Growth hormone 1

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Identifiers
Aliases|
External IDs| GeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
Species| Human| Mouse
Entrez| |

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UniProt| |

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RefSeq (mRNA)| |

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RefSeq (protein)| |

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Wikidata
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Growth hormone 1, also known as pituitary growth hormone or simply as growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GH1 gene.[1]

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones that play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation, an arrangement thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.[2]

## See also

[edit | edit source]

* Placental growth hormone
* Somatotropin family

## References

[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Barsh GS, Seeburg PH, Gelinas RE (Aug 1983). "The human growth hormone gene family: structure and evolution of the chromosomal locus". Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (12): 3939–58. doi:10.1093/nar/11.12.3939. PMC 326017. PMID 6306568.
2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: GH1 growth hormone 1".

## Further reading

[edit | edit source]

* Binder G (2003). "Isolated growth hormone deficiency and the GH-1 gene: update 2002". Horm. Res. 58 Suppl 3: 2–6. doi:10.1159/000066476. PMID 12435888.
* Waxman DJ, O'Connor C (2007). "Growth hormone regulation of sex-dependent liver gene expression". Mol. Endocrinol. 20 (11): 2613–29. doi:10.1210/me.2006-0007. PMID 16543404.
* Cattini PA, Yang X, Jin Y, Detillieux KA (2006). "Regulation of the human growth hormone gene family: possible role for Pit-1 in early stages of pituitary-specific expression and repression". Neuroendocrinology. 83 (3–4): 145–53. doi:10.1159/000095522. PMID 17047377.
* Wagner K, Hemminki K, Försti A (2007). "The GH1/IGF-1 axis polymorphisms and their impact on breast cancer development". Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 104 (3): 233–48. doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9411-9. PMID 17082888.

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PDB gallery

* 1a22: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE BOUND TO SINGLE RECEPTOR

1a22: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE BOUND TO SINGLE RECEPTOR

* 1axi: STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY AT THE HGH:HGHBP INTERFACE

1axi: STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY AT THE HGH:HGHBP INTERFACE

* 1bp3: THE XRAY STRUCTURE OF A GROWTH HORMONE-PROLACTIN RECEPTOR COMPLEX

1bp3: THE XRAY STRUCTURE OF A GROWTH HORMONE-PROLACTIN RECEPTOR COMPLEX

* 1hgu: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

1hgu: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

* 1huw: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF AFFINITY-MATURED HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AT 2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION

1huw: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF AFFINITY-MATURED HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AT 2 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION

* 1hwg: 1:2 COMPLEX OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE WITH ITS SOLUBLE BINDING PROTEIN

1hwg: 1:2 COMPLEX OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE WITH ITS SOLUBLE BINDING PROTEIN

* 1hwh: 1:1 COMPLEX OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE MUTANT G120R WITH ITS SOLUBLE BINDING PROTEIN

1hwh: 1:1 COMPLEX OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE MUTANT G120R WITH ITS SOLUBLE BINDING PROTEIN

* 1kf9: PHAGE DISPLAY DERIVED VARIANT OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE COMPLEXED WITH TWO COPIES OF THE EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF ITS RECEPTOR

1kf9: PHAGE DISPLAY DERIVED VARIANT OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE COMPLEXED WITH TWO COPIES OF THE EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF ITS RECEPTOR

* 3hhr: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF ITS RECEPTOR: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX

3hhr: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF ITS RECEPTOR: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX

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GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators

(somatotropin)|

* Agonists: Albusomatropin
* Bovine somatotropin
* Efpegsomatropin
* Eftansomatropin alfa
* Growth hormone
* Human placental lactogen
* Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
* Somagrebove
* Somapacitan
* Somatosalm
* Somatotropin
* Somatropin pegol
* Somatrem
* Sometribove
* Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP)
* Somavaratan
* Somavubove
* Somidobove

* Antagonists: G120K-hGH
* Pegvisomant

* Antisense oligonucleotides: Atesidorsen

* Binding proteins: GHBP

GHIH
(somatostatin)|

* Agonists: BIM-23052
* CH-275
* Cortistatin-14
* Depreotide
* Edotreotide
* Ilatreotide
* L-803,087
* L-817,818
* Lanreotide
* NNC 26-9100
* Octreotate
* Octreotide
* Pasireotide
* Pentetreotide
* RC-160
* Seglitide
* Somatostatin (GHIH)
* Somatostatin (1-28)
* SRIF-14
* SRIF-28
* TT-232
* Vapreotide
* Veldoreotide

* Antagonists: BIM-23056
* Cyclosomatostatin
* CYN-154806
* Satoreotide

GHRH
(somatocrinin)|

* Agonists: Peptide: ALRN-5281
* CJC-1295
* Dumorelin
* GHRH
* Modified GRF (1-29)
* Rismorelin
* Sermorelin
* Somatorelin
* Tesamorelin

* Antagonists: MZ-5-156

GHS
(ghrelin)|

* Agonists: Peptide: Alexamorelin
* Cortistatin-14
* EP-51216
* Examorelin (hexarelin)
* Ghrelin
* GHRP-1
* GHRP-3
* GHRP-4
* GHRP-5
* GHRP-6
* Ipamorelin
* Lenomorelin
* Livoletide
* LY-444711
* Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)
* Relamorelin
* Tabimorelin
* Ulimorelin; Non-peptide: Adenosine
* Anamorelin
* Capromorelin
* CP-464709
* Ibutamoren (MK-677)
* L-692,585
* Macimorelin
* SM-130686; Unsorted: LY-426410
* LY-444711

* Antagonists: A-778193
* Cortistatin-8
* (D-Lys³)-GHRP-6
* JMV2959
* YIL-781

IGF-1
(somatomedin)|

* See here instead.

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

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Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

Adiponectin|

| AdipoR1|

* Agonists: Peptide: Adiponectin
* ADP-355
* ADP-399; Non-peptide: AdipoRon
* (–)-Arctigenin
* Arctiin
* Gramine
* Matairesinol

* Antagonists: Peptide: ADP-400

|

AdipoR2|

* Agonists: Peptide: Adiponectin
* ADP-355
* ADP-399; Non-peptide: AdipoRon
* Deoxyschizandrin
* Parthenolide
* Syringing
* Taxifoliol

* Antagonists: Peptide: ADP-400

Angiotensin|

* See here instead.

Bradykinin|

* Agonists: Bradykinin
* Kallidin

* Antagonists: FR-173657
* Icatibant
* LF22-0542

CGRP|

* Agonists: Amylin
* CGRP
* Pramlintide

* Antagonists: Atogepant
* BI 44370 TA
* CGRP (8-37)
* MK-3207
* Olcegepant
* Rimegepant
* SB-268262
* Telcagepant
* Ubrogepant

* Antibodies: Eptinezumab
* Erenumab
* Fremanezumab
* Galcanezumab

Cholecystokinin|

| CCKA|

* Agonists: Cholecystokinin

* Antagonists: Amiglumide
* Asperlicin
* Devazepide
* Dexloxiglumide
* Lintitript
* Lorglumide
* Loxiglumide
* Pranazepide
* Proglumide
* Tarazepide
* Tomoglumide

|

CCKB|

* Agonists: Cholecystokinin
* CCK-4
* Gastrin
* Pentagastrin (CCK-5)

* Antagonists: Ceclazepide
* CI-988 (PD-134308)
* Itriglumide
* L-365,360
* Netazepide
* Proglumide
* Spiroglumide

Unsorted|

* Antagonists: Nastorazepide

CRH|

| CRF1|

* Agonists: Cortagine
* Corticorelin
* Corticotropin releasing hormone
* Sauvagine
* Stressin I
* Urocortin

* Antagonists: Antalarmin
* Astressin-B
* CP-154,526
* Emicerfont
* Hypericin
* LWH-234
* NBI-27914
* NBI-74788
* Pexacerfont
* R-121919
* TS-041
* Verucerfont

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CRF2|

* Agonists: Corticorelin
* Corticotropin releasing hormone
* Sauvagine
* Urocortin

* Antagonists: Astressin-B

Cytokine|

See here instead.

Endothelin|

* Agonists: Endothelin 1
* Endothelin 2
* Endothelin 3
* IRL-1620

* Antagonists: A-192621
* ACT-132577
* Ambrisentan
* Aprocitentan
* Atrasentan
* Avosentan
* Bosentan
* BQ-123
* BQ-788
* Clazosentan
* Darusentan
* Edonentan
* Enrasentan
* Fandosentan
* Feloprentan
* Macitentan
* Nebentan
* Sitaxentan
* Sparsentan
* Tezosentan
* Zibotentan

Galanin|

| GAL1|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galanin-like peptide
* Galmic
* Galnon
* NAX 810-2

* Antagonists: C7
* Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide
* Galantide (M15)
* M32
* M35
* M40
* SCH-202596

|

GAL2|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galanin (2-11)
* Galanin-like peptide
* Galmic
* Galnon
* J18
* NAX 810-2

* Antagonists: C7
* Galantide (M15)
* M32
* M35
* M40
* M871

GAL3|

* Agonists: Galanin
* Galanin (1-15)
* Galmic
* Galnon

* Antagonists: C7
* Galantide (M15)
* GalR3ant
* HT-2157
* M32
* M35
* M40
* SNAP-37889
* SNAP-398299

Ghrelin/GHS|

* See here instead.

GH|

* See here instead.

GHRH|

* See here instead.

GLP|

| GLP-1|

* Agonists: Albiglutide
* Beinaglutide
* Dulaglutide
* Efpeglenatide
* Exenatide
* GLP-1
* Langlenatide
* Liraglutide
* Lixisenatide
* Oxyntomodulin
* Pegapamodutide
* Semaglutide
* Taspoglutide

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GLP-2|

* Agonists: Apraglutide
* Elsiglutide
* Glepaglutide
* GLP-2
* Teduglutide

Others|

* Propeptides: Preproglucagon
* Proglucagon

Glucagon|

* Agonists: Dasiglucagon
* Glucagon
* Oxyntomodulin

* Antagonists: Adomeglivant
* L-168,049
* LGD-6972

* Propeptides: Preproglucagon
* Proglucagon

GnRH|

* See here instead.

Gonadotropin|

* See here instead.

Growth factor|

See here instead.

Insulin|

* Agonists: Chaetochromin (4548-G05)
* Insulin-like growth factor 1
* Insulin-like growth factor 2
* Insulin
* Insulin aspart
* Insulin degludec
* Insulin detemir
* Insulin glargine
* Insulin glulisine
* Insulin lispro
* Mecasermin
* Mecasermin rinfabate

* Antagonists: BMS-754807
* S661
* S961

* Kinase inhibitors: Linsitinib

* Antibodies: Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

Kisspeptin|

* Agonists: Kisspeptin
* Kisspeptin-10

* Antagonists: Kisspeptin-234

Leptin|

* Agonists: Leptin
* Metreleptin

MCH|

| MCH1|

* Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone

* Antagonists: ATC-0065
* ATC-0175
* GW-803430
* NGD-4715
* SNAP-7941
* SNAP-94847

|

MCH2|

* Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone

Melanocortin|

* See here instead.

Neuropeptide FF|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide AF
* Neuropeptide FF
* Neuropeptide SF (RFRP-1)
* Neuropeptide VF (RFRP-3)

* Antagonists: BIBP-3226
* RF9

Neuropeptide S|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide S

* Antagonists: ML-154
* SHA-68

Neuropeptide Y|

| Y1|

* Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: BIBO-3304
* BIBP-3226
* BVD-10
* GR-231118
* PD-160170

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Y2|

* Agonists: 2-Thiouridine 5'-triphosphate
* Neuropeptide Y
* Neuropeptide Y (13-36)
* Peptide YY
* Peptide YY (3-36)

* Antagonists: BIIE-0246
* JNJ-5207787
* SF-11

Y4|

* Agonists: GR-231118
* Neuropeptide Y
* Pancreatic polypeptide
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: UR-AK49

Y5|

* Agonists: BWX-46
* Neuropeptide Y
* Peptide YY

* Antagonists: CGP-71683
* FMS-586
* L-152,804
* Lu AA-33810
* MK-0557
* NTNCB
* Velneperit (S-2367)

Neurotensin|

| NTS1|

* Agonists: Neurotensin
* Neuromedin N

* Antagonists: Meclinertant
* SR-142948

|

NTS2|

* Agonists: Neurotensin

* Antagonists: Levocabastine
* SR-142948

Opioid|

See here instead.

Orexin|

| OX1|

* Agonists: Orexin (A, B)

* Antagonists: ACT-335827
* ACT-462206
* Almorexant
* Filorexant
* Lemborexant
* Nemorexant
* RTIOX-276
* SB-334867
* SB-408124
* SB-649868
* Suvorexant
* TCS-1102

|

OX2|

* Agonists: Orexin (A, B)
* SB-668875

* Antagonists: ACT-335827
* ACT-462206
* Almorexant
* EMPA
* Filorexant
* JNJ-10397049
* Lemborexant
* MK-1064
* SB-649868
* Seltorexant
* Suvorexant
* TCS-1102
* TCS-OX2-29

Oxytocin|

* See here instead.

Prolactin|

* Agonists: Growth hormone
* Human placental lactogen
* Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
* Prolactin
* S179D-hPRL
* Somatotropin

* Antagonists: Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL
* Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL
* G120K-hGH
* G129R-hPRL

* Prolactin modulators: Prolactin inhibitors: D2 receptor agonists (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline); Prolactin releasers: D2 receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone)
* Estrogens (e.g., estradiol)
* Progestogens (e.g., progesterone)

PTH|

* Agonists: Abaloparatide
* Parathyroid hormone
* Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
* Semparatide
* Teriparatide

Relaxin|

* Agonists: Insulin-like factor 3
* Relaxin (1, 2, 3)
* Serelaxin

Somatostatin|

* See here instead.

Tachykinin|

* See here instead.

TRH|

* Agonists: Azetirelin
* Fertirelin
* Montirelin
* Orotirelin
* Posatirelin
* Protirelin
* Rovatirelin
* Taltirelin
* TRH (TRF)

TSH|

* Agonists: Thyrotropin alfa
* TSH (thyrotropin)

Vasopressin|

* See here instead.

VIP/PACAP|

| VIPR1|

* Agonists: Peptide: Bay 55-9837
* LBT-3393
* PACAP
* VIP

|

VIPR2|

* Agonists: Peptide: LBT-3627
* PACAP
* VIP

PAC1|

* Agonists: PACAP
* PACAP (1-27)
* PACAP (1-38)

* Antagonists: PACAP (6-38)

Unsorted|

* PHI
* PHM
* PHV

Others|

* Endogenous: Adrenomedullin
* Apelin
* Asprosin
* Bombesin
* Calcitonin
* Carnosine
* CART
* CLIP
* DSIP
* Enteroglucagon
* Formyl peptide
* GALP
* GIP
* GRP
* Integrin ligands (collagens, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminins, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, osteopontin, VCAM-1, vitronectin)
* Kininogens
* Motilin
* Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP, urodilatin)
* Nesfatin-1
* Neuromedin B
* Neuromedin N
* Neuromedin S
* Neuromedin U
* Obestatin
* Osteocalcin
* Resistin
* Secretin
* Thymopoietin
* Thymosins
* Thymulin
* Urotensin-II
* VGF

* Exogenous: Lifitegrast (LFA-1 antagonist)

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators

| This article on a gene on human chromosome 17 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[GH]: Growth hormone
*[IGF-1]: Insulin-like growth factor 1
*[GHBP]: Growth hormone-binding protein
*[GHIH]: Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
*[GHRH]: Growth hormone releasing hormone
*[GHS]: Growth hormone secretagogue