoethane
* 2-Amino-2-methylpropanol
* 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
* 3-Aminopyridine
* 4-Aminopyridine
* Abalone poisoning
* Acetazolamide
* Acetic acid
* Acetylcysteine
* Acne rosasea
* Acne
* Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
* Acrolein
* Acute pesticide poisoning
* Acyclovir
* Adverse reaction to chemical
* Alclometasone
* Alcohol flush reaction
* Alcohol tolerance
* Alcoholic Hepatitis
* Alcoholism
* Allergic contact dermatitis
* Allergies
* Allopurinol
* Allyl Glycidyl Ether
* Allylamines
* Aluminum Phosphide
* Amifostine
* Aminopterin
* Ammonium bituminosulfonate
* Ammonium nitrate ingestion
* Ammonium Nitrate
* Ammonium Sulfamate
* Amylcinnamic alcohol
* Angioedema
* Anisole
* Anisyl alcohol
* Antibiotics
* Anticonvulsants
* Antihypertensive drug allergy
* Aphthous ulcer
* Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
* Asparagus Fern poisoning
* Aspirin
* Athlete's foot
* Atypical measles syndrome
* Australian Umbrella Tree poisoning
* Autoimmune disorders
* Autonomic dysreflexia
* Axitinib
* Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine
* Bannwarrth syndrome
* Barbiturates
* Barium Nitrate
* Bazin disease
* Bedsores
* Behcet's Disease
* Benaldehyde
* Benomyl
* Benoxaprofen
* Benyl alcohol
* Benyl salicylate
* Benzanthrone
* Benzodiazepines
* Beta-lactam antibiotic
* Bezafibrate
* Biphenyl
* Blastomyces dermatitidis
* Blastomycosis
* Blau syndrome
* Bleeding heart (plant) poisoning
* Bleomycin
* Bloom syndrome
* Borrelia burgdorferi
* Boutonneuse fever
* Boxwood poisoning
* Brachioradial pruritus
* Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus
* Brentuximab vedotin
* Bromates
* Bromides
* Bronchial adenomata syndrome
* Bullous palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia
* Bullous Pemphigoid
* Burning Feet Syndrome
* Burns
* Butyl Alcohol
* C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
* Cabozantinib
* Calcium hypochlorite
* Candelabra cactus poisoning
* Candida paronychia
* Candidiasis
* Capecitabine
* Caper spruge poisoning
* Carbamazepine
* Carbon Tetrachloride
* Cat scratch disease
* Caterpillar complication poisoning
* Celgene
* Cellulitis
* Chancroid
* Chemical allergy
* Chemical burn
* Chemical poisoning
* Chickenpox
* Chikungunya
* Chilblains
* CHILD syndrome
* Chlamydia infection
* Chlamydia psittaci
* Chlamydia trachomatis
* Chloasma
* Chlorambucil
* Chlordecone
* Chlormezanone
* Chloromethane
* Chloroquine
* Chlorpromazine
* Chlorpropamide
* Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita
* Chondrodystrophia punctata
* Chrome contact allergy
* Chromosome 9q deletion syndrome
* Chronic necrotizing vasculitis
* Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis
* Churee poisoning
* Cinnamic alcohol
* Cinnamic aldehyde
* Cirrhosis
* Clematis poisoning
* Clindamycin
* Clobetasol propionate
* Clofazimine
* Clofibrate
* Coccidioides immitis
* Coccidioidomycosis
* Cold panniculitis of Haxthausen
* Colitis
* Complement 5 deficiency
* Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome
* Contact dermatitis
* Coumarin
* Coxsackie
* Crohn disease
* Crown of Thorns poisoning
* Cutaneous larva migrans
* Cutaneous leishmaniasis
* Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
* Cyanea sting
* Cyclohexanol
* Cyclohexanone
* Cypress spurge poisoning
* Cytosine arabinoside
* Dabrafenib
* Dandruff
* Dapsone
* Davis syndrome
* Dengue
* Dermatitis ab igne
* Dermatitis
* Dermatomyositis
* Dermatophytids
* Dermatosis
* Desmopressin
* Devil's trumpet poisoning
* Dexamethasone
* Diaper rash
* Diclofenac
* Diltiazem
* Diphenhydramine
* Discoid lupus erythematosus
* Disseminated gonococcal infection
* Docetaxel
* Doxorubicin
* Drug Allergies
* Duhring-Brocq disease
* Ecthyma gangrenosum
* Eczema
* Edwardsiella tarda infection
* Eflornithine
* Ehrlichiosis
* Eicosanoid
* Elephant's-ear poisoning
* Enfuvirtide
* Environmental factors
* Epidemic dropsy
* Epstein Barr virus
* Erlotinib
* Erysipelas
* Erythema ab igne
* Erythema annulare centrifugum
* Erythema annulare
* Erythema chronicum migrans
* Erythema craquele

* Erythema elevatum diutinum
* Erythema induratum
* Erythema infectiosum
* Erythema marginatum
* Erythema migrans
* Erythema multiforme
* Erythema neonatorum
* Erythema nodosum
* Erythema toxicum
* Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva
* Erythrokeratodermia variabilis
* Erythromelalgia
* Erythropoietic protoporphyria
* Erythrovirus
* Escherichia coli O157:H7
* Ethotoin
* Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride mix allergy
* Etravirine
* Eucalyptus poisoning
* Eugenol
* Euphorbium poisoning
* Everolimus
* Excess friction and sweating
* Exfoliative erythroderma syndrome
* False cactus poisoning
* Familial cold urticaria
* Fifth disease
* Fishtail palm poisoning
* Flax poisoning
* Flowering spurge poisoning
* Floxuridine
* Flucytosine
* Fluorouracil
* Flushing
* Fosamprenavir
* Garden chrysanthemum poisoning
* Geraniol
* Geranium poisoning
* Ginger lily poisoning
* Giroux-Barbeau syndrome
* Gitelman syndrome
* Glioblastoma multiforme
* Glucagonoma Syndrome
* Glucagonoma
* Gnathostomiasis
* Gold salts
* Gottron syndrome
* Graft versus host disease
* Granuloma inguinale
* Granulosis rubra nasi
* Hand foot syndrome
* Harlequin-type ichthyosis
* Haverhill fever
* Heat rash
* Heatstroke
* Heliotrope poisoning
* Hepatic failure
* Hepatitis B
* Hepatitis C
* Herbal Agent
* Hereditary C2 deficiency
* Hereditary C4 deficiency
* Herpes simplex
* Hibernian fever
* High Melting Explosive
* Histoplasmosis
* Histrelin

* Hops poisoning
* Houseleek poisoning
* Human immunodeficiency virus
* Hydraine
* Hydralazine
* Hydroid poisoning
* Hydroxycarbamide
* Hydroxycitronellal
* Hydroxocobalamin
* Hyoscine
* Hyper-IgE syndrome
* Hyperoestrogenic states
* Hypersensitivity
* Hyperthyroidism
* Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropthy
* Hypothyroidism
* Ibritumomab tiuxetan
* Ibuprofen
* Ichthyosis
* Idarubicin
* IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergy
* Immunodeficiency with short limb dwarfism
* Impetigo herpetiformis
* Impetigo
* Incontinentia pigmenti
* Infection
* Infectious mononucleosis
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* Injury
* Insect allergy
* Insect bite
* Interleukin-2
* Intertrigo
* Ipilimumab
* Isoeugenol
* Isoniazid
* Isothiazolinone allergy
* Ixabepilone
* Japanese Boxwood poisoning
* Jimsonweed poisoning
* Kawasaki disease
* Ketoprofen
* Lamellar ichthyosis
* Lamotrigine
* Lapatinib ditosylate
* Latent tuberculosis
* Leatherwood poisoning
* Leflunomide
* Leishmaniasis
* Lenalidomide
* Leprosy
* Leptospirosis
* Levomepromazine
* Lewisite
* Liver cirrhosis
* Loiasis
* Lomotil
* Lupus erythematosus
* Lyme disease
* Lymphogranuloma venereum
* Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
* Maidenhair tree poisoning
* Majeed syndrome
* Majocchi disease
* Maprotiline
* Maté (herbal agent) adverse reaction
* Measles
* Melasma
* Meprobamate
* Merbromin
* Mercaptobenzothiazole allergy
* Mercury poisoning
* Methamidophos
* Methscopolamine
* Methyl Bromide
* Methyl Isocyanate
* Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
* Methyldopa
* Methyldopate
* Methylene Chloride
* Methylphenidate
* Metronidazole
* Microphthalmia-dermal aplasia-sclerocornea syndrome
* Milkbush poisoning
* Millian erythema
* Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder
* Modafinil
* Morphine allergy
* Morpholine
* Morton's neuroma
* Mosquito
* Mucositis
* Musk ambrette
* Mycobacterium leprae
* Mycobacterium marinum
* Mycobacterium tuberculosis
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae
* Mycoplasma
* Myositis
* N-Butyl Chloride
* N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone
* Necrolytic migratory erythema
* Necrotising fascitis
* Necrotising microvasculitis
* Neisseria meningitidis
* Neonatal lupus syndrome
* Nephroblastomatosis
* Nevirapine
* Nitric Acid
* Nitroethane
* Nitrofen
* Nitrogen Dioxide
* Nitromethane
* Non-Food Allergy
* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
* Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
* Novacaine drug allergy
* Oak moss absolute
* Obstructive biliary disease
* Omenn syndrome
* Onchocerciasis
* Oral contraceptives
* Orf
* Orthopoxvirus
* Oudsthoorn disease
* Oyster plant poisoning
* P-Phenylenediamine allergy
* Palmar erythema
* Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia

* Panniculitis
* Papular mucinosis
* Paracetamol
* Paraneoplastic syndrome
* Paraphenylenediamine
* Parvovirus B19
* Pazopanib
* Peeling skin syndrome
* Pellagra
* Penicillamine
* Penicillin allergy
* Penicillins
* Pentaborane
* Pentachlorophenol
* Peplomycin
* Pepper Spray
* Peppermint Oil (herbal agent)
* Perazine
* Perinatal infection
* Peripheral neuropathy
* Perlman syndrome
* Peruvian lily poisoning
* Phenobarbital
* Phenolphthalein
* Phenylbutazone
* Phenytoin
* Phlebitis
* Photosensitivity
* Phthalthrin
* Phytophotodermatitis
* Piggyback plant poisoning
* Pineapple sap poisoning
* Pipothiazine
* Pityriasis rubra pilaris
* Pityriasis rubra
* Plant poisoning (Datura stramonium)
* Plant poisoning (Datura suaveolans)
* Plant poisoning (Euphorbiaceae)
* Plumbago poisoning
* Poinsettia poisoning
* Polychondritis
* Pomalidomide
* Potassium iodide
* Primidone
* Primrose poisoning
* Procainamide
* Procarbazine
* Prosector's wart
* Protothecosis
* Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy
* Psittacosis
* Psoriasis
* Pyoderma gangrenosum
* Pyrethrin
* Pyridine
* Quinine
* Radiation burn
* Radiotherapy
* Rat-bite fever
* Recurrent hereditary polyserositis
* Reflex sympathetic osteodystrophy
* Regorafenib
* Reiter's syndrome
* Relapsing fever
* Rheumatic fever
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Rhinophyma
* Rickettsia conorii
* Rickettsia orientalis
* Rickettsia prowazekii
* Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
* Rickettsia typhi
* Rickettsialpox
* Roberts syndrome
* Rocky Mountain spotted fever
* Rosacea
* Roseola infantum
* Rowell syndrome
* Rubella
* Rubeola
* Saddleback caterpillar poisoning
* Salmonella typhi
* Sandalwood oil
* Sarcoidosis
* Sarcoptes scabiei
* Sassafras Oil (herbal agent)
* Scabies
* Scarlet fever
* Scleredema adultorum
* Scleroderma
* Sea onion poisoning
* Sea wasp poisoning (Chironex fleckeri)
* Sea wasp poisoning (Chiropsalmus quadrigatus)
* Sea wasp poisoning
* Seborrheic dermatitis
* Seborrheic keratosis
* Selenium Dioxide
* Senear-Usher syndrome
* Senecio poisoning
* Sezary syndrome
* Shingles
* Sjogren-Larsson syndrome
* Skin allergy
* Snake plant poisoning
* Snakebite
* Sneddon-Wilkinson syndrome
* Snow-on-the-mountain poisoning
* Sodium Aide
* Sodium Hypochlorite
* Sodium Oleate
* Solar radiation
* Sorafenib
* Southern tick-associated rash illness
* Sparfloxacin
* Spectinomycin
* Spiderwort poisoning
* Spirillum minus
* Sporothrix schenckii
* Spurge poisoning
* Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
* Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
* Staphylococcus aureus
* Stethoscope induced allergies
* Stevens-Johnson syndrome
* Still disease
* Streptobacillus moniliformis
* Streptococcal Group A invasive disease
* Streptococcus Group A
* Streptococcus
* Streptomycin
* Streptozocin
* Sulfa antibiotics allergy
* Sulfonamides
* Sulfonylureas
* Sulphasalazine
* Sulphonamides
* Sunburn
* Suramin
* Sweet's syndrome
* Syphilis
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* T cell lymphoma
* Tanapox
* Tegafur
* Terbinafine
* Tetrachloroethane
* Tetrachloroethylene
* Tetracyclines
* Tetrahydrofuran
* Tetramethrin
* Tetryl
* Thalidomide
* Thiabendazole
* Thiacetazone
* Thimbleweed poisoning
* Thiram
* Thorium
* Thrombophlebitis
* Tinea
* Toxic epidermal necrolysis
* Toxic shock syndrome
* Toxicodendron dermatitis
* Toxoplasma gondii
* Trametinib
* Transient acantholytic dermatosis
* Trauma
* Tretinoin
* Trichloroethane
* Triethanolamine
* Trumpet Creeper poisoning
* Trypanosoma cruzi
* Tuberculoid leprosy
* Tuberculosis
* Tularemia
* Tulip poisoning
* Ulcerative colitis
* Ultraviolet exposure
* Urticaria
* Vancomycin
* Vandetanib
* Vasculitis
* Vemurafenib
* Vibrio vulnificus
* Viral hemorrhagic fever
* Vitamin A
* Whipworm infestation
* Wood tar
* Xerotic eczema
* Xylene
* Yersinia enterocolitica
* Yersinia infection
* Yersinia pestis
* Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
* Yersinia
* Zonisamide

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## Associated conditions

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* Erythema ab igne
* Erythema annulare centrifugum
* Erythema chromicum figuratum
* Erythema chronicum migrans
* Erythema craquele
* Erythema dyschromicum perstans
* Erythema elevatum diutinum
* Erythema gyratum perstans
* Erythema gyratum repens
* Erythema induratum
* Erythema infectiosum
* Erythema marginatum
* Erythema migrans
* Erythema multiforme
* Erythema nodosum
* Erythema toxicum neonatorum

In about 30-50% of cases, the cause of Erythema is unknown.

## Differentiating Erythema from Other Diseases

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Different rash-like conditions can be confused with erythema and are thus included in its differential diagnosis. The various conditions that should be differentiated from erythema include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Disease | Features

|

Impetigo |

* It commonly presents with pimple-like lesions surrounded by erythematous skin. Lesions are pustules, filled with pus, which then break down over 4-6 days and form a thick crust. It's often associated with insect bites, cuts, and other forms of trauma to the skin.

Insect bites |

* The insect injects formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in a rash and swelling in the injured area, often with formation of vesicles.

Kawasaki disease |

* Commonly presents with high and persistent fever, red mucous membranes in mouth, "strawberry tongue", swollen lymph nodes and skin rash in early disease, with peeling off of the skin of the hands, feet and genital area.

Measles |

* Commonly presents with high fever, coryza and conjunctivitis, with observation of oral mucosal lesions (Koplik's spots), followed by widespread skin rash.

Monkeypox |

* The presentation is similar to smallpox, although it is often a milder form, with fever, headache, myalgia, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion. Within 1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a papular rash, often first on the face. The lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting and falling off.

Rubella |

* Commonly presents with a facial rash which then spreads to the trunk and limbs, fading after 3 days, low grade fever, swollen glands, joint pains, headache and conjunctivitis. The rash disappears after a few days with no staining or peeling of the skin. Forchheimer's sign occurs in 20% of cases, and is characterized by small, red papules on the area of the soft palate.

Atypical measles |

* The symptoms commonly begin about 7-14 days after infection and present as fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. Observation of Koplik's spots is also a characteristic finding in measles.

Coxsackievirus |

* The most commonly caused disease is the Coxsackie A disease, presenting as hand, foot and mouth disease. It may be asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms, or it may produce fever and painful blisters in the mouth (herpangina), on the palms and fingers of the hand, or on the soles of the feet. There can also be blisters in the throat or above the tonsils. Adults can also be affected. The rash, which can appear several days after high temperature and painful sore throat, can be itchy and painful, especially on the hands/fingers and bottom of feet.

Acne |

* It is typical of teenagers, usually appears on the face and upper neck, but the chest, back and shoulders may have acne as well. The upper arms can also have acne, but lesions found there are often keratosis pilaris, not acne. The typical acne lesions are comedones and inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules. Some of the large nodules were previously called "cysts"

Syphilis | It commonly presents with gneralized systemic symptoms such as malaise, fatigue, headache and fever. Skin eruptions may be subtle and asymptomatic It is classically described as:

* Non-pruritic bilateral symmetrical mucocutaneous rash
* Non-tender regional lymphadenopathy
* Condylomata lata and
* Patchy alopecia.

Molluscum contagiosum |

* The lesions are commonly flesh-colored, dome-shaped, and pearly in appearance. They are often 1-5 millimeters in diameter, with a dimpled center. Generally not painful, but they may itch or become irritated. Picking or scratching the lesions may lead to further infection or scarring. In about 10% of the cases, eczema develops around the lesions. They may occasionally be complicated by secondary bacterial infections.

Mononucleosis |

* Common symptoms include low-grade fever without chills, sore throat, white patches on tonsils and back of the throat, muscle weakness and sometime extreme fatigue, tender lymphadenopathy, petechial hemorrhage and skin rash.

Toxic erythema |

* It is a common rash in infants, with clustered and vesicular appearance.

Rat-bite fever |

* It commonly presents with fever, chills, open sore at the site of the bite and rash, which may show red or purple plaques.

Parvovirus B19 |

* The rash of fifth disease is typically described as "slapped cheeks," with erythema across the cheeks and sparing the nasolabial folds, forehead, and mouth.

Cytomegalovirus |

* The common symptoms include sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, muscle pain and loss of appetite.

Scarlet fever |

* It commonly includes fever, punctate red macules on the hard and soft palate and uvula (Forchheimer's spots), bright red tongue with a "strawberry" appearance, sore throat and headache and lymphadenopathy.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever |

* The symptoms may include maculopapular rash, petechial rash, abdominal pain and joint pain.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome |

* The symptoms may include fever, sore throat and fatigue. Commonly presents ulcers and other lesions in the mucous membranes, almost always in the mouth and lips but also in the genital and anal regions. Those in the mouth are usually extremely painful and reduce the patient's ability to eat or drink. Conjunctivitis of the eyes occurs in about 30% of children. A rash of round lesions about an inch across, may arise on the face, trunk, arms and legs, and soles of the feet, but usually not on the scalp.

Varicella-zoster virus |

* It commonly starts as a painful rash on one side of the face or body. The rash forms blisters that typically scab over in 7-10 days and clears up within 2-4 weeks.

Chickenpox |

* It commonly starts with conjunctival and catarrhal symptoms and then characteristic spots appearing in two or three waves, mainly on the body and head, rather than the hands, becoming itchy raw pox (small open sores which heal mostly without scarring). Touching the fluid from a chickenpox blister can also spread the disease.

Meningococcemia |

* It commonly presents with rash, petechiae, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, high fever, mental status changes, nausea and vomiting.

Rickettsial pox |

* The first symptom is commonly a bump formed by a mite-bite, eventually resulting in a black, crusty scab. Many of the symptoms are flu-like including fever, chills, weakness and muscle pain but the most distinctive symptom is the rash that breaks out, spanning the person's entire body.

Meningitis |

* It commonly presents with headache, nuchal rigidity, fever, petechiae and altered mental status.

## See also

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* Flushing (physiology)
* Rash
* Radiotherapy

## Pathological Findings

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Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

* File:Erythema 1.jpg

* File:Erythema 2.jpg

* File:Erythema 3.jpg

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* File:Erythema 5.jpg

* File:Erythema 6.jpg

* File:Erythema 7.jpg

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* File:Erythema 9.jpg

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* File:Erythema 16.jpg

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* File:Erythema 19.jpg

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## External links

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* UM
* Doctor Update

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (integumentary system) (L, 680-709)

Infections|

Template:Navbox subgroup

Bullous disorders|

acantholysis (Pemphigus, Transient acantholytic dermatosis) * Pemphigoid (Bullous, Cicatricial, Gestational) * Dermatitis herpetiformis

Inflammatory|

Template:Navbox subgroup

Radiation-related disorders|

Sunburn * actinic rays (Actinic keratosis, Actinic cheilitis) * Polymorphous light eruption (Acne aestivalis) * Radiodermatitis * Erythema ab igne

Pigmentation disorder|

hypopigmentation (Albinism, Vitiligo) * hyperpigmentation (Melasma, Freckle, Café au lait spot, Lentigo/Liver spot, Acanthosis nigricans, Acral acanthotic anomaly)

Other skin|

keratosis/hyperkeratosis (Seborrheic keratosis, Callus) * other epidermal thickening (Ichthyosis acquisita, Palmoplantar keratoderma)

skin ulcer (Pyoderma gangrenosum, Bedsore)

Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy (Florid cutaneous papillomatosis, acanthosis nigricans, sign of Leser-Trelat)

atrophic (Lichen sclerosus, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans)

necrobiosis (Granuloma annulare, Necrobiosis lipoidica) * other granuloma (Granuloma faciale, Pyogenic granuloma)

cutaneous vasculitis (Livedoid vasculitis, Erythema elevatum diutinum)

Connective tissues|

collagen disease: Keloid
localized connective tissue disorders: Lupus erythematosus (Discoid lupus erythematosus, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus) * Scleroderma/Morphea * Linear scleroderma * Calcinosis cutis * Sclerodactyly * Ainhum

see also congenital, neoplasia

Template:WH Template:WS

1. ↑ Hartman-Adams H, Banvard C, Juckett G (2014). "Impetigo: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 90 (4): 229–35. PMID 25250996.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ↑ Mehta N, Chen KK, Kroumpouzos G (2016). "Skin disease in pregnancy: The approach of the obstetric medicine physician". Clin Dermatol. 34 (3): 320–6. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.003. PMID 27265069.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ↑ Moore, Zack S; Seward, Jane F; Lane, J Michael (2006). "Smallpox". The Lancet. 367 (9508): 425–435. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68143-9. ISSN 0140-6736.
4. ↑ Ibrahim F, Khan T, Pujalte GG (2015). "Bacterial Skin Infections". Prim Care. 42 (4): 485–99. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.001. PMID 26612370.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ Ramoni S, Boneschi V, Cusini M (2016). "Syphilis as "the great imitator": a case of impetiginoid syphiloderm". Int J Dermatol. 55 (3): e162–3. doi:10.1111/ijd.13072. PMID 26566601.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ↑ Kimura U, Yokoyama K, Hiruma M, Kano R, Takamori K, Suga Y (2015). "Tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (molecular type Arthroderma benhamiae ) mimics impetigo : a case report and literature review of cases in Japan". Med Mycol J. 56 (1): E1–5. doi:10.3314/mmj.56.E1. PMID 25855021.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ↑ CEDEF (2012). "[Item 87--Mucocutaneous bacterial infections]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 139 (11 Suppl): A32–9. doi:10.1016/j.annder.2012.01.002. PMID 23176858.

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