Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide

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Identifiers
Aliases|
External IDs| GeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
Species| Human| Mouse
Entrez| |

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RefSeq (mRNA)| |

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Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGA gene.[1]

The gonadotropin hormones, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits (also called chains) that are associated non-covalently. The alpha subunits of these four human glycoprotein hormones are identical; however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit and belongs to the glycoprotein hormones alpha chain family.[2]

## References

[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Fiddes JC, Goodman HM (Oct 1982). "The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of the four human glycoprotein hormones". Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics. 1 (1): 3–18. PMID 6286817.
2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CGA glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide".

## Further reading

[edit | edit source]

* Roger M, Lahlou N, Couzinet B, Chaussain JL, Scholler R (Oct 1989). "[Free alpha-subunit glycoprotein hormones: physiological and pathological data]". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 33 (4B): 763–9. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(89)90489-5. PMID 2481154.
* Pierce JG (Dec 1971). "Eli Lilly lecture. The subunits of pituitary thyrotropin--their relationship to other glycoprotein hormones". Endocrinology. 89 (6): 1331–44. doi:10.1210/endo-89-6-1331. PMID 5002675.
* Kourides IA, Gurr JA, Wolf O (1984). "The regulation and organization of thyroid stimulating hormone genes". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 40: 79–120. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571140-1.50007-4. ISBN 9780125711401. PMID 6207569.
* Miyoshi I, Kasai N, Hayashizaki Y (Apr 1994). "[Structure and regulation of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gene]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 52 (4): 940–7. PMID 8196184.
* Barrios-De-Tomasi J, Timossi C, Merchant H, Quintanar A, Avalos JM, Andersen CY, Ulloa-Aguirre A (Jan 2002). "Assessment of the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of the human follicle-stimulating isohormones". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 186 (2): 189–98. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00657-8. PMID 11900895.
* Moyle WR, Bahl OP, März L (Dec 1975). "Role of carbohydrate of human chorionic gonadotropin in the mechanism of hormone action". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (23): 9163–9. PMID 172504.
* Fiddes JC, Goodman HM (Oct 1979). "Isolation, cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin". Nature. 281 (5730): 351–6. doi:10.1038/281351a0. PMID 481597.
* Sairam MR, Li CH (Jul 1977). "Human pituitary thyrotropin. The primary structure of the alpha and beta subunits". Canadian Journal of Biochemistry. 55 (7): 755–60. doi:10.1139/o77-108. PMID 890569.
* Morgan FJ, Birken S, Canfield RE (Jul 1975). "The amino acid sequence of human chorionic gonadotropin. The alpha subunit and beta subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (13): 5247–58. PMID 1150658.
* Rathnam P, Saxena BB (Sep 1975). "Primary amino acid sequence of follicle-stimulating hormone from human pituitary glands. I. alpha subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (17): 6735–46. PMID 1158880.
* Weisshaar G, Hiyama J, Renwick AG, Nimtz M (Jan 1991). "NMR investigations of the N-linked oligosaccharides at individual glycosylation sites of human lutropin". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 195 (1): 257–68. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15702.x. PMID 1991473.
* Sakakibara R, Yokoo Y, Yoshikoshi K, Tominaga N, Eida K, Ishiguro M (Nov 1987). "Subcellular localization of intracellular forms of human chorionic gonadotropin in first trimester placenta". Journal of Biochemistry. 102 (5): 993–1001. PMID 2449427.
* Matzuk MM, Keene JL, Boime I (Feb 1989). "Site specificity of the chorionic gonadotropin N-linked oligosaccharides in signal transduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (5): 2409–14. PMID 2536708.
* Lustbader JW, Birken S, Pileggi NF, Kolks MA, Pollak S, Cuff ME, Yang W, Hendrickson WA, Canfield RE (Nov 1989). "Crystallization and characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin in chemically deglycosylated and enzymatically desialylated states". Biochemistry. 28 (24): 9239–43. doi:10.1021/bi00450a001. PMID 2611225.
* Harris DC, Machin KJ, Evin GM, Morgan FJ, Isaacs NW (Apr 1989). "Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (12): 6705–6. PMID 2708337.
* Hayashizaki Y, Miyai K, Kato K, Matsubara K (Sep 1985). "Molecular cloning of the human thyrotropin-beta subunit gene". FEBS Letters. 188 (2): 394–400. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(85)80409-9. PMID 3839756.
* Bellisario R, Carlsen RB, Bahl OP (Oct 1973). "Human chorionic gonadotropin. Linear amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 248 (19): 6796–809. PMID 4745444.
* Shome B, Parlow AF (Jul 1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH): first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit (hFSHa) and first demonstration of its identity with the alpha-subunit of human luteinizing hormone (hLHa)". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 39 (1): 199–202. doi:10.1210/jcem-39-1-199. PMID 4835135.

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PDB gallery

* 1dz7: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE A-SUBUNIT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN [MODELED WITHOUT CARBOHYDRATE RESIDUES]

1dz7: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE A-SUBUNIT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN [MODELED WITHOUT CARBOHYDRATE RESIDUES]

* 1e9j: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE A-SUBUNIT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN [INCLUDING A SINGLE GLCNAC RESIDUE AT ASN52 AND ASN78]

1e9j: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE A-SUBUNIT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN [INCLUDING A SINGLE GLCNAC RESIDUE AT ASN52 AND ASN78]

* 1fl7: HUMAN FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

1fl7: HUMAN FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

* 1hcn: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN AT 2.6 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION FROM MAD ANALYSIS OF THE SELENOMETHIONYL PROTEIN

1hcn: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN AT 2.6 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION FROM MAD ANALYSIS OF THE SELENOMETHIONYL PROTEIN

* 1hd4: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE A-SUBUNIT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN [MODELED WITH DIANTENNARY GLYCAN AT ASN78]

1hd4: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE A-SUBUNIT OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN [MODELED WITH DIANTENNARY GLYCAN AT ASN78]

* 1hrp: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

1hrp: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

* 1qfw: TERNARY COMPLEX OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN WITH FV ANTI ALPHA SUBUNIT AND FV ANTI BETA SUBUNIT

1qfw: TERNARY COMPLEX OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN WITH FV ANTI ALPHA SUBUNIT AND FV ANTI BETA SUBUNIT

* 1xwd: Crystal Structure of Human Follicle Stimulating Hormone Complexed with its Receptor

1xwd: Crystal Structure of Human Follicle Stimulating Hormone Complexed with its Receptor

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Hormones

Endocrine
glands|

| Hypothalamic-
pituitary|

| Hypothalamus|

* GnRH
* TRH
* Dopamine
* CRH
* GHRH
* Somatostatin (GHIH)
* MCH

|

Posterior pituitary|

* Oxytocin
* Vasopressin

Anterior pituitary|

* FSH
* LH
* TSH
* Prolactin
* POMC
* CLIP
* ACTH
* MSH
* Endorphins
* Lipotropin
* GH

Adrenal axis|

* Adrenal cortex
* Aldosterone
* Cortisol
* Cortisone
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Androstenedione
* Adrenal medulla
* Epinephrine
* Norepinephrine

Thyroid|

* Thyroid hormones
* T3
* T4
* Calcitonin
* Thyroid axis

Parathyroid|

* PTH

Gonadal axis|

| Testis|

* Testosterone
* AMH
* Inhibin

|

Ovary|

* Estradiol
* Progesterone
* Activin
* Inhibin
* Relaxin
* GnSAF

Placenta|

* hCG
* HPL
* Estrogen
* Progesterone

Pancreas|

* Glucagon
* Insulin
* Amylin
* Somatostatin
* Pancreatic polypeptide

Pineal gland|

* Melatonin
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
* 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Other|

| Thymus|

* Thymosins
* Thymosin α1
* Beta thymosins
* Thymopoietin
* Thymulin

|

Digestive system|

| Stomach|

* Gastrin
* Ghrelin

|

Duodenum|

* CCK
* Incretins
* GIP
* GLP-1
* Secretin
* Motilin
* VIP

Ileum|

* Enteroglucagon
* Peptide YY

Liver/other|

* Insulin-like growth factor
* IGF-1
* IGF-2

Adipose tissue|

* Leptin
* Adiponectin
* Resistin

Skeleton|

* Osteocalcin

Kidney|

* Renin
* EPO
* Calcitriol
* Prostaglandin

Heart|

* Natriuretic peptide
* ANP
* BNP

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Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

Adiponectin|

| AdipoR1|

* Agonists: Peptide: Adiponectin
* ADP-355
* ADP-399; Non-peptide: AdipoRon
* (–)-Arctigenin
* Arctiin
* Gramine
* Matairesinol

* Antagonists: Peptide: ADP-400

|

AdipoR2|

* Agonists: Peptide: Adiponectin
* ADP-355
* ADP-399; Non-peptide: AdipoRon
* Deoxyschizandrin
* Parthenolide
* Syringing
* Taxifoliol

* Antagonists: Peptide: ADP-400

Angiotensin|

* See here instead.

Bradykinin|

* Agonists: Bradykinin
* Kallidin

* Antagonists: FR-173657
* Icatibant
* LF22-0542

CGRP|

* Agonists: Amylin
* CGRP
* Pramlintide

* Antagonists: Atogepant
* BI 44370 TA
* CGRP (8-37)
* MK-3207
* Olcegepant
* Rimegepant
* SB-268262
* Telcagepant
* Ubrogepant

* Antibodies: Eptinezumab
* Erenumab
* Fremanezumab
* Galcanezumab

Cholecystokinin|

| CCKA|

* Agonists: Cholecystokinin

* Antagonists: Amiglumide
* Asperlicin
* Devazepide
* Dexloxiglumide
* Lintitript
* Lorglumide
* Loxiglumide
* Pranazepide
* Proglumide
* Tarazepide
* Tomoglumide

|

CCKB|

* Agonists: Cholecystokinin
* CCK-4
* Gastrin
* Pentagastrin (CCK-5)

* Antagonists: Ceclazepide
* CI-988 (PD-134308)
* Itriglumide
* L-365,360
* Netazepide
* Proglumide
* Spiroglumide

Unsorted|

* Antagonists: Nastorazepide

CRH|

| CRF1|

* Agonists: Cortagine
* Corticorelin
* Corticotropin releasing hormone
* Sauvagine
* Stressin I
* Urocortin

* Antagonists: Antalarmin
* Astressin-B
* CP-154,526
* Emicerfont
* Hypericin
* LWH-234
* NBI-27914
* NBI-74788
* Pexacerfont
* R-121919
* TS-041
* Verucerfont

|

CRF2|

* Agonists: Corticorelin
* Corticotropin releasing hormone
* Sauvagine
* Urocortin

* Antagonists: Astressin-B

Cytokine|

See here instead.

Endothelin|

* Agonists: Endothelin 1
* Endothelin 2
* Endothelin 3
* IRL-1620

* Antagonists: A-192621
* ACT-132577
* Ambrisentan
* Aprocitentan
* Atrasentan
* Avosentan
* Bosentan
* BQ-123
* BQ-788
* Clazosentan
* Darusentan
* Edonentan
* Enrasentan
* Fandosentan
* Feloprentan
* Macitentan
* Nebentan
* Sitaxentan
* Sparsentan
* Tezosentan
* Zibotentan

Galanin|

| GAL1|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galanin-like peptide
* Galmic
* Galnon
* NAX 810-2

* Antagonists: C7
* Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide
* Galantide (M15)
* M32
* M35
* M40
* SCH-202596

|

GAL2|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galanin (2-11)
* Galanin-like peptide
* Galmic
* Galnon
* J18
* NAX 810-2

* Antagonists: C7
* Galantide (M15)
* M32
* M35
* M40
* M871

GAL3|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galmic
* Galnon

* Antagonists: C7
* Galantide (M15)
* GalR3ant
* HT-2157
* M32
* M35
* M40
* SNAP-37889
* SNAP-398299

Ghrelin/GHS|

* See here instead.

GH|

* See here instead.

GHRH|

* See here instead.

GLP|

| GLP-1|

* Agonists: Albiglutide
* Beinaglutide
* Dulaglutide
* Efpeglenatide
* Exenatide
* GLP-1
* Langlenatide
* Liraglutide
* Lixisenatide
* Oxyntomodulin
* Pegapamodutide
* Semaglutide
* Taspoglutide

|

GLP-2|

* Agonists: Apraglutide
* Elsiglutide
* Glepaglutide
* GLP-2
* Teduglutide

Others|

* Propeptides: Preproglucagon
* Proglucagon

Glucagon|

* Agonists: Dasiglucagon
* Glucagon
* Oxyntomodulin

* Antagonists: Adomeglivant
* L-168,049
* LGD-6972

* Propeptides: Preproglucagon
* Proglucagon

GnRH|

* See here instead.

Gonadotropin|

* See here instead.

Growth factor|

See here instead.

Insulin|

* Agonists: Chaetochromin (4548-G05)
* Insulin-like growth factor 1
* Insulin-like growth factor 2
* Insulin
* Insulin aspart
* Insulin degludec
* Insulin detemir
* Insulin glargine
* Insulin glulisine
* Insulin lispro
* Mecasermin
* Mecasermin rinfabate

* Antagonists: BMS-754807
* S661
* S961

* Kinase inhibitors: Linsitinib

* Antibodies: Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

Kisspeptin|

* Agonists: Kisspeptin
* Kisspeptin-10

* Antagonists: Kisspeptin-234

Leptin|

* Agonists: Leptin
* Metreleptin

MCH|

| MCH1|

* Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone

* Antagonists: ATC-0065
* ATC-0175
* GW-803430
* NGD-4715
* SNAP-7941
* SNAP-94847

|

MCH2|

* Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone

Melanocortin|

* See here instead.

Neuropeptide FF|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide AF
* Neuropeptide FF
* Neuropeptide SF (RFRP-1)
* Neuropeptide VF (RFRP-3)

* Antagonists: BIBP-3226
* RF9

Neuropeptide S|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide S

* Antagonists: ML-154
* SHA-68

Neuropeptide Y|

| Y1|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: BIBO-3304
* BIBP-3226
* BVD-10
* GR-231118
* PD-160170

|

Y2|

* Agonists: 2-Thiouridine 5'-triphosphate
* Neuropeptide Y
* Neuropeptide Y (13-36)
* Peptide YY
* Peptide YY (3-36)

* Antagonists: BIIE-0246
* JNJ-5207787
* SF-11

Y4|

* Agonists: GR-231118
* Neuropeptide Y
* Pancreatic polypeptide
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: UR-AK49

Y5|

* Agonists: BWX-46
* Neuropeptide Y
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: CGP-71683
* FMS-586
* L-152,804
* Lu AA-33810
* MK-0557
* NTNCB
* Velneperit (S-2367)

Neurotensin|

| NTS1|

* Agonists: Neurotensin
* Neuromedin N

* Antagonists: Meclinertant
* SR-142948

|

NTS2|

* Agonists: Neurotensin

* Antagonists: Levocabastine
* SR-142948

Opioid|

See here instead.

Orexin|

| OX1|

* Agonists: Orexin (A, B)

* Antagonists: ACT-335827
* ACT-462206
* Almorexant
* Filorexant
* Lemborexant
* Nemorexant
* RTIOX-276
* SB-334867
* SB-408124
* SB-649868
* Suvorexant
* TCS-1102

|

OX2|

* Agonists: Orexin (A, B)
* SB-668875

* Antagonists: ACT-335827
* ACT-462206
* Almorexant
* EMPA
* Filorexant
* JNJ-10397049
* Lemborexant
* MK-1064
* SB-649868
* Seltorexant
* Suvorexant
* TCS-1102
* TCS-OX2-29

Oxytocin|

* See here instead.

Prolactin|

* Agonists: Growth hormone
* Human placental lactogen
* Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
* Prolactin
* S179D-hPRL
* Somatotropin

* Antagonists: Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL
* Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL
* G120K-hGH
* G129R-hPRL

* Prolactin modulators: Prolactin inhibitors: D2 receptor agonists (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline); Prolactin releasers: D2 receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone)
* Estrogens (e.g., estradiol)
* Progestogens (e.g., progesterone)

PTH|

* Agonists: Abaloparatide
* Parathyroid hormone
* Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
* Semparatide
* Teriparatide

Relaxin|

* Agonists: Insulin-like factor 3
* Relaxin (1, 2, 3)
* Serelaxin

Somatostatin|

* See here instead.

Tachykinin|

* See here instead.

TRH|

* Agonists: Azetirelin
* Fertirelin
* Montirelin
* Orotirelin
* Posatirelin
* Protirelin
* Rovatirelin
* Taltirelin
* TRH (TRF)

TSH|

* Agonists: Thyrotropin alfa
* TSH (thyrotropin)

Vasopressin|

* See here instead.

VIP/PACAP|

| VIPR1|

* Agonists: Peptide: Bay 55-9837
* LBT-3393
* PACAP
* VIP

|

VIPR2|

* Agonists: Peptide: LBT-3627
* PACAP
* VIP

PAC1|

* Agonists: PACAP
* PACAP (1-27)
* PACAP (1-38)

* Antagonists: PACAP (6-38)

Unsorted|

* PHI
* PHM
* PHV

Others|

* Endogenous: Adrenomedullin
* Apelin
* Asprosin
* Bombesin
* Calcitonin
* Carnosine
* CART
* CLIP
* DSIP
* Enteroglucagon
* Formyl peptide
* GALP
* GIP
* GRP
* Integrin ligands (collagens, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminins, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, osteopontin, VCAM-1, vitronectin)
* Kininogens
* Motilin
* Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP, urodilatin)
* Nesfatin-1
* Neuromedin B
* Neuromedin N
* Neuromedin S
* Neuromedin U
* Obestatin
* Osteocalcin
* Resistin
* Secretin
* Thymopoietin
* Thymosins
* Thymulin
* Urotensin-II
* VGF

* Exogenous: Lifitegrast (LFA-1 antagonist)

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

| This article on a gene on human chromosome 6 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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