Genes

Editor-In-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

A gene is a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.

## Contents

* 1 Theoretical genes
* 2 Gene clusters
* 3 Gene expressions
* 4 Gene regulations
* 5 Gene similarities
* 6 Eukaryote genes
* 7 Genetics
* 8 Human DNA
* 9 Human genes
* 10 Genotypes
* 11 Pseudogenes
* 12 Deaminations
* 13 Methylations
* 14 Mutations
* 15 Hypotheses
* 16 See also
* 17 References
* 18 External links

## Theoretical genes

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Def. a "theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms ; a gene may take several values and in principle predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair color"[1] or a "segment of DNA or RNA from a cell's or an organism's genome, that may take several forms and thus parameterizes a phenomenon, in general the structure of a protein; locus"[1] is called a gene.

Here's a theoretical definition:

Def. a specific nucleotide sequence within a gene locus with its own transcription start site(s), introns, exons, and UTRs, that transcribes a specific RNA product is called an isoform, or gene isoform.

Def. any "of several different forms of the same protein, arising from either single nucleotide polymorphisms,[2] differential splicing of mRNA, or post-translational modifications (e.g. sulfation, glycosylation, etc.)"[3] is called an isoform.

Def. a "region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule"[4] is called an exon.

Def. a "portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded"[5] is called an intron.

## Gene clusters

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Main articles: Genes/Clusters and Gene clusters

GeneID: 348 APOE apolipoprotein E description contains this: "This gene maps to chromosome 19 in a cluster with the related apolipoprotein C1 and C2 genes."

## Gene expressions

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Main articles: Genes/Expressions and Gene expressions

Gene expressions is a suite of genes, and their isoforms, that appear to be biochemically involved in the appearance of a trait.

Although it is harder to regulate the transcription of genes with multiple transcription start sites, "variations in the expression of a constitutive gene would be minimized by the use of multiple start sites."[6]

Earlier "studies led to the design of a super core promoter (SCP) that contains a TATA, Inr, MTE, and DPE in a single promoter (Juven-Gershon et al., 2006b). The SCP is the strongest core promoter observed in vitro and in cultured cells and yields high levels of transcription in conjunction with transcriptional enhancers. These findings indicate that gene expression levels can be modulated via the core promoter."[6]

## Gene regulations

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Main articles: Genes/Regulations and Gene regulations

Each gene, or its isoforms, is likely to have upregulation and downregulation transcription factors. As each gene is investigated, these enhancers and inhibitors are noted as discovered.

For example, submitting "gene regulation" APOE human to the NCBI gene database returns 28 genes and 21 mouse analogs. The first on the list is GeneID: 2099 ESR1 estrogen receptor 1. "This gene encodes an estrogen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. [...] Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis." from the page url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2099. The database also maintains the DNA sequence upstream, downstream, and through the entire gene locus so that analysis of "Alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing result in dozens of transcript variants, but the full-length nature of many of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]" can be attempted. The site lists gene interactions and six variants for three isoforms (1, 2, and 3) and ten experimental transcriptions.

## Gene similarities

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Main articles: Genes/Similarities and Gene similarities

There are genes on other chromosomes that are similar to each gene being considered. For example, GeneID: 338, Apolipoprotein B, is on chromosome 2.

## Eukaryote genes

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Main articles: Genes/Eukaryotes and Eukaryote genes

File:Eukaryote DNA-en.svgThis diagram of a eukaryote cell shows that the DNA is located in the nucleus. Credit: Sponk.

Def. any "of the single-celled or multicellular organisms, of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus"[7] is called a eukaryote.

Those specific genes that cause cells to contain at least one distinct nucleus are eukaryote genes.

## Genetics

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File:Primate-family-tree-humanorigins-si.gifThe last common ancestor of monkeys and apes lived about 25 million years ago. Credit: Smithsonian Institution.

There are "more than 4 million sites where proteins bind to DNA to regulate genetic function, sort of like a switch."[8]

"Humans belong to the biological group known as Primates, and are classified with the great apes, one of the major groups of the primate evolutionary tree. Besides similarities in anatomy and behavior, our close biological kinship with other primate species is indicated by DNA evidence. It confirms that our closest living biological relatives are chimpanzees and bonobos, with whom we share many traits. But we did not evolve directly from any primates living today."[9]

"DNA also shows that our species and chimpanzees diverged from a common ancestor species that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. The last common ancestor of monkeys and apes lived about 25 million years ago."[9]

## Human DNA

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File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.pngThis diagram of the structure of DNA shows the four bases; adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, and the location of the major and minor groove. Credit: Zephyris.

"[H]uman DNA has millions of on-off switches and complex networks that control the genes' activities. ... [A]t least 80% of the human genome is active, which opposed the previously held idea that most of the DNA are useless."[10]

"DNA contains genes, which hold the instructions for [life. But, these] take up only about 2 percent of the genome ... The human genome is made up of about 3 billion “letters” along strands that make up the familiar double helix structure of DNA. Particular sequences of these letters form genes, which tell cells how to make proteins. People have about 20,000 genes, but the vast majority of DNA lies outside of genes. ... [A]t least three-quarters of the genome is involved in making RNA [...] it appears to help regulate gene activity."[8]

## Human genes

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Main articles: Genes/Human and Human genes

"Nine elements were tested, representing a sampling of elements present in the two gene deserts and DACH introns, spread over a 1530-kb region surrounding the human DACH's TATA box."[11]

Gene ID: 1602 is the human gene DACH1 dachshund homolog 1 also known as DACH.[12] DACH1 has three isoforms: a, b, and c.

"[T]he human ... prostaglandin-endoperoxide-synthase-2 [gene contains] a canonical TATA box (nucleotide residues at positions -31 to -25 for the human gene)."[13] This is Gene ID: 5743.

The Drosophila hsp70 has a TATA box containing promoter.[14] This suggests that GeneID: 3308 HSPA4 heat shock 70kDa protein 4 [Homo sapiens], also known as hsp70,[15] has a TATA box in its core promoter.

## Genotypes

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Main articles: Genes/Genotypes and Genotypes

The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed, as well as regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers, which control the transcription of the open reading frame.

Only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of protein-coding exons.

## Pseudogenes

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Main articles: Genes/Pseudogenes and Pseudogenes

"An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes, which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation.[16] These sequences are usually just molecular fossils, although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence.[17]

About 2700 formerly active genes are now pseudogenes.

## Deaminations

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Main articles: Genes/Deaminations and Deaminations

The CpG deficiency is due to an increased vulnerability of methylcytosines to spontaneously deaminate to thymine in genomes with CpG cytosine methylation.[18]

## Methylations

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Main articles: Genes/Methylations and Methylations

Cytosines in CpG dinucleotides can be methylated to form 5-methylcytosine. In mammals, methylating the cytosine within a gene can turn the gene off, a mechanism that is part of a larger field of science studying gene regulation that is called epigenetics. Enzymes that add a methyl group are called DNA methyltransferases.

In mammals, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated.[19]

CpG dinucleotides have long been observed to occur with a much lower frequency in the sequence of vertebrate genomes than would be expected due to random chance. For example, in the human genome, which has a 42% GC content, a pair of nucleotides consisting of cytosine followed by guanine would be expected to occur 0.21 * 0.21 = 4.41% of the time. The frequency of CpG dinucleotides in human genomes is 1% -- less than one-quarter of the expected frequency.

Unmethylated CpG sites can be detected by Toll-Like Receptor 9[20] (TLR 9) on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells in humans. This is used to detect intracellular viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogen DNA.

Methylation is central to imprinting, along with histone modifications.[21] Most of the methylation occurs a short distance from the CpG islands (at "CpG island shores") rather than in the islands themselves.[22]

Methylation of CpG sites within the promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers (for example the silencing of tumor suppressor genes). In contrast, the hypomethylation of CpG sites has been associated with the over-expression of oncogenes within cancer cells.[23]

## Mutations

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Main articles: Genes/Mutations and Mutations

Alu elements are a common source of mutation in humans, but such mutations are often confined to non-coding regions where they have little discernible impact on the bearer.[24]

The mutagenic effect of Alu[25] and retrotransposons in general[26] has played a major role in the recent evolution of the human genome.

The first report of Alu-mediated recombination causing a prevalent inherited predisposition to cancer was a 1995 report about hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.[27]

"The human diseases caused by Alu insertions include":[28]

* Breast cancer
* Ewing's sarcoma
* Familial hypercholesterolemia
* Hemophilia
* Neurofibromatosis
* Diabetes mellitus type II.

The following diseases have been associated with single-nucleotide DNA variations in Alu elements impacting transcription levels:[29]

* Alzheimer's disease
* Lung cancer
* Gastric cancer.

"The ACE gene, encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme, has 2 common variants, one with an Alu insertion (ACE-I) and one with the Alu deleted (ACE-D). This variation has been linked to changes in sporting ability: the presence of the Alu element is associated with better performance in endurance-oriented events (e.g. triathlons), whereas its absence is associated with strength- and power-oriented performance[30]

The opsin gene duplication which resulted in the re-gaining of trichromacy in Old World primates (including humans) is flanked by an Alu element,[31] implicating the role of Alu in the evolution of three colour vision.

## Hypotheses

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Main article: Hypotheses

1. Each gene may be expressed by one of more isoforms usually subject to cell type.

## See also

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* Gene
* A1BG gene transcriptions
* Gene project

## References

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1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 gene. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
2. ↑ SemperBlotto (6 January 2007). isoform. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
3. ↑ 72.178.245.181 (30 November 2008). isoform. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
4. ↑ TransControl~enwiktionary (22 February 2008). exon. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
5. ↑ SemperBlotto (9 March 2006). intron. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tamar Juven-Gershon and James T. Kadonaga (2010). "Regulation of gene expression via the core promoter and the basal transcriptional machinery". Developmental Biology. 339 (2): 225–9. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.08.009. Retrieved 2016-01-16. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
7. ↑ eukaryote. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. August 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Malcolm Ritter (September 6, 2012). Far from being mostly junk, human DNA is ‘a jungle’ of complex activity, huge project shows. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Homo sapiens (3 June 2015). Primate Family Tree. Washington, DC USA: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
10. ↑ Bryan McBournie (September 6, 2012). Human genome study could unlock the biology of disease. Sigma Xi. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
11. ↑ Marcelo A. Nobrega, Ivan Ovcharenko, Veena Afzal, and Edward M. Rubin (2003). "Scanning human gene deserts for long-range enhancers". Science. 302 (5644): 413. doi:10.1126/science.1088328. PMID 14563999. Retrieved 2012-12-26. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
12. ↑ HGNC (December 20, 2012). DACH1 dachshund homolog 1 (Drosophila) [ Homo sapiens ]. Bethsda, Maryland, USA: ncbi.nlm.nih. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
13. ↑ Tetsuya Kosaka, Atsuro Miyata, Hayato Ihara, Shuntaro Hara, Tamiko Sugimoto, Osamu Takeda, Ei-ichi Takahashi, Tadashi Tanabe (1994). "Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2". European Journal of Biochemistry. 221 (3): 889–97. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18804.x. Retrieved 2012-12-26. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
14. ↑ Thomas W. Burke and James T. Kadonaga (1997). "The downstream core promoter element, DPE, is conserved from Drosophila to humans and is recognized by TAFII60 of Drosophila". Genes & Development. 11 (22): 3020–31. doi:10.1101/gad.11.22.3020. PMC 316699. PMID 9367984. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
15. ↑ HGNC (February 3, 2013). HSPA4 heat shock 70kDa protein 4 [ Homo sapiens ]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
16. ↑ Harrison P, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe N, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, Gerstein M (2002). "Molecular Fossils in the Human Genome: Identification and Analysis of the Pseudogenes in Chromosomes 21 and 22". Genome Res. 12 (2): 272–80. doi:10.1101/gr.207102. PMC 155275. PMID 11827946.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
17. ↑ Harrison P, Gerstein M (2002). "Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution". J Mol Biol. 318 (5): 1155–74. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2. PMID 12083509.
18. ↑ Scarano E, Iaccarino M, Grippo P, Parisi E (1967). "The heterogeneity of thymine methyl group origin in DNA pyrimidine isostichs of developing sea urchin embryos". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 57 (5): 1394–400. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.5.1394. PMC 224485. PMID 5231746.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
19. ↑ Jabbari K, Bernardi G (2004). "Cytosine methylation and CpG, TpG (CpA) and TpA frequencies". Gene. 333: 143–9. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.043. PMID 15177689. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
20. ↑ Ramirez-Ortiz ZG, Specht CA, Wang JP, Lee CK, Bartholomeu DC, Gazzinelli RT, Levitz SM (2008). "Toll-like receptor 9-dependent immune activation by unmethylated CpG motifs in Aspergillus fumigatus DNA". Infect Immun. 76 (5): 2123–9. doi:10.1128/IAI.00047-08. PMC 2346696. PMID 18332208.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
21. ↑ Feil R, Berger F (2007). "Convergent evolution of genomic imprinting in plants and mammals". Trends Genet. 23 (4): 192–9. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.004. PMID 17316885.
22. ↑ Irizarry RA, Ladd-Acosta C, Wen B, Wu Z, Montano C, Onyango P, Cui H, Gabo K, Rongione M, Webster M, Ji H, Potash JB, Sabunciyan S, Feinberg AP (2009). "The human colon cancer methylome shows similar hypo- and hypermethylation at conserved tissue-specific CpG island shores". Nature Genetics. 41 (2): 178–86. PMID 19151715.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
23. ↑ Jones PA, Laird PW (1999). "Cancer epigenetics comes of age". Nat. Genet. 21 (2): 163–7. doi:10.1038/5947. PMID 9988266. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
24. ↑ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome". Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011.
25. ↑ Shen S, Lin L, Cai JJ, Jiang P, Kenkel EJ, Stroik MR, Sato S, Davidson BL, Xing Y (2011). "Widespread establishment and regulatory impact of Alu exons in human genes". PNAS. 108 (7): 2837–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012834108.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
26. ↑ Cordaux R, Batzer MA (2009). "The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. 10: 691–703. doi:10.1038/nrg2640. PMC 2884099. PMID 19763152.
27. ↑ Nyström-Lahti M, Kristo P, Nicolaides NC; et al. (1995). "Founding mutations and Alu-mediated recombination in hereditary colon cancer". Nat. Med. 1 (11): 1203–6. doi:10.1038/nm1195-1203. PMID 7584997. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
28. ↑ Batzer MA, Deininger PL (2002). "Alu repeats and human genomic diversity" (PDF). Nat. Rev. Genet. 3 (5): 370–9. doi:10.1038/nrg798. PMID 11988762. Unknown parameter `|month=` ignored (help)
29. ↑ SNPedia: SNP in the promoter region of the myeloperoxidase MPO gene.
30. ↑ Puthucheary Z, Skipworth J, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Van Someren K, Montgomery H (2011). "The ACE Gene and Human Performance: 12 Years On". Sports Medicine. 41: 433–448. doi:10.2165/11588720-000000000-00000. PMID 21615186.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
31. ↑ Dulai KS, Von Dornum M, Mollon JD, Hunt DM (1999). "The Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision by Opsin Gene Duplication in New World and Old World Primates". Genome Research. 9 (7): 629–638. doi:10.1101/gr.9.7.629. PMID 10413401.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

## External links

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* GenomeNet KEGG database
* NCBI All Databases Search
* NCBI Site Search
* PubChem Public Chemical Database
* WikiDoc The Living Textbook of Medicine

* v
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Gene project

Articles|

* Complex locus A1BG and ZNF497
* Grainyhead-like Genes in Regulating Development and Genetic Defects
* Lysenin
* Lysine: biosynthesis, catabolism and roles
* RIG-I like receptors
* ShK toxin: history, structure and therapeutic applications for autoimmune diseases

Categories|

* Biochemistry
* Biology
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Laboratories|

* AGC box gene transcription laboratory
* ATA box gene transcription laboratory
* C and D boxes gene transcription laboratory
* CArG box gene transcription laboratory
* CGCG box gene transcription laboratory
* CRE box gene transcription laboratory
* E2 box gene transcription laboratory
* Enhancer box gene transcription laboratory
* Factor II B recognition element gene transcription laboratory
* GA responsive complex gene transcription laboratory
* GC box gene transcription laboratory
* H box gene transcription laboratory
* HNF6 gene transcription laboratory
* HY box gene transcription laboratory
* Initiator element gene transcription laboratory
* Metal responsive element gene transcription laboratory
* STAT5 gene transcription laboratory
* TATA box gene transcription laboratory

Lessons|

* A1BG gene transcription programming
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Lists|

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Original research|

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Transcription resources|

* A1BG gene transcription core promoters
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* DNA melting gene transcriptions
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* Downstream core element gene transcriptions
* Downstream promoter element gene transcriptions
* Downstream TFIIB recognition element gene transcriptions
* DREB box gene transcriptions
* E2 box gene transcriptions
* EIF4E basal element gene transcriptions
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* E box gene transcriptions
* Element gene transcriptions
* Endoplasmic reticulum stress response element gene transcriptions
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* Gene expressions
* General factor II D gene transcriptions
* General regulatory factors
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* General transcription factor II D gene transcriptions
* General transcription factor II F gene transcriptions
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* General transcription factor gene transcriptions
* Gene transcriptions
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* Gibberellin responsive element gene transcriptions
* GLM box gene transcriptions
* Glucocorticoid response element gene transcriptions
* Grainy head gene transcriptions
* Grainy head transcription factor gene transcriptions
* Growth hormone response element gene transcriptions
* GT boxes
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* Hair color gene expressions
* H and ACA box gene transcriptions
* H box gene transcriptions
* Heat-responsive element gene transcriptions
* Heat shock elements
* Hex sequence gene transcriptions
* HMG box gene transcriptions
* HNF gene transcriptions
* Homeobox gene transcriptions
* Hsf1p gene transcriptions
* HY box gene transcriptions
* Hybrid C, A boxes
* Hybrid C, G boxes
* Hybrid C, T boxes
* Hypoxia-inducible factor gene transcriptions
* Hypoxia response elements
* I box gene transcriptions
* Immunoglobulin like domain containing family
* Initiator element gene transcriptions
* Initiator-like element gene transcriptions
* Inositol/choline-responsive elements
* Interaction gene transcriptions
* Interferon regulatory factors
* Inverse copy gene transcriptions
* Jasmonic acid-responsive element gene transcriptions
* K-boxes
* Kozak sequence gene transcriptions
* Kruppel-associated box gene transcriptions
* Krüppel-like factor gene transcriptions
* L box gene transcriptions
* Leu3 gene transcriptions
* M35 box gene transcriptions
* MADS box gene transcriptions
* Maf recognition element gene transcriptions
* M box gene transcriptions
* M-CAT boxes
* Mcm1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions
* Met3 gene transcriptions
* Met31p box gene transcriptions
* Metal responsive element gene transcriptions
* Middle sporulation element gene transcriptions
* Mig1p gene transcriptions
* Model samplings
* Motif ten element gene transcriptions
* Msn2,4p gene transcriptions
* Musashi binding element gene transcriptions
* MYB recognition element gene transcriptions
* Myelocytomatosis transcription factor gene transcriptions
* Myocyte enhancer factor gene transcriptions
* N-boxes
* Nanos/Pumilio response element
* Ndt80p gene transcriptions
* Nuclear factor 1
* Nuclear factor 𝜿B
* Nuclear factor gene transcriptions
* Nuclear factor of activated T cell gene transcriptions (NFAT)
* Nuclear factor Y gene transcriptions
* Nutrient-sensing response element gene transcriptions
* Oaf1p gene transcriptions
* ORE1 binding site gene transcriptions
* p53 response element gene transcriptions
* P63 DNA-binding site gene transcriptions
* P box gene transcriptions
* Pdr1,3p gene transcriptions
* Peroxisome proliferator hormone response element gene transcriptions
* Phosphate starvation-response transcription factor gene transcriptions
* Pollen1 element gene transcriptions
* Polycomb response element gene transcriptions
* Preinitiation complex
* Preinitiation complex gene transcriptions
* Pribnow box gene transcriptions
* Prolamin box gene transcriptions
* Promoter gene transcriptions
* Proximal promoter gene transcriptions
* Promoter occurrence gene transcriptions
* Pyrimidine box gene transcriptions
* Q element gene transcriptions
* Rap1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions
* Reb1 general regulatory factor gene transcriptions
* Retinoblastoma control element gene transcriptions
* Retinoic acid response element gene transcriptions
* Rgt1p gene transcriptions
* Rlm1p gene transcriptions
* RNA polymerase II gene transcriptions
* RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex
* Root specific element gene transcriptions
* ROR-response element gene transcriptions
* Rox1p gene transcriptions
* Rpn4p gene transcriptions
* R response element gene transcriptions
* SARE gene transcriptions
* Seed-specific element gene transcriptions
* Serum response element gene transcriptions
* Servenius sequence gene transcriptions
* Shoot specific element gene transcriptions
* Shue boxes
* Sip4p gene transcriptions
* Smp1p gene transcriptions
* Sp1 (Berberich) elements
* Sp1 gene transcriptions
* Spaceflight gene expressions
* Specificity protein gene transcriptions
* STAT gene transcriptions
* Ste12p gene transcriptions
* Sterol response element gene transcriptions
* Sucrose box gene transcriptions
* Synaptic Activity-Responsive Elements
* TACTAAC box gene transcriptions
* TAGteam gene transcriptions
* Tapetum box gene transcriptions
* TATA binding protein associated factor gene transcriptions
* TATA binding protein gene transcriptions
* TATA box actin/cytoskeleton/contractile family
* TATA box albumin family
* TATA box aldolase family
* TATA box alkaline phosphatase family
* TATA box annexin family
* TATA box cytochrome superfamily
* TATA box gene transcriptions
* TATA box heat shock family
* TATA box histone family
* TATA box human genes
* TATA box keratin family
* TATA box lipase family
* TATA box peptidase family
* TATA box platelet-derived growth factor family
* TATA box selenium-binding family
* TATA box serine protease family
* TATA box serpin superfamily
* TATA box transforming growth factor superfamily
* TATA box trefoil family
* TATA box tumor necrosis factor superfamily
* TATA box zinc metalloenzyme family
* TAT box gene transcriptions
* TATC box gene transcriptions
* Tbf1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions
* T box gene transcriptions
* TCCACCATA element gene transcriptions
* TC element gene transcriptions
* TCT gene transcriptions
* TEA consensus sequence gene transcriptions
* Tec1p gene transcriptions
* Telomeric repeat DNA-binding factor gene transcriptions
* Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element gene transcriptions
* TGF-β control elements (TCEs)
* TGF-β inhibitory elements (TIEs)
* Thyroid hormone response element gene transcriptions
* Transcriptional regulation
* Transcription bubble gene transcriptions
* Transcription factor gene transcriptions
* Transcription factor 3 gene transcriptions
* Transcription factory gene transcriptions
* Transcription start site gene transcriptions
* Translational control sequence gene transcriptions
* Tryptophan residue
* U box gene transcriptions
* Unfolded protein response element gene transcriptions
* Upstream repressor site 1
* Upstream response element gene transcriptions
* Upstream stimulatory factor gene transcriptions
* UTR promoter gene transcriptions
* V and P box gene transcriptions
* V box gene transcriptions
* Vhr1p gene transcriptions
* Vitamin D response element gene transcriptions
* W box gene transcriptions
* X box gene transcriptions
* Xbp1p gene transcriptions
* X core promoter element gene transcriptions
* Xenobiotic response element gene transcriptions
* Xenobiotic responsive element gene transcriptions
* Yap1p,2p gene transcriptions
* Y box gene transcriptions
* YY1 gene transcriptions
* Zap1p gene transcriptions
* Z box gene transcriptions
* Zinc responsive element gene transcriptions

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